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Russia

30 Jan 1705 - 11 Jun 1858 Merchant Flag;

11 Jun 1858 - 19 Nov 1914 Civil Ensign

19 Nov 1914 - 14 Sep 1917

7 May 1883 - 19 Nov 1914 State Flag; 14 Sep 1917 - 14 Apr 1918 (de facto)

14 Apr 1918 - 19 Jul 1918

19 Jul 1918 - 6 Jul 1923

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6 Jul 1923 - 12 Nov 1923

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12 Nov 1923 - 18 Apr 1924

18 Apr 1924 - 25 Dec 1991

Re-adopted 21 Aug 1991

Map of Russia ---------------------------Map of Administrative Divisions

Hear National Anthem Hear Former Anthem "Gimn Rossiyskoy Federatsii" "Patriotiskaya Pesnya" Constitution (The Patriotic Song) (12 Dec 1993) (Hymn of the Russian Federation) (Nov 1990-2001) Adopted 1 Jan 2001 Currency: Russian Ruble National Holiday: 12 June (1990) Population: 141,377,752 (2007) Capital: Moscow (RUR) Russia Day Ethnic groups: Russian 79.82%, Tatar 3.83%, Ukrainian 2.03%, Bashkir 1.15%, Chuvash 1.13%, Chechen 0.94%, Armenian 0.78%, Mordvin 0.58%, Belarusian 0.56%, Avar Exports: $317.6 billion (2006) GDP: $1.746 trillion (2006) (Dagestani) 0.52%, Kazakh 0.45%, Udmurt 0.44%, Imports: $171.5 billion (2006) Azerbaijani 0.43%, Mari 0.42%, German 0.41%, Kabardinian 0.36%, Ossetian 0.35%, other 5.8% (2002) Religions: Christian 57.4% (of which Orthodox 49.7%, Total Armed Forces: 1,212,700 (2004) Protestant 6.2%, Roman Catholic 1%, other Christian 0.5%), Declared Nuclear Power (1949): est.13,000 weapons (2002) Muslim 7.6%, traditional beliefs 0.8%, Jewish 0.7%, Hindu 0.5%, Merchant marine: 1,178 ships (2006) Buddhist 0.4%, non-religious 27.4%, atheist 5.2% (2000) International Organizations/Treaties: AC, ANT, APEC, ARF, ASEAN (dialogue partner), BIS, BSEC, BTWC, CBSS, CE, CIS, CTBT, EAEC, EAPC, EBRD, ENMOD, FAO, G-8, GCTU, IAEA, IBRD, ICAO, ICC, ICCt (signatory), ICRM, IDA, IFC, IFRCS, IHO, ILO, IMF, IMO, IMSO, Interpol, Intersputnik, IOC, IOM (observer), IPU, ISESCO (observer), ISO, ITSO, ITU, ITUC, KP, LAIA (observer), MIGA, MTCR, NAM (guest), NPT, NSG, NTBT, OAS (observer), OIC (observer), OPCW, OPEC (observer), OSCE, PCA, PFP, SCO, UN, UN Security Council, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNFCC, UNHCR, UNIDO, UNWTO, UPU, WCO, WFTU, WHO, WIPO, WMO, WTO (observer), ZC

Chronology

Russia Index Russia (since 1991) Administrative Divisions from 1991

862 - 1240 28 May 1136 - 15 Jan 1480 28 Mar 1147 1157 - 1327 1271 - 1318

Civil War

Grand Principality of Kiev Rus'. Republic of Novgorod (under suzerainty of Moscow from Aug 1478, annexed 15 Jan 1480). Moscow first mentioned. Grand Principality of Vladimir-Suzdal' (from 1327 Moscow). First use of style of "Grand Prince of all Rus'" by Mikhail Yaroslav.

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Page 3 sur 42 Polities (1917-1921)

1362 1240 - 1480

Russian Empire (1462-1917)

1327 1348 - 24 Jan 1510

Occupations of Moscow 1493 (1610-1612, 1812) 16 2 2 26 27 2 29

Jan Oct Jun Oct Sep Nov Mar

1547 1552 1554 1582 1610 1721 1809 -

14 9 Russian SFSR 18 Admin. Divisions 7 5 Far Eastern Republic 15 (1920-1922)

Sep Jun Oct May Sep

1812 - 23 Oct 1812 1815 - 5 Nov 1916 1867 1875 1905 - 25 Aug 1945

Alternative "White" Government (1918-1920)

Soviet Union (1922-1991)

Russian SFSR (1917-1991)

4 Nov 1612 6 Dec 1917

Mar 1917

Ingria (Ingermanland) (1601-1703, 191928 Jan 1918 20) 30 Dec 1922 Inner Horde (1801-1876) Kalmyk Khanate (1670-1771) Karafuto (1905-1945)

13 5 5 31 2

May Dec Dec Mar Aug

1925 1929 1936 1940 - 16 Jul 1956 1940

Kiev annexed to Lithuania. Russian principalities under Mongol suzerainty (Ryazan and Vladimir from 1238). Grand Principality of Vladimir and Moscow. Pskov Republic independent (annexed by Moscow 24 Jan 1510). Style "Grand Prince, by the grce of God, Lord of All Rus'" adopted by Ivan III. Russian Tsardom Kazan Khanate annexed by Russia. Astrakhan Khanate occupied, annexed 1557. Sibir Khanate (near Tobolsk) occupied. Polish-Lithuanian occupation of Moscow. Russian Empire Personal union with Finland (formally from 17 Sep 1809). French under occupy Moscow. Personal union with Poland. Russian America (Alaska) sold to the U.S. Sakhalin Island, northern Kurile Islands annexed. Southern Sakhalin Island and northern Kurile Islands annexed by Japan. Russia (abdication of Nikolay II; imperial style dropped) no official style adopted; various styles were in use: Russia (after 15 Mar 1917), Russian Republic (after 14 Sep 1917), Russian Soviet Republic (after 8 Nov 1917), etc. Russian Socialist Federative Soviet Republic Union of Soviet Socialist Republics (Soviet Union) including Russia, Ukraine, Belorussia, and Transcaucasia (Armenia, Azerbaijan, and Georgia). Accession of Turkmenistan and Uzbekistan. Accession of Tadzhikistan. Accession of Kazakhstan and Kirgiziya. Accession of Finno-Karelia. Accession of Moldavia.

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3 5 6 11 Chechnya (1822-1861, 1991-) 6 Tannu Tuva (1911-1944)

Map of Soviet Nationalities (1982)

Aug Aug Aug Oct Sep

1940 1940 1940 1944 1991

1 Nov 1991 12 Dec 1991

Russian Orthodox 25 Dec 1991 Church

Accession of Lithuania. Accession of Latvia. Accession of Estonia. Incorporation of Tannu Tuva. Recognition of Estonian, Latvian, and Lithuanian independence. Independence declared by Republic of Chechnya (not recognized). Russian S.F.S.R. Supreme Council passes a resolution denouncing the Union Treaty of 1922. Final dissolution of the U.S.S.R.; Russian S.F.S.R. becomes Russian Federation.

Russian Empire

11 Jun 1858 - 19 Nov 1914 Civil Ensign

19 Nov 1914 - 14 Sep 1917

1699 - 15 Mar 1917 Flag of the Tsar

Map of Russian Empire

Capital: St. Petersburg (Petrograd from 1914; Moscow to 1710) GNP: $N/A

Hear Provisional Anthems (Mar 1917-1922) Fundamental Law ---------------------------(23 Apr 1906-23 Mar 1917) Former Anthem (1816-1833) "Molitva Russkikh" (The Prayer of the Russians) National Holiday: 6 May Currency: Russian Ruble (1868) Population: 91,500,000 (1914) (RUES) Birthday of Czar Nicholas II Ethnic groups: Russian, Polish, Finnish, Ukrainian, Tatar, Belarusian, German, Jewish, Latvian, Estonian, Lithuanian, Exports: $348,959,000 (1914) Imports: $365,709,000 (1914) Georgian, Armenian, Azeri, Kazakh, Turkmen, Uzbek, Romanian, Hear National Anthem "Bozhe, Tsarya Khrani" (God Save the Tsar) (Dec 1833 - Mar 1917)

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Tajik, Eskimo Total Armed Forces: 1,300,000 (1914) Religions: Russian Orthodox, Roman Catholic, Muslim, Protestant, Jewish, Buddhist, Shamanist, non-religious Merchant marine: 906 (1908) International Organizations/Treaties to 1922: ICRM, IOC, IMO, IPU, ITU, PCA, UIBPIP, UPU Grand Princes 5 Apr 1462 - 6 Nov 1505 6 Nov 1505 - 13 Dec 1533 13 Dec 1533 - 26 Jan 1547 1533 13 Dec 1534 13 Apr

Ivan III (b. 1440 - d. Vasily IV (b. 1479 - d. Ivan IV "Grozny" (b. 1530 - d. (Ivan IV "the Terrible") 1534 Mikhail L'vovch Glinsky -Regent 1533 - 13 Apr 1538 Yelena Glinskaya (f) -Regent (b. 1506/07 21 Apr 1538 Prince Ivan Fyodorovich Ovchina(d. 1539) Telepnyov-Obolensky -Regent 1538 - 26 Jan 1547 Regency disputed: - Prince Vasily Vasilyevich (d. 1538) Shuisky (13 Apr 1538 - Nov 1538) - Prince Ivan Vasilyevich Shuisky (d. 1542) (Oct 1538 - 1540 and 1542 - 24 May 1542) - Prince Ivan Fyodorovich Belsky (d. 1542) (Jul 1540 - Jan 1542) - Ioasaf, Archbishop of Moscow (d. 1555) (1540 - 13 Jan 1542) - Andrey Mikhailovich Shuisky (d. 1543) (1542 - 8 Jan 1544) - Ivan Ivanovich Kubensky (d. 1546) (1544 and 1545 - 1546) - Fyodor Semyonovich Vorontsov (d. 1546) (1543 - 31 Jul 1546) - Mikhail Vasilyevich Glinsky (d. 1559) (1546 - 26 Jan 1547) - Yury Vasilyevich Glinsky (d. 1547) (1543 - 26 Jan 1547)

Tsars¹ 26 Jan 1547 - 28 Mar 1584

Ivan IV "Grozny"

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1505) 1533) 1584)

d. 1538)

(s.a.)

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28 Mar 1584 - 17 Jan 1598 28 Mar 1584 - 16 Jan 1598

17 Jan 1598 -

3 Mar 1598

3 Mar 1598 - 23 Apr 1605 23 Apr 1605 - 11 Jun 1605 25 Apr 1605 - 11 Jun 1605 30 Jun 1605 - 27 May 1606

27 May 1606 - 27 Jul 1610 Aug 1607 - 21 Dec 1610

27 Jul 1610 -

4 Nov 1612

Fyodor I (Theodor I) (b. 1557 Regents - Prince Ivan Petrovich Shuisky (d. 1588) (to 1587) - Prince Ivan Fyodorovich (b. c.1529 Mstislavsky (to 1585) - Nikita Romanovich Yuryev (b. 153. (to Aug 1584) - Boris Fyodorovich Godunov (b. 1552 - Bogdan Yakovlevich Belsky (d. 1611) (to Apr 1584) Irina Fyodorovna (b. 1557 Godunova (f) -Regent Boris Godunov (s.a.) Fyodor II (b. 1589 Mariya Grigoryevna (b. 156. Skuratova (f) -Regent Dmitry I (b. 1581 (first "false" Dmitry; claimed to be Dmitry [d. 1591], son of Ivan IV) Vasily V Shuisky (b. 1522 (coronated 1 Jun 1606) Dmitry (in rebellion) (d. 1610) (second "false" Dmitry real name unknown; claimed to be first false Dmitry) Council of Seven Boyars (from 6 Sep 1610 for absent Vladislav) - Prince Fyodor Ivanovich (d. 1624) Mstislavsky - Prince Ivan Mikhailovich (d. 1627) Vorotynsky (to Mar 1611) - Mikhail Fyodorovich Nagoy (d. 1612) (from Mar 1611) - Prince Andrey Vasilyevich (b. 156. Trubetskoy - Prince Vasily Vasilyevich (b. 155. -

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d. 1598)

- d. 1586) d. 1585) d. 1605)

d. 1603)

d. 1605) d. 1605) d. 1606)

d. 1612)

d. 1612) d. 1611)

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6 Sep 1610 -

4 Nov 1612

17 Apr 1611 - 26 Jul 1613

21 Jul 1613 - 23 Jul 1645 21 Jul 1613 - 4 Jul 1619 4 Jul 1619 - 11 Oct 1633 23 Jul 1645 - 7 Feb 1676 23 Jul 1645 - 28 Jul 1645 7 Feb 1676 7 May 1682 -

7 May 1682 2 Nov 1721

2 Jun 1682 -

8 Feb 1696

7 May 1682 -

8 Jun 1682

5 Jun 1682 -

9 Jul 1682

8 Jun 1682 - 22 Sep 1689

Golitsyn (to 8 Apr 1611) - Ivan Simeyonovich Kurakin (d. 1632) (from 8 Apr 1611) - Prince Boris Mikhailovich Lykov- (b. 1576 - d. Obolenskiy - Ivan Nikitich Romanov (b. 156. - d. - Fyodor Ivanovich Sheremetev (d. 1649/50) Vladislav (Wladyslaw) (b. 1595 - d. (remained in Poland) Council of All the Land (in opposition to the Poles and Vladislav) - Prokopy Petrovich Lyapunov (d. 1611) (to 1 Aug 1611) - Prince Dmitry Timofeyevich (b. 157. - d. Trubetskoy - Ivan Martynovich Zarutsky (d. 1614) (to 7 Aug 1612) Mikhail III (Michael III) (b. 1591 - d. Princess Kseniya Ivanovna (d. 1637) Shestova (f) -Regent Filaret, Patriarch of (b. 1554 - d. Moscow -Regent Aleksey (Alexis) (b. 1629 - d. Evdokiya Lukyanovna (b. 1608 - d. Streshneva (f) -Regent Fyodor III (b. 1661 - d. Pyotr I (Peter I) (b. 1672 - d. - jointly with Ivan V (b. 1666 - d. (specified to be First Tsar 4 Jun 1682) Natalya Kirillovna (b. 1651 - d. Naryshkina (f) -Regent (1st time) Mariya Ilyinichna (b. 1626 - d. Miloslavskaya (f) -Regent Sofiya Alekseyevna (b. 1657 - d. Romanova (f) -Regent

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1646) 1640) 1648)

1625)

1645)

1633) 1676) 1645) 1682) 1725) 1696) 1694) 1699) 1704)

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22 Sep 1689 -

4 Feb 1694

8 Feb 1696 - 1697 20 Mar 1697 -

4 Sep 1698

Emperors¹ (also 1809-1917 2 Nov 1721 - 8 Feb 1725 8 Feb 1725 - 17 May 1727 18 May 1727 - 30 Jan 1730 30 Jan 1730 - 13 Feb 1730

13 28 28 20

Feb Oct Oct Nov

1730 1740 1740 1740

- 28 Oct 1740 - 6 Dec 1741 - 20 Nov 1740 - 6 Dec 1741

(from 1686, styled Grand Princess and Autocrat) Natalya Kirillovna (s.a.) Naryshkina (f) -Regent (2nd time) Prince Boris Alekseyevich (b. 1641 - d. 1714) Golitsyn -Regent Regency - Prince Fyodor Yuryevich (b. 1640 - d. 1717) Romodanovsky - Lev Kirillovich Naryshkin (b. 1668 - d. 1705) - Prince Pyotr Ivanovich (d. c.1717) Prozorovsky - Tikhon Nikitich Streshnev (b. 1644 - d. 1719) Grand Dukes of Finland; and 1815-1915 Kings of Poland)² Pyotr I "Veliky" (s.a.) (Peter I "the Great") Yekaterina I -Empress (Catherine I)(b. 1684 - d. 1727) Pyotr II (Peter II) (b. 1715 - d. 1730) Supreme Privy Council - Prince Dmitry Mikhailovich (b. 1665 - d. 1737) Golitsyn - Prince Vasily Lukich Dolgoruky (b. c.1670 - d. 1739) - Prince Aleksey Grigoryevich (d. 1734) Dolgoruky - Prince Mikhail Vladimirovich (b. 1667 - d. 1750) Dolgoruky - Gavril Ivanovich Graf Golovkin (b. 1660 - d. 1734) - Baron Andrey Ivanovich Osterman (b. 1686 - d. 1747) (Heinrich Johann Friedrich Ostermann) - Prince Mikhail Mikhailovich (b. 1675 - d. 1730) Golitsyn - Prince Vasily Vladimirovich (b. 1667 - d. 1746) Dolgoruky Anna -Empress (b. 1693 - d. 1740) Ivan VI (official style Ivan III) (b. 1740 - d. 1764) Ernest Johann Biron -Regent (b. 1690 - d. 1772) Anna Leopoldovna (f) -Regent (b. 1718 - d. 1746)

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6 Dec 1741 - 5 Jan 1762 5 Jan 1762 - 9 Jul 1762 9 Jul 1762 - 17 Nov 1796

Yelizaveta -Empress (Elizabeth) (b. 1709 - d. 1762) Pyotr III (Peter III) (b. 1728 - d. 1762) Yekaterina II "Velikaya" -Empress (b. 1729 - d. 1796) (Catherine II "the Great") 5 Oct 1773 - 15 Sep 1774 Emelyan Ivanovich Pugachev (b. c.1742 - d. 1775) (in rebellion [from 1774 claimed to be Peter III]) 17 Nov 1796-23/24 Mar 1801 Pavel I (Paul I) (b. 1754 - d. 1801) 24 Mar 1801 - 1 Dec 1825 Aleksandr I (b. 1777 - d. 1825) (Alexander I "the Blessed") 1 Dec 1825 - 26 Dec 1825 Konstantin (Constantine) (b. 1779 - d. 1831) (proclaimed, but did not accept) 26 Dec 1825 - 2 Mar 1855 Nikolay I (Nicholas I) (b. 1796 - d. 1855) 2 Mar 1855 - 13 Mar 1881 Aleksandr II (b. 1818 - d. 1881) (Alexander II "the Liberator") 13 Mar 1881 - 1 Nov 1894 Aleksandr III (b. 1845 - d. 1894) (Alexander III "the Peace-maker") 1 Nov 1894 - 15 Mar 1917 Nikolay II (Nicholas II)³ (b. 1868 - d. 1918) Acting heads of state 15 Mar 1917 - 8 Nov 1917 the heads of government Chairmen of the All-Russian Central Executive Committee 9 Nov 1917 - 21 Nov 1917 Lev Borisovich Kamenev (b. 1883 - d. 1936) RSDLP-B 21 Nov 1917 - 16 Mar 1919 Yakov Mikhailovich Sverdlov (b. 1885 - d. 1919) RSDLP-B/RCP 16 Mar 1919 - 30 Mar 1919 Mikhail Fyodorovich Vladimirsky (b. 1874 - d. 1951) RCP (acting) 30 Mar 1919 - 15 Jul 1938 Mikhail Ivanovich Kalinin (b. 1875 - d. 1946) RCP Chief Advisers 1699 - 1706 1706 - 1709 State Chancellors 1709 - 31 Jan 1734 31 Jan 1734 - 21 Nov 1740 21 Nov 1740 - 15 Nov 1742

Count Fyodor Aleksyevich Golovkin Count Gavril Ivanovich Golovkin

(b. 1650 - d. 1706) (s.a.)

Count Gavril Ivanovich Golovkin (b. 1660 - d. 1734) (from 21 Nov 1731, also First Cabinet Minister) Baron Heinrich Johann Friedrich (s.a.) von Ostermann -First cabinet minister Prince Aleksey Mikhailovich (b. 1680 - d. 1742) Cherkassky

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15 Nov 1742 - 26 Feb 1758 26 Feb 1758 - Mar 1765 Mar 1765 -

9 Mar 1775

9 Mar 1775 - 13 Apr 1775 13 Apr 1775 -

2 May 1797

2 May 1797 - 17 Apr 1799 17 Apr 1799 - 6 Oct 1799 6 Oct 1799 - 18 Nov 1800 18 Nov 1800 -

4 Mar 1801

4 Mar 1801 - 20 Sep 1802 20 Sep 1802 - 28 Jan 1804

Count Aleksey Petrovich Bestuzhev- (b. Ryumin (acting to 15 Jul 1744) Count Mikhail Illarionovich (b. Vorontsov (acting to 23 Nov 1758) Prince Aleksandr Mikhailovich (b. Golitsyn (acting) Count Nikita Ivanovich Panin (b. (acting) Count Ivan Andreyevich Ostermann (b. (acting to 20 Nov 1796) Count Aleksandr Andreyevich (b. Bezborodko Viktor Pavlovich Kochubey (acting) (b. Count Nikita Petrovich Panin (b. (acting) Stepan Alekseyevich Kolychev (b. (acting) Prince Aleksandr Borisovich (b. Kurakin (acting) Count Aleksandr Romanovich (b. Vorontsov

Foreign ministers 28 Jan 1804 - 29 Jun 1806 29 Jun 1806 - 11 Sep 1807

Prince Adam Jerzy Czartoryski Andreas Eberhard Baron Budberg, gen. von Bönninghausen 11 Sep 1807 - 13 Jan 1810 Nikolay Petrovich Rumyantsev Chairpersons at the Joint Meetings of the State Council, Chairpersons in the Committee of Ministers (the Emperors were the Chairmen, but never used the style) 13 Jan 1810 - 1 Apr 1812 Count Nikolay Petrovich Rumyantsev 10 Apr 1812 - 28 May 1816 Count Nikolay Ivanovich Saltykov (from 1814, Prince Nikolay Ivanovich Saltykov) 6 Jun 1816 - 18 Apr 1827 Prince Pyotr Vasilyevich Lopukhin 11 May 1827 - 15 Jun 1834 Count Viktor Pavlovich Kochubey 20 Jul 1834 - 20 Apr 1838 Count Nikolay Nikolayevich

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1693 - d. 1766) 1714 - d. 1767) 1723 - d. 1807) 1718 - d. 1783) 1725 - d. 1811) 1747 - d. 1799) 1768 - d. 1834) 1770 - d. 1837) 1746 - d. 1805) 1752 - d. 1818) 1741 - d. 1805)

(b. 1770 - d. 1861) (b. 1750 - d. 1812) (b. 1751 - d. 1826)

(s.a.) (b. 1736 - d. 1816)

(b. 1753 - d. 1827) (s.a.) (b. 1761 - d. 1838)

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21 Apr 1838 -

5 Mar 1847

21 Jan 1848 - 5 Oct 1848 13 Nov 1848 - 17 Apr 1856

17 Apr 1856 - 20 Jan 1861

20 Jan 1861 Chairmen of 7 Mar 1864 9 Mar 1872

- 2 Mar 1864 the Committee - 4 Mar 1872 - 1 Jan 1880

6 Jan 1880 - 16 Oct 1881

16 Oct 1881 - 11 Jan 1887 13 Jan 1887 - 15 Jun 1895 27 Oct 1895 - 11 Jun 1903 29 Aug 1903 - 5 May 1906 Prime ministers (Chairmen 6 Nov 1905 - 5 May 1906 5 May 1906 - 21 Jul 1906 21 Jul 1906 - 18 Sep 1911 16 Sep 1911 - 12 Feb 1914 12 Feb 1914 -

2 Feb 1916

2 Feb 1916 - 23 Nov 1916

Novosiltsov Ilarion Vasilyevich Vasilchikov (b. 1777 - d. 1847) (from 1839, Prince Ilarion Vasilyevich Vasilchikov) Vasily Vasilyevich, Graf Levashov (b. 1783 - d. 1848) Aleksandr Ivanovich Chernyshov (b. 1785 - d. 1857) (from 1849, Prince Aleksandr Ivanovich Chernyshov) Aleksey Fyodorovich Orlov (b. 1786 - d. 1861) (from 1856, Prince Aleksey Fyodorovich Orlov) Count Dmitry Nikolayevich Bludov (b. 1785 - d. 1864) of Ministers Pavel Pavlovich Gagarin (b. 1789 - d. 1872) Pavel Nikolayevich Ignatyev (b. 1797 - d. 1880) (from 24 Dec 1877, Count Pavel Nikolayevich Ignatyev) Pyotr Aleksandrovich Valuyev (b. 1815 - d. 1890) (from 2 Mar 1880, Count Pyotr Aleksandrovich Valuyev) Mikhail Khristoforovich Reytern (b. 1820 - d. 1890) (Mikhail von Reutern) Nikolay Khristianovich Bunge (b. 1823 - d. 1895) Ivan Nikolayevich Durnovo (b. 1834 - d. 1903) Sergey Yulyevich Witte (b. 1849 - d. 1915) (from 1 Oct 1905, Count Sergey Yulyevich Witte) of the Council of Ministers) Count Sergey Yulyevich Witte (s.a.) Ivan Logginovich Goremykin (b. 1839 - d. 1917) (1st time) Pyotr Arkadyevich Stolypin (b. 1862 - d. 1911) Vladimir Nikolayevich Kokovtsov (b. 1853 - d. 1943) (acting to 22 Sep 1911 [for Stolypin to 18 Sep 1911]) Ivan Logginovich Goremykin (s.a.) (2nd time) Boris Vladimirovich Shtyurmer (b. 1848 - d. 1917)

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Non-party Non-party

Non-party Non-party Non-party Non-party Non-party Non-party

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23 Nov 1916 - 9 Jan 1917 9 Jan 1917 - 12 Mar 1917

Aleksandr Fyodorovich Trepov (b. 1862 Prince Nikolay Dmitriyevich (b. 1850 Golitsyn 15 Mar 1917 - 23 Mar 1917 Prince Georgy Yevgenyevich Lvov (b. 1861 Minister-chairmen of the Provisional Government 23 Mar 1917 - 21 Jul 1917 Prince Georgy Yevgenyevich Lvov (s.a.) 21 Jul 1917 - 8 Nov 1917 Aleksandr Fyodorovich Kerensky (b. 1881 (in opposition until 18 Nov 1917) 18 Nov 1917 - 2 Dec 1917 Sergey Nikolayevich Prokopovich (b. 1871 (acting [for Kerensky] in opposition) Chairman of the Council of People's Commissars 8 Nov 1917 - 21 Jan 1924 Vladimir Ilich Lenin (b. 1870 (Vladimir Ilich Ulyanov)

- d. 1928) - d. 1925)

Non-party Non-party

- d. 1925)

KDP

- d. 1970)

KDP SRP

- d. 1955)

SRP

- d. 1924)

RSDLP-B/ RCP

Occupations of Moscow Polish-Lithuanian Commanders 27 Sep 1610 - Oct 1610 Stanislaw Zólkiewski Oct 1610 - 1612 Aleksander Korwin Gosiewski 1612 - 4 Sep 1612 Jan Karol Chodkiewicz 4 Sep 1612 - 4 Nov 1612 Mikolaj Strus (acting) French Governor 14 Sep 1812 - 23 Oct 1812 Adolphe Édouard Casimir Joseph Mortier

(b. (d. (b. (d.

1547 - d. 1620) 1639) 1560 - d. 1621) 1627)

(b. 1768 - d. 1835)

Alternative "White" Governments

Chairmen of the Provisional All-Russian Government (PARG)("Ufa Directory") 23 Sep 1918 - 5 Nov 1918 Nikolay Dmitriyevich Avksentyev (b. 1878 - d. 1943) SRP (in Ufa to 8 Oct 1918, then in Omsk) 7 Nov 1918 - 12 Nov 1918 Vasily Georgiyevich Boldyrev (b. 1875-d. af.1932) Mil

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(in Omsk) Supreme Governor 18 Nov 1919

Pyotr Vasilyevich Vologodsky (b. 1863 - d. 1928) SRP (temporary head of state) 18 Nov 1918 - 15 Jan 1920 Aleksandr Vasilyevich Kolchak (b. 1874 - d. 1920) Mil (to 12 Nov 1919 in Omsk, then Nizhneudinsk) Commanders-in-chief of the Armed Forces of the South Russia 15 Jan 1920 - 4 Apr 1920 Anton Ivanovich Denikin (b. 1872 - d. 1947) Mil (to Mar 1920 in Novorossiysk, then Sevastopol) 4 Apr 1920 - 16 Nov 1920 Baron Pyotr Nikolayevich Vrangel (b. 1878 - d. 1928) Mil (from 11 Apr 1920 styled Governor and Commander-in-Chief of the Armed Forces in the South of Russia; from 19 Aug 1920 Governor of the South of Russia and Commander-in-Chief of the Russian Army)(in Sevastopol) Chairmen of the Council of Ministers 4 Nov 1918 - 22 Nov 1919 Pyotr Vasilyevich Vologodsky (s.a.) (appointed by the PARG; discharged by Kolchak) 23 Nov 1919 - 15 Jan 1920 Viktor Nikolayevich Pepelyayev (b. 1885 - d. 1920) (appointed by Kolchak; arrested 15 Jan 1920) Chairman of the Government of the South of Russia 19 Aug 1920 - 11 Nov 1920 Aleksandr Vasilyevich Krivoshein (b. 1857 - d. 1921) (in Sevastopol)

SRP

Non-party

¹The full style of the ruler was: (a) 16 Jan 1547 - 22 Nov 1721: Bozhiyeyu Milostiyu Velikiy/Velikaya Gosudar'/Gosudarynya Tsar'/Tsaritsa i Velikiy/Velikaya Knyaz'/Knyaginya N.N. vseya Rossiy Samodyerzhets ("By the Grace of God Great Sovereign Tsar/Tsarina and Grand Prince/Princess, N.N., of All Russia, Autocrat"); (b) from 22 Nov 1721: Bozhiyeyu milostiyu, N.N., Imperator/Imperatritsa i Samodyerzhets/Samodyerzhitsa Vserossiysky/Vserossiyskaya, Moskovskiy, Kiyevskiy, Vladimirskiy, Novgorodskiy; Tsar'Tsar'/Tsaritsa Kazanskiy, Tsar'/Tsaritsa Astrakhanskiy, Tsar'/Tsaritsa Sibirskiy, Gosudar'/Gosudarynya Pskovskiy i Velikiy/Velikaya Knyaz'/Knyaginya Smolenskiy; Knyaz'/Knyaginya Estlyandskiy, Liflyandskiy, Koryel'skiy, Tverskiy, Yugorskiy, Permskiy, Vyatskiy, Bolgarskiy i inykh; Gosudar'/Gosudarynya i Velikiy/Velikaya Knyaz'/Knyaginya Novagoroda nizovskiya zemli, Chernigorskiy, Ryazanskiy, Rostovskiy, Yaroslavskiy, Byelozerskiy, Udorskiy, Obdorskiy, Kondiyskiy i vseya severnyya strany Povelitel'; i Gosudar'/Gosudarynya Iverskiya zemli i Kartalinskikh i Gruzinskikh Tsarey/Tsarina; i Kabardinskiya zemli, Cherkasskikh i Gorskikh Knyazey/Knyaginya i inykh Naslednyy

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Page 14 sur 42 Gosudar'/Gosudarynya i Obladatel'. ("by the grace of God, N.N., All-Russian Emperor/Empress and Autocrat of Moscow, of Kiev, Vladimir, Novgorod; King/Queen of Kazan, King/Queen of Astrakhan, King/Queen of Siberia; Lord/Lady of Pskov; Grand Prince/Princess of Smolensk; Prince/Princess of Estonia, Livonia, Courland, Tver, Yongoria, Perm, Vlatsk, [Volga] Bulgaria, and of other lands; Lord/Lady and Grand Prince/Princess of Lower Novgorod, Chernigov, Ryazan, Rostov, Yaroslav, Byelozersk, Oudoria, Obdoria, Kondia, and all the Northern Region; Lord/Lady and Sovereign of the lands of Imeretia, Kartlia, Kabardinia; Lord/Lady of the Circassian and Mountain princes and of other lands"); (c) Style from 6 May 1906: Bozhiyeyu pospeshestvuyushcheyu milostiyu, N.N., Imperator i Samodyerzhets Vserossiysky, Moskovskiy, Kiyevskiy, Vladimirskiy, Novgorodskiy; Tsar' Kazanskiy, Tsar' Astrakhanskiy, Tsar' Pol'skiy, Tsar' Sibirskiy, Tsar' Khersonisa Tavricheskogo, Tsar' Gruzinskiy; Gosudar' Pskovskiy i Velikiy Knyaz' Smolenskiy, Litovskiy, Volynskiy, Podol'skiy i Finlyandskiy; Knyaz' Estlyandskiy, Liflyandskiy, Kurlyandskiy i Semigal'skiy, Samogitskiy, Byelostokskiy, Koryel'skiy, Tverskiy, Yugorskiy, Permskiy, Vyatskiy, Bolgarskiy i inykh; Gosudar' i Velikiy Knyaz' Novagoroda nizovskiya zemli, Chernigorskiy, Ryazanskiy, Polotskiy, Rostovskiy, Yaroslavskiy, Byelozerskiy, Udorskiy, Obdorskiy, Kondiyskiy, Vitebskiy, Mstislavskiy i vseya severnyya strany Povelitel'; i Gosudar' Iverskiya, Kartalinskiya i Kabardinskiya zemli i oblasti Armenskiya; Cherkasskikh i Gorskikh Knyazey i inykh Naslednyy Gosudar' i Obladatel'; Gosudar' Turkestanskiy; Naslednik Norvezhskiy, Gertsog Shlesvig-Golstinskiy, Stormarnskiy, Ditmarsenskiy i Oldenburgskiy i prochaya, i prochaya, i prochaya. ("by the grace of God, N.N., All-Russian Emperor and Autocrat of Moscow, Kiev, Vladimir, Novgorod; King of Kazan, King/Queen of Astrakhan, King of Poland, King of Siberia, King of the Chersonnese Taurics, and King of Georgia; Lord of Pskov; Grand Prince of Smolensk, Lithuania, Volhynia, Podolia and Finland; Prince of Estonia, Livonia, Courland and Semigallia, Samogitia, Bialystok, Karelia, Tver, Yongoria, Perm, Vlatks, [Volga] Bulgaria, and of other lands; Lord and Grand Duke of Lower Novgorod, Chernigov, Ryazan, Polotsk, Rostov, Yaroslav, Byelozersk, Oudoria, Obdoria, Kondia, Vitebsk, Mstislav, and all the Northern Region; Lord and Sovereign of the lands of Imeretia, Kartlia, Kabardinia and the provinces of Armenia; Lord of the Circassian and Mountain princes; Lord of Turkestan; Heir of Norway; Duke of Schleswig-Holstein, Stormarn, Ditmarschen and Oldenburg, and of other lands"); - The shortened style was: Bozhiyeyu pospeshestvuyushcheyu milostiyu, N.N., Imperator i Samodyerzhets Vserossiysky, Tsar' Pol'skiy, Velikiy Knyaz' Finlyandskiy, i prochaya, i prochaya, i prochaya. ("by the grace of God, N.N., All-Russian Emperor/Empress and Autocrat, King of Poland, Grand Duke of Finland, and of other lands"). ²The colloquial use of the term "tsar" for the emperor is strictly incorrect. Since 2 Nov 1721 the correct style was Bozhiyeyu milostiyu, N.N., Imperator/Imperatritsa i Samodyerzhets/Samodyerzhitsa Vserossiysky/Vserossiyskaya ("By the Grace of God, N.N., AllRussian Emperor/Empress and Autocrat"); the term tsar was used in the full style for subsidiary (and partially imaginary) polities; in particular, it was used to mean "king" with regard to Poland.

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Page 15 sur 42 ³Nicholas II abdicated for himself and the Tsarevich, Alexis 15 Mar 1917, in favor of his brother Grand Duke Mikhail Alexandrovich Romanov (b. 1878 - d. 1918), who in manifesto on 17 Mar 1917 neither accepted nor rejected the crown as Emperor Mikhail II. Noble Titles: Grand Prince/Princess = Velikiy/Velikaya Knyaz'/Knyaginya; Prince/Princess = Knyaz/Knyaginya; Count = Graf; and Baron = Baron. Party abbreviations: KDP = Konstitutsionno Demokraticheskaya Partia (Constitutional Democrat Party "Cadets", nationalist, social-democratic, 1905-1921); RCP = Russian Communist Party of Bolsheviks; RSDLP-B = Russian Social Democratic Labor Party (est.1903 from RSDLP [est.1898], "Bolsheviks" [majority], Marxist, internationalist; from 1918 RCP); RSDLP-M = Russian Social Democratic Labor Party (est.1903 from RSDLP, "Mensheviks" [minority], Marxist, center-leftist, Russian nationalist, parliamentary socialists); SRP = Socialist Revolutionary Party ("SRs", socialist, est.1906 -split 1917 with Left Socialist Revolutionary Party); Mil = Military

Union of Soviet Socialist Republics

6 Jul 1923 - 12 Nov 1923

12 Nov 1923 - 18 Apr 1924

18 Apr 1924 - 25 Dec 1991

Map of the U.S.S.R

Hear National Anthem "Gimn Sovetskovo Soyuza" (Hymn of the Soviet Union) 1953-1977 without lyrics Adopted 1944

Hear Former Anthem "Internationale" (The Internationale) (1922-1944)

Constitution (7 Oct 1977)

Capital: Moscow

Currency: Soviet Ruble (SUR)

National Holiday: 7-8 Nov (1917) October Revolution Day

Population: 293,047,571 (1991)

GNP: $2,660 billion (1990)

Exports: $109.3 billion (1989) Imports: $114.7 billion (1989)

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Ethnic groups: Russian 50.78%, Ukrainian 15.45%, Uzbek 5.84%, Belorussian (Byelorussian) 3.51%, Kazakh 2.85%, Azeri 2.38%, Armenian 1.62%, Tajik 1.48%, Georgian 1.39%, Moldovan 1.17%, Lithuanian 1.07%, Turkmen 0.95%, Kirghiz 0.89%,

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Latvian 0.51%, Estonian 0.36%, other 9.75% Religions: atheist 60%, Russian Orthodox 20%, Total Armed Forces: 3,750,000 (1989) Muslim 10%, Protestant, Georgian Orthodox, Declared Nuclear Power (1949): 28,595 weapons (1991) Armenian Orthodox, and Roman Catholic 7%, Merchant marine: 1,565 ships (1990) Jewish less than 1% Note: State was officially atheist International Organizations/Treaties: ANT, BTWC, CCC, Comecon, CSCE, EBRD, ENMOD, IAEA, IBEC, ICAO, ICFTU, IIB, ILO, IMO, Inmarsat, Intelsat, Interpol, Intersputnik, IOC, IPU, ISO, ITU, LORCS, NPT, NTBT, OPNAL, PCA, UN, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNIDO, UN Security Council, UPU, WFTU, WHO, WIPO, WMO, WP, WToO

Soviet Republics 30 Dec 1922 13 May 1925 5 Dec 1929 5 Dec 1936 2 3 5 6 6 25

Aug Aug Aug Aug Sep Dec

1940 1940 1940 1940 1991 1991

De facto Leader¹ 30 Dec 1922 - 10 Mar 1923

Union of Soviet Socialist Republics (Soviet Union) including Russia, Ukraine, Belorussia, and Transcaucasia (TSFSR). Accession of Turkmenistan and Uzbekistan. Accession of Tadzhikistan. Accession of Kazakhstan and Kirgiziya; TSFSR dissolved, Georgia, Armenia, and Azerbaijan become full union republics. Accession of Moldavia Accession of Lithuania. Accession of Latvia. Accession of Estonia. Recognition of Estonian, Latvian, and Lithuanian independence. Final dissolution of the U.S.S.R.; R.S.F.S.R. independent as Russia.

Vladimir Ilich Lenin

(b. 1870 - d. 1924)

General Secretaries of the Central Committee of the Communist Party 3 Apr 1922 - 5 Mar 1953 Josef Vissarionovich Stalin (b. 1878 (Iosef Vissarionovich Dzhugashvili) 5 Mar 1953 - 14 Mar 1953 Georgy Maksimilianovich Malenkov (b. 1902 (senior secretary) 14 Mar 1953 - 14 Oct 1964 Nikita Sergeyevich Khrushchev (b. 1894 (senior secretary to 13 Sep 1953, then first secretary) 14 Oct 1964 - 10 Nov 1982 Leonid Ilich Brezhnev (b. 1906 (first secretary to 29 Mar 1966, then

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RCP

- d. 1953) - d. 1988) - d. 1971)

- d. 1982)

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12 Nov 1982 - 9 Feb 1984 9 Feb 1984 - 10 Mar 1985 11 Mar 1985 - 24 Aug 1991

from 8 Apr 1966 general secretary) Yury Vladimirovich Andropov (b. 1914 - d. 1984) Konstantin Ustinovich Chernenko (b. 1911 - d. 1985) Mikhail Sergeyevich Gorbachev (b. 1931) ("leading role" of party abolished 13 Mar 1990)

Chairmen of the Central Executive Committee (jointly)² 30 Dec 1922 - 12 Jan 1938 Mikhail Ivanovich Kalinin (Russian RSFSR) 30 Dec 1922 - 12 Jan 1938 Grigory Ivanovich Petrovsky (Ukrainian SSR) 30 Dec 1922 - 16 Jun 1937 Aleksandr Grigoryevich Chervyakov (Byelorussian SSR) 30 Dec 1922 - 19 Mar 1925 Nariman Kerbalay Nadzhaf-ogly Narimanov (Transcaucasian SFSR) 21 May 1925 - Jun 1937 Gazanfar Makhmud-ogly Musabekov (Transcaucasian SFSR) 21 May 1925 - 21 Jul 1937 Nedirbay Aytakov (Turkmen SSR) 21 May 1925 - 17 Jun 1937 Fayzulla Ubaydullayevich Khodzhayev (Uzbek SSR) 18 Mar 1931 - 4 Jan 1934 Nusratulla Maksum Lutfullayev (Tadjik SSR) 4 Jan 1934 - Sep 1937 Abdullo Rakhimbayevich Rakhimbayev (Tadjik SSR) Chairmen of the Presidium of the Supreme Soviet 17 Jan 1938 - 19 Mar 1946 Mikhail Ivanovich Kalinin 19 Mar 1946 - 15 Mar 1953 Nikolay Mikhailovich Shvernik 15 Mar 1953 - 7 May 1960 Kliment Yefremovich Voroshilov 7 May 1960 - 15 Jul 1964 Leonid Ilich Brezhnev (1st time) 15 Jul 1964 - 9 Dec 1965 Anastas Ivanovich Mikoyan 9 Dec 1965 - 16 Jun 1977 Nikolay Viktorovich Podgorny 16 Jun 1977 - 10 Nov 1982 Leonid Ilich Brezhnev (2nd time) 10 Nov 1982 - 16 Jun 1983 Vasily Vasilyevich Kuznetsov (1st time)(acting) 16 Jun 1983 - 9 Feb 1984 Yury Vladimirovich Andropov 9 Feb 1984 - 11 Apr 1984 Vasily Vasilyevich Kuznetsov

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(b. 1875 - d. 1946)

RCP/AUCP

(b. 1878 - d. 1958)

AUCP

(b. 1892 - d. 1937)

AUCP

(b. 1870 - d. 1925)

AUCP

(b. 1888 - d. 1938)

AUCP

(b. 1894 - d. 1938) (b. 1896 - d. 1938)

AUCP AUCP

(b. 1881 - d. 1938)

AUCP

(b. 1896 - d. 1938)

AUCP

(s.a.) (b. 1888 (b. 1881 (s.a.) (b. 1895 (b. 1903 (s.a.) (b. 1901

AUCP AUCP/CPSU CPSU CPSU CPSU CPSU CPSU CPSU

(s.a.) (s.a.)

- d. 1970) - d. 1969) - d. 1978) - d. 1983) - d. 1990)

CPSU CPSU

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11 Apr 1984 10 Mar 1985

(2nd time)(acting) - 10 Mar 1985 Konstantin Ustinovich Chernenko - 2 Jul 1985 Vasily Vasilyevich Kuznetsov (3rd time)(acting) - 1 Oct 1988 Andrey Andreyevich Gromyko - 25 May 1989 Mikhail Sergeyevich Gorbachev the Supreme Soviet - 15 Mar 1990 Mikhail Sergeyevich Gorbachev

2 Jul 1985 1 Oct 1988 Chairman of 25 May 1989 President 15 Mar 1990 - 25 Dec 1991

(s.a.) (s.a.)

CPSU CPSU

(b. 1909 - d. 1989) (s.a.)

CPSU CPSU

(s.a.)

CPSU

Mikhail Sergeyevich Gorbachev (s.a.) (suspended 19 Aug 1991-21 Aug 1991) 19 Aug 1991 - 21 Aug 1991³ Gennady Ivanovich Yanayev (b. 1937) (acting; in rebellion)

CPSU; 24 Aug 1991 Non-party CPSU

Chairmen of the Council of People's Commissars 6 Jul 1923 - 21 Jan 1924 Vladimir Ilich Lenin (s.a.) RCP 23 Jan 1924 - 19 Dec 1930 Aleksey Ivanovich Rykov (b. 1881 - d. 1938) RCP/AUCP 19 Dec 1930 - 6 May 1941 Vyacheslav Mikhailovich Molotov (b. 1890 - d. 1986) AUCP 6 May 1941 - 15 Mar 1946 Josef Vissarionovich Stalin (s.a.) AUCP Chairmen of the Council of Ministers 15 Mar 1946 - 5 Mar 1953 Josef Vissarionovich Stalin (s.a.) AUCP 6 Mar 1953 - 8 Feb 1955 Georgy Maksimilianovich Malenkov (s.a.) CPSU 8 Feb 1955 - 27 Mar 1958 Nikolay Aleksandrovich Bulganin (b. 1895 - d. 1975) CPSU 27 Mar 1958 - 15 Oct 1964 Nikita Sergeyevich Khrushchev (s.a.) CPSU 15 Oct 1964 - 23 Oct 1980 Aleksey Nikolayevich Kosygin (b. 1904 - d. 1980) CPSU 23 Oct 1980 - 27 Sep 1985 Nikolay Aleksandrovich Tikhonov (b. 1905 - d. 1997) CPSU 27 Sep 1985 - 14 Jan 1991 Nikolay Ivanovich Ryzhkov (b. 1929) CPSU Prime minister 14 Jan 1991 - 22 Aug 1991 Valentin Sergeyevich Pavlov (b. 1937 - d. 2003) CPSU Chairman of the Committee on Operative Management of the National Economy (from 20 Sep 1991 also Chairman of the Interrepublican Economic Committee; from 14 Nov 1991 Chairman of the Interstate Economic Committee - Prime Minister of the Economic Commonwealth) 6 Sep 1991 - 25 Dec 1991 Ivan Stepanovich Silayev (b. 1930) Non-party

¹In Mar 1919, the 8th communist party congress reinstated the Politburo (Political Bureau) that briefly existed on the eve of the 1917 Bolshevik coup, to provide effective leadership

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Page 19 sur 42 during the revolution. The immense authority of Vladimir Lenin (s.a.), who himself maintained the vague idea of party equality, gave enough basis for effective decision making without electing a formal chairman. Lenin retained only the post of a member of the Central Committee and that of the Politburo. On 3 Apr 1922, the Central Committee elected Josef Stalin (s.a.) to the new post of General Secretary (with Valerian Kuybyshev and Vyacheslav Molotov as secretaries), this post was not considered to be party chairman at that time. The party charter adopted by the 12th party conference in Aug 1922 prescribed to elect the Secretariat of three members, but it did not include a clause on post of General Secretary. The complex structure of higher party bodies by the time of Stalin's death was complicated with creation of a new body, the Presidium, in place of the Politburo, at the 19th party congress (Oct 1952). The new party charter adopted by this congress was immediately violated by creating the Bureau (buro) of the Presidium that was never meant to be set up according to the charter. The complexity of this structure probably influenced the decisions of the joint session of the Central Committee, the Council of Ministers and the Presidium of the Supreme Soviet, which two hours prior to Stalin's death appointed Georgy Malenkov (s.a.) as his successor in the office of the Chairman of the Council of Ministers, but never debated the election of the General Secretary. The plenum put Nikita Khrushchev (s.a.) in charge of the secretariat assigning him to preside at the secretariat meetings, his title was not officially changed until 7 Sep 1953, when the Central Committee elected him First Secretary. Khrushchev used this title to consolidate his power and by 1957 it was clear that the post became crucial in the party top leadership. After an attempted party coup, (by Malenkov, Kaganovich and Molotov) 18-29 Jun 1957, Khrushchev retained the office and turned it into a post equal to party president. At that time the appointment of Leonid Brezhnev to the post of First Secretary, that post had already been seen as the highest office of the party. The 23rd party congress (1966) changed the party charter, reinstating the Politburo and the post of General Secretary which became the official post of the party head. The Communist Party was suspended 29 Aug 1991 following the attempted coup against Gorbachev (s.a.). From resignation of General Secretary Gorbachev on 24 Aug 1991 to the suspension of the CPSU on 29 Aug 1991, Vladimir Antonovich Ivashko (b. 1932 - d. 1994) who was the Deputy General Secretary did not accept the office of or act as General Secretary.

²Chairmen of the Central Executive Committee of the USSR (CECUSSR) was a collective body comprised by several chairmen, in principle one of each constituent SSR, although Kalinin (from Russian SFSR) was often viewed as the single chairman. ³The State Council for the State of Emergency (SCSE) took the power on 19 August 1991, the failed coup and was disbanded two days after. The paramount Soviet leaders comprised it: VicePresident Gennady Ivanovich Yanayev (s.a.); Prime Minister Valentin Sergeyevich Pavlov (s.a.); KGB chairman Vladimir Kryuchkov (b. 1924); Defense Minister Dmitry Yazov (b. 1923); Home Minister Boris Karlovich Pugo (b. 1937 - d. 1991); Deputy chairman of the Defense Council Oleg Baklanov (b. 1932); Chairman of the Peasants' Union Vasiliy Starodubtsev (b. 1931); and Chairman of the Association of State Enterprises Aleksandr Tiziakov (b. 1926).

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Territorial Disputes: Bilateral negotiations are under way to resolve disputed sections of the boundary with China; U.S. Government has not recognized the incorporation of Estonia, Latvia, and Lithuania into the Soviet Union; Etorofu, Kunashiri, and Shikotan Islands and the Habomai island group occupied by Soviet Union since 1945, claimed by Japan; maritime dispute with Norway over portion of Barents Sea; has made no territorial claim in Antarctica (but has reserved the right to do so) and does not recognize the claims of any other nation; Kurdish question among Iran, Iraq, Syria, Turkey, and the U.S.S.R. Party abbreviation: CPSU = Communist Party of the Soviet Union (communist, Marxist-Lennist, authoritarian: From 1898-1918 the Communist Party of the Soviet Union [CPSU] was known as Russian Social Democratic Workers' Party-Bolsheviks [RSDLP-B]; from 1918-1925 as Russian Communist Party of Bolsheviks [RCP]; from 1925-1952 as All-Union Communist Party of Bolsheviks [AUCP] -only legal party 1922 - 7 Feb 1990; party suspended from 29 Aug 1991)

Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic

18 Nov 1917 - 14 Apr 1918 (Unofficial)

19 Jul 1918 - 21 Jan 1937

Capital: Moscow

14 Apr 1918 - 19 Jul 1918

21 Jan 1937 - 9 Jan 1954

Hear Local Anthem (None; same as USSR)

Constitution (19 Jul 1918)

14 Apr 1918 - 19 Jul 1918 Official Variant

9 Jan 1954 - 21 Aug 1991

Population: 137,551,000 (1980)

R.S.F.S.R. Admin. Divisions

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Page 21 sur 42 18 Nov 1917 19 30 12 25

Jul Dec Jun Dec

1918 1922 1991 1991

No official style adopted; various styles used: Russian Soviet Republic, Russian Republic, etc. Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic Part of Union of Soviet Socialist Republics (Soviet Union). Declaration of state sovereignty adopted. U.S.S.R. dissolved; Russian S.F.S.R. independent as Russia.

Chairmen of the Bureau of the Central Committee of the CPSU for Russian S.F.S.R. 27 Feb 1956 - 16 Nov 1964 Nikita Sergeyevich Khrushchev (b. 1894 - d. 1971) 16 Nov 1964 - 8 Apr 1966 Leonid Ilich Brezhnev (b. 1906 - d. 1982) 8 Apr 1966 - 9 Dec 1989 disbanded Chairman of the Russian Bureau of the Central Committee of the CPSU 9 Dec 1989 - 19 Jun 1990 Mikhail Sergeyevich Gorbachev (b. 1931) First Secretaries of the Central Committee of Communist Party of Russian S.F.S.R. 23 Jun 1990 - 6 Aug 1991 Ivan Kuzmich Polozkov (b. 1935) 6 Aug 1991 - 23 Aug 1991 Valentin Aleksandrovich Kuptsov (b. 1937) Chairmen of 9 Nov 1917 21 Nov 1917 16 Mar 1919 30 Mar 1919 Chairman of 15 Jul 1938 Chairmen of 19 Jul 1938 9 Apr 1943 4 25 7 16

Mar Jun Jul Apr

1944 1946 1950 1959

26 Nov 1959 20 Dec 1962

the All-Russian Central Executive Committee - 21 Nov 1917 Lev Borisovich Kamenev - 16 Mar 1919 Yakov Mikhailovich Sverdlov - 30 Mar 1919 Mikhail Fyodorovich Vladimirsky (acting) - 15 Jul 1938 Mikhail Ivanovich Kalinin the Supreme Soviet - 19 Jul 1938 Andrey Aleksandrovich Zhdanov the Presidium of the Supreme Soviet - 4 Mar 1944 Aleksey Yegorovich Badayev - 4 Mar 1944 Ivan Alekseyevich Vlasov (acting for Badayev) - 25 Jun 1946 Nikolay Mikhailovich Shvernik - 7 Jul 1950 Ivan Alekseyevich Vlasov - 16 Apr 1959 Mikhail Petrovich Tarasov - 26 Nov 1959 Nikolay Grigoryevich Ignatov (1st time) - 20 Dec 1962 Nikolay Nikolayevich Organov - 14 Nov 1966 Nikolay Grigoryevich Ignatov

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(b. 1883 - d. 1936) (b. 1885 - d. 1919) (b. 1874 - d. 1951)

RSDLP-B/RCP RSDLP-B/RCP RCP

(b. 1875 - d. 1946)

RCP/AUCP

(b. 1896 - d. 1948)

AUCP

(b. 1883 - d. 1951) (b. 1903 - d. 1969)

AUCP AUCP

(b. 1888 - d. 1970) (s.a.) (b. 1899 - d. 1970) (b. 1901 - d. 1966)

AUCP AUCP AUCP/CPSU CPSU

(b. 1901 - d. 1982) (s.a.)

CPSU CPSU

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23 26 3 29

Dec Mar Oct May

1966 1985 1988 1990

Chairmen of 8 Nov 1917 2 Feb 1924 18 May 1929 3 Nov 1930 22 Jul 1937 17 Sep 1938 2 Jun 1940 5 May 1942 23 Jun 1943 Chairmen of 23 Mar 1946 23 Mar 1946 9 Mar 1949 20 Oct 1952 24 Jan 1956 19 Dec 1957 31 Mar 1958 23 Nov 1962 23 Jul 1971

28 24 3 15

Jul Jun Oct Jun

1971 1983 1988 1990

- 26 Mar 1985 - 3 Oct 1988 - 29 May 1990 - 10 Jul 1991

(2nd time) Mikhail Alekseyevich Yasnov Vladimir Pavlovich Orlov Vitaly Ivanovich Vorotnikov Boris Nikolayevich Yeltsin

People's Commissars ("Sovnarkom") Vladimir Ilich Lenin Aleksey Ivanovich Rykov Sergey Ivanovich Syrtsov Danil Yegorovich Sulimov (arrested 27 Jun 1937) - 17 Sep 1938 Nikolay Aleksandrovich Bulganin - 2 Jun 1940 Vasily Vasilyevich Vakhrushev (acting to 29 Jul 1939) - 23 Jun 1943 Ivan Sergeyevich Khokhlov - 2 May 1943 Konstantin Dmitriyevich Pamfilov (acting for Khokhlov) - 23 Mar 1946 Aleksey Nikolayevich Kosygin the Council of Ministers Aleksey Nikolayevich Kosygin - 9 Mar 1949 Mikhail Nikolayevich Rodionov - 20 Oct 1952 Boris Nikolayevich Chernousov - 24 Jan 1956 Aleksandr Mikhailovich Puzanov - 19 Dec 1957 Mikhail Alekseyevich Yasnov - 27 Feb 1958 Frol Stepanovich Kozlov - 23 Nov 1962 Dmitry Stepanovich Polyansky - 23 Jul 1971 Gennady Ivanovich Voronov - 28 Jul 1971 Aleksey Mikhailovich Shkolnikov + Nikolay Fyodorovich Vasilyev (acting) - 24 Jun 1983 Mikhail Sergeyevich Solomentsev - 3 Oct 1988 Vitaly Ivanovich Vorotnikov - 15 Jun 1990 Aleksandr Vladimirovich Vlasov - 26 Sep 1991 Ivan Stepanovich Silayev the Council of - 21 Jan 1924 - 18 May 1929 - 3 Nov 1930 - 22 Jul 1937

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(b. (b. (b. (b.

1906 - d. 1991) CPSU 1921 - d. 1999) CPSU 1926) CPSU 1931 - d. 2007) CPSU:12 Jul 1990 Non-party

(b. (b. (b. (b.

1870 1881 1893 1890

-

d. d. d. d.

1924) 1938) 1937) 1937)

RSDLP-B/RCP RCP/AUCP AUCP AUCP

(b. 1895 - d. 1975) (b. 1902 - d. 1947)

AUCP AUCP

(b. 1895 - d. 1973) (b. 1901 - d. 1943)

AUCP AUCP

(b. 1904 - d. 1980)

AUCP

(s.a.) (b. 1907 (b. 1908 (b. 1906 (s.a.) (b. 1908 (b. 1917 (b. 1910 (b. 1914

AUCP AUCP AUCP CPSU CPSU CPSU CPSU CPSU CPSU CPSU

- d. 1950) - d. 1978) - d. 1998) -

d. d. d. d.

1965) 2001) 1994) 2003)

(b. 1913) (s.a.) (b. 1932 - d. 2002) (b. 1930)

CPSU CPSU CPSU Non-party

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Party abbreviation: CPSU = Communist Party of the Soviet Union (communist, Marxist-Lennist, authoritarian: From 1898-1918 the Communist Party of the Soviet Union [CPSU] was known as Russian Social Democratic Workers' Party-Bolsheviks [RSDLP-B]; from 1918-1925 as Russian Communist Party of Bolsheviks [RCP]; from 1925-1952 as All-Union Communist Party of Bolsheviks [AUCP] -only legal party 1922 - 7 Feb 1990, suspended 29 Aug 1991 [Communist Party of Russian S.F.S.R est. 23 Jun 1990, suspended from 23 Aug 1991, dissolved 6 Nov 1991])

Republics of the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics Note: Although the U.S.S.R. was "Soviet Socialist" from its founding, all the republics began as "Socialist Soviet" and did not change to the other order until various dates in 1937. In addition, in the national languages of several republics the word "Council/Conciliar" in the respective language was only quite late changed to an adaptation of the Russian "Soviet" - and never in others, e.g., Ukraine. For the individual Soviet Socialist Republics of the Soviet Union see individual listings:

Armenian S.S.R.

Azerbaidzhan S.S.R.

Byelorussian S.S.R. Karelo-Finnish S.S.R. (1940-1956) Latvian S.S.R. Russian S.F.S.R. Turkestan S.S.R.

Estonian S.S.R.

Georgian S.S.R.

Kazakh S.S.R. Lithuanian S.S.R. Tadzikh S.S.R.

Kirghiz S.S.R. Moldavian S.S.R. Transcaucasian S.F.S.R. (1922-1936)

(1922-1924)

Turkmen S.S.R.

Ukrainian S.S.R.

Uzbek S.S.R.

Russian Federation

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Re-adopted 21 Aug 1991

12 Jun 1991 12 Dec 1991

Russian S.F.S.R. adopts a declaration of state sovereignty. Russian S.F.S.R. Supreme Council passes a resolution denouncing the Union Treaty of 1922. Russian S.F.S.R. independent as Russia Federation (Russia) (style not endorsed constitutionally until 21 Apr 1992).

25 Dec 1991

Presidents 10 Jul 1991 - 31 Dec 1999 22 Sep 1993 - 4 Oct 1993 5 Nov 1996 -

6 Nov 1996

31 Dec 1999 -

Prime ministers 26 Sep 1991 - 6 6 Nov 1991 - 15 15 Jun 1992 - 14 14 Dec 1992 - 23

Nov Jun Dec Mar

1991 1992 1992 1998

23 Mar 1998 (hours) 23 Mar 1998 - 23 Aug 1998 23 Aug 1998 - 11 Sep 1998 11 Sep 1998 - 12 May 1999 12 May 1999 - 9 Aug 1999

Boris Nikolayevich Yeltsin Aleksandr Vladimirovich Rutskoy (acting; in opposition) Viktor Stepanovich Chernomyrdin (acting for Yeltsin) Vladimir Vladimirovich Putin (acting to 7 May 2000)

(b. 1931 - d. 2007) (b. 1945)

Non-party

(b. 1938)

NDR

(b. 1952)

Non-party

Oleg Ivanovich Lobov (acting) (b. 1937) Boris Nikolayevich Yeltsin (s.a.) Yegor Timurovich Gaidar (acting) (b. 1956) Viktor Stepanovich Chernomyrdin (s.a.) (1st time) Boris Nikolayevich Yeltsin (acting)(s.a.) Sergey Vladilenovich Kiriyenko (b. 1962) (acting to 24 Apr 1998) Viktor Stepanovich Chernomyrdin (s.a.) (2nd time)(acting) Yevgeny Maksimovich Primakov (b. 1929) Sergey Vladimirovich Stepashin (b. 1952) (acting to 19 May 1999)

Non-party Non-party YA NDR

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Non-party Non-party NDR Non-party Non-party

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7 May 2000

7 May 2000 - 24 Feb 2004 24 Feb 2004 -

5 Mar 2004

5 Mar 2004 - 14 Sep 2007 14 Sep 2007 -

Vladimir Vladimirovich Putin (s.a.) (acting to 16 Aug 1999) Mikhail Mikhailovich Kasyanov (b. 1957) (acting to 17 May 2000) Viktor Borisovich Khristenko (b. 1957) (acting) Mikhail Yefimovich Fradkov (b. 1950) (acting 7-12 May 2004, from 12 Sep 2007) Viktor Alekseyevich Zubkov (b. 1941)

Non-party Non-party Non-party Non-party Non-party

Territorial Disputes: China and Russia have demarcated the once disputed islands at the Amur and Ussuri confluence and in the Argun River in accordance with the 2004 Agreement, ending their centuries-long border disputes; the sovereignty dispute over the islands of Etorofu, Kunashiri, Shikotan, and the Habomai group, known in Japan as the "Northern Territories" and in Russia as the "Southern Kurils," occupied by the Soviet Union in 1945, now administered by Russia, and claimed by Japan, remains the primary sticking point to signing a peace treaty formally ending World War II hostilities; Russia and Georgia agree on delimiting all but small, strategic segments of the land boundary and the maritime boundary; OSCE observers monitor volatile areas such as the Pankisi Gorge in the Akhmeti region and the Kodori Gorge in Abkhazia; Azerbaijan, Kazakhstan, and Russia signed equidistance boundaries in the Caspian seabed but the littoral states have no consensus on dividing the water column; Russia and Norway dispute their maritime limits in the Barents Sea and Russia's fishing rights beyond Svalbard's territorial limits within the Svalbard Treaty zone; various groups in Finland advocate restoration of Karelia (Kareliya) and other areas ceded to the Soviet Union following the Second World War but the Finnish Government asserts no territorial demands; in May 2005, Russia recalled its signatures to the 1996 border agreements with Estonia (1996) and Latvia (1997), when the two Baltic states announced issuance of unilateral declarations referencing Soviet occupation and ensuing territorial losses; Russia demands better treatment of ethnic Russians in Estonia and Latvia; Estonian citizen groups continue to press for realignment of the boundary based on the 1920 Tartu Peace Treaty that would bring the now divided ethnic Setu people and parts of the Narva region within Estonia; Lithuania and Russia committed to demarcating their boundary in 2006 in accordance with the land and maritime treaty ratified by Russia in May 2003 and by Lithuania in 1999; Lithuania operates a simplified transit regime for Russian nationals traveling from the Kaliningrad coastal exclave into Russia, while still conforming, as an EU member state with an EU external border, where strict Schengen border rules apply; preparations for the demarcation delimitation of land boundary with Ukraine have commenced; the dispute over the boundary between Russia and Ukraine through the Kerch Strait and Sea of Azov remains unresolved despite a Dec 2003 framework agreement and on-going expertlevel discussions; Kazakhstan and Russia boundary delimitation was ratified on Nov 2005 and field demarcation should commence in 2007; Russian Duma has not yet ratified 1990 Bering Sea Maritime Boundary Agreement with the US; Russia has made no territorial claim in Antarctica (but has reserved the right to do so) and does not recognize the claims of any other nation.

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Party abbreviations: KPRF = Kommunisticheskaya Partiya Rossiiskoi Federatsii (Communist Party of the Russian Federation, communist); NDR = Nash dom Rossiya (Our Home is Russia, centerist, reformist, 1995- ); OVR = Otecestvo - Vsja Rossija (Fatherland - All Russia, centrist, est. 1999); YA = Jabloko Alliance (Apple alliance, liberal)

Far Eastern Republic

11 Nov 1920 - 15 Nov 1922

Map of Far Eastern Republic

Hear National Anthem

Text of Anthem

Constitution (1920)

Capital: Chita (Verkhneudinsk 7 Mar 1920-22 Oct 1920)

Currency: Far Eastern Republic Ruble (DBRR)

National Holiday: 6 Apr (1920) Independence Day

Population: 1,500,000 (1920 est.)

Exports: $N/A Imports: $N/A Total Armed Forces: N/A Merchant marine: N/A International Organizations/Treaties: None GDP: $N/A

7 Mar 1920 6 Apr 1920 Aug 1920 Nov 1920 Dec 1920 12 Dec 1920 - 26 May 1921 25 Oct 1922 15 Nov 1922

Ethnic groups: Russian, Ukrainian, Mongol, Eskimo, Korean, Chinese, Yakut, Chukchi Religions: Russian Orthodox, Buddhist, Shamanist, non-religious

Provisional Government of Pribaikalia proclaimed at Verkhneudinsk in part of the Lake Baikal area. Independence declared (Far Eastern Republic). Amur and Khabarovsk regions added to Far Eastern Republic Remainder of the Baikal area annexed. Chukotka and Kamchatka ceded to the Russian S.F.S.R. Primorye (Vladivostok) part of the Far Eastern Republic. Primorye re-incorporated into Far Eastern Republic. Incorporated into the Russian S.F.S.R. (see Russian SFSR admin.)

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Chairmen of the Government (Heads of State) 7 Mar 1920 - Dec 1921 Aleksandr Mikhailovich Krasnoshchekov (b. 1880 - d. 1937) (provisional to 6 Apr 1920) Dec 1921 - 15 Nov 1922 Nikolay Mikhailovich Matveyev (b. 1877 - d. 1951) Chairmen of the Council of 6 Apr 1920 - Nov 1920 Nov 1920 - Apr 1921 8 May 1921 - Dec 1921 Dec 1921 - 14 Nov 1922 14 Nov 1922 - 15 Nov 1922

Ministers (Prime ministers) Aleksandr Mikhailovich Krasnoshchekov Boris Zakharovich Shumyatsky Pyotr Mikhailovich Nikiforov Nikolay Mikhailovich Matveyev Pyotr Alekseyevich Kobozev

(s.a.) (b. 1886 - d. 1938) (b. 1882 - d. 1974) (s.a.) (b. 1878 - d. 1941)

RSDLP RSDLP

RSDLP RSDLP RSDLP RSDLP RSDLP

Party abbreviation: RSDLP = Russian Social Democratic Workers' Party (communist)

Ingria (Ingermanland)

1583 - 1595; 1611 - 1703

1920 North Ingermanland

1069 1478 Aug 1583 - 28 May 1595 1611 9 Mar 1617

12 May 1703 10 Sep 1721 23 Jan 1920 -

5 Dec 1920

Part of Novgorod. Part of Russia. Provisionally ceded to Sweden. Occupied by Sweden. Ceded by Russia to Sweden in Treaty of Stolbovo; includes the provinces of Ingria and Karelia (Kexholm). The kings of Sweden styled "Dukes of Karelians and Lords over Ingria." Occupied by Russia; city of St. Petersburg founded on 27 May. Formally ceded to Russia by Sweden in Treaty of Nystad. North Ingermanland declares itself independent.

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Governors of Ingermanland 1601 - 1607 Samuel Nilsson till Hässle 1607 - 1613 Filip Scheiding 1613 - 1615 Evert Horn 1615 - 1617 Anders Eriksson Hästehufvud 1617 - 1620 Carl Carlsson friherre Gyllenhielm 1620 - 1622 Henrik Claesson Fleming 1622 - 1626 Anders Eriksson Hästehufvud 1626 - 1629 Nils Assarsson Mannersköld 1629 Henrik Mattias greve von Thurn Governors-general of Ingermanland and Livland 29 Nov 1629 - 1634 Johann Bengtson Schroderus friherre Skytte af Duderhof 16 Oct 1634 - 1642 Bengt Bengtsson friherre Oxenstierna af Eka och Lindö Governors-general of Ingermanland and County of Kexholm 1642 - 1645 Erik Carlsson friherre Gyllenstierna af Lundholm 1645 - 1651 Carl friherre Mörner 1651 - 1654 Erik greve Stenbock 1654 - 1657 Gustaf Evertsson friherre Horn af Marienborg 1657 - 1659 Christer Claesson friherre Horn af Amyne 1659 - 1664 Simon Grundel Hjelmfelt (1st time) 1664 - 1668 Jacob Johan Justusson friherre Taube af Kudding (1st time) 1668 - 1673 Simon Grundel Hjelmfelt (2nd time) 1673 - 1678 Jacob Johan Justusson friherre Taube af Kudding (2nd time) 1678 Gustaf Adam greve Banér 1678 - 1681 Jacob Johan Justusson friherre Taube af Kudding (3rd time) Governors 1681 - 1682 Martin Schultz von Ascheraden 1682 - 1683 Hans friherre von Fersen

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(b. 1574 - d. 1650) (b. 1584 - d. 1650) (b. 1577 - d. 1641) (b. 1580 - d. 1640) (b. 1577 - d. 1645) (b. 1591 - d. 1643)

(b. 1602 - d. 1657) (b. 1605 - d. 1665) (b. 1612 - d. 1659) (b. 1614 - d. 1666) (b. 1622 - d. 1692)

(b. 1624/38 - d. 1695)

(s.a.) (b. 1624 - d. 1681) (s.a.)

(b. 1660 - d. 1730) (b. 1625 - d. 1684)

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1683 - 1687 Göran greve Sperling Governors-general 1687 - 1691 Göran greve Sperling 1691 - 1698 Otto Wilhelm, friherre von Fersen 4 Jul 1698 - 1703? Otto greve Wellingk Chairmen of governing council (in Kirjasalo) 9 Jul 1919 - Sep 1919 Santeri Termonen 14 Sep 1919 - Nov 1919 Juho Pekka Kokko 16 Nov 1919 - May 1920 Georg (Yrjö) Elfvengren Jun 1920 - 5 Dec 1920 Jukka Tirranen

(b. 1630 - d. 1691) (s.a.) (b. 1623 - d. 1703) (b. 1649 - d. 1708)

(b. 1865 - d. 1939) (b. 1889 - d. 1927)

Swedish Noble titles: greve = Count; friherre = Baron.

Inner Horde (Buqei Horde) 1801

The Inner Horde (also called Buqei Horde) a nomadic state (under Russian suzerainty) founded in 1801 in territory between Volga and Yaik (Ural) rivers (to the North from Caspian sea) where 5,000 families of Kazakhs from Younger Kazakh Zhuz tribe settled. Khanate of the Inner Horde. Post of Khan was abolished and khanate was ruled by Provisional Council which consisted of Russian government officials. Incorporated into Astrakhan province of the Russian Empire.

1812 1845 1876 Sultan 1801 Khans 1812 1815 1823 1836 -

1812

Buqei

(d. 1812)

1815 1823 1845 1837

Buqei Shighai Jangher Isatai Tamanov (in rebellion)

(s.a.) (d. 1823) (d. 1845)

Provisional Council

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1845 - 1876

Russian officials

Kalmyk Khanate c.1632

1664 4 Jan 1771 19 Oct 1771

The Torghut branch (known as the Kalmyks) of the Mongolian Oirats settled along the lower Volga River (in modern day Russia and Kazakhstan). Under Russian suzerainty. Ubashi and a majority of the Kalmyks return to Dzungaria. Incorporated into Astrakhan province of Russian Empire.

Khans 1670 1713 171. 20 Sep 1724 3 Mar 1741 1741 1741 1761 -

Ayuka (1st time) Chadurdzab Ayuka (2nd time) Cheren Donduk Dharmapala (f) -Regent Donduk Ombu Kandul I Gan (f) -Regent Donduk Ta'lshi Ubashi

1713 171. 1724 1724 - 17 Mar 1735 1737 1737 - 21 Mar 1741

21 Jan 1761 4 Jan 1771

(b. 1642 - d. 1724)

(d. 1741) (d. 1781) (d. 1761)

Karafuto

Map of Karafuto

Capital: Toyohara (Vladimirsk 1905-1908)

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Currency: Japanese Yen (JPY)

Population: 415,000 (1940 est.)

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1287 - 131. 1616 1644 1679 2 Aug 1 Aug 3 Oct 1865 7 Feb 7 May 24 Jun

1689 1850 1853 1867 1875 1905

5 Sep 1905 15 22 25 2

Mar Apr Aug Feb

1907 1920 - 14 May 1925 1945 1946

2 Jan 1947 Military governor 24 Jun 1905 - 31 Mar Civil governor 28 Jul 1905 - 31 Mar Governors 1 Apr 1907 - 24 Apr 24 Apr 1908 - 12 Jun 12 Jun 1908 - 5 Jun 5 Jun 1914 - 9 Oct 13 Oct 1916 - 17 Apr 17 Apr 1919 - 11 Jun 11 Jun 1924 - 5 Aug 5 Aug 1926 - 27 Jul 27 Jul 1927 - 9 Jul

Mongols garrison Sakhalin. Ming dynasty China sends troops to the islands. Claimed as a Japanese vassal by Lord Matsumae, named Kita Ezo (North Hokkaido). Japanese establish trading post at Ootomari (Korsakov). Chinese sovereignty confirmed by Treaty of Nerchnishk. Russia claims Sakhalin Island. Northern Sakhalin claimed for Russia. Claimed by Japan. Sakhalin a joint condominium of Japan and Russia. Sakhalin incorporated into the Russia. Southern Sakhalin occupied by Japan (Russian forces surrender 16 Jul 1905). Karafuto (southern Sakhalin Island) ceded to Japan (formally from 25 Nov 1905). Karafuto prefecture (effective 1 Apr 1907). Northern Sakhalin (Sakhalinskaya oblast) occupied by Japan. Soviet occupation. Incorporation into U.S.S.R. (part of Khabarovsk kray as Southern Sakhalin oblast). Part of Sakhalin oblast (see Russian SFSR Admin.).

1907

Haraguchi Kanenari

1907

Kiichiro Kumagai

1908 1908 1914 1916 1919 1924 1926 1927 1929

Sachihiko Kususe Takejiro Tokonami Sadataro Hiraoka Bunji Okada Akira Sakaya (1st time) Kinjiro Nagai Akira Sakaya (2nd time) Katsuzo Toyoda Koji Kita

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(b. 1858 - d. 1927) (b. 1866 - d. 1935) (b. 1863 - d. 19..)

(b. 1873? - d. 1927) (b. 1882 - d. 1939) (b. 1878 - d. 1934)

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Page 32 sur 42 9 Jul 1929 - 17 Dec 17 Dec 1931 - 5 Jul 5 Jul 1932 - 7 May 7 May 1938 - 9 Apr 9 Apr 1940 - 1 Jul 1 Jul 1943 - 25 Aug Military governors 25 Aug 1945 - 194. 194. - 1946

1931 1932 1938 1940 1943 1945

Shinobu Agata Masao Kishimoto Takeshi Imamura Shun'ichi Munesue Masayoshi Ogawa Toshio Otsu I. Alimov Maksim Alekseyevich Purkayev

(b. 1880? - d. 1942)

(b. 1892 - d. ....)

(b. 1894 - d. 1953)

Head of Civil Administration Department of South Sakhalin and the Kuril Islands Sep 1945 - 2 Feb 1946 Dmitry Nikolayevich Kryukov (b. 1899 - d. 19..)

Tannu Tuva

1918 - c.1921

18 Oct 1930 - 1933

c.1921 - 24 Nov 1926

1933 - 25 Jun 1941

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24 Nov 1926 - 28 Jun 1930

25 Jun 1941 - 8 Sep 1943

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8 Sep 1943 - 11 Oct 1944

Hear National Anthem Text of National Anthem Constitution "Tuvan Internationale" (1921-1944) (25 Jun 1941) Currency: Aksha Capital: Kyzyl National Holiday: 14 Aug (TVAA) 1936-44; Tugrik Population: 95,000 (1941) (Khem-Beldyr 1918-1926; (1921) 1934-36; Russian/Soviet 64,000 (1913) Byelotsarsk 1914-1918) Independence Day Ruble 1914-1934 Exports: $N/A Ethnic groups: Tuvin 90%, Russian 10%, GDP: $N/A Chinese and Mongol 5% Imports: $N/A Total Armed Forces: N/A Religions: Buddhist, Shamanist, Russian Orthodox Merchant marine: None International Organizations/Treaties 1914-1944: None?; from 1996: UNPO Map of Tannu Tuva

1207 1400's end 16th-early 17th cent. Oct 1616 - 1688 1688 27 Oct 1727 Mar 1756 Jan 1912

15 Feb 1912 Mar 1913 17 Apr 1914 16 Mar 1918 5 Jul 1918 - 15 Jul 1919 Autumn 1918 Jul 1919 - Feb 1920 19 Feb 1920 - Jun 1921

Mongol rule. Khanate of Tuva Most of the Tuvinian tribes under the dominion of Sholoy Ubashi-huntaiji, the first Altyn-Khan ("the Golden Khan"). Russian protectorate. Under the Dörben Oryiad (Dzungarian Kalmyks). Chinese sovereignty recognized by Russia in Treaty of Bura. Annexed to China (Tang-nu Wulianghai). A congress of clan chiefs declares the territory of several districts "independent" and "under Russian protectorate", but this does not lead to emergence of a polity or a central authority. Paramount chief formally requests Russian protection, which is rejected by Russia. Declared to be part of Mongolia. Declared a Russian 'protected' area (Uryanhay [Urjanhaj] kray). Recognizes Soviet rule. Occupied by Kolchak's "White" Russian troops. South-western part occupied by Chinese troops; southern part occupied by Mongolian troops led by Khatan Bator Maksarzhab. Red Army enters to Tuva. Re-incorporated into China.

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9 Sep 1921 1926 24 Nov 1926 11 Oct 1944 10 Oct 1961

Independence declared (People's Republic of Tannu Tuva) under Soviet protectorate (the Russian population of Tannu Tuva was declared as "Russian Soviet autonomous colony"). Soviet Russia declares and end to its protectorate. Independence recognized by Mongolia in the Mongolian-Soviet Treaty of Friendship. Tuvinian People's Republic Incorporated into the U.S.S.R. (confirmed 1 Nov 1944). Tuvinian Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic within R.S.F.S.R. (see R.S.F.S.R. admin.)

General Secretaries of the Tuva People's Revolutionary Party 1921 - 1923 Nimachyan (Nimazhav, Nimazhap) 1923 Lobsang-Osur 9 Jul 1923 - 15 Mar 1924 Oyun Kursedy (president) First Secretaries of the Tuva People's Revolutionary Party Apr 1924 - Jan 1926 Shagdyr (secretary-general) Jan 1926 - Feb 1927 Mongush Buyan-Badyrgy Feb 1927 - Jan 1929 Sodnam Balchir Ambyn-noyon Jan 1929 - Mar 1932 Irgit Shagdyrzhap 6 Mar 1932 - 11 Oct 1944 Salchak Kolbakkhorekovich Toka

(b. 1892 - d. 1932) (d. 1932) (b. 1901 - d. 1973)

Paramount chiefs (title Ambyn-noyon) (from 1729, subordinated to the Chinese military governors at Uliastuai) 1686 - 1696 Gendun Dayishin Altan Khan 1696 - 1703 Sanchin Senge Altan Khan 1717 - 1720 Qurulmei c.1720 Erinchin c.1722 Lobsang Shirap c.1754 Chilun 1754 - 1757 Tsengumchab 1757 - 17.. .... (3 names not known) 17.. - 1789 Dazhi 1789 - 1794 Danzin 1794 - 1807 Sedenbal 1807 - 1826 Badizhap 1826 - 1861 Lamazhap 1861 - 1862 Shindazin 1862 - 1868 Olzey-Ochur 1868 - 1912 Kombu-Dorzhu (Gombodorchzhy) 1912 - 1913 Agbaan-Demchy 1914 - 1921 Sodnam Balchir (d. 1924)

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Page 35 sur 42 Chinese Military governors in Uliasutai 1729 - 1733 Prince Xibao Shucheng 1733 - 1750 Prince Tsereng Chaoyang 1750 - 1754 Prince Cenggu Jabu Chaoyang (1st time) 1754 - 1754 Bandi 1754 - 1756 Monadzab 1756 - 1771 Prince Cenggu Jabu Chaoyang (2nd time) 1771 - 1780 Prince Lavan Dorji Chaoyang 1780 - 1781 Qinggui (1st time) 1781 - 1789 .... 1789 - 1791 Qinggui (2nd time) 1791 - 1795 .... 1795 - 1800 Yongkun 179. - 1801 Tusang'a 1801 - 1803 .... 1803 - 1807 Chengkuan 1808 - 1810 Dalu 1810 - 1811 Changling 1812 - 1814 Yunting 1814 - 1818 .... 1818 - 1828 Teyshunbao 1828 - 1863 .... 1863 - 1865 Li Tangjie 1865 - 18.. .... 18.. - 1886 Dukar 1886 - 1890 Yianglin 1890 - 1892 Chonghuan 1892 - 189. Yongde 189. - 1911 .... Russian Commissioners for the Affairs of Urjanhai Kray 1914 - 1915 A.P. Cererin (Tsererin) 1915 - 1917 Yu.V. Grigoryev Commissar of the Provisional Government Oct 1917 - 16 Mar 1918 Aleksey Aleksandrovich Turchaninov (d. 1919) Chairmen of the Executive Committee 18 Mar 1918 - 2 May 1918 S.K. Bespalov 7 May 1918 - 7 Jul 1918 M.M. Terentyev "White" Russian Governor 5 Jul 1918 - 15 Jul 1919 Pyotr Ivanovich Turchanynov Leader of the Siberian-Soviet Partisan Army Jul 1919 - Feb 1920 Aleksey Aleksandrovich Turchaninov (s.a.) Chinese Governor

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Page 36 sur 42 Jan 1920 - Jun 1921 Yan Shichao (Yan Shi-chao) Chairman of the Constituent Khural 14 Aug 1921 - 15 Aug 1921 Mongush Buyan-Badyrgy Chairmen of the Presidium of the Little Hural 18 Sep 1924 - 4 Feb 1929 Nimachyan (Nimazhav) 5 Feb 1929 - 5 Nov 1936 Chuldum Lopsakovi 6 Nov 1936 - Feb 1938 Adyg-Tulush Khemchik-ool 2 Mar 1938 - 4 Apr 1940 Oyun Polat 6 Apr 1940 - 11 Oct 1944 Khertek Amyrbitovna AnchimaaToka (f) Chairman of the Central Council 15 Aug 1921 - 28 Feb 1922 Sodnam Balchir Ambyn-noyon Chairmen of the Council of Ministers 1 Mar 1922 - 15 Aug 1922 Lobsang-Osur 15 Aug 1922 - 19 Sep 1923 Idam-Syurun (Sürun) 20 Sep 1923 - 18 Sep 1924 Mongush Buyan-Badyrgy 18 Sep 1924 - 1925 Soyan Oruygu 1925 - Jan 1929 Kuular Donduk Jan 1929 - 6 Nov 1936 Adyg-Tulush Khemchik-ool 6 Nov 1936 - Feb 1938 Sat Churmit-Dazhi 1938 - 1940 Bair Ondar (Aleksey Shirinmeyevich Bair) 6 Apr 1940 - 11 Oct 1944 Saryg-Dongak Chymba (Aleksandr Mangeyevich Chimba)

(s.a.)

(b. 1893 - d. 1938) (b. 1906 - d. 1992) (b. 1912)

TPRP TPRP TPRP TPRP TPRP

(s.a.)

(s.a.) (b. 1876 (b. 1888 (s.a.) (b. 1894 (b. 1904 (b. 1906)

- d. 19..) - d. 1932) - d. 1938) - d. 1986)

TPRP TPRP TPRP TPRP TPRP TPRP TPRP TPRP TPRP

Party abbreviation: TPRP = Tuvan People's Revolutionary Party (communist, 1921-1944 only legal party)

Chechnya (Chechen Republic of Ichkeria)

Adopted 1 Nov 1991

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Map of Chechnya

Hear National Anthem "Death or Freedom"

Capital: Grozny (Suyuchkala 1917; Vedeno 1834-1859, 1917-1920)

Currency: Russian Ruble (RUR); Nakhar (not issued)

Text of National Anthem Adopted 12 Mar 1992 National Holiday: 31 Dec (1996) Day of Liberation of the Motherland

Constitution (12 Mar 1992) Population: 1,103,686 (2002)

Exports: $N/A Ethnic groups: Chechen, Ingush, Nogy, Russian Imports: $N/A Total Armed Forces: 2,000 (2002) Russian Forces: 10-100,000 (2002) Religions: Muslim, Orthodox Christian Merchant marine: None International Organizations/Treaties Chechen-Ichkeria: UNPO (from 1991) GDP: $N/A

12 Oct 1813 1818 1834 1859 2 Dec 1917 11 May 1918 4 Feb 1919 7 Mar 1920 1921 30 Nov 1922 1929 15 Jan 1934 5 Dec 1936 1940 - 1944

7 5 27 15

Mar Jan Nov Sep

1944 1957 1990 1991

1 Nov 1991

7 Mar 1920 7 Mar 1920

Sovereignty ceded by Iran to Russia by Treaty of Gulistan. Grozny founded by the Russians. Imamate of Ichkeria (capital Vedeno) Annexed by Russia. Independence declared (Emirate of Chechenia). Part of Republic of North Caucasus Federation (from Sep 1919, North Caucasian Emirate). Grozny occupied by "White" Russian army under Denikin. Part of Russian S.F.S.R. Part of Mountain People's Republic. Chechen autonomous oblast within R.S.F.S.R. (not including Grozny)(see R.S.F.S.R. admin.). Grozny added to the Chechen A.O. Checheno-Ingush Autonomous Region. Checheno-Ingush A.S.S.R. Chechen nationalist Khasan Israilov forms an anti-Soviet Caucasus Provisional Revolutionary People's Government in rebellion. Abolished (Grozny oblast). Checheno-Ingush A.S.S.R. re-established. Declaration of state sovereignty. Ingushetia approves declaration on formation of Ingush Republic within the R.S.F.S.R. Independence declared (Republic of Chechnya)

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1 Dec 1991 10 16 19 12 30 6

Dec Jan Jan May Sep Feb

1992 1994 1995 1997 1999 2000

Rulers 1822 - 1829

6 Aug 1996

(not recognized). Referendum approves creation of an Ingush Republic within Russia. Checheno-Ingush A.S.S.R. formally abolished by Russia. Chechen Republic of Ichkeria Capital Grozny occupied by Russian forces. Peace Treaty signed with Russia; Russians withdraw. Russia begins re-occupation. Grozny again captured by Russian forces.

Kadir Abdul + Beibulat Tamazov (from 1825) Gazimulla (Ghazi Muhammed) Hamzad Bei (Hamza Beg) Hadzhi Tasho Bulat Mirza

1830 - 1832 1832 - 1834 1834 - 1838 1838 - 1840 Imam 1834 - 1859 Shamil bin Muhammed 1859 - 1861 Boiskhar Beno -Commander Emir 2 Dec 1917 - Mar 1920 Sheikh Uzum Hadji (d. 1920) Chairman of the Supreme Soviet Mar 1990 - 15 Sep 1991 Doku Gapurovich Zavgayev (b. 1940) Chairman of the Supreme Provisional Council 15 Sep 1991 - 17 Sep 1991 Lecha Dobachevich Magomadov (b. 1938 - d. 2005) Chairman of the Provisional Council of Chechen Republic 17 Sep 1991 - 5 Oct 1991 Huseyn Saydaliyevich Akhmadov (b. 1950) Chairman of the Executive Committee of the All-National Congress of the Chechen People 5 Oct 1991 - 7 Oct 1991 Dzhokhar Musayevich Dudayev (b. 1944 - d. 1996) (1st time) Chairman of the Supreme Provisional Council of the Chechen-Ingush Republic 7 Oct 1991 - 2 Nov 1991 Bagauddin Bakhmadov (in opposition from 8 Oct 1991) Chairman of the Executive Committee of the All-National Congress of the Chechen People

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Page 39 sur 42 8 Oct 1991 -

9 Nov 1991

Presidents 9 Nov 1991 - 21 Apr 1996 21 Apr 1996 - 12 Feb 1997 12 Feb 1997 -

8 Mar 2005

9 Mar 2005 - 17 Jun 2006 17 Jun 2006 -

Dzhokhar Musayevich Dudayev (2nd time)

(s.a.)

Dzhokhar Musayevich Dudayev Zelimkhan Abdumuslimovich Yandarbiyev Aslan Alievich Maskhadov (abandoned Grozny 1 Feb 2000) Abdul-Khalim Abu-Salamovich Sadulayev Doku Khamadovich Umarov

(s.a.) (b. 1952 - d. 2004) (b. 1951 - d. 2005) (b. 1967 - d. 2006) (b. 1964)

Prime ministers (chairmen of the cabinet of ministers) Sep 1991 - 22 Nov 1991 Sergey Mazhitovich Bekov (b. 1939) Nov 1991 - 16 Jan 1992 Yaragy Mamodayev (b. 1953) (chairman of the Committee on Operative Management of the National Economy of the Chechen Republic) 16 Jan 1992 - 17 Apr 1993 Dzhokhar Musayevich Dudayev (s.a.) 17 Apr 1993 - 16 Oct 1996 Post abolished 16 Oct 1996 - 1 Jan 1997 Aslan Alievich Maskhadov (1st time)(s.a.) 1 Jan 1998 - 3 Jul 1998 Shamil Salmanovich Basayev (b. 1965 - d. 2006) (acting) 3 Jul 1998 - 8 Mar 2005 Aslan Alievich Maskhadov (2nd time)(s.a.) 23 Aug 2005 - 17 Jun 2006 Abdul-Khalim Abu-Salamovich (s.a.) Sadulayev

Pro-Moscow Leaders: Republic of Chechnya

29 Jun 2000 - 25 May 2004

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25 May 2004 - 18 Aug 2004

Chairman of the Provisional Soviet 3 Jun 1994 - Jan 1995 Umar Avturkhanov Chairman of the Government of National Revival 3 Jan 1995 - 23 Oct 1995 Salambek Khadzhiyev Head of State 24 Oct 1995 - 9 Dec 1996 Doku Gapurovich Zavgayev Representative of the Federal Government in Chechnya 15 Oct 1999 - 28 Jun 2000 Nikolay Pavlovich Koshman Head of the Administration 20 Jun 2000 - 27 Mar 2003 Akhmat Abdulhamidovich Kadyrov Presidents 27 Mar 2003 - 9 May 2004 Akhmat Abdulhamidovich Kadyrov (acting to 19 Oct 2003) 5 Aug 2003 - 18 Oct 2003 Anatoly Aleksandrovich Popov (acting for Kadyrov) 9 May 2004 - 5 Oct 2004 Sergey Borisovich Abramov (acting) 5 Oct 2004 - 15 Feb 2007 Alu Dadashevich Alkhanov 15 Feb 2007 Ramzan Akhmatovich Kadyrov (acting to 5 Apr 2007) Prime ministers 13 Apr 1996 - 17 19 Jan 2001 - 15 15 Nov 2002 - 10 10 Feb 2003 - 17 3 Dec 2003 - 17 17 Mar 2004 -

Nov Nov Feb Mar Mar

1996 2002 2003 2004 2004

2 Mar 2006

17 Nov 2005 - 10 Apr 2007 10 Apr 2007 -

Adopted 18 Aug 2004

(b. 1941) (s.a.) (b. 1944) (b. 1951 - d. 2004) (s.a.) (b. 1960) (b. 1972) (b. 1957) (b. 1976)

Nikolay Pavlovich Koshman (s.a.) Stanislav Valentinovich Ilyasov (b. 1953) Mikhail Viktorovich Babich (b. 1969) Anatoly Aleksandrovich Popov (s.a.) Eli Abubakarovich Isayev (b. 1964) (acting for Popov) Sergey Borisovich Abramov (s.a.) (acting 5-15 Oct 2004) Ramzan Akhmatovich Kadyrov (s.a.) (acting to 4 Mar 2006 [for Abramov to 2 Mar 2006]) Odes Khasayevich Baisultanov (b. 1966)

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©2000 Ben Cahoon

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