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Laos

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Laos

3 Oct 1893 - 8 Apr 1945;

8 Apr 1945 - 23 Apr 1946;

16 Oct 1945 - 23 Apr 1946;

23 Apr 1946 - 11 May 1947

11 May 1947 - 2 Dec 1975

Adopted 2 Dec 1975

Map of Laos

Hear National Anthem "Pheng Xat Lao" (Hymn of the Lao People)

Text of National Anthem Adopted 1947 (Lyrics 1975)

Constitution (14 Aug 1991) ---------------------------Royal Constitution (11 May 1947-1975; in French)

Capital: Vientiane (Royal Capital: Luang Phra Bang to 1975)

Currency: Kip (LAK)

National Holiday: 2 Dec (1975) Republic Day

Population: 6,521,998 (2007)

Ethnic groups: Lao Loum ([Lao] lowland) 53%, Lao Theung ([Mon-Khmer] upland) 23%, Lao Tai (Tai) 13%, Exports: $982 million (2006) Lao Soung (highland) including the Hmong (Miao) GDP: $13.43 billion (2006) Imports: $1.37 billion (2006) and the Yao (Mien) 10%, other, ethnic Vietnamese or Chinese 1% (2000) Total Armed Forces: 29,100 (2003) Religions: Buddhist 48.8%, animist and traditional beliefs 41.7%, non-religious 4.3%, Christian 2.1%, other 3.1% (2000) Merchant marine: 1 ship (2006) International Organizations/Treaties: ADB, ARF, ASEAN, BTWC, CP, CTBT, EAS, ENMOD, FAO, G-77, IBRD, ICAO, ICRM, IDA, IFAD, IFC, IFRCS, ILO, IMF, Interpol, Intersputnik, IOC, IPU, ISO (subscriber), ITU, KP, MIGA, NAM, NPT, NTBT, OIF, OPCW, PCA, UN, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNFCC, UNIDO, UNWTO, UPU, WCO, WFTU, WHO, WIPO, WMO, WTO (observer)

Laos Index

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Chronology 25/11/2007

Laos

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Laos

Luang Phra Bang (Lan Xang) (1637-1946)

Wiang Chhan (1707-1828)

1353 161. - 1946 1707 - 1828 3 Oct 1893

23 Mar 1907 16 Jun 1940 9 May 1941 -

Champasak (1700-1946)

9 Mar 1945 7 Dec 1946

21 Aug 1941 8 Apr 1945

Xiang Khuang (1687-1888)

Historical Maps of Laos

7 Apr 1945 - 27 Aug 1945 8 Apr 1945 15 Sep 1945 23 Sep 1945 - 12 Mar 1946 23 27 19 22 21 2

Apr Aug Jul Oct Jul Dec

1946 1946 1949 1953 1954 1975

Kingdom of Lan Xang Hom Khao Separate Kingdom (from 1904 Principality) of Nakhon Champasak. Separate Kingdom of Wiang Chhan. French protectorate of Laos; part of French Indochina (see Vietnam)(Luang Phra Bang a protectorate; central and south French colonies until 1899 then part of Luang Phra Bang). West-bank Champasak and Xainyaburi provinces ceded by Siam to Laos. Administration loyal to Vichy France. West-bank Champasak and Xainyaburi provinces annexed by Thailand. Wiang Chhan and Xiang Khuang incorporated into Luang Phra Bang. Royal proclamation by Luang Phra Bang declares end to French protectorate. Occupied by Japan (Japanese troops present since 28 Jul 1941). Luang Phra Bang Royal proclamation declares an end to French protectorate. Unification of Kingdom of Laos proclaimed. Allied (Chinese) occupation north of 16th parallel and British occupation below it. France protectorate reestablished. France recognizes unification of Laos. French associated state Independence proclaimed (Kingdom of Laos). Independence recognized by France. Lao People's Democratic Republic

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to 3 Oct 1893

Map of Luang Phra Bang

Capital: Luang Phra Bang (Xiang Dong Xiang Thong to 1561; Vientiane 1561-1695)

Population: N/A

889 - 1368 .... 1353 1478 - 1479 1574 - 1603 1575 - 1591 1707 Mar 1765 - 1772 1772 - 1795 1788 - 1792 179. - 2 Jun 1794 1795 - 1828 3 Oct 1893 21 Aug 1941 7 Apr 1945 - 27 Aug 1945 8 Apr 1945 15 Sep 1945

Part of Khmer (Cambodian) empire. Müang Xiang Dong Xiang Tong Kingdom of Lan Xang Hom Khao Occupied by Vietnam. Burmese vassal. Occupied by Burma. Kingdom of Luang Phra Bang (officially Lan Xang Hom Khao). Under Burmese suzerainty. Under Thai suzerainty. Thai occupation. Thai occupation. Vassal of Vietnam. French protectorate; part of French Indochina (see Vietnam). Wiang Chhan and Xiang Khuang incorporated into Luang Phra Bang. Japanese occupation. Royal proclamation declares end of French protectorate. Part of Kingdom of Laos

Kings 1575 1575 1591 1596 1621 -

Nokeo-Koumane (1st time) Burmese occupation Nokeo-Koumane (2nd time) Vorouvong Sa II Ouphagnauvarath I

1575 1591 1596 1621 1622

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(d. 1596) (s.a.) (b. 1585 - d. 1622) (b. 1597 - d. 1622)

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1623 1627 1633 1637 1638 1690 1695 1698

-

1627 1633 1637 1638 1690 1695 1698 1706

1707 - 1713 1713 - 1723 1723 - 1749 1749 (8 months) 1749 - 1749 1749 - 1768 1768 - 1788 1788 - 1792 3 Feb 1792 - 179. 179. - 2 Jun 1794 2 Jun 1794 - 31 Dec 1819 31 Dec 1819 - 7 Mar 1837

1825 1837 1838 23 Sep 1 Oct 15 Dec

1826 1838 23 Sep 1850 1850 - 1 Oct 1868 1868 - 15 Dec 1895 1895 - 25 Mar 1904

26 Mar 1904 - 15 Sep 1945 15 May 1946 - 27 Aug 1946

Phothisarath II (b. 1552 - d. 1627) Mom Keo (d. 1633) Ton Khan (Ouphagnauvarath II) (d. 1637) Vickhsai (d. 1638) Sulingvongsa (b. 1618 - d. 1690) Tian Thala (d. 1696) Nan Tharat (d. 1698) Setthathirath II (b. 1685 - d. 1735) (to 1735 in Wiang Chhan) Kingkitsarath (d. 1716) Ong Kham (d. 1731) Thao Ang (Inthason) (d. 1749) Intharavongsa (d. 1776) Inthaphom (d. 1776) Sotika-Koumane (b. bf.1734 - d. 1771) Suryavong II (d. 1791) Thai occupation Anurutha (1st time) (b. 1735 - d. 1819) Thai occupation Anurutha (2nd time) (s.a.) Manthaturath (b. 1772 - d. 1837) (regent for Anurutha 1817 - 31 Dec 1819; lives as a monk in Bangkok 1825-26, leaving Luang Phra Bang to be administered by Thai officials) .... -Thai official Unkeo -Regent (d. 1850) Sukha-Söm (b. 1797 - d. 1850) Chantha-Kuman (b. 1799 - d. 1868) Unkham (b. 1811 - d. 1895) Sakkarin (b. 1840 - d. 1904) (regent for Unkham Apr 1888 - 15 Dec 1895) Sisavang Vong (1st time) (b. 1885 - d. 1959) (King of Laos from 12 Oct 1945) Sisavang Vong (2nd time) (s.a.)

Prime minister

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21 Aug 1941 - 10 Oct 1945

Prince Phetsarath Rattanavongga

French Vice-consul 1887 - 5 Jun 1894 Auguste Jean Marie Pavie Commissioner-general 5 Jun 1894 - Apr 1895 Auguste Jean Marie Pavie Commandant-superior of Bas-Laos (in Khong, Champasak) May 1895 - Apr 1899 Marie Auguste Armand Tournier Commandants-superior of Haut-Laos (in Luang Prabang) Jun 1895 - Apr 1897 Joseph Vacle (1st time) (interim) May 1897 - Oct 1898 Paul Louis Luce (interim) Oct 1898 - Apr 1899 Joseph Vacle (2nd time) (interim) Residents-superior Sep 1895 - Mar 1896 Léon Jules Pol Boulloche Apr 1899 - Apr 1903 Marie Auguste Armand Tournier Aug 1903 - May 1906 Georges Marie Joseph Mahé (1st time) (interim) May 1906 - Apr 1907 Louis Saturnin Laffont (interim) Apr 1907 - Jan 1912 Georges Marie Joseph Mahé (2nd time) Aug 1910 - Jul 1911 Antoine Georges Amédeé Ernest Outrey (interim) Jan 1912 - Jul 1913 Louis Antoine Aubry de la Noé (interim) Jul 1913 - Oct 1913 Claude Léon Garnier (1st time) (acting) Oct 1913 - Feb 1914 Jean Édouard Bourcier Saint-Chaffray (interim) May 1914 - May 1918 Claude Léon Garnier (2nd time) (acting) Jun 1918 - Mar 1931 Jules Georges Théodore Bosc Apr 1921 - Jan 1923 Joël Darrousin (interim) May 1925 - Jan 1926 Jean-Jacques Dauplay (interim) May 1928 - Dec 1928 Paul Raimond Octane Le Boulanger (interim) Mar 1931 Paul Raimond Octane Le Boulanger

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(b. 1890 - d. 1959)

Non-party

(b. 1847 - d. 1925) (s.a.)

(b. 1855 - d. 19..)

(b. 1863 - d. 1941)

(b. 1870 - d. 19..)

(b. 1878 - d. 19..)

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(1st time) (interim) Pierre André Michel Pagès Yves Chrles Chatel Paul Raimond Octane Le Boulanger (2nd time) (interim) Oct 1931 - Feb 1932 Jules Nicolas Thiebaut (interim) Feb 1932 - Oct 1933 Aristide Eugène Le Fol Oct 1933 - Jan 1934 Adrien Anthony Maurice Roques (1st time) (acting) Jan 1934 - Jul 1934 Louis Frédéric Eckert (interim) Jul 1934 - Aug 1934 Adrien Anthony Maurice Roques (2nd time) (acting) Aug 1934 - Apr 1938 Eugène Henri Roger Eutrope Nov 1934 - Oct 1935 Louis Frédéric Claire Guillaume Marty (interim) Apr 1938 - Nov 1940 André Touzet Nov 1940 - Dec 1941 Adrien Anthony Maurice Roques (3rd time) (interim) Dec 1941 - 5 Apr 1945 Louis Antoine Marie Brasey Japanese Resident in Vientiane Mar 1945 - Aug 1945 Masanori Sako Japanese Supreme Counselor in Luang Prabang 5 Apr 1945 - 22 Aug 1945 Ishibashi French Commissioner 25 Aug 1945 - 4 Jan 1946 Hans Imfeld (interim) Mar 1931 Mar 1931 - Jun 1931 Jun 1931 - Oct 1931

(b. 1893 - d. 1980) (b. 1865 - d. 1944)

(b. 1891 - d. 19..)

(b. 1902 - d. 1947)

Wiang Chhan (Viang Chan)

to 1828

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Map of Wiang Chhan 1707 1778 1781 12 Nov 17 Oct 21 Aug

1780 12 Nov 1828 1828 1887 1941

Kings 1707 1730 1767 1778 1780 21 Nov 2 Feb

1730 1767 1778 1780 Nov 1781 1781 - Jan 1795 1795 - 7 Feb 1805

7 Feb 1805 - 12 Nov 1828

Capital: Vientiane Kingdom of Wiang Chhan resulting from the split of the Kingdom of Lan Xang. Occupied by Thailand. Vassal of Thailand. Annexation by Siam (see Thailand). French colony (Vientiane - French deformation). Incorporation into Kingdom of Luang Phra Bang.

Setthathirath II Ong Long Ong Bun (1st time) Phraya Supho -Tahi governor Ong Bun (2nd time) Nanthasen Intharavong Setthathirath III (crowned on 23 Jul 1795) Anuvong

(b. 1685 - d. 1730) (b. 1730 - d. 1781) (d. 1780) (s.a.) (d. 1795) (d. 1805) (b. 1767 - d. 1829)

Champasak (Nakhon Champasak)

to 1946

Map of Champasak

Capital: Paksé (Bassac to 1908)

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161. 1714 1791 1772 1811 1819 1851 1860 22 Nov 15 Sep 27 Aug

1899 1813 1821 1856 1863 1904 1945 1946

Kings 1700 - 1713? 1713 - 1738 1738 - 1791 1791 1791 - 1811 1811 (3 days) 1811 - 1813 1813 - 1819 Dec 1819 - 1821 1821 - 1827 1827 - 1840 1840 - 1851 1851 - 1852 1852 - 1856 1856 - 1858 1858 - 1860 1860 - 1863 1863 - 28 Jul 1900 28 Jul 1900 - 22 Nov 1904 Princes 22 Nov 1904 - Jun 1946 Jun 1946 - 27 Aug 1946

Kingdom of Nakhon Kala Champaknaburisi founded. Name changed to Nakhon Champa Nakhaburisi. Name changed to Nakhon Champasak. Vasal of Thailand. Thai occupation. Thai occupation. Thai occupation. Thai occupation. Principality under French protectorate. Part of Kingdom of Laos. Principality extinguished.

Nan Rath Nokasat Saya Kuman (regent for Nokasat 1725-38) Xiang Keo Fai Na No Muong Cha Nou Ma Noi Thai occupation Rajabud Yo Hui Nak (regent for Hui to 1840) Süa -Regent Thai occupation Kham Nhai Chu -Regent Thai occupation Kham Suk Bua Laphan Bua Laphan Boun Oum

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(b. c.1690 - d. 1738) (b. 1710 - d. 1791)

(d. (d. (d. (d.

1811) 1811) 1813) 1821)

(b. 1780 - d. 1840) (b. 1774 - d. 1851) (d. 1852) (b. 1830 - d. 1858)

(b. 1838 - d. 1900) (b. 1874 - d. 1946) (s.a.) (b. 1912 - d. 1980)

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Xiang Khuang Map of Xiang Khuang 698

889 - 1368 1478 - .... 1568 - 1598 1772 - 1835 1835 18.. 1848 1851 1875 1876 1887 1888 3 Oct 1893 21 Aug 1941 Kings (rath, chao xiwit) 1687 - 1688 1688 - 1690 1690 - 1694 1694 1694 - 1698 1698 - 1712 1712 - 1714 1714 - 1740 1740 - 1751 1751 - 1753

Capital: Xiang Khuang Müang Maharatanaburirom Phommachakkhati Simahanakkharatakkasela Nakhon Xiang Khuang Rajathani state founded in the Plain of Jars. Part of Khmer (Cambodian) empire. Vassal of Vietnam. Vassal of Pegu (Burma). Under Thai suzerainty. Annexed by Thailand. Annexed by Vietnam. Restored as a vassal state of Vietnam. Sovereignty restored. Annexed by Thailand. Sovereignty restored. Made a vassal state of Thailand. Annexed by Thailand. Made a French colonial possession as part of Laos. Incorporated into Luang Phra Bang.

Chao Kham Lan Chao Kham Phuttha Chao Kham Sattha Chao Bun Lang Thai Chao Bun Lot Chao Kham Bun Khong Phraña Kham Thewo -Regent (Phraña Thammatewo) Chao Bun Chan Chao Kham Un Müang Chao Ong Lo (1st time)

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(d. (d. (d. (d. (d.

1688) 1690) 1694) 1694) 1698)

(d. 1714)

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1753 1753 1779 1781 1782 1802 1803

(3 months) - 1779 - 1781 - 1782 - 1802 - 1803 - 1831

1831 1835 1848 1865 1875 1876 1887

-

1835 1848 1865 1874 1876 1887 1888

Chao Ong Bun Chao Ong Lo (2nd time) Chao Ong Si Phom Chao No Müang Chao Som Phu Chao Xiang Chao Suthakasuvannakuman (Chao Noi) Chao San -Regent Annexed to Thailand, then Vietnam Phra Chao Issarasettha (Chao Po) Chao Üng Annexed to Thailand Chao Khanti Thao Xiang Phet -Regent

Laos 15 Sep 1945 23 Sep 1945 - 12 Mar 1946 23 27 19 22 21 2

Apr Aug Jul Oct Jul Dec

1946 1946 1949 1953 1954 1975

The united Kingdom of Laos proclaimed. Allied (Chinese) occupation north of 16th parallel and British occupation below it. France re-establishes protectorate. France recognizes unification of Laos. French associated state. Independence (Kingdom of Laos). Independence recognized by France. Lao People's Democratic Republic

General Secretary of the Lao People's Party (Phak Pativat Lao)(PPL) (from Feb 1972, Lao People's Revolutionary Party [Phak Paxaxôn Pativat Lao, PPPL]) 22 Mar 1955 - 29 Mar 1991 Kaysone Phomvihane (b. 1920 - d. 1992) Presidents of the Lao People's Revolutionary Party

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29 Mar 1991 - 21 Nov 1992 Kaysone Phomvihane 25 Nov 1992 - 21 Mar 2006 Khamtai Siphandon General Secretary the Lao People's Revolutionary Party 21 Mar 2006 Choummaly Sayasone

(s.a.) (b. 1924) (b. 1936)

Kings (Rath)¹ 15 Sep 1945 - 20 Oct 1945 Sisavang Vong (1st time) (b. 1885 - d. Chinese Occupation Commander 23 Sep 1945 - 12 Mar 1946 Lu Han (China) Head of State 20 Oct 1945 - 23 Apr 1946 Prince Phetsarath Rattanavongga (b. 1890 - d. Kings (Rath)¹ 23 Apr 1946 - 29 Oct 1959 Sisavang Vong (2nd time) (s.a.) (King of Luang Phra Bang 15 May - 27 Aug 1946) 28 Nov 1946 - 25 Oct 1949 Prince Phetsarath Rattanavongga (s.a.) (Head of State, in Bangkok exile) 30 Oct 1959 - 2 Dec 1975 Savang Vatthana (b. 1907 - d. Presidents 3 Dec 1975 - 15 Aug 1991 Prince Souphanouvong (b. 1912 - d. 31 Oct 1986 - 15 Aug 1991 Phoumi Vongvichit (b. 1909 - d. (acting for Souphanouvong) 15 Aug 1991 - 21 Nov 1992 Kaysone Phomvihane (s.a.) 25 Nov 1992 - 24 Feb 1998 Nouhak Phoumsavan (b. 1914) 24 Feb 1998 - 8 Jun 2006 Khamtai Siphandon (s.a.) 8 Jun 2006 Choummaly Sayasone (s.a.) Prime ministers 15 Sep 1945 - 20 Oct 1945 20 Oct 1945 - 23 Apr 1946 23 Apr 1946 - 15 Mar 1947 24 Apr 1946 - 25 Oct 1949 15 Mar 1947 - 25 Mar 1948 25 Mar 1948 - 24 Feb 1950 24 Feb 1950 - 15 Oct 1951

Prince Phetsarath Rattanavongga (s.a.) Prince Phaya Khammao (b. 1911 (chairman of provisional government) Prince Kindavong (b. 1900 Prince Phaya Khammao (s.a.) (in Bangkok, Thailand exile) Prince Souvannarath (b. 1893 Prince Boun Oum (1st time) (b. 1912 Phoui Sananikone (1st time) (b. 1903

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1959)

1959)

LI

LI 1978?) 1995) 1994)

- d. 1984)

PPPL PPPL PPPL PPPL PPPL PPPL

Non-party LI

- d. 1951)

Non-party LI

- d. 1960) - d. 1962) - d. 1983)

neutralist neutralist neutralist

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21 25 21 17 31

Nov Nov Mar Aug Dec

1951 1954 1956 1958 1959

7 Jan 1960 3 Jun 1960 30 Aug 1960

11 Dec 1960 13 Dec 1960 23 Jun 1962 Chairmen of 8 Dec 1975 15 Aug 1991 24 Feb 1998 27 Mar 2001 8 Jun 2006

-

20 21 17 31 7

Oct Mar Aug Dec Jan

1954 1956 1958 1959 1960

Prince Souvanna Phouma (1st time) (b. 1901 - d. 1984) Katay Don Sasorith (b. 1904 - d. 1959) Prince Souvanna Phouma (2nd time) (s.a.) Phoui Sananikone (2nd time) (s.a.) Sounthone Pathammavong (b. 1911) (Army Chief of Staff) - 3 Jun 1960 Kou Abhay (b. 1892 - d. 1964) - 15 Aug 1960 Prince Somsanith (b. 1913 - d. 1975) - 13 Dec 1960 Prince Souvanna Phouma (3rd time) (s.a.) (from 9 Dec 1960, in Cambodia exile and at Ban Khangkhai, recognized by the communist states) - 13 Dec 1960 Quinim Pholsena (not recognized) (b. 1915 - d. 1963) - 23 Jun 1962 Prince Boun Oum (2nd time) (s.a.) - 2 Dec 1975 Prince Souvanna Phouma (4th time) (s.a.) the Council of Ministers (prime ministers) - 15 Aug 1991 Kaysone Phomvihane (s.a.) - 24 Feb 1998 Khamtai Siphandon (s.a.) - 27 Mar 2001 Sisavath Keobounphanh (b. 1928) - 8 Jun 2006 Boungnang Vorachith (b. 1937) Bouasone Bouphavanh (b. 1954)

French Commissioners 17 Mar 1946 - Apr 1946 Apr 1946 - Jul 1947 Jul 1947 - Mar 1948 Mar 1948 - Dec 1949 Dec 1949 - Apr 1953 Apr 1953 - Jan 1954

Hans Imfeld (interim) Jean Léon François Marie de Raymond Maurice Marie Auguste Michaudel (interim) Alfred Gabriel Joseph Valmary (interim) Robert Regnier Miguel Joaquin de Pereyra

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NPP NPP NPP neutralist CDNI/Mil

PNP neutralist

PPPL PPPL PPPL PPPL PPPL

(b. 1902 - d. 1947) (b. 1907 - d. 1951) (b. 1901 - d. 1975) (b. 1901 - d. 1970)

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Ethnic Hmong 'Chao Fah' flag

¹The full style of the ruler was: Somdetch Brhat Chao Lan Xang Hom Khao Luang Prabang Parama Sidha Khatiya Suriya Varman Brhat Maha Sri. Territorial Disputes: Southeast Asian states have enhanced border surveillance to check the spread of avian flu; talks continue on completion of demarcation with Thailand but disputes remain over islands in the Mekong River; concern among Mekong Commission members that China's construction of dams on the Mekong River will affect water levels. Party abbreviations: PPPL = Phak Paxaxôn Pativat Lao (Revolutionary People's Party of Laos, part of mainly Vietnamese Indochinese Communist Party [DCSD] founded 1930 by Ho Chi Minh, a Committee for Laos est.1936; known 1950-1955 as Neo Lao Issara [Lao Freedom Front] which on 22 Mar 1955 became Lao People's Party [PPL]; renamed PPPL Feb 1972, dictatorial, communist only Legal Party since 1975); Mil = Military; - Former parties: CDNI = Committee for the Defense of the National Interests (rightist, military backed, 1958-196.); LI = Lao Issara (Free Laos, nationalist, anti-communist, 194547); NPP = Phak Xat Kao Na (National Progressive Party, 1951-58, became RLP); PNP = Peace and Neutrality Party; RLP = Lao Rouam Lao (Rally of the Lao People, est.1958)

©2000 Ben Cahoon

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