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China

22 Oct 1862 - 10 Nov 1872 War Ensign

1903 - 12 Feb 1912 Civil Ensign

10 Nov 1872 - 1890

10 Oct 1911 Revolt flag

1890 - 12 Feb 1912; 1 Jul 1917 - 12 Jul 1917

12 Feb 1912 - 22 Dec 1915; 22 Mar 1916 - 1 Jul 1917; 12 Jul 1917 - 8 Oct 1928

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22 Dec 1915 - 22 Mar 1916

Map of China China Military Regions Map Capital: Beijing (Nanjing 1928-37, 1946-49; Hankow 1937-1938; Chungking 1939-1946)

8 Oct 1928 - 1 Oct 1949

Hear National Anthem "Yiyonggjun Jinxingqu" (The March of the Volunteers) Adopted 27 Sep 1949 Japanese Occupation Map Currency: Yuan (CNY)

Adopted 1 Oct 1949

De facto ex-National Anthem "The East Is Red" (1960's - 1978)

Constitution (4 Dec 1982)

Civil War Map (1946-1949)

Ethnolinguistic Map of China

National Holiday: 1 Oct (1949) Anniversary of the Founding of the People's Republic

Population: 1,321,851,888 (2007)

Ethnic groups: Han (Chinese) 91.53%, Chuang (Zhuang) 1.30%, Manchu 0.86%, Hui 0.79%, Miao (Hmong) 0.72%, Uygur 0.68%, Exports: $974 billion (2006) GDP: $10 trillion (2006) Tuchia 0.65%, Yi 0.62%, Mongol 0.47%, Tibetan 0.44%, Puyi (Buyi) Imports: $777 billion (2006) 0.24%, Tung (Dong) 0.24%, Yao 0.21%, Korean 0.15%, Pai 0.15%, Hani 0.12%, Kazakh 0.10%, Tai 0.09%, other 0.54% (2000) Religions: Non-religious 42.1%, Daoist (Taoist) and Total Armed Forces: 2,250,000 (2003) Chinese folk religionist 28.5%, Buddhist 8.4%, atheist 8.1%, Declared Nuclear Power (1964): est.400 weapons Christian 7.1%, traditional beliefs 4.3%, Muslim 1.5% (2000) Merchant marine: 1,723 ships (2006) note: state is officially atheist International Organizations/Treaties: ADB, AfDB, ANT, APEC, ARF, ASEAN (dialogue partner), BIS, BTWC, CDB, CTBT (signatory), EAS, ENMOD, FAO, G-24 (observer), G-77, IAEA, IBRD, ICAO, ICC, ICRM, IDA, IFAD, IFC, IFRCS, IHO, ILO, IMF, IMO, IMSO, Interpol, IOC, IOM (observer), IPU, ISO, ITSO, ITU, KP, LAIA (observer), MIGA, NAM (observer), NPT, NSG, NTBT, OAS (observer), OPCW, PCA, PIF (partner), SAARC (observer), SCO, UN, UN Security Council, UNCLOS, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNFCC, UNHCR, UNIDO, UNWTO, UPU, WCO, WHO, WIPO, WMO, WTO, ZC

China Index People's Republic of China Administrative Divisions Foreign Colonies

Chronology c.2000 c.1700 c.1027 475 BC

BC - c.1500 BC BC - c.1027 BC BC - 221 BC - 221 BC

22 Dec 221 BC

221 BC - 210 BC Chinese Empire Rebellions 206 BC - 220 AD (1851-1874)

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Partly legendary Xia (Shia) dynasty. Shang dynasty. Chou (Zhou) dynasty. Period of the Warring States, fragmentation of Zhou kingdom. Ch'in (Qin) dynasty, from which modern China derives its name, founded. First Emperor Shi Huang-ti reigns (b. 260 BC d. 210 BC). Han dynasty (9 - 24 AD, briefly interrupted).

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l l l l

Taiping Shengping Cheng Pingnan Guo

220 - 589

420 - 589 Warlord Period 589 907 - 979 (1911-1928) 1276 - 1368 Nationalist China 28 Jan 1368 (1917-1949) 17 Feb 1616 Alternative 15 May 1636 Governments (1927-1934) 28 May 1858 14 Nov 1860 Japanese Occupation (1937-1945) 4 Jul 1871 - 24 Feb 1881 2 Jun 1895 - 25 Oct 1945 Manchuria Jul 1900 - 7 Sep 1901 (1900-32, 1945-46) Manchukuo (1932-1945) Inner Mongolia/ Meng Chiang (1934-1945) Kashgaria (1693-1877) East Turkestan (1934-1946)

10 Oct 1911 1 Jan 1912 Jan 1913 1 Dec 1911 1 Jul 1917 19 Feb 1920 10 Sep 1931 1 Dec 1931

7 Oct 1951 - 12 Jul 1917 - 3 Feb 1921 - 15 Aug 1945 - 15 Oct 1934

Dörben Oyriad (Dzungar Khanate) (1626-1757) Sep 1937 - Aug 1945 Tibet (1720-1951) Tibet Exile Govt.

1 Oct 1949

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Era of disunity under Warlords. China not unified under any one power. Huns, Turks and nomadic tribes invade the north. Divided under Northern and Southern dynasties. Reunification under the Sui dynasty (rules to 618) Era of the "Five dynasties and Ten Kingdoms." Yuan (Mongol) dynasty, Kublai Khan (b. 1215 d. 1294) rules 1276 - 1294. Great Ming (Shining) Realm inaugurated. Jing (Ch'ing [Manchu] dynasty) inaugurated. Great Qing (Ch'ing dynasty) Empire inaugurated. Left bank of Amur River annexed by Russia. Amur right bank below Ussuri junction (Primorye) annexed by Russia. Russia briefly annexes Ili. Taiwan annexed by Japan. Britain, Germany, Russia, Japan and allies occupy Tientsin (14 Jul 1900), Peking (21 Aug 1901) and other areas during the Boxer Rebellion. Revolution begins. Republic of China Tibet (de facto) independent. (Outer) Mongolia declares independence. Restoration of Great Qing Empire. Mongolia briefly reincorporated. Japanese occupy Manchuria (Manchukuo). Communists declare Soviet Republic of China in Kiangsi province. Japanese occupy northeast China, Yellow River valley and coastal provinces. People's Republic of China (from 8 Dec 1949, Republic of China continues on Taiwan only.

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1 Jul 1997 Historical Maps of China

Re-integration of the former British colony of Hong Kong. Re-integration of the former Portuguese colony of Macau.

20 Dec 1999

Note about Pinyin: To 1979 names are given Wade-Giles transliteration, where available, with the pinyin version following in parenthesis (i.e., Li Yuan-hung (Yuanhong). After 1979, the pinyin transliteration (which came into general use in 1979, but is rejected by the Nationalist regime on Taiwan) following the names) is used. Under the People's Republic, all names are given in pinyin with those before 1979 followed in parenthesis by the Wade-Giles version (i.e. Mao Zedong (Mao Tse-tung). I have taken this additional step because most sources prior to 1979 refer to Chinese names in the pre-pinyin fashion.

Chinese Empire Map Chinese Empire

National Anthem "The Tone of Li Zhongtang" (1896-1911) (unofficial)

Capital: Peking

Currency: Chinese Silver Tael (CST)

Hear National Anthem "Gong Jin'ou" Constitution (The Cup of Solid Gold) (none adopted) (4 Oct 1911-12 Feb 1912 and 1-12 Jul 1917) National Holiday: 7 Feb (1906) Population: 431,735,400 (1900) Emperor's Birthday

Note: Emperors are listed with their personal name (ming), followed by their temple name (miaohao), posthumous name (shi), and the era name (nianhao) roughly coextensive with the particular reign (note that the overlap is not perfect). Although it is customary in "Western" sources to refer to a Qing ruler by his nianhao (i.i., the Guangxu emperor), Chinese usually refer to a former emperor by his miaohao, perhaps preceded by the name of the polity (i.e., Qing Dezong). Emperors 17 Feb 1616 - 30 Sep 1626

20 Oct 1626 - 21 Sep 1643

Nurhachu (Nu'erhachi) (b. 1559 - d. 1626) miaohao: T'ai Tsu (Taizu)/ shi: Gao huangdi nianhao 17 Feb 1616 - 15 Feb 1627: T'ien Ming (Tianming) Huangtaiji (b. 1611 - d. 1643) miaohao: T'ai Ts'ung (Taizong)/ shi: Wen huangdi nianhao 16 Feb 1627 - 14 May 1636: T'ien T'sung (Tiancong)

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8 Oct 1643 -

5 Feb 1661

1644 - 1650 1650 - 1657 7 Feb 1661 - 20 Dec 1722

10 Jul 1706 - 1707 1707 - 1708

26 May 1721 - 30 Jul 1721

27 Dec 1722 -

8 Oct 1735

18 Oct 1735 -

9 Feb 1796

Dec 1786 - 10 Feb 1788

9 Feb 1796 -

2 Sep 1820

Mar 1797 - 1797 3 Oct 1820 - 25 Feb 1850

9 Mar 1850 - 22 Aug 1861

15 May 1636 - 7 Feb 1644: Ch'ung Te (Chongde) Fulin (b. 1638 - d. 1661) miaohao: Shih Tsu (Shizu)/ shi: Zhang huangdi nianhao 8 Feb 1644 - 18 Feb 1662: Shun Chih (Shunzhi) Dorgan -Regent Jirgaland -Regent Hsüan-yeh (Xuanye) (b. 1654 - d. 1722) miaohao: Sheng Tsu (Shengzu)/ shi: Ren huangdi nianhao 18 Feb 1662 - 4 Feb 1723: K'ang Hsi (Kangxi) Wei Zhiye (in rebellion) nianhao 10 Jul 1706 - 1707: Wenxing Zhu Cihuan (styled Ding wang, heading Great Ming [or Shining] Realm, in rebellion) Zhu Yigui (in rebellion, rules almost exclusively on Taiwan) nianhao 26 May 1721 - 30 Jul 1721: Yonghe Yin Chen (Yinzhen) (b. 1678 - d. 1735) miaohao: Shi Tsung (Shizong)/ shi: Xian huangdi nianhao 5 Feb 1723 - 11 Feb 1746: Yung Cheng (Yongzheng) Hung Li (Hongli) (b. 1711 - d. 1799) niaohao Kao Tsung (Gaozong)/ shi: Chun huangdi nianhao 12 Feb 1736 - 8 Feb 1796: Ch'ien Lung (Qianlong) Lin Shuangwen (in rebellion, rules almost exclusively on Taiwan) nianhao Dec 1786 - 10 Feb 1788: Shuntian Yung Yen (Yongyan) (b. 1760 - d. 1820) niaohao: Jen Tsung (Renzong)/ shi: Rui huangdi nianhao 9 Feb 1796 - 2 Feb 1821: Chia Ch'ing (Jiaqing) Li Shu (in rebellion) nianhao Mar 1797 - 1797: Daqing Min Ning (Minning) (b. 1782 - d. 1850) niaohao: Hsuan Tsung (Xuanzong)/ shi: Cheng huangdi nianhao 3 Feb 1821 - 31 Jan 1851: Tao Kuang (Daoguang) Yi Chu (Yizhu) (b. 1831 - d. 1861)

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22 Aug 1861 - 12 Jan 1875

11 Nov 1861 - 12 Jan 1875

25 Feb 1875 - 14 Nov 1908

25 Feb 1875 -

4 Mar 1889

2 Dec 1908 - 12 Feb 1912 2 Dec 1908 - 6 Dec 1911 6 Dec 1911 - 12 Feb 1912

1 Jul 1917 - 12 Jul 1917

1 Jul 1917 - 12 Jul 1917

miaohao: Wen Tsung (Wenzong)/ shi: Xian huangdi nianhao 1 Feb 1851 - 29 Jan 1862: Hsien Feng (Xianfeng) Regents - Empress Dowager Tz'u An (f)(Cian)(b. 1837 - d. 1881) - Empress Dowager Tz'u Hsi (f) (b. 1835 - d. 1908) (Cixi)(1st time) - Prince Kung (Gong) (b. 1833 - d. 1898) Tsai Ch'un (Zaichun) (b. 1856 - d. 1875) miaohao: Mu Tsung (Muzong)/ shi: Yi huangdi nianhao 30 Jan 1862 - 5 Feb 1875: T'ung Chih (Tongzhi) Tsai T'ien (Zaitian) (b. 1872 - d. 1908) miaohao: Te Tsung (Dezong)/ shi: Jing huangdi nianhao 6 Feb 1875 - 21 Jan 1909: Kuang-hsü (Guangxu) Empress Dowager Tz'u Hsi (f) (s.a.) (Cixi)(2nd time) -Regent (de facto 3rd time; from 20 Sep 1898 to 2 Dec 1908) (21 Aug 1900 - 7 Jan 1902 in Hsian Foo, Honan refuge) Pu-yi (Puyi) (1st time) (b. 1906 - d. 1967) nianhao 22 Jan 1909 - 12 Feb 1912: Hsüan-T'ung (Xuantong) Prince Chun (Zaifeng) -Regent (b. 1882 - d. 1951) Empress Dowager Long Yu (b. 1868 - d. 1913) Huagtaihou (f) (Longyu Xiaoding) (holder of the Imperial seal) Pu-yi (2nd time) (s.a.) (from 12 Feb 1912 - 5 Nov 1924, Emperor inside the Forbidden City only¹) Chang Hsün -Regent (b. 1854 - d. 1923)

Grand Secretaries (Da Qing Da Xueshi)(serving jointly) Jun 1682 - Nov 1701 Wang Xi Dec 1682 - Mar 1683 Hoang Ji Dec 1682 - Feb 1687 Wu Zhengzhi Sep 1684 - 1687 Song Deyi Apr 1687 - Feb 1688 Yu Guozho Sep 1687 - Feb 1688 Li Zhifang

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(b. (b. (b. (b.

1628 1611 1618 1626

-

d. d. d. d.

1703) 1686) 1691) 1687)

(b. 1622 - d. 1694)

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Feb Feb Jul Jul Aug Dec Sep Dec Dec Dec Dec Dec Dec Jun Dec Jan Jan Jul May May Jun Sep Jan Jan Mar May Aug Oct May Oct Feb Feb Feb Jun Sep

1688 1688 1689 1689 1690 1692 1698 1699 1699 1699 1699 1701 1702 1703 1705 1708 1711 1711 1712 1712 1716 1718 1723 1723 1723 1725 1725 1725 1728 1728 1729 1729 1732 1733 1735

-

1691 Jan 1703 1699 1690 Aug 1698 1699 1705 Jun 1703 May 1700 Jun 1709 1701 Jul 1711 Feb 1708 1712 1718 1716 Jan 1723 1712 Jan 1723 Feb 1723 Nov 1735 1725 Aug 1725 1728 1725 Dec 1749 Jan 1727 1736 Feb 1731 Sep 1733 Sep 1733 1738 1745 1739 Apr 1747

Liang Qingbao Yiswang'a Alantai Xu Yuanwen Zhang Yushu (1st time) Li Tianfu Wu Dian Xiong Cilü (2nd time) Folun Maqi (1st time) Zhang Ying Zhang Yushu (2nd time) Sihana (Xihan) Cheng Tingjing (1st time) Li Guangdi Wenda Xiao Yongzao Chen Tingjing (2nd time) Songzhu (1st time) Wang Shan Maqi (2nd time) Wang Xuling Bai Huang (1st time) Funing'an Zhang Pengge Zhang Tingyu Gao Qiwei Zhu Shi Jiang Tingxi Ma'ersai Chen Yuanlong Yintai O-er-tai Ji Zengyun Jalangga (Chalang'a)

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(b. 1620 - d. (b. 1638 - d. (d. 1699) (b. 1634 - d. (b. 1642 - d. (b. 1635 - d. (d. 1705) (b. 1635 - d. (d. 1701) (b. 1651/52 (b. 1638 - d. (s.a.)

1691) 1703)

(b. 1639 - d. (b. 1642 - d. (d. 1716) (b. 1644 - d. (s.a.) (b. 1657 - d. (b. 1645 - d. (s.a.) (b. 1642 - d. (b. 1660 - d. (d. 1728) (b. 1649 - d. (b. 1672 - d. (b. 1646 - d. (b. 1665 - d. (b. 1669 - d. (d. 1733) (b. 1652 - d. (b. 1651 - d. (b. 1680 - d. (b. 1671 - d. (b. af.1680 -

1712) 1718)

1691) 1711) 1699) 1709) d. 1739) 1708)

1729) 1735) 1728) 1725) 1737) 1725) 1755) 1727) 1736) 1732) 1736) 1738/39) 1745) 1739) d. 1747)

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Sep 1735 - Jan 1738 Dec 1736 - Aug 1744 Feb 1738 - Feb 1746 Feb 1739 - 1741 Sep 1741 - Feb 1749 Feb 1744 - Jul 1755 Jul 1745 - 1748 Feb 1746 - Feb 1747 May 1747 - 1755 Feb 1748 - 1764 Nov 1748 - 1770 Feb 1750 - May 1751 Feb 1751 - Jun 1758 Jul 1755 - 1759 Feb 1759 - 1761 Jul 1761 - 1773 Aug 1763 - Dec 1763 Dec 1763 - 1764 Jun 1764 - 1771 Sep 1764 - 1767 May 1767 - Apr 1771 Nov 1770 - Jan 1772 Apr 1771 - 1773 Jul 1771 - Feb 1779 Jan/Feb 1772-Jun/Aug 1773 Aug 1773 - 1777 Oct 1772 - 1780 Jan 1774 - 1777 Jul 1777 - 1797 Feb 1779 - 1784 Jan 1780 - Oct 1780 Jun 1780 - 1783 Sep 1780 - 1794 Sep 1783 - Jun 1785 Sep 1784 - 1786

Maizhu Xu Ben Fumin Zhao Guolin Chen Shiguan (1st time) Shi Yizhi (1st time) Noqin (Dong) Qinfu Gao Bin Laibao Fuheng Zhang Yunsui Chen Shiguan (2nd time) Huang Tinggui Jiang Bo Liu Tongxun Liang Shizheng Yang Tingzhang Yinjishan Yang Yinju Chen Hongmou A'ertai Liu Lun Gao Jin Winfu Shuhede Yu Minzhong Li Siyao Agui Sanbao Chen Jingyi Yinglian Ji Huang Cai Xin Wumitai

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(b. 1670 - d. 1738) (b. 1683 - d. 1747) (b. 1673 - d. 1756) (b. 1680 - d. 1758) (b. 1682 - d. 1736) (d. (b. (d. (b.

1749) 1683 - d. 1755) 1755) 1721 - d. 1770)

(s.a.) (b. 1691 (b. 1708 (b. 1700 (b. 1697 (b. 1688 (b. 1696 (d. 1767) (b. 1696 (d. 1773) (b. 1711 (b. 1707 (d. 1773) (b. 1711 (b. 1714 (d. 1788) (b. 1717 (d. 1784) (d. 1786) (b. 1707 (d. 1794) (b. 1707 (d. 1786)

d. d. d. d. d. d.

1759) 1761) 1773) 1763) 1772) 1771)

d. 1771) d. 1773) d. 1770) d. 1777) d. 1780) d. 1797)

d. 1783) d. 1800)

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Jul 1785 - 1787 Sep 1786 - 1799 Feb 1787 - Sep 1800 Oct 1792 - 1796 Oct 1792 - 1796 Dec 1796 - May 1797 1797 - 1805 Nov 1797 - 1805 Feb 1799 - 1806 May 1799 - 1813 Jul 1799 - 1818 Feb 1805 - 1807 Dec 1806 - Aug 1811 1807 - Jan 1810 Feb 1810 - Nov 1814 Jul 1810 - 1811 Jul 1811 - 1813 Nov 1813 - 1835 Nov 1813 - Jul 1817 Oct 1814 - Dec 1831 Aug 1817 - Jun 1821 May 1818 - 1820 Apr 1820 - May 1824 Aug 1821 - 1822 Aug 1822 - Mar 1835 Sep 1824 - 1825 Aug 1825 - Nov 1830 Nov 1830 - Apr 1833 Jan 1832 - 1834 May 1833 - Jul 1850 Mar 1835 - 1838 Mar 1835 - Aug 1836 Sep 1836 - 1852 May 1838 - Feb 1841 Jul 1838 - 1842

Liang Guozhi Hoshen Wang Jie Fukang'an Sun Shiyi Dong Gao (1st time) Liu Yong Suling'a Baoning Qinggui Dong Gao (2nd time) Zhu Gui Fukang Fei Chun Feimo Lebao Dai Quheng Liu Quanzhi Cao Zheyong (Malate) Songyun Tuojin Mingliang Zhang Xu Dai Junyuan Bolin Changling Sun Yuting Jiang Youxian Liu Yingbo Fujun Pan Shi'en Ruan Yuan Wenfu Muzhang'a Qishan Wang Ding

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(b. (b. (b. (d. (b. (b. (b.

1723 1750 1725 1796) 1720 1740 1720 -

(d. 1808) (b. 1735 (s.a.) (b. 1733 (d. 1816) (b. 1739 (b. c.1740 (b. 1756 (b. 1739 (b. 1756 (b. 1752 (b. 1755 (b. 1735 (d. 1824) (b. 1746 (b. (b. (b. (b. (b. (b. (b. (d. (b. (b. (b.

1758 1753 1766 1760 1749 1770 1764 1841) 1782 1790 1768 -

d. 1787) d. 1799) d. 1805) d. 1796) d. 1818) d. 1805)

d. 1816) d. 1807) d. 1811) - d. 1819) d. 1811) d. 1818/22) d. 1835) d. 1835) d. 1835) d. 1822) d. 1840) d. d. d. d. d. d. d.

1835) 1834) 1830/31) 1835) 1834) 1854) 1849)

d. 1856) d. 1854) d. 1842)

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Mar 1841 - 1848 Jan 1845 - 1855 Dec 1848 - Dec 1850 Jul 1850 - Jan 1855 Feb 1851 - Oct 1852 Oct 1852 - Jan 1854 Dec 1852 - 1858 Jan 1855 - Jul 1856 Oct 1855 - 1856 Jan 1856 - Jan 1857 Nov 1856 - Oct 1860 Jan 1857 - 1862 Oct 1858 Oct 1858 - Jun 1859 Feb 1859 - Oct 1860 Nov 1859 - 1867 Feb 1861 - 1871 Feb 1861 - 1867 Dec 1861 - 1862 Oct 1862 - 1871 15 Feb 1867 - 1871 10 Jun 1867 - 1871 Apr 1868 - 1872 Apr 1871 - 1872 Aug 1871 - 1874 10 Aug 1872 - 1876 16 Aug 1872 - 1901 1 Oct 1872 - 1874 18 Oct 1874 - 1885 Jul 1874 - 1884 Feb 1877 - 1878 5 Jul 1878 - 24 Oct 1880 23 Dec 1880 - 20 Oct 1881 26 Dec 1881 - 1885 23 Jun 1884 - 28 Nov 1884

Jueluo Baoxing Zhuo Bingtian Jiying (Kiying) Qi Junzao Saishanga Narjinga (Na'erjing'e) Yucheng Jia Zhen (1st time) Wenqing Ye Mingzhen Peng Yunzhang Guiliang Bojun Weng Xingcun (1st time) Ruilin (1st time) Jia Zhen (2nd time) Guanwen (1st time) Zhou Zupei Weng Xincun (2nd time) Woren Guanwen (2nd time) Zeng Guofan Zhu Fengbiao Ruichang Ruilin (2nd time) Wen Xiang Li Hongzhang Dan Moaqian Zuo Zongtang Baoyun Yingghui Zailing Quanqing Linggui WenYu

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(b. (b. (b. (b. (d.

1776 1782 1790 1793 1875)

d. d. d. d.

1848) 1855) 1858) 1866)

(d. 1858) (b. 1798 - d. 1874) (b. 1796 - d. 1856) (b. 1807 - d. 1859) (b. 1792 - d. 1862) (b. 1785 - d. 1862) (d. 1859) (b. 1791 - d. 1862) (d. 1874) (s.a.) (b. 1798 - d. 1871) (d. 1867) (s.a.) (b. af.1800 - d. 1871) (s.a.) (b. 1811 - d. 1872) (d. 1873) (d. 1872) (s.a.) (b. 1818 - d. 1876) (b. 1823 - d. 1901) (d. 1880) (b. 1812 - d. 1885) (b. 1807 - d. 1891) (b. 1798 - d. 1878/9) (d. 1883) (b. c.1820 - d. 1882/83) (d. 1885) (d. 1884)

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Nov 1884 - 15 Apr 1896 Jan 1886 - 1892 Jan 1886 - 23 Aug 1888 Jan 1889 - 20 Oct 1896 Oct 1892 - 26 Jun 1895 17 Aug 1895 - 1898 14 Jun 1896 - 1903 9 Dec 1896 - 1900 15 Jun 1898 - 1903 6 Jan 1900 - 21 Jun 1907 31 Jan 1902 - 1909 Oct 1903 - 16 Oct 1904 15 Oct 1903 - 29 Jun 1905 9 Nov 1905 - 28 Oct 1906 10 Jan 1905 - 30 Oct 1911 10 Jan 1905 - 1911 10 Aug 1907 - 1909 6 Nov 1909 - 1910 Sep 1910 - 30 Oct 1911 Sep 1910 - 30 Oct 1911 Premiers 8 May 1911 - 1 Nov 1911 2 Nov 1911 - Mar 1912 1 Jul 1917 - 12 Jul 1917

Olohubu (Elehuobu) Encheng Yan Jingming Zhang Zhiwan Fukun Linshu Kun'gang Xu Tong Runglu (Ronglu) Wang Wenshao Sun Jianai Jingxin Chongli Yüde Shi Xu Natong Zhang Zhidong Lu Zhuanlin Lu Runyang Xu Shichang

(b. (d. (b. (b. (b. (d. (d. (b. (b. (b. (b. (d. (d. (d. (b. (b. (b. (d. (d. (b.

af.1830 1892) 1817 - d. 1811 - d. af.1830 1898) 1907) 1819 - d. 1836 - d. 1830 - d. 1827 - d. 1908) 1908) 1906) 1852 - d. 1856 - d. 1837 - d. 1910) 1913) 1858 - d.

d. 1901)

Prince Yiguang Yuan Shi-kai Chang Hsün

(s.a.) (b. 1859 - d. 1916) (s.a.)

1892) 1897) d. 1895)

1900) 1903) 1908) 1909)

1921) 1925) 1909)

1939)

Polities Rebelling against the Ch'ing (Qing) Empire 1851-1872

Taiping 11 Jan 1851

Taiping tianguo (Heavenly Realm of Great Peace) inaugurated.

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25 Oct 1864

Extinguished by Qing empire.

Heavenly Kings 11 Jan 1851 - 1 Jun 1864 1 Jun 1864 - 25 Oct 1864

Hung Hsiu-ch'üan (Hong Xiuquan) Hung Fu (Hong Tianguifu)

(b. 1813 - d. 1864) (b. 1849 - d. 1864)

Shengping 9 Oct 1854 24 Jul 1858 Heavenly Kings 9 Oct 1854 - 24 Jul 1858

Shengping tianguo (Heavenly Realm of Ascending Peace) inaugurated. Extinguished by Qing empire.

Hu Youlu (to Oct 1855) + Zhu Hongying

Cheng 27 Sep 1855 21 Aug 1861 Kings 27 Sep 1855 - 21 Aug 1861

Great Cheng Realm inaugurated. Extinguished by Qing empire.

Chen Kai (styled Ping Xun wang) + Li Wenmao (to 1858)

Kashghar: see under Sinkiang

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Page 13 sur 45 Pingnan Guo 1856 - 26 Dec 1872

Pingnan Guo ("Pacified South State") is a major Islamic rebellious polity in western Yunnan province.

Qa´id Jami al-Muslimin (Leader of the Community of Muslims) (usually referred to in foreign sources as Sultan) 1856 - 26 Dec 1872 Sulayman ibn `Abd ar-Rahman (Du Wenxiu [orig. Yang Xiu])

(d. 1873)

¹According to the treaty signed between the Ch'ing (Qing) court and government of the Republic of China, P'u-i preserved the title Emperor, received annual payment from the Republic of China government, and had the right to live in the Forbidden City, to be protected by imperial troops, grant noble and honorary titles, maintain certain government organs in the Forbidden City (mainly for management of the Forbidden City and other palaces, management of imperial families, etc.). Inside the Forbidden City the dragon flag of the Ch'ing dynasty was flown. People in the Forbidden City still wore the Ch'ing official dress and used the Ch'ing calendar system. In 1922, the Emperor was married and wife was called Empress. On 5 Nov 1924, the Emperor was forced to leave the Forbidden City by a faction of the army of the Republic of China and the above mentioned privileges ended.

Warlord China 10 1 22 22 1

Oct Jan Dec Mar Jul

1911 1912 1915 1916 1917 - 12 Jul 1917

Map of China

Revolution begins. Republic of China proclaimed. Empire of China Republic of China Brief restoration of the Great Qing Empire (s.a.). Hear National Anthem "China Heroically Stands in the Universe" (Jun 1915-1916)

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Hear National Anthem "Qing Yun ge" (The Song to the Auspicious Cloud) (Jul 1921-1928 and 1937-1945 pro-Japan govts)

Constitution (11 Mar 1912; provisional)

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Map of Warlord Control

Capital: Beijing (1912-1928)

Currency: Chinese Dollar/ Yuan (CND)

Population: 485,598,900 (1925)

Note: The following provincial military governments proclaimed their independence from the Qing Empire in the name of a Republic of China in gestation at the end of 1911, and combined in a Central Military Government at the end of November. Names in parenthesis are modern pinyin transliteration (which came into general use in 1979, but is rejected by the Nationalist regime on Taiwan) following the names (i.e., Li Yuan-hung (Yuanhong). When the Wade-Giles style is unknown, the pinyin prevails. Military governors - Hupe (Hubei) 11 Oct 1911 - 30 Nov 1911 Li Yuan-hung (Yuanhong) (b. 1864 - d. 1928) - Hunan 23 Oct 1911 - 31 Oct 1911 Jiao Dafeng (b. 1887 - d. 1911) 31 Oct 1911 - 30 Nov 1911 Tan Yankai (b. 1879 - d. 1930) - Shensi (Shaanxi) 23 Oct 1911 - 30 Nov 1911 Zhang Fenghui (b. 18.. - d. 1958) - Kiangsi (Jiangxi) 24 Oct 1911 - 2 Nov 1911 Ma Yubao (b. 1864 - d. 1933) 2 Nov 1911 - 12 Nov 1911 Wu Jiezhang 12 Nov 1911 - 30 Nov 1911 Peng Chengwan - Shansi (Shanxi) 29 Oct 1911 - 30 Nov 1911 Yan Xishan (b. 1883 - d. 1960) - Yunnan 30 Oct 1911 - 30 Nov 1911 Cai E (b. 1882 - d. 1916) - Shanghai (actually called itself Military Government of the Republic of China) 4 Nov 1911 - 30 Nov 1911 Chen Qimei (b. 1878 - d. 1916) - Chekiang (Zhejiang) 4 Nov 1911 - 30 Nov 1911 Tang Shouqian (b. 1856 - d. 1917) - Kweichow (Guizhou) 5 Nov 1911 - 30 Nov 1911 Yang Jincheng (b. 1880 - d. 1922) - Kiangsu (Jiangsu) 5 Nov 1911 - 30 Nov 1911 Cheng Dequan (b. 1860 - d. 1930) - Anhwei (Anhui) -

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8 Nov 1911 - 28 Nov 1911 28 Nov 1911 - 30 Nov 1911 - Kwangsi (Guangxi) 9 Nov 1911 - 30 Nov 1911 - Fukien (Fujian 9 Nov 1911 - 30 Nov 1911 - Kwangtung (Guangdong) 9 Nov 1911 - 30 Nov 1911 - Shantung (Shandong) 13 Nov 1911 - 30 Nov 1911 - Szechwan (Sichuan) 22 Nov 1911 - 27 Nov 1911 27 Nov 1911 - 30 Nov 1911

Zhu Jiabao Sun Yuyun

(b. 1880 - d. 1923) (b. 1869 - d. 1924)

Shen Bingkun

(b. 1862 - d. 1913)

Sun Daoren

(b. 1867 - d. 1935)

Hu Hanmin

(b. 1879 - d. 1936)

Sun Baoqi

(b. 1867 - d. 1931)

Zhang Peijue Pu Dianjun

(b. 1879 - d. 1915)

Military governor (Central 30 Nov 1911 - 31 Dec 1911 Presidents 1 Jan 1912 - 10 Mar 1912 10 Mar 1912 - 22 Dec 1915

Military Government of the Republic of China) Li Yuan-hung (Yuanhong) (s.a.)

Emperor 22 Dec 1915 - 22 Mar 1916

Presidents 22 Mar 1916 7 Jun 1916 1 Jul 1917 12 Jul 1917 17 Jul 1917 10 Oct 1918 2 Jun 1922 11 Jun 1922

-

6 1 12 17 10 2 11 13

Jun Jul Jul Jul Oct Jun Jun Jun

1916 1917 1917 1917 1918 1922 1922 1923

Sun Yat-sen (provisional) Yuan Shi-kai (1st time) (provisional to 10 Oct 1913)

Mil

(b. 1866 - d. 1925) (s.a.)

Yuan Shi-kai (s.a.) nianhao 1 Jan - 22 Mar 1916: Hung Hsien (Hongxian) (note: This attempt at imperial installation of Yuan Shi-kai was not formally consummated by an enthronement, and there are questions about its actual significance) Yuan Shi-kai (2nd time) Li Yuan-hung (Yuanhong) (1st time) Restoration of Great Qing Empire Li Yuan-hung (Yuanhong) (2nd time) Feng Kuo-chang (Guozhang) Hsü Shih-chang (Xu Shichang) Chao Tzu-ch'i (Zhou Ziqi)(acting) Li Yuan-hung (Yuanhong) (3rd time)

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(s.a.) (s.a.) (s.a.) (s.a.) (b. 1859 - d. 1919) (b. 1855 - d. 1939) (b. 1871 - d. 1923) (s.a.)

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13 Jun 1923 9 10 2 24

Sep Oct Nov Nov

1923 1923 1924 1924

9 Sep 1923

- 10 Oct 1923 - 2 Nov 1924 - 24 Nov 1924 - 20 Apr 1926

20 Apr 1926 - 13 May 1926 13 May 1926 - 22 Jun 1926 22 Jun 1926 - 1 Oct 1926 1 Oct 1926 - 18 Jun 1927 18 Jun 1927 -

Premiers 13 Mar 1912 29 Jun 1912 25 Sep 1912 1 May 1913 31 Jul 1913 12 Feb 1914 Secretaries 1 May 1914

2 Jun 1928

- 27 Jun 1912 - 25 Sep 1912 - 1 May 1913 - 31 Jul 1913 - 12 Feb 1914 - 1 May 1914 of state - Dec 1915

Dec 1915 - 22 Mar 1916 22 Mar 1916 - 23 Apr 1916 23 Apr 1916 - 29 Jun 1916 Premiers 29 Jun 1916 - 23 May 1917 23 May 1917 - 28 May 1917

Chang Shao-ts'eng (Zhang Shaozeng) (b. 1879 (acting) Kao Ling-wei (Gao Lingwei)(acting) (b. 1868 T'sao K'un (Cao Kun) (b. 1862 Huang Fu (acting) (b. 1880 Tuan Ch'i-jui (Duan Qirui) (b. 1865 (provisional chief executive) Hu Wei-te (Weide) (acting) (b. 1863 Yen Hui-ching (Yan Huiqing)(acting)(b. 1877 (W.W. Yen) Tu Hsi-Kuei (Du Xigui) (acting) (b. 1875 Ku Wei-chün (Gu Weijun) (acting) (b. 1887 (Wellington Koo) Chang Tso-lin (Zhang Zuolin) (b. 1873 (Generalissimo of the Military Government

Tang Shao-yi (Shaoyi) Lu Cheng-hsiang (Zhengxiang) Chao Ping-Chün (Zhao Bingjun) Duan Qirui (acting) Xiong Xiling Sun Pao-ch'i (Baoqi) (acting)

(b. 1860 (b. 1870 (b. 1859 (s.a.) (b. 1870 (s.a.)

Hsü Shih-chang (Xu Shichang) (1st time) Lu Cheng-hsiang (Zhengxiang) (acting) Hsü Shih-chang (Xu Shichang) (2nd time) Tuan Ch'i-jui (Duan Qirui)

(s.a.)

Tuan Ch'i-jui (Duan Qirui) (1st time) Wu Tingfang (acting)

(s.a.)

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- d. 1928) -

d. d. d. d.

1943) 1938) 1936) 1936)

- d. 1933) - d. 1950) - d. 1933) - d. 1985) - d. 1928) of China)

- d. 1938) - d. 1949) - d. 1914) - d. 1941)

(s.a.) (s.a.) (s.a.)

(b. 1842 - d. 1922)

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28 May 1917 - 2 Jun 1917 2 Jun 1917 - 12 Jun 1917 12 Jun 1917 - 24 Jun 1917 24 Jun 1917 - 1 Jul 1917 1 Jul 1917 - 12 Jul 1917 14 Jul 1917 - 30 Nov 1917 30 Nov 1917 - 23 Mar 1918 23 Mar 1918 - 10 Oct 1918 10 Oct 1918 - 13 Jun 1919 13 Jun 1919 - 24 Sep 1919 24 Sep 1919 - 14 May 1920 14 May 1920 - 9 Aug 1920 9 Aug 1920 - 18 Dec 1921 18 Dec 1921 - 24 Dec 1921 24 Dec 1921 - 25 Jan 1922 25 Jan 1922 - 8 Apr 1922 8 Apr 1922 - 11 Jun 1922 11 Jun 1922 - 5 Aug 1922 5 Aug 1922 - 29 Nov 1922 29 11 4 9 12 14

Nov Dec Jan Sep Jan Sep

1922 1922 1923 1923 1924 1924

-

11 4 9 12 14 31

Dec Jan Sep Jan Sep Oct

1922 1923 1923 1924 1924 1924

Li Jingxi (1st time) (b. 1859 Hsü Shih-chang (Xu Shichang) (s.a.) Chang Shao-jong (Jiang Zhaozong) (b. 1861 (acting) Li Jingxi (2nd time) (s.a.) Restoration of Great Qing Empire (s.a.) Tuan Ch'i-jui (Duan Qirui) (s.a.) (2nd time) Weng Shizhen (acting) (b. 1861 Tuan Ch'i-jui (Duan Qirui) (s.a.) (3rd time) Ch'ien Neng-hsün (Qiang Nengxun) (b. 1869 Kung Hsin-chan (Gong Xinzhan) (b. 1869 (acting) Chin Yün-P'eng (Jin Yunpeng) (b. 1877 (1st time) (acting to 5 Nov 1919) Sa Chen-ping (Zhenbing) (acting) (b. 1859 Chin Yün-P'eng (Jin Yunpeng) (s.a.) (2nd time) (acting) Yen Hui-Ching (Yan Huiqing) (s.a.) (1st time) Liang Shi-i (Shiyi) (b. 1869 Yen Hui-Ching (Yan Huiqing) (s.a.) (2nd time) (acting) Chao Tzu-Ch'i (Zhou Ziqi) (acting) (s.a.) Yen Hui-Ching (Yan Huiqing) (s.a.) (3rd time) Wang Ch'ung-hui (Chonghui) (b. 1881 (acting) Wang Ta-hsieh (Daxie) (b. 1859 Wang Cheng-t'ing (Zhengting) (b. 1882 Cheng Shao-ts'eng (Zhang Shaozeng) (s.a.) Kao Ling-Wei (Gao Lingwei)(acting) (s.a.) Sun Pao-ch'i (Baoqi) (s.a.) Yen Hui-Ching (Yan Huiqing) (s.a.)

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- d. 1925) - d. 1943)

- d. 1930)

- d. 1924) - d. 1943) - d. 1925) - d. 1952)

- d. 1933)

- d. 1958) - d. 1929) - d. 1961)

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2 Nov 1924 - 24 Nov 1924 27 Nov 1924 - 26 Dec 1925 26 4 20 13

Dec Mar Apr May

1925 1926 1926 1926

- 4 Mar 1926 - 20 Apr 1926 - 13 May 1926 - 22 Jun 1926

22 Jun 1926 - 1 Oct 1926 1 Oct 1926 - 18 Jun 1927 18 Jun 1927 - 2 Jun 1928

(4th time) Huang Fu (acting) Tuan Ch'i-jui (Duan Qirui) (4th time) Hsu Shih-ying (Xu Shiying) Chia The-yao (Jia Deyao) Hu Wei-te (Weide) (acting) Yen Hui-Ching (Yan Huiqing) (5th time) Tu His-Kuei (Du Xigui) (acting) Ku Wei-chün (Gu Weijun) (acting) Pan Fu

(s.a.) (s.a.)

Mil

(b. 1873 - d. 1964) (b. 1880 - d. 1940) (s.a.) (s.a.) (s.a.) (s.a.) (b. 1883 - d. 1936)

"Independent" military governments in 1913 Military governors - Kiangsu (Jiangsu) 15 Jul 1913 - 29 Jul 1913 - Anhwei (Anhui) 17 Jul 1913 - 7 Aug 1913 - Kwangtung (Guangdong) 18 Jul 1913 - 3 Aug 1913 - Hunan 25 Jul 1913 - 13 Aug 1913

Cheng Dequan

(b. 1860 - d. 1930)

Bo Wenwei

(b. 1875 - d. 1947)

Chen Jiongming

(b. 1878 - d. 1933)

Tan Yankai

(s.a.)

"Independent" military governments in 1916 Military governors - Yunnan 1 Jan 1916 - 8 May 1916 - Kweichow (Guizhou) 27 Jan 1916 - 8 May 1916 - Kwangsi (Guangxi) -

Tang Jiyao

(b. 1881 - d. 1927)

Liu Xianshi

(b. 1870 - d. 1927)

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15 Mar 1916 - 8 May 1916 - Kwangtung (Guangdong) 6 Apr 1916 - 8 May 1916 - Chekiang (Zhejiang) 12 Apr 1916 - 8 May 1916

Lu Rongting

(b. 1856 - d. 1927)

Long Jiguang

(b. 1860 - d. 1921)

Lu Gongwang

(b. 1879 - d. 1954)

These came together under an umbrella government: Chairman of the Military Affairs Council 8 May 1916 - 14 Jul 1916 Tang Jiyao

(s.a.)

"Independent" military governments in 1917 Military governors - Anhwei (Anhui) 29 May 1917 - 22 Jun 1917 - Shensi (Shaanxi) 29 May 1917 - 22 Jun 1917 - Fengtian May 1917 - 22 Jun 1917 - Shantung (Shandong) May 1917 - 22 Jun 1917 - Fukein (Fujian) May 1917 - 22 Jun 1917 - Honan (Henan) May 1917 - 22 Jun 1917 - Chekiang (Zhejiang) May 1917 - 22 Jun 1917 - Chihli (Zhili) May 1917 - 22 Jun 1917

Ni Sichong

(b. 1868 - d. 1924)

Chen Shufan

(b. 1885 - d. 1949)

Chang Tso-lin (Zhang Zuolin)

(s.a.)

Zhang Huaizhi

(b. 1860 - d. 1934)

Li Houji

(b. 1869 - d. 1942)

Zhao Ti

(b. 1871 - d. 1933)

Yang Shande

(b. 1873 - d. 1919)

Cao Kun

(s.a.)

Nationalist China http://www.worldstatesmen.org/China.html PDF created with pdfFactory Pro trial version www.pdffactory.com

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Page 20 sur 45 Note: The name of of that name, has (Nanjing; Beijing Beiping after the

the polity is still Republic of China, but it overlaps the preceding polity a different flag and government system, and eventually a different capital is in fact deprived of the name-part jing, meaning capital, and is renamed demise of the "warlord" regime).

10 Sep 1917 - 5 May 1921

5 May 1921 - 1 Oct 1949

Map of China

Hear National Anthem "San Min Chu-i" (Three Principles of the People)

Text of National Anthem Adopted 3 Jun 1937

Constitution (25 Dec 1946)

Capital: Nanjing 1927-1937, 1946-1949 (Canton 1918-1927; Hankow 1937-1938, Chungking 1939-1946, and 23 Apr - 1 Dec 1949)

Hear National Anthem "Revolution of the Citizens" (1 Jul 1926-1937)

Currency: Chinese Dollar/ Yuan (CND)

Population: 481,151,700 (1936)

Generalissimo of the Military Government 10 Sep 1917 - 5 Jul 1918 Sun Yat-sen (s.a.) KMT 5 Jul 1918 - 21 Aug 1918 Governing Committee of the Military Government - Sun Yat-sen (s.a.) KMT - Tang Shao-yi (Shaoyi) (s.a.) KMT - Wu Tingfang (s.a.) KMT - Cen Chunxuan (b. 1861 - d. 1933) KMT - Lu Rongting (s.a.) KMT - Tang Jiyao (s.a.) KMT - Lin Baoyi (b. 1862 - d. 1927) KMT 21 Aug 1918 - 24 Oct 1920 Cen Chunxuan (s.a.) KMT (chairman Governing Committee of the Military Government) 24 Oct 1920 - 4 May 1921 Governing Committee of the Military Government - Sun Yat-sen (s.a.) KMT - Tang Shao-yi (Shaoyi) (s.a.) KMT

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- Wu Tingfang - Tang Jiyao Extraordinary President 5 May 1921 - 29 Jun 1922 Sun Yat-sen Generalissimos of the National Government 2 Mar 1923 - 12 Mar 1925 Sun Yat-sen 12 Mar 1925 - 1 Jul 1925 Hu Han-min (Hanmin) (acting) Chairmen of the National Government 1 Jul 1925 - 15 Apr 1926 Wang Ching-wei (Jingwei) 16 Apr 1926 - 29 Mar 1927 Tan Yankai Chairmen of the Standing Committee of the National Government 20 Mar 1927 - 13 Sep 1927 Wang Ching-wei (Jingwei)(at Wuhan) 17 Sep 1927 - 10 Oct 1928 Tan Yen-K'ai (Yankai) Chairmen of the National Government 10 Oct 1928 - 15 Dec 1931 Chiang Kai-shek (1st time) 15 Dec 1931 - 1 Aug 1943 Lin Sen (acting to 1 Jan 1932) 1 Aug 1943 - 20 May 1948 Chiang Kai-shek (2nd time) (acting to 10 Oct 1943) Presidents 20 May 1948 - 21 Jan 1949 Chiang Kai-shek 21 Jan 1949 - 1 Mar 1950 Li Tsung-jen (Zongren)(acting¹) (from 8 Dec 1949 on Taiwan) Presidents of the Executive Yuan (premiers) 10 Oct 1928 - 22 Sep 1930 Tan Yen-K'ai (Yankai) Sep 1930 - 4 Dec 1930 Sung Tzu-wen (Song Ziwen)(acting) ("T.V. Soong")(1st time) 4 Dec 1930 - 15 Dec 1931 Chiang Kai-shek (1st time) 15 Dec 1931 - 28 Dec 1931 Ch'eng Ming-hsu (Chen Mingshu) (acting) 28 Dec 1931 - 28 Jan 1932 Sun Fo (1st time) 28 Jan 1932 - 7 Dec 1935 Wang Ching-wei (Jingwei) 7 Dec 1935 - 1 Jan 1938 Chiang Kai-shek (2nd time) 1 Jan 1938 - 20 Nov 1939 K'ung Hsiang-hsi (Kong Xiangxi) ("H.H. Kung")

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(s.a.) (s.a.)

KMT KMT

(s.a.)

KMT

(s.a.) (s.a.)

KMT KMT

(b. 1883 - d. 1944) (s.a.)

KMT KMT

(s.a.) (s.a.)

KMT KMT

(b. 1887 - d. 1975) (b. 1867 - d. 1943) (s.a.)

Mil/KMT KMT Mil/KMT

(s.a.) (b. 1890 - d. 1969)

KMT KMT

(s.a.) (b. 1891 - d. 1971)

KMT KMT

(s.a.) (b. 1890 - d. 1965)

KMT KMT

(b. 1895 - d. 1973) (s.a.) (s.a.) (b. 1880 - d. 1967)

KMT KMT KMT KMT

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20 31 1 18 24 26 12 3

Nov May Mar Apr May Nov Mar Jun

1939 1945 1947 1947 1948 1948 1949 1949

-

31 1 18 24 26 12 3 7

May Mar Apr May Nov Mar Jun Mar

1945 1947 1947 1948 1948 1949 1949 1950

Chiang Kai-shek (3rd time) (s.a.) Sung Tzu-wen (Song Ziwen)(2nd time)(s.a.) Chiang Kai-shek (4th time) (s.a.) Chang Ch'ün (Zhang Qun) (b. 1889 - d. 1990) Wong Wen-hao (Weng Wenhao) (b. 1889 - d. 1971) Sun Fo (2nd time) (s.a.) Ho Ying-ch'in (He Yingqin) (b. 1889 - d. 1987) Yen Hsi-shan (Yan Xishan) (s.a.) (from 8 Dec 1949 on Taiwan)

KMT KMT KMT KMT KMT KMT KMT Mil/KMT

¹The ambiguity of the Constitutional situation leaves it unclear whether this was a vacancy or a substitution for Chiang. Party Abbreviations: KMT = Chungkuo Kuomin Tang ("Kuomintang" or Chinese Nationalist Party, Chinese nationalist, authoritarian, only legal party 1928-49 [1914-1919 Chung-hua Ke-ming Tang (Chinese Revolutionary Party]); Mil = Military

Alternative governments of the Republic of China:

Chairmen of the Standing Committee of the National Government (at Nanjing) 18 Apr 1927 - 15 Aug 1927 Chiang Kai-shek (s.a.) 26 Aug 1927 - 15 Sep 1927 Tan Yen-kai (Yankai) (s.a.)

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KMT KMT

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Chairman of the Committee of the National Government (at Beiping) 1 Sep 1930 - 31 Oct 1930 Yen Hsi-chan (Yan Xishan) (s.a.)

Mil

Chairman of the National Government (at Canton [Guangzhou]) 1 Jul 1931 - 1 Jan 1932 Wang Ching-wei (Jingwei)

(b. 1883 - d. 1944)

KMT

Chairman of the People's Government (at Fuzhou) 21 Nov 1933 - 21 Jan 1934 Li Jishen

(b. 1884 - d. 1959)

China under Japanese occupation:

17 Dec 1937 - 30 Mar 1940

11 Apr 1940 - 24 Feb 1941

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24 Feb 1941 - 3 Feb 1943

3 Feb 1943 - Aug 1945 (indoors only 24 Feb 1941 - 3 Feb 1943)

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3 Feb 1943 - Aug 1945 Outdoor State Flag

Acting Chairman of the Provisional National Government (at Peiping) 14 Dec 1937 - 30 Mar 1940 Wang Kemin (b. 1873 Acting Chairman of the Reformed National Government (at Nanjing) 28 Mar 1938 - 30 Mar 1940 Liang Hongzhi (b. 1883 Chairmen of the National Government (at Nanjing) 30 Mar 1940 - 10 Nov 1944 Wang Ching-wei (Jingwei) (b. 1883 (acting to 1940) 20 Nov 1944 - Aug 1945 Chen Gongbo (acting) (b. 1892 Japanese Commanders of Shanghai Expeditionary Army 15 Aug 1937 - 2 Dec 1937 Iwane Matsui 2 Dec 1937 - 14 Feb 1938 Prince Yasuhiko Asaka Commanders of China Expeditionary Army 22 Sep 1939 - 1 Mar 1941 Juzo Nishio 1 Mar 1941 - 23 Nov 1944 Shunroku Hata 23 Nov 1944 - 9 Sep 1945 Yasuji Okamura Commander of Central China Area Army 30 Oct 1937 - 14 Feb 1938 Iwane Matsui Commanders of Central China Expeditionary Army 14 Feb 1938 - 14 Dec 1938 Shunroku Hata 15 Sep 1938 - 23 Dec 1939 Otozo Yamada Commanders of Central Army District 1942 - 1944 Jun Ushiroku 1944 - 1945 Masakasu Kawabe Commanders of Northern China Area Army 26 Aug 1937 - 9 Dec 1938 Count Hisaichi Terauchi 9 Dec 1938 - 12 Sep 1939 Hagime Sugiyama 12 Sep 1939 - 7 Jul 1941 Hayao Tada 7 Jul 1941 - 25 Aug 1944 Yasuji Okamura 25 Aug 1944 - 22 Nov 1944 Noasaburo Okabe

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- d. 1945) - d. 1946) - d. 1944)

KMT-WC

- d. 1946)

KMT-WC

(b. 1878 - d. 1948)

(s.a.) (b. 1879 - d. 1962) (b. 1881 - d. 1965) (b. 1884 - d. 1973)

(b. (b. (b. (b. (b.

1879 1880 1882 1884 1886

-

d. d. d. d. d.

1946) 1945) 1948) 1966) 1946)

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22 Nov 1944 19 Aug 1945 Commanders of 10 Feb 1940 5 Oct 1940 1941 - 1945

19 Aug 1945 Sadamu Shimomura Sep 1945 Hiroshi Nemoto Southern China Area Army 5 Oct 1940 Rikichi Ando 26 Jun 1941 Jun Ushiroku Hisaichi Terauchi

(b. 1887 - d. 19..) (b. 1891 - d. 1961) (b. 1884 - d. 1946) (s.a.) (s.a.)

Party Abbreviations: KMT = Chungkuo Kuomin Tang ("Kuomintang" or Chinese Nationalist Party, Chinese nationalist, authoritarian, only legal party 1928-49 [1914-1919 Chung-hua Ke-ming Tang (Chinese Revolutionary Party]); KMT-WC = Kuomintang-Wang Ching-wei (Nationalist Party-Wang Ching-wei faction, personalist [Japanese puppet government 1940-44]); Mil = Military

People's Republic of China

1928 - 7 Nov 1931

1 Dec 1931 - 15 Oct 1934 19 Aug 1948 1 Oct 1949 8 Dec 1949

7 Nov 1931 - 15 Oct 1934

Adopted 1 Oct 1949

Soviet Republic of China (in Kiangsi, capital Ruijin), (referred to as the Kiangsi Soviet Republic). People's Government of North China People's Republic of China Final remnants of Nationalist government flee to Taiwan.

Note: Deng Xiaoping (Teng Hsiao-ping)(b. 1904 - d. 1997) was de facto leader from the late 1970's to the early 1990's. He did not take over the chairmanship of the State, the Government or the General Secretary of the Party, but from 1978 to his death in 1997 he was the unquestionable Paramount Leader. From Jun 1981 he was Chairman of the Military Affairs Committee. It is impossible to provide exact dates; he rose to power in the aftermath of Mao's

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death (9 Sep 1976) and became more and more frail in the 1990's (he last appeared in public 9 Feb 1994). Chairmen of the Communist Party of China (CPC) 8 Jan 1935 - 9 Sep 1976 Mao Zedong (Mao Tse-tung) (b. 1893 - d. 1976) 9 Oct 1976 - 29 Jun 1981 Hua Guofeng (Hua Kuo-feng) (b. 1921) 29 Jun 1981 - 12 Sep 1982 Hu Yaobang (b. 1915 - d. 1989) General Secretaries (top party post from 12 Sep 1982) 29 Feb 1980 - 16 Jan 1987 Hu Yaobang (s.a.) 16 Jan 1987 - 24 Jun 1989 Zhao Ziyang (acting to 2 Nov 1987) (b. 1919 - d. 2005) 24 Jun 1989 - 15 Nov 2002 Jiang Zemin (b. 1926) 15 Nov 2002 Hu Jintao (b. 1942) Chairman of 1 Dec 1931 Chairman of 19 Aug 1948 Chairman of 27 Aug 1949 Chairman of 1 Oct 1949 Chairmen¹ 27 Sep 1954 27 Apr 1959 31 Oct 1968

the Central Executive Committee of the Soviet Republic of China - 15 Oct 1934 Mao Zedong (Mao Tse-tung) (s.a.) the People's Government of North China - 1 Oct 1949 Dong Biwu (Tung Pi-wu) (b. 1886 - d. 1975) the People's Government of the North-East - 1 Oct 1949 Gao Gang (b. 1895 - d. 1954) the Central People's Government - 27 Sep 1954 Mao Zedong (s.a.)

24 Feb 1972 Chairmen of 17 Jan 1975 6 Jul 1976 5 Mar 1978 Presidents² 18 Jun 1983 8 Apr 1988

- 17 Jan 1975 the Permanent - 6 Jul 1976 - 5 Mar 1978 - 18 Jun 1983

- 27 Apr 1959 - 31 Oct 1968 - 24 Feb 1972

- 8 Apr 1988 - 27 Mar 1993

Mao Zedong (s.a.) Liu Shaoqi (Liu Shao-ch'i) (b. 1898 - d. 1969) Dong Biwu (s.a.) + Song Qingling (f) (acting) (b. 1893 - d. 1981) (Sung Ch'ing-ling) Dong Biwu (acting) (s.a.) Standing Committee of the National People's Congress² Zhu De (Chu Teh) (b. 1886 - d. 1976) Vacant³ Ye Jianying (b. 1897 - d. 1986) Li Xiannian Yang Shangkun

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(b. 1909 - d. 1992) (b. 1907 - d. 1998)

CPC CPC CPC CPC CPC CPC CPC CPC CPC CPC CPC CPC

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27 Mar 1993 - 15 Mar 2003 15 Mar 2003 -

Jiang Zemin Hu Jintao

(s.a.) (s.a.)

CPC CPC

Premiers 1 Oct 1949 4 Feb 1976 10 Sep 1980 24 Nov 1987 17 Mar 1998 16 Mar 2003

Zhou Enlai (Chou En-lai) Hua Guofeng (acting to 7 Apr 1976) Zhao Ziyang Li Peng (acting to 9 Apr 1988) Zhu Rongji Wen Jiabao

(b. 1898 - d. 1976) (s.a.) (s.a.) (b. 1928) (b. 1928) (b. 1942)

CPC CPC CPC CPC CPC CPC

-

8 10 24 17 16

Jan Sep Nov Mar Mar

1976 1980 1987 1998 2003

²The title "chairman" for the heads of state in 1954-75 represents the same Chinese term (zhuxi) that is commonly translated "president" for the heads of state after 1983.

³Vice-chairmen of the Standing Committee during the vacancy: Wu De (b. 1914 - d. 1995), Song Qingling (f) (b. 1893 - d. 1981), Liu Bocheng (b. 1892 - d. 1986), Wei Guoqing (b. 1913 - d. 1989), Seypidin (b. 1915 - d. 2003), Chen Yun (b. 1905 - d. 1995), Tan Zhenlin (b. 1902 - d. 1983), Li Jingquan (b. 1909 - d. 1989), Ulanhu (b. 1906 - d. 1988), Guo Moruo (b. 1892 - d. 1978), Xu Xiangqian (b. 1901 - d. 1990), Nie Rongzhen (b. 1899 - d. 1992), Zhang Dingcheng (b. 1898 - d. 1981), Cai Chang (f) (b. 1900 - d. 1990), Ngapoi Ngawang Jigme (b. 1910), Zhou Jianren (b. 1888 - d. 1984), Xu Deheng (b. 1890 - d. 1990), Hu Juewen (b. 1895 - d. 1989), Li Suwen (f) (b. 1933), Yao Lianwei (b. 1935), and, from 2 Dec 1976, Deng Yingchao (f) (b. 1904 d. 1992). Territorial Disputes: Based on principles drafted in 2005, China and India continue discussions to resolve all aspects of their extensive boundary and territorial disputes together with a security and foreign policy dialogue to consolidate discussions related to the boundary, regional nuclear proliferation, and other matters; recent talks and confidencebuilding measures have begun to defuse tensions over Kashmir, site of the world's largest and most militarized territorial dispute with portions under the de facto administration of China (Aksai Chin), India (Jammu and Kashmir), and Pakistan (Azad Kashmir and Northern Areas); India does not recognize Pakistan's ceding historic Kashmir lands to China in 1964; lacking any treaty describing the boundary, Bhutan and China continue negotiations to establish a boundary alignment to resolve substantial cartographic discrepancies, the largest of which lies in Bhutan's northwest; China asserts sovereignty over the Spratly Islands together with Malaysia, Philippines, Taiwan, Vietnam, and possibly Brunei; the 2002 "Declaration on the Conduct of Parties in the South China Sea" eased tensions in the Spratlys but is not the legally binding "code of conduct" sought by some parties; Vietnam and China continue to expand construction of

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Page 28 sur 45 facilities in the Spratlys and in Mar 2005, the national oil companies of China, the Philippines, and Vietnam signed a joint accord on marine seismic activities in the Spratly Islands; China occupies some of the Paracel Islands also claimed by Vietnam and Taiwan; China and Taiwan continue to reject both Japan's claims to the uninhabited islands of Senkaku-shoto (Diaoyu Tai) and Japan's unilaterally declared equidistance line in the East China Sea, the site of intensive hydrocarbon prospecting; certain islands in the Yalu and Tumen rivers are in dispute with North Korea; China seeks to stem illegal migration of North Koreans; China and Russia have demarcated the once disputed islands at the Amur and Ussuri confluence and in the Argun River in accordance with their 2004 Agreement; in 2006, China and Tajikistan pledged to commence demarcation of the revised boundary agreed to in the delimitation of 2002; demarcation of the China-Vietnam land boundary proceeds slowly and although the maritime boundary delimitation and fisheries agreements were ratified in Jun 2004, implementation remains stalled; in 2004, international environmentalist and political pressure from Burma and Thailand prompted China to halt construction of 13 dams on the Salween River. Party Abbreviations: CPC = Communist Party of China (communist, authoritarian, only legal party since 1 Oct 1949); Mil = Military;

Manchuria (Manchukuo)

May 1922 - 18 Sep 1931

Map of Manchukuo

Capital: Changchun (Hsinking or Japanese: Shinkyo)

9 Mar 1932 - 1 Mar 1934

Hear National Anthem "National Anthem of the Great Manchu Empire" (5 Feb 1942 - 15 Aug 1945) Currency (1932-1945): Manchukuo Yuan (CNMY)

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1 Mar 1934 - 15 Aug 1945

Hear Former Anthem "Nation's Founding Song" (24 Feb 1933 - 15 Aug 1942)

Constitution (1 Mar 1934; in German)

National Holiday: 1 Mar (1934) State Foundation Population: 43,233 954 (1940) Celebration Day (850,000 Japanese by 1945) ------------------------------7 Feb (1906)

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Emperor's Birthday Exports: $148.9 million (1937) Imports: $221.7 million (1937) GDP: $N/A note: excluding trade with the rest of China Total Armed Forces: 111,044 (1934) Japanese Troops: est. 1,000,000 (1945) International Organizations/Treaties: None 1897 - 1917 21 May 1900 - 10 Mar 1905 10 Mar 1905 - 15 Apr 1907 1916 1922 29 Dec 18 Sep 9 Mar 21 Jan 1 Mar 9 Aug 15 Aug

1928 1931 1932 1933 1934 1945 1945 - May 1946

Ethnic groups: Chinese (no differentiation between Manchurian & Chinese) 95%, Korean 3%, Japanese 1.5% (1938) Relgions: Buddhist, Lamanist, Taoist, Roman Catholic, Shinto, Protesant

Russian protectorate over Manchuria (from Sep 1905, only northern Manchuria). Russian occupation. Southern Manchuria occupied by Japan. Manchuria under warlord control (nominally still of of the Republic of China). Declared to be autonomous by local warlord. Manchuria "formally" reunified with China. Japanese invasion and occupation begins. Great Manchu State (Manchukuo [Manzhouguo])(not recognized¹). Chinese province of Jehol annexed. Great Manchu Empire Soviet forces begin invasion. Occupied by the Soviet Union.

Russian Military Governors 21 May 1900 - 25 Oct 1904 Yevgeny Ivanovich Alekseyev (b. 1843 25 Oct 1904 - 16 Mar 1905 Aleksey Nikolayevich Kuropatkin (b. 1848 Japanese Military Governors 10 Mar 1905 - 15 Apr 1907 .... Military Governors 1916 - 7 Jun 1928 Chang Tso-lin (Zhang Zuolin) (b. 1873 (civil governor from 13 May 1922) 7 Jun 1928 - 18 Sep 1931 Chang Hsüeh-liang (Zhang Xuelian) (b. 1901 18 Sep 1931 - 9 Mar 1932 Jiro Minami (military governor) (b. 1874 Chief Executive 9 Mar 1932 - 1 Mar 1934 Pu-yi ("Henry" Puyi) (b. 1906 nianhao: Hsüan-T'ung (Datong) (1908-1912, Jul 1917 Emperor of China)

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- d. 1918) - d. 1925)

- d. 1928) - d. 2001) - d. 1957) - d. 1967)

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Page 30 sur 45 Emperor 1 Mar 1934 - 15 Aug 1945

Pu-yi nianhao: Kang Teh (Kangde)

(s.a.)

Soviet Military Governor 15 Aug 1945 - May 1946

Aleksandr Mikhailovich Vasilevsky

(b. 1895 - d. 1977)

Premiers 9 Mar 1932 - 21 May 1935 21 May 1935 - 15 Aug 1945

Chang Hsiao-hisn (Zheng Xiaoxu) Chang Ching-hui (Zhang Jinghui)

(b. 1860 - d. 1938) (b. 1871 - d. 1959)

Japanese Ambassadors 1 Aug 1931 - 8 Aug 8 Aug 1932 - 27 Jul 29 Jul 1933 - 10 Dec 10 Dec 1934 - 6 Mar 6 Mar 1936 - 7 Sep 7 Sep 1939 - 18 Jul 18 Jul 1944 - 11 Aug

(and Commanders of the Kwantung Army) 1932 Baron Shigeru Honjo 1933 Baron Nobuyoshi Muto 1934 Takashi Hishikari 1936 Jiro Minami 1939 Kenkichi Ueda 1944 Yoshijiro Umezu 1945 Otozo Yamada

(b. (b. (b. (b. (b. (b. (b.

1876 1868 1871 1874 1875 1882 1881

-

d. d. d. d. d. d. d.

1945) 1933) 1952) 1955) 1962) 1949) 1965)

¹the following 18 countries established official or unofficial diplomatic relations with Manchukuo: Japan (15 Sep 1932), El Salvador (3 Mar 1934), Vatican City (18 Apr 1934), Italy (29 Nov 1937), Spain (2 Dec 1937), Germany (12 May 1938), Poland (18 Oct 1938), Hungary (9 Jan 1939), Bulgaria (10 May 1940), Slovakia (1 Sep 1940), Japanese-sponsored National Government China (30 Nov 1940), Rumania (1 Dec 1940), Finland (18 Jul 1941), Denmark (Aug 1941), Croatia (2 Aug 1941), Thailand (5 Aug 1941), Japanese-sponsored Philippine Republic (1943) and Japanese-sponsored Provisional Government of Free India (1944).

Inner Mongolia (Meng Chiang)

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1934 - 1936 Mongolian League

Capital: Hohohoto (Hohhot [Pailingmiao]) 23 Apr 1934 22 Dec 1935 28 Jun 1936

22 Nov 1937

Aug 1949 - Dec 1949

28 Jun 1936 - 1 Sep 1939

Currency (1936-1945): Meng Chiang Yuan (CNPM)

Articles of Corporation (1 Sep 1939)

Population: 7,174,200 (1936)

Mongols in Inner Mongolia establish autonomous Mongolian Federation (or League). Independence declared. Japanese form Mongol provinces into the Mengjiang Joint Committee (Meng-chiang) parallel to the Japanese puppet Provisional Government of the Republic of China, then later subordinate to the Japanese puppet National Government of the Republic of China (in former Chahar and Suiyuan provinces). Menggu zizhi bang (Mêng-ku Tzu-chih Pang [Menggu/Manzhou), the Mongolian Federated Autonomous Government formed (Mongol (Mongol Obesbeen Jasaha Uls). Inner Mongolia Autonomous Government

Chairman of the Autonomous Political Council 23 Apr 1934 - 8 Dec 1937 Dewang (Prince Teh [Demcuk Dongrup]) Chairman of Inner Mongolia Federation 8 Dec 1937 - Dec 1949 Dewang Commanders of 1936 - 1937 28 Dec 1937 31 Aug 1939 12 Sep 1939 -

1 Sep 1939 - 10 Sep 1945

(b. 1902 - d. 1966)

(s.a.)

the Japanese Garrison Army in (Inner) Mongolia Hideki Tojo (b. 1884 - d. 31 Aug 1939 Shigeru Hasunuma (b. 1883 - d. 12 Sep 1939 Hagime Sugiyama (b. 1880 - d. 29 Sep 1940 Noasaburo Okabe (b. 1886 - d.

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1948) 19..) 1945) 1946)

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29 20 2 28 22

Sep Jan Mar May Nov

1940 1941 1942 1943 1944

-

20 2 28 22 19

Jan Mar May Nov Aug

1941 1942 1943 1944 1945

Masataka Yamawaki Shigetaro Amakasu Ichiro Shichida Yushio Kozuki Hiroshi Nemoto

(b. 1884 - d. 19..) (b. 1887 - d. 1958) (b. 1886 - d. 19..) (b. 1891 - d. 1961)

Kashgaria/East Turkestan

12 Dec 1933 - 6 Feb 1934 Islamic Republic of Eastern Turkestan

Capital: Kashgar

1514 17th cent.

c.1678

1694 - 1720 Jul 1759 - May 1826 1820 - 1828 1864 1870 28 Dec 1877

12 Nov 1944 - 16 Jun 1946 East Turkestan Republic

National Anthem (1933-1934) "Qozghal, Birlesh" (March, Unite)

Population: 4,360,000 (1943)

Khanate of Kashgaria founded part of Djagataide Khanate. Divided into several minor khanates without importance, real power going to the so-called Khwaja, Arabic islamic religious leaders. Hidayat Allah Hazrat Apaq of the Aqtaghlik, with the help of the Dzungars, deposed the last Djagataide Khan and ousted the rival Qartaghlik, becoming the real ruler of Kashgaria under Dzungar (Dörben Oyirad) protection. Occupied by Dörben Oyirad. Occupied by Qing Empire. Aqtaghliq rebellion. Detached from the Qing Empire Kingdom of Qäshqäriyä (Kashgaria). Polity renamed Jiti Shahar. Re-incorporated into Qing empire.

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Page 33 sur 45 1888 1928 - 16 Jun 1946 12 Dec 1933 - 6 Feb 1934

16 12 16 1

Jan Nov Jun Oct

1943 1944 - 16 Jun 1946 1946 1955

Khans c.1693 - 1720 1720 - 1754 1754 - 1757 1757 1757 - Aug 1759 1820 - 1828 Sep 1830 - Dec 1830 May 1857 - Aug 1857 1864 - Feb 1865 Feb 1865 - 1866 1866 1866 - 1867 1867 -

6 Dec 1873

Eastern Turkestan formally annexed to Qing Empire, renamed Sinkiang (Xinjiang). De facto autonomous from central Chinese government. Islamic Republic of Eastern Turkestan (in rebellion) (also known as Uighuristan or Turkish Islamic Republic of East Turkestan). Re-incorporation into China declared. East Turkestan Republic (in rebellion) Re-incorporated into China. Creation of Xinjiang Ughur Autonomous Region.

Ahmed Khan (d. Daniyal Khwaja (2nd time) Yusuf ibn Daniyal `Abd Allah Badshah Khwaja ibn Yusuf Burhan ad-Din ibn Ahmad (d. Jahangir Hodja (in rebellion) (b. Muhammad Yusuf Hodja (in rebellion) Wali Khan (in rebellion) Qutlugh Beg Buzurg Khwaja ibn Jahangir Khan (1st time) Muhammad Amin ibn Jahangir Khan Buzurg Khwaja ibn Jahangir Khan (2nd time) Muhammad Ya`qub Beg ibn Pir (b. Muhammad Mirza

Amir Khans 6 Dec 1873 - 29 May 1877

Muhammad Ya`qub Beg ibn Pir Muhammad Mirza 29 May 1877 - 28 Dec 1877 Quli Beg ibn Muhammad Ya`qub Beg President of the Turkish-Islamic Republic of East Turkestan 12 Dec 1933 - 6 Feb 1934 Xoca Niyaz Haci President of East Turkestan Republic

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af.1720)

1760) 1783? - d. 1828)

c.1820 - d. 1877)

(s.a.) (b. 1821 - d. 1877) (b. 1887 - d. 1938)

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Page 34 sur 45 12 Nov 1944 - 16 Jun 1946

Alikhan Tore

Prime minister Dec 1933 - Feb 1934

Abdul-Bakr Tabit Damla

(b. 1885 - d. 1976)

Dörben Oyriad (Dzungar Khanate) 1626

1755 - 4 Oct 1755 4 Oct 1755 - 4 Oct 1757 Mar 1756 4 Oct 1757

Dörben Oyriad (Four Confederates) or Dzungar Kalmyk (or Kalmuck) Khanate formed. Covering Xinjiang region of China, Kyrgyzstan, eastern Kazakhstan, and western Mongolia. Tributary of China. In rebellion against Chinese suzerainty. Annexed by China. Dissolved.

Khans (2 Dec 1717 - 1720 also styled Protectors of Tibet) c.1676 - 3 May 1697 Galdan Khan 1697 - 1727 Tsewang Rabdan 1727 - Aug/Sep 1745 Galdan Tsereng 1745 - 1750 Tsewang Dordji Namgyal (Bayan Khan) 1750 - 1753 Lama Dardja 1753 - 1755 Dawadji 1755 - 4 Oct 1757 Amursana (from 4 Oct 1755, in rebellion) Chinese Imperial Commissioner 1755 - 4 Oct 1755 Pan Ti

(b. 1645 - d. 1697) (d. 1745) (d. 1753) (d. 1759) (b. 1722 - d. 1757)

(d. 1755)

Tibet

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1920 - c.1925

c.1925 - 7 Oct 1950

Hear National Anthem "Gyallu"

Map of Tibet to 1950

Text of National Anthem Adopted 1949 (or 1960)

National Holiday (to 1951): 7 Jul (1935) Dali Lama's Birthday International Organizations/Treaties: 1912-1950 None; Govt. in Exile: UNPO (from 1991) Tibetan Buddhism Capital: Lhasa

c.600 842 - 1244 1244 - 1358 c.1642 - 2 2 Dec 1717 1720 24 Mar 1856 3 Aug 1904 7 Sep 1904

Dec 1717 - 1720 - 7 Sep 1904 - 23 Sep 1904

7 Sep 1904 - 1947 Apr 1906 - Feb 1908 24 Apr 1906 28 Oct 1912 Jan 1913 3 Jul 1914

Currency (1912-1951): Tibetan Silver Rupee (TBR)

Constitution Charter of the Tibetans in Exile (14 Jun 1991) Population: 1,700,000 (1947)

Kingdom of Tibet State fragmented. Under Mongol rule. Under suzerainty of the Kochot Khanate. Under suzerainty of the Dörben Oyriad. Under suzerainty of the Qing (Chinese) Empire. Makes tributary payments to Nepal. British occupations of Lhasa. Convention of Lhasa accords Britain commercial agents in the Tibetan cities of Gyantse, Gartok and Yatung. Under British influence. British occupation of Lhasa and Chumbi valley. Britain recognizes Chinese suzerainty by Treaty of Peking. Dalai Lama rejects inclusion in the Republic of China. Nominally independent (Kingdom of Tibet), de jure still part of China (officially from 8 Mar 1913). By Convention of Simla, all of Tibet, Inner and Outer, recognized by Britain as "state under the suzerainty but not the sovereignty of China."

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7 Oct 1950 23 May 1951

Chinese invasion and occupation. Annexed by China (see Tibetan region)

Note: Although the dates are firm in the Tibetan calendar, the correspondence between the Tibetan and the Gregorian calendars is only approximate, as are, consequently, the dates given here. Khans (styled Protectors of Tibet) 1656 - 1670 Dayan Khan 1670 - 1700 Dalai Khan 1700 - 2 Dec 1717 Latsang Khan (d. 2 Dec 1717 - 1720 Tsewang Rabdan Secular rulers (title Junwang, usually translated king) 11 Jan 1740 - 12 Mar 1747 Pho-lha-nas bSod-nams-stobs-rgyas (d. "Mi-dbang Pho-lha" 1747 - 11 Nov 1750 Pho-lha-nas 'Gyur-med-rnam-rgyal (d. "Ta-la'i-ba-dur" Dalai Lamas 1679 - 1703 Sangs-rgye rgya-mtsho (Sangye Gyatso) (adminstrator to 1683, then regent) 8 Dec 1697 - 27 Jun 1706 Rin-chen-blo-bzang-rig-'dzinstshangs-dbyangs-rgya-mtsho (6th Dalai Lama) (b. 1703 - 1706 Ngag-dbang rin-chen -Regent (Ngawang rinchen) 27 Jun 1706 - 1707 Vacant 1707 - 1717 Ngag-dbang-ye-shes-rgya-mtsho (b. (usurping Dalai Lama) 1717 - 1720 sTag-rtse-zhabs-drung -Regent (Taktse Shabdrung) 1720 - 1721 Yan-xin -Chinese administrator 16 Oct 1720 - 22 Mar 1757 rGyal-dbang-blo-bzang-bskalbzang-rgya-mtsho (7th Dalai Lama) (b. (ritually presumed to have ruled from 22 Mar 1757 - 29 Apr 1757 Council of Ministers

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1717)

1747) 1750)

1683 - d. 1706)

1681/5 - d. 1723)

1708 - d. 1757) 1708)

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29 Apr 1757 - 28 Aug 1762 28 Aug 1762 - 19 Nov 1804 1804 -

5 Mar 1808

5 Mar 1808 - 26 Mar 1815 1815 - 28 Mar 1819

30 Mar 1819 -

6 Feb 1822

6 Feb 1822 - 30 Sep 1837 30 Sep 1837 - 29 Sep 1841

29 Sep 1841 - 31 Jan 1856 31 Jan 1856 - 1856 1856 - 26 Feb 1858

26 Feb 1858 - 25 Apr 1875 25 Apr 1875 - 1875 1875 - 12 Feb 1878

12 Feb 1878 - 17 Dec 1933

De-mo sprul-sku Ngag-dbang-'jam(d. 1770) dpal-bde-legs-rgya-mtsho -Regent Blo-bzang-'jam-dpal-rgya-mtsho (8th Dalai Lama) (b. 1758 Kun-bde-gling rTa-tshag-rje-drung- (d. 1810) sprul-sku Ye-shes-blo-bzangbstan-pa'i-mgon-po -Regent Blo-bzang-lung-rtogs-rgya-mtsho (9th Dalai Lama) (b. 1806 De-mo sPrul-sku Blo-bzang-thubbstan-'jigs-med-rgya(d. 1819) mtsho -Regent mTsho-smon-gling sPrul-sku (d. 1844) Ngag-dbang-'jam-dpal-tshul-khrims (1st time) -Regent Blo-bzang-tshul-khrims-rgya-mtsho (10th Dalai Lama) (b. 1816 mTsho-smon-gling sPrul-sku (s.a.) Ngag-dbang-'jam-dpal-tshul-khrims (2nd time) -Regent Blo-bzang-mkhas'-grub-rgya-mtsho (11th Dalai Lama) (b. 1838 Council of Ministers Rva-sgreng sPrul-sku Ngag-dbang(d. 1888) ye-shes-tshul-khrims-rgyalmtshan -Regent Ngag-dbang-blo-bzang-'phrin-lasrgya-mtsho (12th Dalai Lama) (b. 1856 Council of Ministers Kun-bde-gling sPrul-sku rTa-tshagrje-drung-ngag-dbang-dpal-ldanchos-kyi-rgyal-mtshan -Regent Ngag-dbang-blo-bzang-thub-bstanrgya-mtsho-'jigs-bral-dbang-phyugphyogs-las-rnam-rgyal

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d. 1804)

d. 1815)

d. 1837)

d. 1856)

d. 1875)

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30 Jul 1904 - 1910

23 Feb 1910 - 1913

17 Dec 1933 - Jan 1934 Jan 1934 - 25 Aug 1939

25 Aug 1939 -

16 Jan 1941 - 1950 31 Mar 1959 - Dec 1964

(13th Dalai Lama) (b. 1876 - d. 1933) (30 Jul 1904 - 25 Dec 1909 in Mongolia, later China exile; 25 Feb 1910 - Jun 1912 in exile in India) Ganden Tripa Rimpoche Lobzang Gyaltsen Lamashar - Administrator (for exiled Dalai Lama) Gaden Tripa Tsmoling Rimpoche Ngawang Lozang - Administrator (for exiled Dalai Lama) Council of Ministers Rva-sgreng sPrul-sku Thub-bstan(b. 1911 - d. 1947) 'jam-dpal-ye-shes-rgyal-mtshan -Regent (regent [for the Dalai Lama to 16 Jan 1941]) rJe-btsun-'Jam-dpal-ngag-dbangblo-bzang-ye-shes-bstan-'dzinrgya-mtsho (14th Dalai Lama) (b. 1935) (Head of state Mar 1951 - Mar 1959) (from 31 Mar 1959 in exile [from 1 May 1960 in Dharamsala, India]) Stag-brag ngag-dbang gsung-rab -Regent (Taktra Rimpoche Sungrab Ngawang) Bskal-bzang Tshe-brtan -Head of state (10th Panchen Lama) (b. 1938 - d. 1989)

Military Commander-in-chief Jan 1951 - Feb 1967 Zhang Guohua

Regents 1679 - 1705 1705 - 1706 1706 - 1717 1717 - 1720 Chinese Administrator 1720 - 1721 Regents

(b. 1914 - d. 1972)

A-bar Sans-rgyas rGya-mts'o Ngag-dban Rin-ch'en IHa-bzang Sa-skyong sTags-rTse-pa lHa-rgyal-rabbrtan Yan-xin

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1721 - 1727 1727 - 1728

1728 1740 1750 1751 1757

-

1740 1750 1751 1757 1777

1777 - 1781 1781 - 1789 1789 - 1790

1791 - Apr 1791 1791 - 1810

1811 - 1819

1819 - Sep 1844 1844 - May 1845

May 1845 - 1855

1855 - 1856 1856 - 1862

K'an-tsen-nas bdSod-nams rGyal-po Triumvirate - Na-p'od-pa rDo-rje rGyal-po - Lum-pa-nas bKra-shis rGyal-po - sByar-ra-ba bLo-gros rGyal-po P'o-lha-nas bSod-nams-sLobs-rgas dGyur-med rNam-rgyal dGa'-bzhi Pandita (acting) Vacant De-mo Qutuqtu (Demo Trulku Jampel Delek) gNag-dban Ts'ul-k'rims (1st time) (Tsemoling Ngawang Tsultrim) Vacant rTa-ts'ag sPrul-sku Ye-'ses bLo-bzan bsTan-pa'i mGing-po (1st time) (Tenpai Gonpo Kindeling) gNag-dban Ts'ul-k'rims (2nd time) rTa-ts'ag sPrul-sku Ye-'ses bLo-bzan bsTan-pa'i mGing-po (2nd time) De-mo bLo-bzan t'ub-bstan Jigs-med rGya-mts'o (Demo Thubten Jigme) gNag-dban Jam-dpal Ts'ul-k'rims (Jampel Tsultrim Tsemoling) Blo-bzang-bstan-pa'i-nyi-ma (7th Panchen Lama) (Tenpai Nyima) gNag-dban Ye-'ses Ts'ul-k'rims rGyal-mts'an (1st time) (Yeshe Gyastso Rating) Vacant gNag-dban Ye-'ses Ts'ul-k'rims

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(d. 1777) (d. 1791)

(d. 1810)

(s.a.) (s.a.)

(d. 1819)

(b. 1781 - d. 1854)

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1862 - Sep 1864 1864 - 1872 1872 - 1875 1875 - 1886

1886 - 1895

1895 - 1913 1913 - 1934 Jan 1934 - Feb 1941

Feb 1941 - Nov 1950

rGyal-mts'an (2nd time) bSad-sgra dBan-p'yug rGyal-po (d. 1864) (Wangchuck Gyalpo Shatra) bLo-bzan mK'yen-rab dBang-p'yug (Khenrab Wangchuk Dedrug) Vacant gNag-dban dPal-ldan c'os-kyi (d. 1886) rGyal-mts'an (Choskyi Gyaltsen Kundeling) gNag-dban bLo-bzan 'P'rin-las Rab-rgyas (Demo Trinley Rabgyas) Ganden Tripa Isomolin Rimpoch'e Vacant T'ub-bstan 'Jam-dpal Ye-'ses rGyal-mts'an (Rating Rimpoche = Jampal Yeshe) gNag-dban gSun-rab gRub-t'ob bsTan-pa' (Tatkra Rimpoche Ngawang Sungrab)

Presidents of the Council of Ministers (Prime ministers [style Desi]) (usually serving jointly) 1862 - Sep 1864 bSad-sgra dBan-p'yug rGyal-po (d. 1864) (Wangchuck Gyalpo Shatra) 1864 - 1907 Post abolished 1907 - 1920 Changkhyim (d. 1920) 1907 - 1923 Paljor Dorje Shatra (d. 1923) 1907 - 1926 Sholkhang (d. 1926) 1926 - 1940 Silong Yakkyi Langdun 1950 - Apr 1952 Lozang Tashi

Chinese ambans (representatives of the emperors at the court of the Dalai Lama) 1709 - 1711 Ho Shou -Envoy

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1720 1721 1723 1724 1726

-

1721 1723 1724 1726

1727 - 1728 1728 - 1728 1728 - 1733 1733 - 1734 1733 - 1734 1734 1734 1737 1739 1742 1745 1747 1747 1748 1748 1749 1750 1750 1751 1751 1751

-

1752 1754 1757 1761

-

1737 1739 1741? 1745 1747 1748 1748

- 1749 - 1750

- 1751 - 1751 - 1752 1754 1757 1761 1764

Yanxin -Military commandant Ts'eban Norbu -Military commandant Orai Vacant Oci + Bandi Sengko (1st time) -Envoy + Mai-u (2nd time) -Envoy Jalangga -Military commandant Sengko (2nd time) + Mailu (2nd time) Qingbu + Miyuser Nasutai (1st time) + Arxun Nasutai (2nd time) Hanggilu Jishan (1s time) Sopai (1st time) Fujing (1st time) Sopai (2nd time) Fujing (2nd time) Sopai (3rd time) Labdon (La-bu-dun) Jishan (2nd time) Fujing (3rd time) Jishan (3rd time) Bandi (1st time) Ts'ebin -Commissioner Bandi (2nd time) + rNamrgyal Duoerji Salashan Guanbao (1st time) Funai

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(d. 1750) (s.a.) (b. 1703 - d. 1750) (s.a.)

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1764 1766 1767 1773 1775 1779 1780 1785 1786 1788 1788 1790 1790 1791 1791 1792 1792 1794 1799 1803 1804 1805 1808 1811 1812 1814 1817 1820 1823 1827 1830 1833 1834 1835

-

1766 1767 1773 1775 1779 1780 1785 1786 1788 1789 1790

- 1791 -

1792 1793 1794 1799 1803 1804 1805 1808 1811 1812 1813 1817 1820 1823 1827 1830 1833 1834 1835 1836

Aminertu (Amiletu) Guanbao (2nd time) Manggulai Wumitai Liubaozhu (1st time) Suolin Beqing'e Liubaozhu (2nd time) Yamantai Fozhi Shulian + Bazhong Pufu Bao-tai Kuilin Ehui Chengde Helin Songyun Yingshan Funing Ts'e-pa-k'e (Cebake) Yuning Wenbi Yangchun (Yangchun-bao) Hutuli Ximing Yulin Wen'gan (Wenning) Songting Huixian Xingke Longwen Wenwei Qinglu

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1836 - 1839 Guanshengbao 1839 - 1842 Mengbao 1843 - 1847 Qishan 1847 - 1848 Binliang 1848 - 1852 Mutenge 1852 Haimei 1852 - 1854 Zhunling 1854 - 1857 Hetehe 1857 - 1862 Manqing 1862 - 1869 Jing Wen 1869 - 1872 Enlin 1872 - 1874 Chengii 1874 - 1879 Songgui 1879 - 1885 Selenge 1885 - 1888 Wenshi 1886 - 1888 Wenshi 1888 - 1892 Shengtai 1893 - 1897 Kuihan 1897 - 1902 Wenhai 1902 - 1904 Yugang 1904 - 1906 Yutai 1906 - 1912 Lianyu Chinese Special Envoys to Tibet 9 May 1912 - 2 Apr 1914 Zhong Ying 2 Apr 1914 - 16 May 1924 Lu Xingqi 2 Mar 1916 - 16 May 1924 Li Jiazhe (acting for Lu) British Agents (resident in Sikkim 1908-1937) 1902 - 1921 Charles A. Bell 1921 - 1928 Frederick Marshman Bailey 1928 - 1932 Leslie Weir 1932 - 1935 Frederick Williamson 1935 - 1937 Basil Gould Feb 1937 - 1940 Hugh Edward Richardson (1st time) 1943 - 1945 George Sheriff 1945 - 1947? Sir Basil J. Gould

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(b. (b. (b. (b. (b. (b.

1870 1882 1883 1891 1883 1905

-

d. d. d. d. d. d.

1945) 1967) 1950) 1935) 1956) 2000)

(b. 1883 - d. 1956)

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Page 44 sur 45 1947 - 1950 Indian Trade Agents 1950 1950 - Jan 1951

Hugh Edward Richardson (2nd time)

(s.a.)

Surendra Mohan Krishnatry S. Sinha

(b. 1921)

Tibet Government in Exile: Central Tibetan Administration

Dalai Lama 25 Aug 1939 -

rJe-btsun-'Jam-dpal-ngag-dbangblo-bzang-ye-shes-bstan-'dzinrgya-mtsho (14th Dalai Lama) (s.a.) (from 31 Mar 1959 in exile [from 1 May 1960 in Dharamsala, India])

Chairmen of the Cabinet (Kalon Tripa)(in exile) 1959 - 1960 Jangsa Tsang 1960 - 1965 Zurkhang Ngawang Gelek 1965 - 1970 Shenkha Gurney Topgyal 1970 - 1975 Garang Lobsang Rigzin 1975 - 1980 Kunling Woeser Gyaltso 1980 - 1985 Wangue Dorji 1985 - May 1990 Juchen Thupten Namgyal May 1990 - Jul 1991 Kelsang Yeshi Aug 1991 - Jan 1993 Gyalo Thondup Feb 1993 - 4 Jun 1996 Tenzin Namgyal Tethong 4 Jun 1996 - 5 Sep 2001 Sonam Topgyal 5 Sep 2001 Samdhong Rinpoche (Lobsang Tenzin)

(b. 1910)

(b. 1905) (b. 1915 - d. 2000)

(b. 1928) (b. 1934) (b. 1939)

No political parties existed prior to the 7 Oct 1950 Chinese invasion.

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©2000 Ben Cahoon

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