World Statesmen Org Vietnam La-co

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Vietnam

1802 - 1878, Emperor's flag to 1863

1920 - 30 Aug 1945 Annam

22 Aug 29 Sep 1945 - 20 Dec 1946 Vietnam; 20 Dec 1946 - 20 Jul 1954 North Vietnam

1878 - 1890 Annam (approx. design)

1923 - 9 Mar 1945 Protectorate Flag

2 Jun 1948 - 30 Apr 1975 Vietnam (from 1954 flag of South Vietnam only)

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1890 - 1920 Annam

9 Mar 1945 - 22 Aug 1945 Vietnam

Adopted 30 Nov 1955 (flag of North only to 2 Jul 1976)

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Map of Vietnam

Hear National Anthem "Tien quan ca" (March to the Front)

Text of National Anthem Adopted 2 Jul 1976

Constitution (15 Apr 1992)

Capital: Hanoi (Phong Chau 2809-258 BC; Co Loa 257-111 BC and 939-965 AD; To Lich 544-602; Hoa Lu 968-980; La Thanh 1980-1010; Hanoi 1010-1802; Hue 1802-1945)

Currency: Dong (VND)

National Holiday: 2 Sep (1945) Independence Day

Population: 85,262,356 (2007)

Ethnic groups: Vietnamese 85%, Han Chinese 3.5%, Hmong (Montagnard) 1.9%, Tho (Tay) 1.6%, Thai 1.5%, Khmer 1.2%, Nung 1.4%, Cham, mountain groups, other 2.9% (2000) Religions: Buddhist 66.7%, Christian (of which Roman Catholic Total Armed Forces: 484,000 (2003) 7.7%, Protestant 1%) 8.7%, Hoa Hao 2.1%, Cao Dai 3.5%, Merchant marine: 267 ships (2006) traditional beliefs, Muslim, other 19% (1995) International Organizations/Treaties: APEC, ARF, ADB, ASEAN, BTWC, CP, CTBT, EAS, ENMOD, FAO, G-77, IAEA, IBRD, ICAO, ICRM, IDA, IFAD, IFC, IFRCS, ILO, IMF, IMO, IMSO, Interpol, Intersputnik, IOC, IOM (observer), IPU, ISO, ITSO, ITU, KP, MIGA, NAM, NPT, OIF, OPCW, UN, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNFCC, UNIDO, UNWTO, UPU, WCO, WFTU, WHO, WIPO, WMO, WTO GDP: $262.8 billion (2006)

Exports: $39.9 billion (2006) Imports: $39.1 billion (2006)

Chronology

Vietnam Index

Socialist Republic of Vietnam (from 1976)

2809 BC - 258 BC 257 BC 196 BC - 111 BC 111 BC 40 AD - 43 AD 544 AD - 602 AD 679 939 965 - 968

Empire (1675-1945)

Van Lang kingdom under Hung Voung dynasty. Renamed Au Lac kingdom. Vassal of China. Annexed by China. Brief independence under the Trung sisters. Van Xuan independent under Le dynasty. Creation by China of the protectorate general of An Nam. Ngo Quyen defeated the kingdom of Nam Han; traditional date of Vietnamese independence. Turmoil, divided into 12 feudal lordships under: Ngo Xoung Xi in Binh Kieu; Do Canh Thuc in Do Dong Giang; Tran Lam in Bo Hai Khau; Kieu Cong Han in Phong Chau; Nguyen Khoan in Tam Dai; Nguyen Nhat Khanh in Doung Lam; Ly Khe in Sieu Loai; Nguyen Thu Tiep in Tien Du; Lu Doung in Te Giang; Ngueyen Sieu in Tay Phu Liet; Kieu Thuan in Cam Khe; and Pham Bach Ho in Dang Chau

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Champa/ Panduranga (1695-1822)

968 - 980 1010

1558 - 1777/87 Pulo Condor (1702-1705) 1666 - 9 Jun 1885 French Indochina 31 May 1802 (1887-1956) 1804

Annam (1875-1955)

Tonkin (1886-1955)

15 Feb 1839 Sep 1858 18 Feb 1859 5 Jun 1862 20 Nov 1873 - 15 Mar 1874 15 Mar 1874 27 Apr 1882 - 25 Aug 1883 25 Aug 1883

French Cochinchina (1858-1946) 9 Jun 1885 17 Oct 1887

North Vietnam (1945-1976)

South Vietnam (1946-1976)

Oct 1888 1900 - 28 Feb 1946

16 22 28 9 11

Jun Sep Jul Mar Mar

1940 - 9 Mar 1945 1940 1941 1945 - 15 Aug 1945 1945

Renamed Dai Co Viet. Dai Viet Quoc (Great Viet Realm; Viet [Chinese: Yue]) is a geographic concept of a variable China/Vietnam location. Division into north and south by ruling dynasties. Trinh line rules from Hanoi (Tonkin), the Nguyen line rules from Hue (Annam and Cochinchina). Annam a tributary to China. Dai Viet Quoc (Great Viet Realm) restored after defeat of the Tay Son rulers. Viet Nam Quoc (Viet Nam Realm)(name authorized by China). Dai Nam Quoc (literally, "Great South Realm") (name not authorized by China). French occupy Da Nang (Tourane) and Saigon. French occupy Saigon. Southern region (Cochinchina) ceded to France. French occupy Hanoi and Haiphong in Tonkin. Tonkin a French protectorate by Treaty of Saigon. French again occupy Hanoi. Annam and Tonkin become French protectorates by Treaty of Hué. China renounces its rights over Annam and Tonkin. Union of French Indochina formed (Cambodia, Annam, Tonkin, and Cochinchina, and from 3 Oct 1893, Laos). Hanoi, Haiphong and Danang are ceded to France. Koung-Tchéou-Wan (Kwangchowan) China leased territory administratively joined to French Indo-China, subordinated to Tonkin. Administration loyal to Vichy France. Japanese troops based in northern Indochina. Japanese troops based in southern Indochina. Japanese occupation. Emperor Bao Dai proclaims the end of the

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Provisional Revolutionary Government (1969-1975)

12 Jun 1945 25 Aug 1945 2 Sep 1945

Map of Ethnic Groups in Indochina

6 Mar 1946

Sep 1945 - Jan/Mar 1946 1 Jun 1946 - 14 Jun 1949

Historical Maps of Vietnam

21 5 26 30 2

Jul Oct Oct Apr Jul

1954 1954 1955 1975 1976

French protectorate and the restoration of the independence of Vietnam (in full cooperation with Japan). Viet Nam Empire End of the empire; subsequently de facto division between North and South Vietnam. Independence proclaimed (Democratic Republic of Vietnam); controlling North Vietnam only. France recognizes the Democratic Republic of Vietnam (north) as a free state within the Federation of Indochina and French Union. Allied occupation of French Indo-China by China above 16th parallel, and Britain below. Autonomous Republic of Cochinchina (in the South). Division formalized by Geneva Accords. The last French troops leave Hanoi. Republic of Vietnam (South Vietnam). Republic of South Vietnam Unification as Socialist Republic of Vietnam.

Empire Capital: Hue (Hanoi [Bac Thanh] 1010-1802)

Imperial Anthem "Dang Dan Cung"

Note: Although the monarchy dealt with imperial China as a tributary state, and the ruler was addressed by the imperial court as "king of An Nam," domestically a full imperial system was established, including era names. The information listed here (there sometimes is even more available) is as follows: personal name (ho [family name] + huy [tabooed personal name]) followed by temple name (mieu hieu), posthumous style (dang ton hieu), and era name(s) (nien hieu) initiated during the respective reign; some emperors are often referred to by the nien hieu (e.g., the Bao Dai emperor).

Rulers (from 1806, Emperors [style Dai Viet Hoang De]);

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from 1884, imperial title translated by the French as King) 3 Aug 1675 - May 1705 Le Duy Hiep mieu hieu: Hi Tong / dang ton hieu: Chuong Hoang De nien hieu 31 Jan 1680 - May 1705: Chinh Hoa 22 May 1705 - Apr 1729 Le Duy Duong mieu hieu: Du Tong / dang ton hieu: Hoa Hoang De nien hieu May 1705 - 8 Feb 1720: Vinh Thinh nien hieu 8 Feb 1720 - 27 Apr 1729: Bao Thai Apr 1729 - Sep 1732 Le Duy Phuong dang ton hieu: (Hon Duc De) nien hieu Apr 1729 - Sep 1732: Vinh Khanh Sep 1729 - 7 May 1735 Le Duy Tuong mieu hieu: Thuan Tong / dang ton hieu: Gian Hoang De nien hieu Sep 1732 - 7 May 1735: Long Duc May 1735 - Jun 1740 Le Duy Thin (also called Le Duy Chan) mieu hieu: Y Tong / dang ton hieu: Huy Hoang De nien hieu May 1735 - Jun 1740: Vinh Huu Jun 1740 - 10 Aug 1786 Le Duy Dao mieu hieu: Hien Tong / dang ton hieu: Vinh Hoang De nien hieu Jun 1740 - 18 Feb 1787: Canh Hung (also reputed later to have continued to 31 May 1802) 1767 - 1769 Le Duy Mat (in rebellion) Aug 1786 - 30 Jan 1789 Le Duy Ky dang ton hieu: Man Hoang De nien hieu 18 Feb 1787 - 1789: Chieu Tong (also reputed later to have continued to 31 May 1802) 30 Jan 1789 - 31 May 1802 rule extinguished by Tay Son rulers 1789 - 1790 Le Duy Chi (in rebellion against Tay Son rule) 31 May 1802 - 3 Feb 1820 Nguyen Phuoc Noan (b. 1762 - d. 1820) mieu hieu: The To / dang ton hieu: Cao Hoang De nien hieu 31 May 1802 - 14 Feb 1820: Gia Long 14 Feb 1820 - 20 Jan 1841 Nguyen Phuoc Hao (b. 1791 - d. 1841) mieu hieu: Thanh To / dang ton hieu: Nhan Hoang De nien hieu 14 Feb 1820 - 11 Feb 1841: Minh Mang 11 Feb 1841 - 4 Nov 1847 Nguyen Phuoc Toan (b. 1807 - d. 1847)

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10 Nov 1847 - 19 Jul 1883

19 Jul 1883 -

2 Dec 1883

20 Jul 1883 - 23 Jul 1883

30 Jul 1883 - 29 Nov 1883

2 Dec 1883 - 31 Jul 1884

2 Dec 1883 -

2 Aug 1884

2 Aug 1884 -

5 Jul 1885

2 Aug 1884 -

5 Jul 1885

15 Jul 1885 - Jul 1885

mieu hieu: Hien To / dang ton hieu: Chuong Hoang De nien hieu 11 Feb 1841 - 9 Nov 1847: Thieu Tri Nguyen Phuoc Thi (b. 1829 - d. 1883) mieu hieu: Duc Tong / dang ton hieu: Anh Hoang De nien hieu 5 Feb 1848 - 27 Jan 1884: Tu Duc Regency Council - Tran Tien Thanh (to Sep 1883) (b. 1813 - d. 1883) - Nguyen Van Tuong (b. 1824 - d. 1886) - Ton That Thuyet (b. 1835 - d. 1913) Nguyen Phuoc Ung Chan (b. 1852 - d. 1883) mieu hieu: Cung Tong / dang ton hieu: Hue Hoang De (often referred to by the nickname Duc Duc) Nguyen Phuoc Thang (b. 1847 - d. 1883) Cung Tong Hoang De dang ton hieu: (often referred to as Hiep Hoa) Nguyen Phuoc Hieu (b. 1869 - d. 1884) mieu hieu: Gian Tong / dang ton hieu: Nghi Hoang De nien hieu 27 Jan 1884 - 15 Feb 1885: Kien Phuoc Regency Council - Nguyen Van Tuong (s.a.) - Ton That Thuyet (s.a.) - Prince Nguyen Phuoc Huong Huu, (b. 1835 - d. 1885) Gia-huong Vuong Nguyen Phuoc Minh (b. 1871 - d. 1947) nien hieu 15 Feb 1885 - 18 Sep 1885: Ham Nghi (continues in rebellion to Nov 1888) Regency Council - Nguyen Van Tuong (s.a.) - Prince Nguyen Phuoc Huong Huu, (s.a.) Gia-huong Vuong (to 21 Oct 1884) - Prince Nguyen Phuoc Mien Lam, Duke of Hoai Duc (b. 1832 - d. 1897) (from Nov 1884) Prince Nguyen Phuoc Mien Dinh, (b. 1810 - d. 1886) Tho-Xuan Vuong -Regent

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19 Sep 1885 - 28 Jan 1889

1 Feb 1889 -

3 Sep 1907

1 Feb 1889 - 27 Sep 1897

29 Jul 1907 - 18 May 1916 5 Sep 1907 -

3 May 1916

18 May 1916 -

6 Nov 1925

6 Nov 1925 - 10 Sep 1932 8 Jan 1926 - 25 Aug 1945

Prime ministers 9 Mar 1945 - 7 Apr 1945 7 Apr 1945 - 19 Aug 1945

Nguyen Phuoc Bien (b. 1864 - d. 1889) mieu hieu: Canh Tong / dang ton hieu: Thuan Hoang De nien hieu 7 Nov 1885 - 1 Feb 1889: Dong Khanh Nguyen Phuoc Buu Lan (b. 1879 - d. 1954) 1 Feb 1889 5 Sep 1907: Thanh Tai nien hieu Regency Council - Prince Nguyen Phuoc Mien Trinh, Tuy-Ly Vuong (b. 1820 - d. 1897) - Prince Nguyen Phuoc Mien Lam, Duke of Hoai Duc (s.a.) - Nguyen Trong Hiep (b. 1834 - d. 1902) (to 4 Sep 1896 [effectively Mar 1897]) - Truong Quang Dan (to Apr 1896) - Nguyen Than (from Apr 1896) (b. 1840 - d. 1914) - Bui An Nien (from Apr 1890) - Hoang Cao Khai (from Jul 1897) (b. 1850 - d. 1933) Truong Nhu Cuong (b. 1843 - d. 19..) (president of the Regency Council) Nguyen Phuoc Vinh San (b. 1900 - d. 1945) nien hieu 5 Sep 1907 - 18 May 1916: Duy Tan Nguyen Phuoc Tuan (b. 1885 - d. 1925) mieu hieu: Hoang Tong / dang ton hieu: Tuyen Hoang De nien hieu 18 May 1916 - 13 Feb 1926: Khai Dinh Ton That Han (b. 1854 - d. 1944) (president of the Regency Council) Nguyen Phuoc Vinh Thuy (b. 1913 - d. 1997) nien hieu 13 Feb 1926 - 25 Aug 1945: Bao Dai

Pham Quynh Tran Trong Kim

(b. 1892 - d. 1945) (b. 1882 - d. 1953)

The Trinh and Nguyen lords

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Note: The Trinh family ruled the North from the imperial capital at or near present-day Hanoi; the Nguyen (properly Nguyen Phuoc) family ruled the South (present-day Center) from their capital at or near present-day Hue. The official style of each ruler is chua, but the Trinh are assigned honorifics with the Sino-Viet royal style vuong. The Nguyen rulers not only acquired royal honorifics (thuy hieu) during their reign, but the full royal/imperial temple name and posthumous style, changing in time from Sino-Viet vuong (king) to hoang de (emperor) after the family became the imperial rulers after 1802. This record shows a limited choice of these often very long names and styles. Rulers - Trinh family 1682 - 1709 1709 - 1729 1729 - 1740 1740 - 1767 1767 - 1782 1782 1782 - 1786 1786 - 1787 - Nguyen Phuoc family 7 Feb 1691 - 1 Jun 1725 1 Jun 1725 -

7 Jun 1738

7 Jun 1738 -

7 Jun 1765

31 Dec 1765 - 1776 1776 - 1777

Trinh Trinh Trinh Trinh Trinh Trinh Trinh Trinh Nguyen mieu Nguyen mieu Nguyen mieu Nguyen mieu Nguyen dang

Can "Dinh Vuong" Cuong "An Do Vuong" Giang "Uy Nam Vuong" Doanh "Minh Do Vuong" Sam "Tinh Do Vuong" Man Khai "Doan Nam Vuong" Bong "An Do Vuong" Phuoc Chu "Chua Minh" (b. 1675 - d. 1725) hieu: Hien Tong /dang ton hieu: Minh Hoang De Phuoc Tru "Chua Ninh" (b. 1697 - d. 1738) hieu: Tuc Tong /dang ton hieu: Ninh Hoang De Phuoc Khoat (b. 1714 - d. 1765) The Tong /dang hieu: ton hieu: Vo Hoang De Phuoc Thuan (b. 1753 - d. 1778) hieu: Due Tong /dang ton hieu: Dinh Hoang De Phuoc Duong ton hieu: (Tan Chinh Vuong)

The Tay Son Rulers Note: The rule by this family (family name Nguyen, changed from Ho) begins in 1776 in the Central part of the country, restricting the imperial Le line to a small area. On 22 Dec 1788

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a brother of the Central ruler proclaims the Le rule extinct and assumes the imperial style. The two lines continue to rule, each in part of the country, until the "imperial" ruler unifies the country in 1793 and rules until Jul 1802. Ruler (title Vuong; from 1778, Thien Vuong; from Jun 1787, Trung Uong Hoang De) 1776 - Oct 1793 Nguyen Van Nhac (Ho Van Nhac) (b. c.1752 - d. 1793) nien hieu 1778 - Oct 1793: Thai Duc Rulers (title Dai Viet Hoang De) 22 Dec 1788 - 15 Sep 1792 Nguyen Van Hue (Nguyen Quang Binh) (b. c.1752 - d. 1792) mieu hieu: Thai To / dang ton hieu: Vo Hoang De nien hieu 22 Dec 1788 - 11 Feb 1793: Quang Trung 15 Sep 1792 - Jul 1802 Nguyen Quang Toan (Nguyen Trac) (b. 1782 - d. af.1802) nien hieu 11 Feb 1793 - Jun 1801: Canh Thinh nien hieu Jun 1801 - Jul 1802: Bao Hung 1792 - 1795 Bui Doc Tuyen -Regent

Champa (Panduranga) Note: Vietnamese sources on Champa dry up at the end of the 17th century. The royal chronicle of Pangdarang (Pali: Panduranga) claims that the polity of this name is the true continuation of Champa, and there is some meager evidence that that is the case, at least for the final portion of the chronicle (which claims to deal with events beginning in 1000).

Map of Champa

192 1145 - 1147 1312 - 1326 1471/1697 1697 - 1822 1822

Capital: Pangdarang (Vijaya 986 - 1471; Indrapura 860-986; Simhapura 4th - 860)

Population: N/A

Champa Kingdom founded in the southern part of modern day Vietnam. Annexed by Cambodia. Vassal of Annam. Tonkin/Annam annexes the major portions of the Champa Kingdom. Vassal of Annam. Kingdom extinguished and incorporated into Vietnam.

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Kings 1695 1728 1731 1732 1735 1763 1765 1780 1781 1783 1786 1793 1799 -

1728 1730 1732 1735 1763 1765 1780 1781 1783 1786 1793 1799 1822

Po Saktirai da putih Po Ganvuh da putih Po Thuttirai Vacant Po Rattirai Po Tathun da moh-rai Po Tithuntirai da paguh Po Tithuntirai da parang Vacant Chei Krei Brei Po Tithun da parang Po Lathun da paguh Po Chong Chan

Pulo Condore Island

16 Jun 1702

British East India company founds post on the island of Pulo Condor off the south coast of southern Vietnam. Garrison and settlement destroyed.

2 Mar 1705 Factor 16 Jun 1702 -

2 Mar 1705

Allen Catchpoole

(d. 1705)

French Union of Indo-China

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Map of French Indo-China

Governors-general 16 Nov 1887 - Apr 1888 Apr 1888 - 31 May 1889 31 May 1889 - Apr 1891 Apr 1891 - Jun 1891 Jun 1891 - 31 Dec 1894 Mar 1894 - Oct 1894 Dec 1894 - Feb 1895 Feb 1895 - 10 Dec 1896 Dec 1896 - 13 Feb 1897 13 Feb 1897 - Oct 1902 Oct 1902 - Feb 1908 18 Feb 1908 - Sep 1908 Sep 1908 - Jan 1910 Jan 1910 - Feb 1911 Feb Nov Jan Apr May Jan May

1911 1911 1914 1915 1916 1917 1919

-

Nov 1911 Jan 1914 7 Apr 1915 May 1916 Jan 1917 May 1919 Feb 1920

Feb 1920 - Apr 1922 Apr 1922 - Aug 1922

Capital: Hanoi (Saigon 1887- 1 Jan 1902)

Currency: French Indochina Population: 21,599,582 (1935) Piastre (ICFP) (incl. Kwangchowan)

Jean Antoine Ernest Constans Étienne Antione Guillaume Richaud Jules Georges Piquet Bideau (acting) Jean Marie Antoine de Lanessan Léon Jean Laurent Chavassieux (acting for Lanessan) François Pierre Rodier (acting) Paul Armand Rosseau Augustin Juline Fourès (acting) Joseph Athanase Paul Doumer Jean Baptiste Paul Beau Louis Alphonse Bonhoure (acting) Antony Wladislas Klobukowski Albert Jean George Marie Louis Picquié (acting) Paul Louis Luce Albert Pierre Sarraut (1st time) Joost van Vollenhouven (acting) Ernest Nestor Roume Jean Eugène Charles (acting) Albert Pierre Sarraut (2nd time) Maurice Antoine François Montguillot (1st time)(acting) Maurice Long François Marius Baudouin (acting)

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(b. 1833 - d. 1913) (b. 1841 - d. 1889) (b. 1839 - d. 1923) (b. 1843 - d. 1919) (b. 1848 - d. 1895) (b. (b. (b. (b. (b. (b. (b. (b.

1854 1835 1853 1857 1857 1864 1855 1853

-

d. d. d. d. d. d. d. d.

1913) 1896) 19..) 1932) 1927) 1909) 1934) 1917)

(b. 1872 - d. 1962) (b. 1877 - d. 1918) (b. 1858 - d. 1941) (s.a.) (b. 1874 - d. 19..) (b. 1866 - d. 1923)

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Aug 1922 - Apr 1925 Apr 1925 - Nov 1925 18 Nov 1925 - Jan 1928 Jan 1928 - Aug 1928 22 Aug 1928 15 Jan 1934 Sep 1936 - 23 23 Aug 1939 25 Jun 1940 9 Mar 1945 9 Mar 1945 -

15 Jan 1934 Sep 1936 Aug 1939 25 Jun 1940 9 Mar 1945 28 Aug 1945 15 Aug 1945

Allied Military governors - above 16th parallel 9 Sep 1945 - 6 Mar 1946 - below 16th parallel 6 Sep 1945 - 28 Jan 1946 High Commissioners 23 Sep 1945 - 5 Oct 1945 5 Oct 1945 - 31 Oct 1945 31 Oct 1945 -

1 Apr 1947

1 Apr 1947 - 20 Oct 1948 20 Oct 1948 - 17 Dec 1950 17 Dec 1950 - 11 Jan 1952 11 Jan 1952 - 1 Apr 1952 1 Apr 1952 - 27 Apr 1953 Commissioners-general 27 Apr 1953 - 17 Aug 1953 17 Aug 1953 - 10 Apr 1954 10 Apr 1954 - 2 Jun 1955 Jun 1955 - 21 Jul 1956

Martial Henri Merlin Maurice Antoine François Montguillot (2nd time) Alexandre Varenne Maurice Antoine François Montguillot (3rd time) Pierre Marie Antoine Pasquier Eugène Jean Louis René Robin Joseph Jules Brévié Georges Catroux (acting) Jean Decoux Yuichi Tsuchihashi Takeshi Tsukamoto (acting for Tsuchihashi)

(b. 1860 - d. 1935) (s.a.)

Lu Han (China)

(b. 1895 - d. 1974)

Douglas David Gracey (U.K.)

(b. 1894 - d. 1964)

(b. 1870 - d. 1947) (s.a.) (b. 1877 - d. 1934) (b. (b. (b. (b. (b.

Jean Marie Arsène Cédile (acting) (b. Philippe François Marie de (b. Hauteclocque, dit Leclerc (acting) Georges Louis Marie Thierry (b. d'Argenlieu Émile Bollaert (b. Léon Marie Adolphe Pascal Pignon (b. Jean Joseph Marie Gabriel de (b. Lattre de Tassigny Raoul Albin Louis Salan (acting) (b. Jean Letourneau (b. Jean Letourneau Maurice Dejean Paul Henri Romuald Ély Henri Hoppenot

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1880 1877 1884 1891 1896

-

d. d. d. d. d.

1964) 1969) 1963) 1975) 19..)

1908 - d. 1984) 1902 - d. 1947) 1889 - d. 1964) 1890 - d. 1978) 1908 - d. 1976) 1889 - d. 1952) 1899 - d. 1984) 1907 - d. 1986)

(s.a.) (b. 1899 - d. 1982) (b. 1897 - d. 1975) (b. 1891 - d. 1977)

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Japanese Military Commanders in Indochina 7 Sep 1940 - 5 Jul 1941 Takuma Nishimura 1941 Shojiro Iida 1941 - 10 Nov 1942 .... 10 Nov 1942 - 22 Nov 1944 Kazumoto Machijiri 22 Nov 1944 - 15 Aug 1945 Yuichi Tsuchihashi

(b. 1889 - d. 1951) (b. 1888 - d. 19..) (b. 1889 - d. 1950)

Annam -Tonkin French Chargés d'Affaires (at Hué) 1875 - 1876 Pierre Paul Rheinart (1st time) 1876 - 1879 Paul Louis Félix Philastre 1879 - 1880 Pierre Paul Rheinart (2nd time) 1880 - 1881 Louis Eugène Palasme de Champeaux 1881 - 1883 Pierre Paul Rheinart (3rd time) 1883 - 1884 François Jules Harmand (at Hué) Residents-general 11 Jun 1884 - Oct 1884 Pierre Paul Rheinart (1st time) (provisional) Oct 1884 - 31 May 1885 Victor Victor Gabriel Lemaire 31 May 1885 - Jan 1886 Philippe hilippe Marie André Roussel de Courcy 18 Apr 1886 - 11 Nov 1886 Paul Bert Nov 1886 - Jan 1887 Paulin François Alexandre Vial (interim) 30 Jan 1887 - 23 Jan 1888 Paul Louis Georges Bihouard 1888 Étienne Antoine Guillaume Richaud Nov 1888 - 9 May 1889 Pierre Paul Rheinhard (2nd time)

(b. 1840 - d. 1902) (s.a.) (s.a.)

(s.a.)

(b. 1827 - d. 1887) (b. 1833 - d. 1886) (b. 1831 - d. 1907) (b. 1846 - d. 19..) (s.a.) (s.a.)

Annam Residents-Superior (at Hué) 1886 - 1888 Charles Dillon 1888 - 1889 Séraphin Hector (1st time)

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(b. 1846 - d. ....)

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1889 1889 - 1891 Oct 1891 - 1897 1897 - 1898 Mar 1898 - 1900 9 May 1901 - 1904 1904 - 1906 1906 - 1908 1908 - 1910 1910 - 1912 1912 - 1913 1913 - 1920 1920 - 1927 1927 - 1928 1928 - 1931 1931 - 1934 1943 - 1940 1940 - 1944 1944 - Mar 1945 Japanese Resident Mar 1945 - 1945 Commissioners Aug 1945 - 1955

Léon Jean Laurent Chavassieux Séraphin Hector (2nd time) Ernest Albert Brière Jean Calixte Alexis Auvergne (1st time) Léon Jules Pol Boulloche Jean Calixte Alexis Auvergne (2nd time) Jean-Ernest Moulié Fernand Ernest Levecque Élie Jean-Henri Groleau Henri Victor Sestier Georges Marie Joseph Mahé Jean François Eugène Charles Pierre Marie Antonie Pasquier Jules Fries Aristide Eugène Le Fol Yves Charles Châtel Maurice Fernand Graffeuil Émile Louis François Grandjean Jean Maurice Norbert Haelewyn

(s.a.) (s.a.) (b. 1848 - d. ....) (b. 1859 - d. 1942)

Yokoyama Masayuki

(b. 1892 - d. 19..)

(b. 1855 - d. 19..) (s.a.)

(b. 1852 - d. 19..) (b. 1859 - d. 19..) (b. 1857 - d. 19..)

(s.a.)

(b. 1865 - d. 1944)

(b. 1901 - d. 1945)

the Commissioners of Tonkin

Tonkin Residents-Superior (at Hanoi; subordinated to Annam until 1888) 1886 Paulin François Alexandre Vial (s.a.) 1886 - 1887 Jean Thomas Raoul Bonnal (b. 1847 - d. ....) 1887 - 1888 Post abolished Apr 1888 - 1889 Eusèbe Irénée Parreau (b. 1842 - d. ....) 1889 - Oct 1891 Ernest Albert Brière (s.a.)

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1891 1893 1895 1897 1897 1904 9 Mar 1907 1909 15 Dec 1915 1917 -

1893 1895 1897 1904 1907 1907 - 1907 1909 1912 1912 - 8 Jun 1915 1916 1921

1921 - 1925 1925 - 1930 1930 - 1937 1937 - 1940 1940 - 1941 1941 - 1942 1942 - 1944 1944 - 9 Mar 1945 Mar 1945 - Aug 1945 Commissioners 18 Aug 1945 - 22 Aug 1945 22 Aug 1945 - Mar 1946 Mar 1946 - Jun 1946 Jun 1946 - 17 Aug 1946 17 Aug 1946 - 2 Dec 1946 2 Dec 1948 - 1948 1948 - 1949 1949 - Nov 1950 24 Nov 1950 - 29 Dec 1950 29 Dec 1950 - 10 Feb 1951 10 Feb 1951 - 28 May 1953

Léon Jean Laurent Chavassieux François Pierre Rodier Post abolished Léon Jules Pol Boulloche Augustin Julien Fourès Jean-Henri Groleau Louis Alphonse Bonhoure Louis Jules Morel Jules Simoni Léon Louis Jean Georges Destenay Maurice Joesph Le Gallen Jean Baptiste Édouard Bourcier Saint-Gaffray Maurice Antoine François Monguillot Eugène Jean Louis René Robin Auguste Eugène Ludovic Tholance Yves Charles Châtel Émile Louis François Grandjean Edouard André Delsalle Jean Maurice Norbert Haelewyn Camille Auphelle Nishimura Kumao -Japanese Resident

(s.a.) (b. 1854 - d. 1913)

1893 1901 1908 1899

-

d. d. d. d.

1945) 1945) 1945) 1980)

Pierre Messmer (acting) Jean-Roger Sainteny (1st time) Jean-Etienne Valluy Jean Crépin (acting) Louis-Constant Morlière Jean-Roger Sainteny (2nd time) (interim) Yves-Jean Digo Marcel-Jean-Marie Alessandri Pierre-Georges-Jacques-Marie Boyer De La Tour du Moulin Raoul-Albin-Louis Salan (interim) François-Jean-Antonin-Marie-Amédée Gonzalez de Linarès

(b. 1916 (b. 1907 (b. 1899 (b. 1908 (b. 1897 (s.a.)

-

d. d. d. d. d.

2007) 1978) 1970) 1996) 1980)

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(b. 1855 (s.a.) (b. 1859 (b. 1865 (b. 1853

- d. 19..) - d. 19..) - d. 1909) - d. 19..)

(b. 1861 - d. 1915) (b. 1870 - d. 19...) (s.a.)

(b. 1878 - d. 1938) (s.a.) (b. (b. (b. (b.

(b. 1897 - d. 1974) (b. 1895 - d. 1968) (b. 1896 - d. 1976) (b. 1899 - d. 1984) (b. 1897 - d. 1955)

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28 May 1953 - 1955

René Cogny

(b. 1904 - d. 1968)

Crown Representative for Tonkin (Kinh Luoc Bac Ky) 188. - 18.. Nguyen Huu Do 1890 - 1897 Hoang Cao Khai

French Cochinchina

Sep 1858 - 9 Mar 1945

Map of Cochinchina 1689 Sep 1858 18 Feb 1859 13 Apr 1864 1867 15 Aug 21 Dec 28 Jul 9 Mar 15 Aug 6 Sep 4 Jun

1862

1887 1933 1941 1945 - 15 Aug 1945 1945 - 1946 1945 - 28 Jan 1946 1949

Capital: Saigon

Population: 4,616,000 (1936)

Annexed by Annam from Cambodia. French occupy Da Nang (Tourane) and Saigon. French occupy Saigon and the three southern Vietnamese provinces of Bien Hoa, Gia Dinh and Dinh Tuong. Territories ceded to France. French colony of Cochinchina. Provinces of Chau Doc, Ha Tien and Vinh Long added. Part of Union of French Indochina. Spratly Islands are annexed to French Cochinchina. Japanese troops based in French Cochinchina (de facto occupation). Japanese occupation (see under Indo-China). Nominally part of Empire of Vietnam. British occupation (s.a.). Cochinchina formally ceded to State of Vietnam by France.

Commander-in-Chief of the Naval Division of Réunion and Indochina, and Commander-in -Chief of the Expeditionary Corps in the Chinese Seas - in Tourane (Da Nang) -

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Sep 1858 - 1859 Charles Rigault de Genouilly (b. 1807 - d. Commander-in-Chief of the Naval Division in the Chinese Seas - in Tourane (Da Nang) 19 Oct 1859 - 23 Mar 1860 Théogène François Page (b. 1807 - d. Governors and Commander-in-Chef - in Saigon 18 Feb 1859 - 1859 Charles Rigault de Genouilly (s.a.) 1859 - Mar 1860 Jean Bernard Jauréguiberry (acting)(b. 1815 - d. Mar 1860 - 6 Feb 1861 Théogène François Page (s.a.) 1 Apr 1860 - 6 Feb 1861 Joseph Hyacinthe Louis Jules (b. 1813 - d. d'Ariès (acting for Page) 6 Feb 1861 - 30 Nov 1861 Léonard Victor Joseph Charner (b. 1797 - d. 30 Nov 1861 - 16 Oct 1863 Louis Adolphe Bonard (b. 1805 - d. 16 Oct 1863 - 4 Apr 1868 Pierre Paul Marie de La Grandière (b. 1807 - d. 1865 Pierre Gustave Roze (b. 1812 - d. (acting for La Grandière) 4 Apr 1868 - 10 Dec 1869 Marie Gustave Hector Ohier (b. 1814 - d. 10 Dec 1869 - 9 Jan 1870 Joseph Faron (acting) (b. 1819 - d. 9 Jan 1870 - 1 Apr 1871 Alphonse Jean Claude René Théodore (b. 1811 - d. de Cornulier-Lucinière 1 Apr 1871 - 16 Mar 1874 Marie Jules Dupré (b. 1813 - d. 16 Mar 1874 - 30 Nov 1874 Jules François Émile Krantz (b. 1821 - d. (acting) 30 Nov 1874 - 16 Oct 1877 Victor Auguste, baron Duperré (b. 1825 - d. 16 Oct 1877 - 7 Jul 1879 Louis Charles Georges Jules Lafont (b. 1824 - d. Governors 7 Jul 1879 - 7 Nov 1882 Charles Le Myre de Vilers (b. 1833 - d. 7 Nov 1882 - Jul 1885 Charles Antoine François Thomson (b. 1845 - d. Jul 1885 - Jun 1886 Charles Auguste Frédéric Begin (b. 1835 - d. Jun 1886 - 22 Oct 1887 Ange Michel Filippini (b. 1834 - d. 23 Oct 1887 - 2 Nov 1887 Jacques-Noël Pardon (acting) (b. 1854 - d. 3 Nov 1887 - 15 Nov 1887 Jules Georges Piquet (acting) (b. 1839 - d. Lieutenant governors (subordinated to the Governors-general of Indochina) Nov 1887 - Apr 1888 Jean Antoine Ernest Constans (b. 1833 - d. Apr 1888 - 1888 Auguste Eugène Navelle (b. 1846 - d. 1888 - 1889 Post abolished 1889 Julien Auguste Fourès (1st time) (b. 1853 - d.

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1873)

1867)

1887) 1878) 1869) 1867) 1876) 1883) 1870) 1881) 1886) 1881) 1914) 1900) 1908) 1918) 1898) 1901) 1887) 1910) 1928) 1913) ....) 1915)

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1889 - 1892 1892 - 1895 1895 - 1897

Henri Eloi Danel (b. 1850 Julien Auguste Fourès (2nd time) (s.a.) Alexandre Antoine Étienne Gustave (b. 1851 Ducos 1897 - 1898 Ange Eugène Nicolai (b. 1845 1898 - 1901 Édouard Picanon (b. 1854 1901 - 1902 Henri Félix de Lamothe (b. 1843 1902 - 1906 François Pierre Rodier (b. 1854 1906 - 1907 Olivier Charles Arthur de Lalande (b. 1853 de Calan 29 Jun 1907 - 9 Jan 1909 Louis Alphonse Bonhoure (b. 1864 1909 - 1916 Jules Maurice Gourbeil Governors (subordinated to the Governors-general of Indochina) 1911 - 1916 Jules Maurice Gourbeil 1916 - 1920 Maurice Joseph La Gallen (b. 1873 Jun 1918 - Feb 1920 Georges René Gaston Maspéro (b. 1872 (acting for La Gallen) 1920 - 1921 Maurice Joseph La Gallen (interim) (s.a.) 1921 - 1926 Maurice Cognacq (b. 1870 1926 - 1929 Paul Marie Alexis Joseph Blanchard de la Brosse 1929 Auguste Eugène Ludovic Tholance (b. 1878 (acting) 1929 - 1934 Jean-Félix Krautheimer (b. 1874 1934 - 1939 Pierre André Michel Pagès (b. 1893 1938 Henri Georges Rivoal (b. 1886 (acting for Pagès) 1939 - 1940 René Veber (b. 1888 1940 - 1942 Henri Georges Rivoal (s.a.) 1942 - 1945 Ernest Thimothée Hoeffel (b. 1900 9 Mar 1945 - 15 Aug 1945 Minoda Fujio Imperial Delegate 1945 - 25 Aug 1945 Nguyen Van Sam (b. 18.. President of the Provisional Executive Committee of the South (Nam Bo) 25 Aug 1945 - 23 Sep 1945 Tran Van Giau (b. 1911 Commissioners 23 Sep 1945 - 5 Oct 1945 Jean Marie Arsène Cédile (acting) (b. 1908 13 Oct 1945 - 1946 Vacant 1946 - 1948 .... 1948 Albert Torel (acting) (b. 1895

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- d. 1898) - d. 1907) -

d. d. d. d. d.

....) 1939) 1926) 1913) 1910)

- d. 1909)

- d. 1956) - d. 1942)

- d. 1949)

- d. 1938) - d. 1943) - d. 1980) - d. 1963) - d. 1972) - d. 1952)

- d. 1947) - d. 2006)

DCSD

- d. 1984)

- d. 1987)

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1948? - 31 Jul 1951 1 Aug 1951 - 9 Apr 1952 9 Apr 1952 - 1953 1953 - 195. 195. - 195.

Charles Marie Chanson Raoul Albert Louis Salan (acting to 1 Sep 1951) Paul Louis Bondis Georges Émile LeBlanc Gabriel Louis Marie Bourgund

President of the Council of the South (Nam Bo) 1945 - 25 Aug 1945 Tran Van An President of the Consultative Council 4 Feb 1946 - 30 May 1946 Beziat

(b. 1902 - d. 1951) (b. 1899 - d. 1984) (b. 1895 - d. 1986) (b. 1896 - d. 1989) (b. 1898 - d. 1993)

(b. 1906 - d. 2002)

South Vietnam

3 Jun 1946 - 2 Jun 1948

Map of South Vietnam

2 Jun 1948 - 30 Apr 1975

Hear National Anthem "Thanh niên Hành Khúc" (Call to the Citizens) (14 Jun 1948-30 Apr 1975)

30 Apr 1975 - 2 Jul 1976

Hear National (NLF) Anthem "Giài phóng mién Nam" (Release the South) (30 Apr 1975 - 2 Jul 1976)

Constitution (26 Oct 1956 [suspended Nov 1963]; 1 Apr 1967-Apr 1975 in Vietnamese)

Currency: South Vietnam National Holiday: 26 Oct (1955) Dong (VNR); from 22 Sep 1975 Population: 19,370,000 (1973) Viet Nam South Dong (VNS) Republic Day Exports: $40 million (1965) Ethnic groups: Vietnamese 80%, Chinese, Montagnard, GDP: $ N/A Khmer, Cham, Malay, others 20% (1970) Imports: $300 million (1965) Total Armed Forces (ARVAN): 1,000,000 (1971) Religions: majority Buddhist, Roman Catholic 10%, U.S. Forces: 525, 000 (1968) Cao Dai, Hoa Hao, animists, others (1970) Merchant marine: 39 ships (1974) International Organizations/Treaties: ACCT, ADB, CP, FAO, IAEA, IBRD, ICAO, ICRM, IDA, IFC, ILO, IMF, Intelsat, Interpol, IOC, IPU, ITU, LORCS, NAM (from 1975), NPT, UNCTAD, UNDP, UNESCO, UPU, WHO, WIPO, WMO, WToO Capital: Saigon

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1 8 27 14 21 26 27 30

Jun Oct May Jun Jul Oct Jan Apr

1946 1947 1948 1949 1954 1955 1973 1975

2 Jul 1976

Autonomous Republic of Cochinchina. South Vietnam Vietnam French associated state (State of Vietnam). Division formalized by Geneva Accords. Republic of Vietnam (South Vietnam) Paris Peace Accords. Republic of South Vietnam (North Vietnamese forces occupy Saigon). Unification with North Vietnam as the Socialist Republic of Vietnam.

Presidents of the Provisional Government 1 Jun 1946 - 10 Nov 1946 Nguyen Van Thin 15 Nov 1946 - 7 Dec 1946 Nguyen Van Xuan (1st time) 7 Dec 1946 - 8 Oct 1947 Le Van Hoach 8 Oct 1947 - 27 May 1948 Nguyen Van Xuan (2nd time) President of the Central Government of Vietnam 27 May 1948 - 14 Jun 1949 Nguyen Van Xuan Chiefs of state (title Quoc Truong) 14 Jun 1949 - 30 Apr 1955 Bao Dai 30 Apr 1955 - 26 Oct 1955 Ngo Dinh Diem (acting) Presidents 26 Oct 1955 - 2 Nov 1963 Ngo Dinh Diem 2 Nov 1963 - 30 Jan 1964 Duong Van Minh (1st time) (chairman Revolutionary Military 30 Jan 1964 - 8 Feb 1964 Nguyen Khanh (1st time) 8 Feb 1964 - 16 Aug 1964 Duong Van Minh (2nd time) 16 Aug 1964 - 27 Aug 1964 Nguyen Khanh (2nd time) 27 Aug 1964 - 8 Sep 1964 Provisional Leadership Committee - Duong Van Minh - Nguyen Khanh - Tran Thien Khiem 8 Sep 1964 - 26 Oct 1964 Duong Van Minh (3rd time) (chairman Provisional Leadership 26 Oct 1964 - 14 Jun 1965 Phan Khac Suu

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(b. 1884 - d. 1946) (b. 1892 - d. 1989) (b. 1896 - d. 1978) (s.a.)

CDP Mil Mil

(s.a.)

Mil

(b. 1913 - d. 1997) (b. 1901 - d. 1963)

Non-party FNS

(s.a.) (b. 1916 - d. 2001) Committee) (b. 1927) (s.a.) (s.a.)

CLP Mil

(s.a.) (s.a.) (b. 1925) (s.a.) Committee) (b. 1905 - d. 1970)

Mil Mil Mil Mil

Mil Mil Mil

Mil

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14 Jun 1965 - 21 Apr 1975 21 Apr 1975 - 28 Apr 1975 28 Apr 1975 - 30 Apr 1975 30 Apr 1975 - 2 Jul 1976

Nguyen Van Thieu (b. 1923 - d. 2001)Mil;1968 NSDF (chairman National Leadership Committee to 31 Oct 1967) Tran Van Huong (b. 1903 - d. 1982) Duong Van Minh (4th time) (acting) (s.a.) Mil Huynh Tan Phat (b. 1913 - d. 1989) NLF

Chief of the Provisory Government 26 Mar 1946 - 30 May 1946 Nguyen Van Thin Prime ministers 13 Jun 1949 - 21 Jan 1950 Bao Dai 21 Jan 1950 - 26 Apr 1950 Nguyen Phan Long 27 Apr 1950 - 6 Jun 1952 Tran Van Huu 6 Jun 1952 - 17 Dec 1953 Nguyen Van Tam 12 Jan 1954 - 16 Jun 1954 Pham Buu Loc 16 Jun 1954 - 26 Jun 1954 Phan Huy Quat (1st time)(acting) 26 Jun 1954 - 26 Oct 1955 Ngo Dinh Diem 4 Nov 1963 - 30 Jan 1964 Nguyen Ngoc Tho 8 Feb 1964 - 29 Aug 1964 Nguyen Khanh (1st time) 29 Aug 1964 - 3 Sep 1964 Nguyen Xuan Oanh (1st time) (acting) 3 Sep 1964 - 4 Nov 1964 Nguyen Khanh (2nd time) 4 Nov 1964 - 28 Jan 1965 Tran Van Huong (1st time) 28 Jan 1965 - 15 Feb 1965 Nguyen Xuan Oanh (2nd time) (acting) 16 Feb 1965 - 8 Jun 1965 Phan Huy Quat (2nd time) 19 Jun 1965 - 31 Oct 1967 Nguyen Cao Ky 31 Oct 1967 - 17 May 1968 Nguyen Van Loc 28 May 1968 - 1 Sep 1969 Tran Van Huong (2nd time) 1 Sep 1969 - 4 Apr 1975 Tran Thiem Khiem 4 Apr 1975 - 24 Apr 1975 Nguyen Ba Can 28 Apr 1975 - 30 Apr 1975 Vu Van Mau 30 Apr 1975 - 2 Jul 1976 Nguyen Huu Tho French High Commissioners 14 Aug 1945 - 27 Apr 1953 Commissioners-general

(s.a.) (s.a.) (b. 1888 (b. 1896 (b. 1895 (b. 1914 (b. 1909 (s.a.) (b. 1908) (s.a.) (b. 1921 -

CDP

d. d. d. d. d.

1960) 1984) 1990) 1990) 1979)

d. 2003)

Non-party DLP Non-party VNQ Non-party DVP FNS Mil Mil Mil

(s.a.) (s.a.) (s.a.)

Mil Mil Mil

(s.a.) (b. 1930) (b. 1922) (s.a.) (s.a.) (b. 1913) (b. 1914 - d. 1998) (b. 1910 - d. 1996)

DVP Mil Mil Mil DCP FNR NLF

the Commissioners of French Indochina

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27 Apr 1953 - 21 Jul 1956

the Commissioners of French Indochina

Commanders U.S. Military Assistance Command in Vietnam (MACV) 8 Feb 1962 - 20 Jun 1964 Paul D. Harkins 20 Jun 1964 - 22 Mar 1968 William Childs Westmoreland (b. 1914 - d. 2005) 22 Mar 1968 - Jun 1972 Creighton Williams Abrams, Jr. (b. 1914 - d. 1974) Jun 1972 - 29 Mar 1973 Fred C. Weyand (b. 1916) Party abbreviations: CDP = Cochinchinese Democratic Party; CLP = Can Lao Party; DCP = Dan Chu Party (Democracy Party); DLH = Dan Lap Hien (Constitutional Party; DVP = Dai Viet Party; FNR = Forces for National Reconciliation; FNS = Front of National Salvation (coalition); NLF = National Liberation Front of Vietnam (communist "Vietcong" front); NSDF = National Social Democratic Front (anti-communist, center-right, pro-Van Thieu, est.1969); VNQ = Viet-Nam Quoc Dan Dang (Vietnamese Nationalist Party); Mil = Military

Alternative Government: Provisional Revolutionary Government of Republic of South Vietnam

8 Jun 1969 - 30 Apr 1975

8 Jun 1969

30 Apr 1975

Provisional Revolutionary Government of the Republic of South Vietnam, established in rebellion against the Saigon government. NLF assumes control of South Vietnam.

President 8 Jun 1969 - 30 Apr 1975

Huynh Tat Phat

(b. 1913 - d. 1989)

NLF

Prime minister 8 Jun 1969 - 30 Apr 1975

Nguyen Huu Tho

(b. 1910 - d. 1996)

NLF

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Party abbreviation: NLF = National Liberation Front of Vietnam (Communist front grouping)

North Vietnam

29 Sep 1945 - 30 Nov 1955

Adopted 30 Nov 1955

Hear National Anthem Text of National Anthem Constitution "Tien quan ca" Adopted 1945 (1 Jul 1960) (March to the Front) Currency: (North) Vietnamese National Holiday: 2 Sep (1945) Population: 23,930,000 (1973 Capital: Hanoi Dong (VDD) Independence Day est.) Exports: $50-60 million (1965) GDP: $N/A Imports: $110-220 million Ethnic groups: Vietnamese, Chinese, Thai (1965) Total Armed Forces (NVA): N/A Religions: Buddhist, Roman Catholic, atheist Merchant marine: 5 ships (1974) International Organizations/Treaties: ICRM, LORCS, WHO, WMO Map of North Vietnam

2 Sep 1945 9 Sep 1945 -

6 Mar 1946

Democratic Republic of Vietnam proclaimed. Allied (Chinese) occupation (see under French Indo-China).

President of the Indochinese Communist Party (from May 1951, Vietnam Workers' Party) (officially dissolved 11 Nov 1945, continued in secret to May 1951) Oct 1930 - 2 Sep 1969 Ho Chi Minh (b. 1890 - d. 1969) (Nguyen Ai Quoc) First Secretaries (top party post from 2 Sep 1969) 1941 - 1 Nov 1956 Truong Chinh (b. 1907 - d. 1988) 1 Nov 1956 - 10 Sep 1960 Ho Chi Minh (s.a.) 10 Sep 1960 - 20 Dec 1976 Le Duan (b. 1908 - d. 1986)

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Chairman of the Committee of Liberation of the Vietnamese People ("Viet Minh") 25 Aug 1945 - 29 Aug 1945 Ho Chi Minh (s.a.) DCSD (in rebellion from 13 Aug 1945) Chairman of the Provisional government 29 Aug 1945 - 2 Mar 1946 Ho Chi Minh (s.a.) DCSD Presidents 2 Mar 1946 - 2 Sep 1969 Ho Chi Minh (s.a.) DCSD;1951 DLDV 3 Sep 1969 - 2 Jul 1976 Ton Duc Thang (b. 1888 - d. 1980) DLDV (acting to 23 Sep 1969) Prime ministers 2 Sep 1945 - 20 Sep 1955 20 Sep 1955 - 2 Jul 1976

Ho Chi Minh Pham Van Dong

(s.a.) DCSD;1951 DLDV (b. 1908 - d. 2000) DLDV

Party abbreviation: DCSV = Dang Cong San Viet Nam (Communist Party of Vietnam, communist, only legal party; Vietnamese Communist Party [DCSV] was original name, from Feb 1930-Oct 1930. Successive names were: Indochinese Communist Party [DCSD], Oct 1930-May 1951, which was officially dissolved 11 Nov 1945 and merged into League for the Independence of Vietnam -"Viet Minh"-, although continued it in secret to 1951); Vietnamese Workers' Party [DLDV], May 1951Dec 1976; and again DCSV from Dec 1976. Post of president of the party was abolished after death of Ho Chi Minh)

Socialist Republic of Vietnam 2 Jul 1976

Unification as Socialist Republic of Vietnam.

First Secretary of the Vietnam Workers' Party (DLDV) 2 Jul 1976 - 20 Dec 1976 Le Duan General Secretaries of the Communist Party (DCSV) 20 Dec 1976 - 10 Jul 1986 Le Duan 14 Jul 1986 - 18 Dec 1986 Truong Chinh 18 Dec 1986 - 27 Jun 1991 Nguyen Van Linh 27 Jun 1991 - 29 Dec 1997 Do Muoi

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(b. 1908 - d. 1986) (s.a.) (b. 1908 - d. 1988) (b. 1915 - d. 1998) (b. 1917)

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Page 25 sur 27 29 Dec 1997 - 22 Apr 2001 22 Apr 2001 Presidents 2 Jul 1976 30 Mar 1980 Chairmen of 4 Jul 1981 18 Jun 1987 Presidents 23 Sep 1992 24 Sep 1997 27 Jun 2006

Le Kha Phieu Nong Duc Manh

(b. 1931) (b. 1940)

- 30 Mar 1980 Ton Duc Thang - 4 Jul 1981 Nguyen Huu Tho (acting) the State Council - 18 Jun 1987 Truong Chinh - 22 Sep 1992 Vo Chi Cong

(s.a.) (s.a.) (s.a.) (b. 1913)

DCSV DCSV

- 24 Sep 1997 - 27 Jun 2006 -

Le Duc Anh Tran Duc Luong Nguyen Minh Triet

(b. 1920) (b. 1937) (b. 1942)

DCSV DCSV DCSV

Ministers Pham Van Dong Pham Hung Vo Van Kiet (1st time) (acting) Do Muoi Vo Van Kiet (2nd time)

(s.a.) DLDV;1976 DCSV (b. 1912 - d. 1988) DCSV (b. 1922) DCSV (s.a.) DCSV (s.a.) DCSV

Vo Van Kiet Phan Van Khai Nguyen Tan Dung

(s.a.) (b. 1933) (b. 1949)

Chairmen of the Council of 2 Jul 1976 - 18 Jun 1987 18 Jun 1987 - 10 Mar 1988 10 Mar 1988 - 22 Jun 1988 22 Jun 1988 - 8 Aug 1991 8 Aug 1991 - 24 Sep 1992 Prime ministers 24 Sep 1992 - 25 Sep 1997 25 Sep 1997 - 27 Jun 2006 27 Jun 2006 -

DLDV;1976 DCSV DCSV

DCSV DCSV DCSV

Territorial Disputes: Cambodia and Laos protest Vietnamese squatters and armed encroachments along border; after years of Cambodia claiming Vietnam had moved or destroyed boundary markers, in 2005, after much domestic debate, Cambodia ratified an agreement with Vietnam that settled all but a small portion of the land boundary; establishment of a maritime boundary with Cambodia is hampered by unresolved dispute over offshore islands; in 2004, LaotianVietnamese boundary commission agrees to erect missing markers in two adjoining provinces; demarcation of the China-Vietnam boundary proceeds slowly and although the maritime boundary delimitation and fisheries agreements were ratified in Jun 2004, implementation has been delayed; involved in a complex dispute over the Spratly Islands with China, Malaysia, Philippines, Taiwan, and possibly Brunei; Paracel Islands occupied by China but claimed by Taiwan and Vietnam; the 2002 "Declaration on the Conduct of Parties in the South China Sea" has eased tensions but falls short of a legally binding "code of conduct" desired by several

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Page 26 sur 27 of the disputants; Vietnam continues to expand construction of facilities in the Spratly Islands; in Mar 2005, the national oil companies of China, the Philippines, and Vietnam signed a joint accord to conduct marine seismic activities in the Spratly Islands. Party abbreviation: DCSV = Dang Cong San Viet Nam (Communist Party of Vietnam, communist, authoritarian, government party; known as Vietnamese Workers' Party DLDV to Dec 1976)

©2000 Ben Cahoon

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