Urban Planning Students Report On Outline Development Plan For Mahabalipuram ,tamil Nadu, India

Outline Development Plan for Mahabalipuram, Tamil Nadu,India.

“An

environment

that

can't

be

changed invites its own destruction. We prefer a world that can be modified progressively against a background of valued remains, a world in which we can leave a personal the

marks

of

mark aongside

history”

“ What time is this place?” - Kevin Lynch

acknowledgement….

We express our heartfelt thanks to the Chairman, Council members and Executive officer of the Mamallapuram Town Panchayat for their co – operation in providing valuable data and information . We are grateful to the dept of Tourism, govt. of Tamil Nadu for the inputs given during the project. We extend our thanks to the Archaeological Survey of India for providing background information and the copy of the proposed Master Plan. We are extremely grateful to all the residents of Mamallapuram for being patient and kind in sharing their views with us. We portray our sincere thanks to Dr. S.P.Sekar for his constant encouragement support and valuable guidance for the successful completion of the project. We are thankful to Dean, SAP, Anna University for the continued support and encouragement given to complete the project.

II SEM MPLAN 2004 - 2006

contents…

1. INTRODUCTION

01

2. REGIONAL SETTING

04

3. TRENDS OF DEVELOPMENT

07

4. DEMOGRAPHY

09

5. LANDUSE SECTORS

17

6. TRAFFIC & TRANSPORTATION

25

7. HERITAGE & CONSERVATION

31

8. PUBLIC & SEMI PUBLIC USES

38

9. MUNICIPAL FINANCE

49

10. POLICIES & STRATEGIES

58

11. ANNEXURES

1.

INTRODUCTION

1.0 MAMALLAPURAM Mamallapuram on the sea shores of Bay of Bengal has Pagodas, Rock cut caves, and single stone crafted rathas and bas- reliefs, all belonging to the times of the Pallavas, who ruled from 600 to 750 AD with Kanchi as their Capital. An ancient port with a flourishing maritime trade, Mamallapuram, earlier called as Mahabalipuram, stands today as a center of art and as a testimonial to early Dravidian style of temple architecture. Here you can also hear the sound of wind on stone and the swish of waves bathing the shore temple. Globally renowned for its ancient cultural and natural treasures of the exceptional value, Mamallapuram group monuments draw tourists from both our country and aboard by its miles of beach and rock-cut architecture.

1.1 HISTORY Mamallapuram is a wonder show piece of marvel of Pallava art and architecture. This seashore village, Mamallapuram derived its name from Mah - Mamallapuram meaning the city of the great warrior and Mah-Mallan was a title of the king Narasimhavaraman – I in the Pallava dynasty. In the early days, this place was also called as Mallai, Mallapuri, Kadal Mallai and also Seven Pagodas. Mamallapuram was once a flourishing seaport with a brisk maintain trade with countries in South-East Asia and the Mediterranean in the Pallava Dynasty. The monuments in the Mamallapuram town were fashioned in the Pallava dynasty by three different Monarchs viz., Mahendravarman I (600-630 AD), Narasimhavarman I hailed as Mamallan (630 to 688 AD) and Narasimhavarman II called as Rajasimhan (700 to 628 AD). They trace the Mahendra style, Mamalla style and the Rajasimha style in these monuments.

1.2 LOCATION Mamallapuram which is situated about 60 kms south of Chennai on the Bay of Bengal coastline and can be reached from Chennai mainly by road along the sea coast via., the East Coast Road and also by old Mamallapuram road.

1

Mamallapuram is located within Thirukalukundram taluk of Kancheepuram district and lies approximately between 13°2’24” latitude and 80°15’15” longitude. The Buckingham canal passes on the west of Mamallapuram. On the North are Paiyanur and Saluvankuppam villages. On the South Kadambadi village. Kalpakkam atomic plant is situated on the southern side of the town.

1.3 DEVELOPMENT PLANS FOR MAMALLAPURAM • Mamallapuram Master Plan (revised) – Directorate of Town and Country Planning, 1973. • A study on Mamallapuram – Department of Tourism, 1976. • Mamallapuram New Town Development Plan - New town development authority, 1989. • Report on Special Tourism Development, Mamallapuram - Directorate of Town and Country planning, 1993.

1.4 SALIENT FEATURES OF NEW TOWN DEVELOPMENT AUTHORITY With a view to employ suitable strategy relevant to the tourism importance of the Mamallapuram town, the Government in G.O Ms.No. : 1454, Housing and Urban Development Department, dated 25.10.78 notified Mamallapuram Township area as a New Town Development Area by carving out the same from the original Mamallapuram local planning area. The salient features of New Town Development Authority are as follows. • Forming a Monument zone – covering all the monuments and restricting vehicular traffic. • Formation of New town district on the west of Buckingham canal in Poonjeri village. • Proposal of bus terminus. • Restriction of height of buildings upto 7m, for buildings that will be coming between canal and the sea. • Prohibition of developmental activities around monument zone.

1.5 CRITICAL APPRAISAL OF NTDA PLAN There are several departments in the town acting independently, namely the:

2

1. New town development authority 2. Archeological survey of India 3. Local Panchayat office 4. Tourism development authorities 5. Ministry of environment (CRZ) 6. Fisheries department • Even though the Development Plan was made ready in the year 1989 till now it is not implemented. • The proposal does not deal with future population and their locations. • All wet lands were allocated for residential purpose.

• No empirical data taken into account for proposals.

1.6 WHY DEVELOPMENT PLAN FOR MAMALLAPURAM? • To identify single committee to implement the development plan. • To rejuvenate the dying arts and crafts. • To conserve the heritage monuments • Promotion of tourism by opening fresh avenues. • Promotion of IT based industry on OMR corridor. • To relocate Tsunami affected fishermen. • To relocate people lying under CRZ. • To relocate people from monument regulated zone.

3

2.

REGIONAL SETTING

2.0 TOWN PROFILE Mamallapuram was the second capital of the Pallava kings of Kancheepuram, 60 kms from Chennai on the Bay of Bengal. This seaside village is set in a boulder – strewn landscape. Mamallapuram is a Special Grade Town Panchayat with an administrative area of 12.65sq.kms. and a population of 12,345 persons as per 2001 census. This town Panchayat has got two revenue villages under its control, they are Mamallapuram and Poonjeri. In 1964 Mamallapuram was notified as a village Panchayat and in 1994 it was upgraded to special grade town Panchayat. • Fisherman settlements – Venpurusham, Devaneri • Agricultural village – Poonjeri • Total No. of wards – 15 • Voters population – 7500 persons • Major occupation – Tourist related activities, fishing and Agricultural. • Literacy rate – 70%

2.1 LINKAGES • BY AIR – The nearest airport from Mamallapuram is Chennai, located around 60 km away. One can get flights for almost all major destinations in India and abroad. • BY RAIL – The nearest railway station is Chengalpattu, is around 29 km away from Mamallapuram. Trains to Chennai and several other major cities in South India are available from here. • BY ROAD – Mamallapuram is connected by road to Chennai, Thirukkalukundram, Kancheepuram and Pondicherry.

2.2 CLIMATE Mamallapuram has warm and humid climate slightly similar to Chennai. The maximum day time temperature varies from 38.2°C in June to 28.4°C in December. While minimum temperature varies from 20.5°C in January to 27.7°C in May. Mamallapuram receives an average annual rainfall of around 1100mm. The months of October, November and December accounts for more than 60% of the total rains in the

4

area. The sea breeze gives a pleasant and cool temperature which attracts the visitors to stay for a longer while in the beach. (Source : Meteorological data)

2.3 TOPOGRAPHY AND GEOLOGY Mamallapuram and its environs form part of coastal belt that forms a continuous stretch of the country, relieved here and there by small rock outcrops. The Thirukalukundram Hills, nearly 17 Km to the West of Mamallapuram rises to a height of 700’. Approximately 17 Km to the south of Mamallapuram the river Palar enters the sea. There is also a rivulet 12 Km South of Mamallapuram. The region surrounding Mamallapuram is liberally dotted with rainfed tanks. The environs of Mamallapuram presents a better prospect with larger stretch of land combined with dry and grazing lands.

2.4 SOIL AND VEGETATION As the Mamallapuram New Town consists of 2 villages, Mamallapuram and Poonjeri. Mamallapuram village has a varied effect of sandy soil along the coastal region and a good quality of alluvial soil that is helping for the agricultural purpose. The beach resorts that give a greenery mark to the coastal stretch sparingly cover the coastal stretch of the Mamallapuram village. The either side of Buckingham canal helps for the agricultural activities mainly consists of alluvial soil.

2.5 GROUND WATER POTENTIAL The Ground water potential is the important gift of nature that makes the surveillance of Mamallapuram town in a steady manner. The ground water is the main source of water supply for both the local people and the commercial activities that are catering the tourist people. Also because of running of Buckingham canal in the Mamallapuram town, the ground water source improved a lot.

2.6 LAND OWNERSHIP Out of 1304 hectares of land in the Mamallapuram New town, 848.51 Hectares of land is under private ownership remaining are under government ownership like monumental hills (areas), Schools, health center, roads and open spaces etc.,

5

2.7 TOURISM The Sea-coast from the outskirts of Chennai to Mamallapuram is one of the finest beaches in the world and has vast potential to develop as a major tourist and holiday resort. Mamallapuram’s attractions are not merely confined to the immortal art works of the greatest Pallava Kings. A beautiful beach girdled by Casuarina groves also equally attract the tourists. One can have a pleasant bath in the warm blue sea, stroll on the golden sands, watch the beautiful glory of the rise of the sun and the moon and so on. Apart from the historic monuments of Mamallapuram additional recreation facilities to attract more tourist, around Mamallapuram , they are.

a. Golden Beach

– an amusement park

b. M.G.M

– an amusement park

c. Dakshina chitra – an artist village d. Muttukkadu

– a back water boating yard by TTDC

e. Kovalam

– a pilgrim centre and seaside resort.

f. Thiruvidandai

– a pilgrim centre

g. Crocodile Farm – a reptile park at Nemili h. Tiger’s cave

– a monument of Pallava period

i.

Thirukkalukundram – a pilgrim centre

j.

Vedanthangal – a bird Sanctuary

The flow of foreign tourists is to increase at a steady since 1991. Inflow of visitors and tourists during months of December, January and February and during dance festival and vacation time is very high.

2.8 WORLD HERITAGE CENTRE

The UNESCO has declared certain ancient cultural and natural treasures of the exceptional value as the heritage monuments. Mamallapuram is one among the 13 world heritage centers declared by the UNESCO in India.

6

3. TRENDS OF DEVELOPMENT

3.0 HISTORICAL TRENDS OF DEVELOPMENT Mamallapuram, the portraits of sand and stone was the second capital of Pallava dynasty . In early days this place was called as Mallai, Mallapuri, Kadal malai and also called as Seven Pagodas, Mamallapuram derived its name from Mah-mallapuram meaning the city of great warrior. Here, the great warrior means the monarch Narsimha varam I who had the title of Mah –mallan . The town being a Port Town flourished in Maritime Trade and Merchandise since the ancient times. The monuments in the town were patron aged during the Period of 600-820 A.D. by various kings of Pallava dynasty . Monuments in the town were arranged in bow and arrow fashion enhancing the victories of Pallavan kings. The sculptures of this place is particularly interesting, because it shows the day to day life of people rather than the carvings of gods and goddess as in other parts of Tamilnadu . Mamallapuram with its picturesque location in a rocky outcrop between the beach and lagoon is a combination of history with art and architecture .The town was built by Pallavan kings to increase their sea trade and portray their keen interest and inclination towards patronizing art and architecture in their reign

3.1 GROWTH TRENDS Mamallapuram town’s growth was naturally around the monuments. Initial approach to the town from Chennai was by Old Mamallapuram road (OMR). Landing at poonjeri, the monuments were reached by ferry across the Buckingham canal. Later the construction of the bridge across the canal and the East Coast Road (ECR) favoured the roadway communication.

3.2 CONSTRAINS Natural features such as the sea, Buckingham canal and regulation measures such as CRZ, sterile zone of Kalpakkam and Heritage zone of ASI limit the development within the town area. After Tsunami the entire equation of CRZ is changed and the state and central government is more focused on the relocation of people within the CRZ zone.

7

3.3 PROSPECTS 1. Entertainment corridor along ECR 2. IT corridor of OMR 3. Six lane expansion proposal of OMR 4. Administrative town proposal for the Chennai city 5. Chennai city expansion towards the southern direction 6. Proposal of MRTS to Pondicherry via Mamallapuram 7. Proposal of ferry service from Chennai to Mamallapuram

3.4 PRESENT SCENARIO The population trend of decadal growth shows an out migration from the town. The reasons could be due to un availability of land in main core area , conversation of residential units to commercial, high land cost and regulations in the town.

3.5 FUTURE TRENDS OF DEVELOPMENT (FORESEEABLE) •

Good prospects to be developed as a tourist town

•

Relocation of people due to CRZ regulation can help to create a planned town with good infrastructure.

•

North western part of the town has good prospects for development due to proximity of land and water availability with good accessibility which could ease for expansion of infrastructural facilities.

•

With increase in awareness among people on heritage and conservation, Mamallapuram can be declared as a heritage town.

•

With administrative city proposal nearby, the Mamallapuram town can be looked as a service town.

•

As the connectivity with the city is increasing at a rapid speed, the Mamallapuram town can be viewed as a feeder town for Chennai.

•

With the present trend of growth of IT based industry along the old Mamallapuram road , Mamallapuram could be engulfed in no time for services.

8

4.

DEMOGRAPHY

4.0 POPULATION The emerging trend in population growth, its characteristics and spatial distribution has profound influence on the structure and size of the cities. It is therefore, essential and interesting to study the dynamics of population growth and structure of cities.

4.1 HISTORICAL GROWTH OF MAMALLAPURAM TOWN The growth of Mamallapuram town population from 1,746 in 1951 to 12,345 in 2001 is an indicator for development of tourist town.

POPULATION GROWTH IN MAMALLAPURAM Year

1951

1961

1971

1981

1991

2001

MAMALLAPURAM

1746

2159

3726

5523

8731

10,460

Males

862

1102

1746

2906

4432

5467

Females

884

1057

1530

2617

3939

4993

POONJERI

602

869

863

896

1525

1885

Males

297

429

419

445

796

995

Females

305

440

444

451

729

890

2348

3028

4179

6419

9896

12,345

TOTAL Source : Census of India

14000

Total Population

12000

Mahabalipuram

Population

10000 8000 6000 4000 2000

Poonjeri

1951

1961

1971

1981

Years

1991

2001

Population Growth in Mamallapuram

9

The growth rate was only 28.96% during 50’s and rose to 55.09% by the end of 70’s. The decadal growth of population of Mamallapuram till 80’s goes in hand to hand with the urbanization trend of TamilNadu.

DECADAL POPULATION GROWTH (PERCENTAGE) 1951-'61

1961-'71

1971-'81

1981-'91

1991-'01

MAMALLAPURAM

23.65

51.74

68.59

58.03

19.80

POONJERI

44.35

-0.69

03.82

70.20

23.60

TOTAL

28.96

36.69

55.09

54.17

24.74

KANCHEEPURAM DIST

-

20.53

18.40

10.64

05.50

STATE URBAN Source : Census of India

-

38.60

28.00

19.60

42.80

Year

10 0

Growth rate

80 60 40

T o ta l G ro w th R a te P o o n je ri M a h a b a lip u ra m

20 0 1 9 5 1 -'6 1

'6 1 -'71

'7 1 -'8 1

'8 1 -'9 1

'9 1 -'0 1

Y e a rs D e c a d a l P o p u la tio n G ro w th R a te

The annexure of Poonjeri village to Mamallapuram by New Town Development authority resulted in flux of population migration from Mamallapuram to Poonjeri. Not much difference can be seen in the total population growth of Mamallapuram town from 1981 to 1991. But with that of Poonjeri, by the end 90’s, population growth rate reached 70.20%, which was contrary to the insignificant steady growth rate till 80’s. Poonjeri showed an increased population which may be due to enforcement of coastal regulations, developmental control rules and increasing domestic and international tourist penetration in Mamallapuram area has pushed the residence to exterior.

10

4.2

SEX RATIO

It is universally accepted that the sex ratio (females per thousand males) is generally lower for urban population than for rural population and still further low for larger towns marching towards rapid urbanization. According to 2001 census there are 6462 males and 5883 females out of 12345 persons enumerated in Mamallapuram new town. The sex ratio is 910 females per 1000 males.

SEX RATIO (1951 - 2001) Females Females/1000 Males

Year

Males

1951

1159

1181

1018

1961

1531

1497

977

1971

2165

1974

911

1981

3351

3068

915

1991

5528

4668

844

2001

6462

5883

910

Source : Census of India

4.3

LITERACY

Literacy rate in Mamallapuram as on steady increase in the last few decades and it was near to that of state and Kancheepuram district.

LITERACY RATE IN MAMALLAPURAM LITERACY DISTRIBUTION

Males Females

1971

1197

1981

2568

728 1715

Total

Lit. Rate(%)

1925

46.06

4283

66.72

1991

3677

2332

6009

60.72

2001

5013

3742

8755

70.91

Source : Census of India

6000 5013 5000

Population

Year

3000 2000

3742

3677

4000

Male

2568

2332

Female

1715

1000 0 1981

1991

2001

Year

11

4.4

POPULATION DENSITY

In Mamallapuram town the distribution of population is more uneven and concentrated in the core area of the town. The gross residential density of the town is 55.91 persons per hectare in 2001 census. The residential density is maximum in Othavadi street and minimum in Kovalam road (ie. Ward No. 4).

4.5

OCCUPATIONAL STRUCTURE

The primary occupation of the village comprises of both agriculture and fishing. The town has a workforce of 69% where the working population to the extent 40% are involved in tourism related activities and 27% of the workforce is involved in territory activities.

OCCUPATION PATTERN

PATTERN OF EMPLOYMENT

Existing (2005) in (%) to Pop in Nos. Pop Work Force

Projected (2021) in (%) to Pop in (%) Pop in Nos. Pop Work Force

Pop in (%)

480

5.61

3.88

1,800

6.0

4.5

3,465

40.5

28.0

16,500

55.0

41.25

500

5.85

4.05

3,000

10.0

7.5

50

0.58

0.40

600

2.0

1.5

1,000

11.70

8.10

2,250

7.5

5.6

Fishing

575

6.72

4.65

2,250

7.5

5.6

Commercial

215

2.51

1.74

900

3.0

2.25

Others

2,260

26.4

18.30

2,700

9.0

6.75

TOTAL WORKERS

8,545

100.0

69.12

30,000

100.0

75.0

Non Workers

3,800

30.88

10,000

25.0

TOTAL POPULATION

12,345

100.00

40,000

100.00

Government Tourism Related Activities Sculpture Industry Industry Agriculture

Source : Primary Data

EXISTING OCCUPATION PATTERN_2005

GOVERNMENT

40%

3% 7%

TOURISM RELATED ACTIVITY SCULPTURE INDUSTRY INDUSTRY

6%

25%

6%

12% 1%

AGRICULTURE FISHING COMMERCIAL OTHERS

12

PROJECTED OC CU PATION PATTERN _2021 GOVERNMENT 3% 8%

9%

TOURIS M RELATED ACTIVITY S CULPTURE INDUS TRY INDUS TRY

6%

8% 2% 10%

54%

AGRICULTURE FIS HING COMMERCIAL OTHERS

INFERENCE 1. Agricultural workers are likely to reduce by 4%. 2. Tourism and its related activities will increase to 55% of the workforce by 2021. 3. Sculpture industry will increase from 5% to 10% in year 2021.

4.6 INCOME STRUCTURE OF THE POPULATION From the household survey carried out in the town the income structure has been classified as follows.

INCOME DISTRIBUTION EXISTING INCOME MONTHLY INCOME IN RUPEES

(% OF POPULATION)

Less than 25,000

43.0

25,000-50,000

39.0

Greater than 50,000

18.0

Source : Primary data.

13

HUDCO CLASSIFICATION CATEGORY

INCOME IN Rs. (MONTHLY)

BPL

0 – 3,000

LIG

3,000 – 5,000

MIG

5,000 – 10,000

HIG

Above 10,000

Source : HUDCO

Pie chart showing the annual income. E X IS T IN G IN C O M E P A T T E R N _ 2 0 0 5

18% 43%

< 2 5 ,0 0 0 2 5 ,0 0 0 - 5 0 ,0 0 0 > 5 0 ,0 0 0

39%

source: Primary data

4.7 POPULATION PROJECTION

The population projected for the years 2006, 2011, 2016 and 2021 by considering the population of past six decades by adopting the conventional methods. The forecasting population is projected is through three different methods they are, Arithmetic method, Incremental increase method and Geometric increase method. These projections are shown through graphical representations.

14

40000 Population in thousands

35000 30000 25000 20000 15000 10000 5000 1951

1961 P

1971 l ti

1981

1991

Years P j ti b

2001 i

2011

2021

th d

The populations for the next two decades are compared by three methods in which Geometric increase methods value are closer to the average growth rate. So Geometric increase method is adopted for population projection.

P O P U L A T IO N P R O JE C T IO N B Y V A R IO U S M E T H O D S D E S C R IP T IO N S

2001

2006

2 0 11

2 0 16

2021

1 2 ,3 4 5

E X IS T IN G P O P U L A T IO N A R IT H M E T IC IN C R E A S E M E T H O D

1 3 ,3 4 5

1 4 ,3 4 5

1 5 ,3 4 5

1 6 ,3 4 5

G E O M E T R IC IN C R E A S E M E T H O D

1 4 ,6 0 1

1 7 ,2 7 0

2 0 ,4 2 5

2 4 ,1 6 0

IN C R E M E N T A L IN C R E A S E M E T H O D

1 3 ,5 1 0

1 4 ,7 8 7

1 6 ,4 5 0

1 7 ,6 7 0

S o u r c e : C e n s u s o f In d ia

Forecasting Population – Geometric Increase Method This method based on the assumption considering population growth rate as average.

YEAR

PROJECTED POPULATION

2006

14,601

2011

17,270

2016

20,425

2021

24,160

40000 Population in thousands

3 5000 3 0000 25000 20000 15 000 1 0000 5000 1951

1961

1971

1981

1991

2001

Years Population Projections

2011

2021

15

4.8 ASSUMPTIONS FOR POPUALTION PROJECTIONS BASED ON THE DEVELOPMENT TRENDS With the opening of new spheres of tourism related activities, educational institutions, offices in and around town. It is assumed that there will be increase in population in addition to the natural increase projected by Geometric increase method.

1. Proposed economic activities Provision of separate industrial zone for sculptural activities is assumed to increase in the number of persons involved in sculpture industries from 5.8% to 10%.

# E C O N O M IC A C T IV IT IE S E X IS T IN G D E S C R IP T IO N S

P R O JEC T ED

P o p in N o s . P o p in %

W O R K FO R C E S c u lp tu r e A c tiv ity

8 ,5 4 5

6 9 .2 1

500

5 .8 5

P o p in N o s . P o p in % 1 8 ,1 2 0 1 ,8 1 2

7 5 .0 1 0 .0

2. Tourism activities The number of persons involved in tourism related activities will increase from 40% of the workforce to 55% of the workforce with the expected tourist population of 50,000 per day.

# TOURISM

2011

NORMAL POPULATION INDUCED POPULATION TRA W ork W ork TRA * TRA (%) Tourist Targets/day Force Force(%) 12,434 72.0 5,595 45.0 20,000 3,645

2016

14,910

73.0

7,455

50.0

35,000

8,715

2021

18,120

75.0

9,966

55.0

50,000

13,134

Year

Number of persons involved in Tourism Related Activity

16

3. IT industries A population of 1,500 persons is forecast in line with the proposed IT developments along old Mahabalipuram road.

4. Educational Institutions Opening up of new avenues in education the town is likely to attract 5,00 persons. Total population projected based on developmental trends in 2021 is 40,000 persons

17

5.

LANDUSE SECTORS

5.0 LANDUSE DISTRIBUTION 2005 (EXISTING) 5.0.1

INTRODUCTION

The new town area which includes Mamallapuram and Poonjeri villages extend over an area of 1304 hectares out of which only 17% mere covered by various developments such as houses, shops, educational etc., The major area comes under agricultural use and water courses. The land use map clearly shows that development is concentrated in the core area of the town and part of Poonjeri village. Undeveloped areas including agricultural fields exists in the southern and north western side of the town. Being a heritage town the establishment of commercial areas agglomerated along the major roads leading to the monuments showing the typical nature of development. The major zone of concentration is all along the major roads like Kovalam road, Thirukalukundram road, East Raja street and Othavadai street.

5.0.2

LANDUSE DISTRIBUTION EXISTING (2005)

S.No

Land Use

Extent in

% to Developed

% To Town

Hectares

Area

Area

1.

Residential

69.52

30.71

5.33

2.

Commercial

80.99

35.77

6.21

3.

Educational

21.44

5.49

0.95

4.

Public & & semipublic

29.45

13.01

2.26

5.

Traffic & transportation

33.99

15.01

2.61

Developed area

226.39

100.00

17.36

6.

7.

Agriculture i) dry

470.61

36.09

Ii) wet

311.60

23.90

Area under agriculture

782.21

59.99

Water bodies

295.40

22.65

Total area of the town

1304.00

100.00

18

69.52 ha 80.99 ha 5.33% 6.21% 50.89 ha 3.21% 33.99 ha 2.61%

295.40 ha 22.65%

470.61 ha 36.09%

35.77

13.01

20

LAND USE STRUCTURE

Trafic & Transportation

30

30.71

Public &Semipublic

Percentage

40

Commercial

50

Residential

311.60 ha 23.90%

LAND USE PERCENTAGE TO THE DEVELOPED AREA

15.01

10

5.1 RESIDENTIAL SECTOR The present residential development within this town covers only 69.52 hectares against the overall area of the town 1304 hectares. This means the present residential development area accounts for only 30.71% of the developed area and 5.33% of the total extent of the town area. This situation is much below when compared to the proportion of the area occupied by the residential development in other town in our state. This is mainly due to the distribution of Archeological monuments, commercial activities and a vast stretch extent covered under agricultural and water bodies.

5.1.1

AIMS AND OBJECTIVES

The aim is to ensure housing accommodation for the relocated and projected population. The objectives of which are listed below. •

To access the existing housing accommodations and its allied facilities.

•

To identify areas of relocation of people in restricted zones.

19

•

Projection of future requirements of population in the residential sector along with the identification of land suitable for development of residential uses in the future.

5.1.2 ASSUMPTIONS •

The opening of new avenues in tourism related activities and allied industries will increase housing demand.

•

The demand for housing foreseen in future due to the proposed IT development along the Old Mahabalipuram Road.

•

The upcoming educational institutions are likely to witness an increase demand in housing sector.

5.1.3 TRENDS OF DEVELOPMENT Occupational pattern influences the location of residential sectors of the town. The town experience the linear type of development along the coast forming the fishermen settlements. The major agriculture activities are concentrated in the Poonjeri village. Concentration of tourism and the related activities in the town center acts as the inducing factors of development.

5.1.4 LIMITATIONS • The growth of the town is limited by the location of Buckingham canal in the western side and Bay of Bengal on the eastern side. • The new town development area boundary limits and characterizes the urban form of the town

5.1.5 EXISTING RESIDENTIAL TYPES The land under residential type is classified into three categories. Viz. • The mixed residential type in the core area • The fishermen villages • The residential type in poonjeri village.

5.1.6 INDUCING FACTORS The major inducing factors of developments are listed below

20

• Accessibility • Occupational pattern • Infrastructure facilities

5.1.7 DEVELOPMENT CONDITIONS 5.1.7.1 Level of development The land use map details at the major zones of concentration i.e, in the core area and part of Poonjeri village. 5.1.7.2 Types of development The housing typology indicates that 35% are pucca, 37% are semi pucca and 28% of them are kuccha houses. Houses in the core area are G+2 storeyed along the major routes leading to monuments. 5.1.7.3 Household industries About 5% of the households are involved in handicrafts & sea shells crafts household industry. They form a significant part in the economic generation of the town.

5.1.8 DENSITY High density is seen in the core areas particularly in ward no. 11 and ward no.12 comprising of the East Raja street, Thirukulam street & Othavadai street and Anna Nagar respectively. Lowest density can be observed in ward no. 3 comprising of the institutions and resorts. The density pattern of the town can be understood better from the map.

5.1.9 PROBLEMS •

Inadequate drinking water supply in the town after tsunami.

•

No proper drainage system for the sullage water and storm water to drain.

•

Nearby water bodies are polluted, letting in the sullage water both from the housing and commercial activities.

•

No proper site for the disposal of solid waste in the town area.

•

Nuisances to the residences in the core area due to lack of spatial segregation for tourist activities.

21

5.1.10 POTENTIALS •

Economic generation is carried out in sculpture industry and handicrafts activity

•

Tourism and allied activities gains high importance in this heritage town

•

Most of the wards have natural gradient for drainage.

5.1.11 PROPOSALS According to UDPFI guidelines, the standards prescribed for a medium sized town of population below 5,00,000is given below. Based on that the proposal on each sectors are worked out.

No.

Sectors

According to standards(%)

01

Residential

40-45

02

Commercial

3-4

03

Industrial

8-10

04

Public & Semipublic

10-12

05

Recreational

18-20

06

Transportation

12-14

07

Agriculture

12-14

& water bodies

Based on the land use suitability analysis on the major parameters considering accessibility, physiographic constraints, and restricted zones, the land suitable for new developments for the future is identified.

22

5.2 COMMERCIAL SECTOR Commercial center is an area of retail stores and related facilities planned to give maximum convenience to the customers and maximum exposure to the merchandise. Being a tourist town, the major activity is commercial and it gives the imageability to the town as such. Commercial activities have a propensity to develop along the margin of major streets. The commercial areas have been concentrated in the core area of the town. PIC SHOWING THE COMMERCIAL ACTIVITY FOR THE TOURIST POPULACE.

5.2.1 EXISTING PROFILE The commercial scenario of Mamallapuram poses a different trend varying drastically from that of other towns of the same scale. The land use for commercial amounts to 35.77% of the developed land use (6.21 of the total land), while on the other hand the residential land use is only 30.71. This remains as one main indicator to infer that the town sustains on tourism and tourism related commercial activity. The present commercial trend in Mamallapuram has been analyzed as major spines in the city with similar commercial activity are identified and their character in terms of traffic, people it caters to, type of shops and their problems are identified.

23

• The major commercial spines are identified to be a. Kovalam road b. TKM road c. East raja street d. Othavadai street e. Sea shore temple road f.

Five rathas road

a. Kovalam road This forms the main approach road from the ECR to Mamallapuram characterized by heavy traffic. Comprises of star hotels, beach resorts with huge and lavish frontages. Gives a prelude to the tourist activity inside the town. The public market acts as the higher order market to the adjoining villages.

b. TKM road Approach road from Chengelpet, also characterized by heavy traffic. This road is lined with shops which caters to the local population. eg. Provisional stores, petty shops etc.

c. East Raja Street Forms the main arterial street inside the city and carries the accumulated traffic from both the TKM road and the Kovalam road. Intense commercial activity banking on tourism. Huge displays to attract the tourists.( boutiques, sculpture shops, handicraft showrooms, and service shops to cater to the tourists such as photo studios, foreign exchanges etc.,)

d. Othavadai street Collector street leading to the sea. Few sea view restaurants are there near the sea coast. The street is characterized by minimal vehicular traffic and large pedestrian flow. All the mediocre range hospitality centers are lined along this road.(lodges and restaurants).Other commercial activity along this road include small sculpture shops which produces fashion goods, massage centers etc.

24

e. Sea shore temple road Thoroughly pedestrianised due to the efforts of ASI. Planned and landscaped area dignifies and adds grandeur to the shore temple. Consists of a continuous organized stretch of boutiques, sculpture shops etc.

f. Five rathas road It is one of the roads leading to the five rathas. All along its stretch we find sculpture activity concentrated. It takes in both vehicular traffic & pedestrian flow. Due to the presence of sculpture activity it attracts both the tourist and sculptural dealers .

5.2.2 •

POTENTIAL

The market place of the town acts as the nodal point for all commercial activities for the neighbouring villages.

•

Huge scope for tourism oriented commercial activity.

•

To act as a regional center for traditional sculpture industry.

5.2.3 •

PROBLEMS

Location of markets along Kovalam road poses a chaos condition right in the approach road to the city.

•

Shift in the indelibility of the town.

•

Poor drainage condition of the market poses a further aggravation of the problems.

•

Residential frontages changed to commercial land use. Haphazard change in land use adds to the chaotic condition of the TKM road.

•

Heavy traffic mixed with street shopping poses threat to the shoppers.

•

Inadequate parking space to the lodges.

•

Vehicles parked along the road covering shop frontages

•

Haphazard informal shops along the sea shore temple road in continuation to the existing formal shops.

5.2.4 •

PROPOSALS

Allocation of exclusive zone for commercial activities catering for the tourist populace.

25

5.3

•

Creating a sculpture industry zone.

•

Promotion of exhibition cum sale of sculptures.

•

Creation of informal shopping areas.

AGRICULTURE AND ALLIED ACTIVITIES

5.3.1 AGRICULTURE USE: Most of the area of the town is occupied by agricultural lands which are 782.21 Ha and this forms 60% of the town panchayat area. Of this, total agricultural land 60% is dry lands and the rest 40% wet lands. Dry lands constitute 36% of the Town Panchayat area whereas wet lands occupy 24% only. More than 1000 people are employed in agriculture.

5.3.2 WATER BODIES: Water bodies such as canal, tones and other courses occupy nearly 300 hect and this constitutes 22.65% of the total extent of the town. The Buckingham Canal passes through this town on the North-South direction and on the west of the main monument area.

5.3.3 RESTRICTED ZONES:

a)

MONUMENT ZONE: The monumental zone consist of three zones namely, ¾ Protected zone. ¾ Prohibited zone. ¾ Regulated zone. The monuments that comes under protected zone are, 1.)

Shore temple.

2.)

Five Rathas.

3.)

Seven Pidaris.

4.)

Mukundanayanar Temple.

5.)

Dolotsava Mandapa.

6.)

Pidari Amman Ratha.

26

7.)

Valayankuttai Ratha.

8.)

Hillock Monuments.

The area upto 100 meters from the protected limits have been declared as prohibited area and further beyond upto 200 meters as regulated area for the purpose of construction/mining.

b)

STERLIZED ZONE:

The Tamilnadu Nuclear Installation (Regulation of building and use of land) Act, 1978 stipulates that no building activity shall be permitted in the exclusion area which comprises of areas within 1.6 km from any boundary of such nuclear installation. Within 4.8km of the boundary called sterilized area, no construction or re-construction etc., shall be done without license from the nuclear installation Local authority. Only sterilized zone comes within the New Town area and the same has been maintained as sterilized zone in the New Town Development Plan.

c)

COASTAL ZONE REGULATION:

Mamallapuram, Poompuhar, Nagur, Ramanathapuram, Tiruchendur and Kanyakumari are classified as CRZ-I where in, building / construction activity of any form is not permissible till 500m from the high tide line.

CRZ-I (CATEGORY I) notifications : i)

Areas that are ecologically sensitive and important such as national parks/ marine parks, sanctuaries, reserve forests, wildlife habitats, mangroves, corals/ coral reefs, areas close to breeding and spawning grounds of fish and other marine life, area of outstanding natural beauty/ Historical heritage areas, areas rich in genetic diversity, areas likely to be inundated due to rise in sea level consequent upon global warming and such other areas as may be declared by the central govn. Or the concerned authorities at the State/ Union Territory level from time to time.

27

ii)

Area between Low tide line & High tide line.

CRZ-I: Permissible activities: ¾ No new construction activities shall be permitted within 500m of the High Tide Line. ¾ Permitted for repairs of existing structures before 20.02.1991 not exceeding existing FSI existing plinth area and existing density and existing use.

¾ Agriculture, horticulture, garden pastures, parks, playfields, forestry and salt manufacture from seawater are permitted in this zone.

Uses permitted with Special Sanction Of Authority:

Public utility building like sewage pumping station, water works, fire station, telephone exchanges, Government and semi-government offices. Serving the local needs, libraries, bus terminal and depot yard bank. 5.3.4

PROPOSAL OF AGRICULTURE USE ZONE:

a.) All agriculture uses. b.) Rural settlements with allied uses. c.)

Public and Private Parks, playfields, gardens, caravan and camping sites and other recreational uses.

d.) Dairy and cattle farms. e.) Piggeries and Poultry farms. f.)

Water tanks and reservoirs.

g.) Sewage farms and garbage dumps. h.) Airports and broadcasting lubrications. i.)

Forestry

j.)

Cremetries, crematoria and burning and burial grounds.

k.)

Fish curing

28

l.)

Salt manufacturing.

5.3.5 Preservation of Architectural or Historical interest buildindgs: If a building or premises not under the Archaeological monument Act and in the opinion of the Authority, the historical or Archaeological building is in danger of demolition or alteration may by notification issue order for preservation of such buildings.

29

6.

TRAFFIC & TRANSPORTATION

6.1 INTRODUCTION Mamallapuram is about 60 Km away from Chennai along the East Coast Road connecting Chennai to Pondicherry. There is a well connected road network system to Mamallapuram from Chennai, Chengalpattu and other parts of the district and state. The major routes to Mamallapuram from other places are as follows. i. Chennai – Kovalam – Mamallapuram (East Coast Road) ii. Chennai – Navalur – Thirupporur - Mamallapuram (Old Mamallapuram Road) iii. Chengalpattu – Thirukkalukundram – Poonjeri – Mamallapuram iv. Pondicherry – Markkanam – Kalpakkam – Mamallapuram (East Coast Road) v. Apart from these there is an access from the Atomic Power Station at Kalpakkam. vi. Within the town, the main spines are Kovalam road, Thirukkalukundram road.

KOVALAM ROAD

30

6.2

PRESENT SCENARIO

Land occupied by the road and other uses are about 33.99 hectares – which constitutes 15.01% of developmental area and about 2.61% of the total town area. All the roads except the East Coast Road are maintained by the special grade village Panchayat. These roads are mostly of concrete and black – topped roads. Traffic is mainly because of public buses and tourist vehicles.

6.3 LENGTH OF ROADS • Mud road and gravel road

- 2.15 Km

• Metal road

- 1.23 Km

• Tar road

- 3.75 Km

• Concrete road

- 7.99 Km

• Bitumen road

- 5.99 km

Source : DTCP Report

6.4 MODAL SPLIT The modal split shows 75% of the vehicular traffic is due to the tourist vehicles like vans and cars. The next are the public buses and the tourist buses which are of 16%. Remaining are the two wheelers. MODAL SPLIT

9%

16% Buses Vans & Cars Two wheelers

75%

31

6.5 PASSENGER CAR UNIT The PCU observed in the ECR at Mamallapuram is 8358 PCU/Day. This clearly demarks the vehicles entering into the Mamallapuram. LOCATION

PCU/Day

Chennai

27,000

VGP golden beach

27197

Kovalam

9788

Mamallapuram

8358

Cheyyar

4102

Source : Tamilnadu Road Development company ltd.

6.6 TOLL COLLECTED The toll collected in ECR for the movement from Chennai - Mamallapuram for car and Truck are as follows. Details

Cars (in Rs.)

Trucks (in Rs.)

Opening of ECR

71

67

Proposed improvement

22

36

Combined

48

52

Source : Tamilnadu Road Development company ltd.

6.7 VOLUME OF TOURIST TRAFFIC IN MAMALLAPURAM YEAR

VISITOR Domestic

Foreign

TOURIST Domestic

Foreign

1991

758240

79840

362200

36300

1992

54624

89300

447183

55340

1993

581001

127316

534468

59301

1994

604883

81020

579342

59530

1995

879370

191374

586379

60520

1996

739887

134979

585893

62445

1997

473097

59578

598976

63881

1998

601962

62420

1999

629301

40644

2000

679170

73296

Source : Directorate of Tourism, Chennai

32

The growth of tourist arrivals in the town have been found to be highly irregular. During holidays and weekends the town draws large number of tourists from nearby areas as a sight seeing and picnic spot. The tourist flow will be more during Pongal and Dance festival , which is organized by the directorate of tourism every year.

6.8 NUMBER OF BUS TRIPS TO MAMALLAPURAM Route No.

Route

No. Of Service

No. Of Singles

Chennai to Mamallapuram (Via) Kovalam 188v

Chennai to Marakkanam

1

4

188A cut

Chennai to Marakkanam

1

4

119A

Chennai to Kalpakkam

4

20

188A

Chennai to Pondy

3

10

188

Chennai to Anaicut

1

4

188B

Chennai to Ozhitiyapattu

1

4

19C

Chennai to Mamallapuram

4

24

Chennai to Mamallapuram (Via) Kelambakkam 119

Chennai to Kalpakkam

4

20

19A

Chennai to Mamallapuram

4

24

Chennai to Mamallapuram (Via) Mamallapuram, Thirukalukundram, Chengalpattu 108B

Kalpakkam to Chennai

4

8

108K

Kalpakkam to Chennai

1

2

108B cut

Kalpakkam to Chengalpattu

1

2

Kalpakkam to Kancheepuram (via) Mamallapuram, Chengalpattu 212A

Kalpakkam to Kancheepuram

1

4

Mamallapuram to Vandavasi (via) Chengalpattu, Kancheepuram 157M

Mamallapuram to Vandavasi

1

4

Mamallapuram to Tirupathi (Ivia) Chengalpattu, Tirutani 212H

Mamallapuram to Titupathi

2

6

212H cut

Mamallapuram to Chengalpattu

1

1

33

The present fleet of buses are inadequate during peak season on several routes and neccesiating more buses in holidays and special festival days.

6.9 EXISTING CIRCULATION SYSTEM The circulation system in the Mamallapuram own is categorized into three are as follows. 1. Tourist circulation 2. Local residents circulation 3. Goods circulation 1. Tourist circulation On an average 7500 tourist visit Mamallapuram every day out which 10% are foreign tourists. Foreign Tourist Circulation Mamallapuram is enroute destination from Chennai and also from Pondicherry. Where in most of the tourist use public buses as mode of transport. After getting dropped at Mukundanayanar temple or bus terminus the internal circulation starts. Inland Tourist circulation Inland tourists visit Mamallapuram by public buses, private vehicles, two wheelers and four wheelers. The drop node for the public buses are Mukundanayanar temple, TKM road junction and at the bus terminus. The tourist circulation route is along the major spine roads connecting monument areas namely Arjuna’s penance, Five rathas and Shore temple.

2. Local resident circulation The local residents mainly use public transport to reach other nearby locations to avail service facilities like Schools, Hospitals etc.. Their use of private transport within the town area is limited. The major circulation routes are the main spines – Kovalam road, Thirukalukundram road and East Raja street within the area.

3. Goods circulation Goods movement are two fold. One for the local population and other for sculptors. For the local population the market located at Kovalam road is one of the major active zone. Goods and commodities reach Mamallapuram from nearby villages•

Grocery goods from Chennai, Thirukalukundram

•

Pots from Poonjeri

34

•

Perishable goods from Chennai, Kalpakkam

•

Fishes from Venpursham, Devaneri

The catchment area includes nearby villages like Pattipulam, Payanur, Kokilamedu, Kadambadi, Kalpakkam, Poonjeri etc., There is a weekly shandy on Thursday’s, wherein exchange of goods takes place. Goods circulation for sculptors include the movement of raw materials (ie, Stones for chiseling ) from Sankarapuram and Pattimalaikuttam in Kancheepuram district and the delivery of finished sculpture products within the region and also exported to foreign countries.

6.10 PROBLEMS •

The town lacks proper bus terminus.

•

Buses are not plying according to schedule.

•

No organized parking space available within the town.

•

Drop nodes at junction chaos.

•

No significant delineation of an access between the monuments.

•

Insufficient road width.

6.11

PROPOSALS

•

To restrict vehicular access within the heritage zone.

•

Proposal of Bus terminus for intra transportation.

•

Provision of adequate parking area catering to the tourist population.

•

Proposal of battery operated vehicles for inter transportation network

•

To develop a waterway communication (Ferry service) between Chennai and Mamallapuram.

•

To make use and take advantage of proposed MRTS between Chennai and Pondicherry (via Mamallapuram) and also the six lane proposal of Old Mamallapuram road.

•

Provision of adequate and optimum road network for the local population in the residential area ensuring proper accessibility and connectivity.

35

7.

HERITAGE & CONSERVATION

7.0 INTRODUCTION Mamallapuram the glimpse of the Pallava Kings and creativity of the artisan. It is the ancient port with flourishing maritime trade. Also the second capital of Pallava dynasty. Mamallapuramthe city of mamalla, derived after the King Narasimhavarman I, the great Pallava ruler of 7th century who is responsible for the rock-cut temples and carvings. It is the rich portrait in stone of various Gods, Goddess celestial beauties and epic stories.

7.1 HISTORY AND HERITAGE Most of the temples and rock carvings of this place were built during the reigns of Narsimha Varman I (AD 630-668) and Narsimha Varman II (AD 700-728). Though the initial kings of Pallava dynasty were followers of Jainism, the conversion of Mahendra Varman (AD 600-630) to Shaivism led most of the monuments to be related with Shiva or Vishnu. Mamallapuram also close to Chennai is on the shores of the Bay of Bengal, along the eastern coast. Mamallapuram known for its rocks carvings and monolithic sculptures has the famous shore temple, the only one to have survived the ravages of nature. Also known as the Seven Pagodas (temples), six now lie submerged in the sea. Known as the Pallava Art, this was built during the period 830 1100 AD. The pallavas designed the monuments in the form of there emblem, Bow and the arrow which starts with the Mukunda narayana temple and the rathas in one cardinal axis and the arjuna’s penance and the shore temple in another axis.

7.2 ARCHITECTURE Mamallapuram stands as a centre of art and as a testimonial to early Dravidian style of temple architecture. The tiny sea - side village of Mahabalipuram, is set in a boulder - strewn landscape between the beach and the canal. It is a show case of movement from rock-cut to structural temples. Mamallapuram art can be divided into four categories •

Open air bas - relief,

•

Structured temples,

•

Man-made caves,

•

Rathas.

36

7.3 PLACE OF INTEREST The monumental zone are mainly divided into ƒ

Rathas

ƒ

Shore Temple

ƒ

Arjuna’s penance

ƒ

MukundaNarayana Temple

7.3.1 Rathas •

Rathas are the first phase of Pallava architecture modeled on Buddhist Viharas

or monasteries and chaitya halls. The mandapas or pavilions and the rathas shaped as temple chariots are hewn in granite rock face which is a similar rock-cut caves of Ajantha and Ellora. The eight rathas are monolithic temples fashioned as chariots. They remain an architectural mystery, for each is apparently a faithful reproduction of a structure built of wood. In fact, even the grain of the timber beams and rafters has been simulated in stone. •

Of the eight rathas, five have been named for the Pandava brothers, the heroes

of the epic Mahabharata, and their shared wife, Draupadi. The largest is the Dharmaraja ratha and it sets the tone for the others. Modeled on a Buddhist vihara or monastery, it sports a square hall topped by a vaulting roof. The Bhima, Arjuna and Nakula-Sahdeva rathas are lesser copies of the Dharma raja ratha. •

The Draupadi ratha is the smallest and the quaintest. It is a simple structure,

fashioned as a thatched but borne on the backs of elephants and lions. It was probably the facsimile of a portable village shrine.

37

7.3.2 Shore Temple •

Perched on a rocky outcrop, it presides over the shoreline, serving, as Percy

Brown puts it, 'a landmark by day and a beacon by night'. Designed to catch the first rays of the rising sun and to illuminate the waters after dark, the temple ended up with an unusual lay-out. •

As the main shrine faces the sea on the east, the gateway, the forecourt and the

assembly hall of the Shore Temple all lie behind the sanctum. Unusual, too, is the fact that the temple has shrines to both Shiva and Vishnu. The main sanctum and one of the two lesser ones on the west are dedicated to Shiva. The enclosing wall has a series of Nandi bulls on it. Interconnected cisterns around the temple meant that the sea could be let in to transform the temple into a water shrine. But, in recent times, a stone wall as been added to protect the shrine from the rising seas and further erosion. •

The Shore Temple was built by Rajasimha who ascended the throne in AD 674.

it is also hewn out of single rocks, the Shore Temple was the first Pallava structure to be built of stone. The greatest improvement in design is in the shikhara or spire, which has moved away from the rounded vihara design to a soaring, tiered style. This seashore shrine also shows a creative leap in temple architecture of the South. Elements like the

38

vimana or spire, the gopuram or gateway, and animal figures that were to become trademarks of Dravidian architects can all be seen here. And it is largely the use of dressed stone, which gave the architects greater creative freedom. The sound of the wind on stone and swish of waves bathing the shore temple also floodlit its beauty.

7.3.3 Arjuna’s Penance

•

The exquisitely sculpted scene is an enormous relief made on two huge

boulders. The cleft in the rock depicts the descent of River Ganga, brought to earth by King Bhagiratha to redeem the cursed souls of his ancestors. •

One of the biggest open-air rock canvases in the world, this bas-relief is 31m

long and 9m high. The surface of the rock has detailed carvings, showing the most endearing and natural renditions of animals. •

Penance area consists of 25 monuments in it. ¾ Varaha cave ¾ Mahisasura mardini cave ¾ Dharma raja lion throne ¾ Krishna mandapam ¾ Adhivaraha mandapam

39

¾ Pancha pandava mandapam ¾ Ramanuja mandapam ¾ Kodikal mandapam ¾ Thirumoorthy mandapam ¾ Arjuna's Penance ¾ Krishna Mandapam ¾ Scupltures of Monkey ¾ Gopi's Chrun ¾ Sculptures of Monkeys, Elephant and peacock ¾ Krishna's Butter Ball ¾ Ganesha Ratha ¾ Rayala Gopuram ¾ Dharmaraja Lion Throne ¾ Draupath's Bath Tub ¾ Pulipu Thurmandapam ¾ Mahishasura Marthini Cave ¾ Olakannesvara Temple ¾ Arjuna's Pennance (old) ¾ Dharamaraja Mandapam ¾ Five Celled Temple ¾ Adivaraha Temple ¾ Light House ¾ 24 & 25 Incomplete Rock Caves

40

7.4 MAMALLAPURAM DANCE FESTIVAL Mamallapuram Dance Festival is an occasion for the dance lovers to enjoy the performances of the artists from all parts of the country. The festival is celebrated in the month of January/February every year. The Shore Temple forms the backdrop of this festival and the music from the musical instruments mixes with the natural music of wind and the sea. The Mamallapuram Dance festival is an occasion when artists from all over the country come together to perform. Pongal harvest Festival is celebrated on a grand scale during the middle of January and February. These are added attractions at Mamallapuram.

7.5 POTENTIALS •

It has an approach route starting from the group of five monoliths in the extreme south, proceeds to see the monuments on and at the edge of the hill and finally proceed towards the sea for the shore temple.

•

Sculptures depict the scenes of day to day life which differs from the sculptures of other temples.

•

Well maintained landscape facilities around the monuments gives a pleasing appearance.

•

Shore temple with its locational advantage haloing with the sunset and sunrise attract more tourist within itself.

7.6 PROPOSALS When conservation of architectural heritage of a town is considered certain questions come into existence. Does urbanization affect the historic fabric of the city? How importance is to preserve the old town of historic or architectural value but no contemporary function? The key is Heritage tourism may attract more tourists only if heritage areas are fully equipped with facilities to deal with the increasing tourist inflow. •

The immediate concern is to identify a complete heritage zone in an orderly manner to certain heritage guidelines and to prevent the buildings propping up in height and gaining dominance over the monuments and its surroundings.

•

Protection and maintenance of the character of the monuments for the future.

•

Revitalize the axis spine between the Mukunda Narayana temple to the rathas and Sthalasayana Perumal temple to Shore temple.

41

•

Delineation of areas exclusively of heritage character as an attribute towards tourists enhancement.

•

Information booths regarding the heritage zone should be provided.

•

Proper linkage with all the monuments & resting hubs to be provided in-between.

•

Provision of adequate parking facilities near the monuments.

•

Infrastructural facilities like drinking water, toilet facilities should be provided.

•

Beach should be maintained properly.

To promote a large inflow of tourists in the near future, proposals should be given to enhance the existing activity. •

Organized Shilpa darshan should be arranged within the heritage zone.

•

More nuumbers of cultural festivals should be organized.

•

A permanent exhibition pavilion for the sculptures to be accommodated.

•

Package trip within 5KM radius from Mamallapuram accommodating all important places in turn invite the tourists to lodge.

42

8 PUBLIC & SEMI PUBLIC USES 8.0 INTRODUCTION Mamallapuram is classified as a small town based on its population (12,345). It is a special grade village Panchayat covering an area of 12 sq.km. The town being a tourist town requires facilities for enhancing tourism. The public and semi public areas classified as, 1. Parks and open spaces 2. Social cultural facilities 3. Utility and services The public and semi public spaces covers about 29.45 hectares and this area forms 5.49% of the developed area and 2.26 % of the total town area.

8.1 PARKS AND OPEN SPACES 8.1.1

EXISTING

PARKS : There are no specific spaces meant as parks and play grounds other than the school playground in the core area. OPENSPACES : The prohibited areas of the monuments form the open spaces. A part of the protected area are also considered as the open space. The vast expanse of the beach area also constitutes the percentage of open spaces. 8.1.2

SOCIAL INFRA STRUCTURES

Social infrastructural facilities are provided regarding the regional bearing of the town. Socio cultural facilities of the town of Mamallapuram are classified as follows.

EDUCATION

HEALTH FACILITIES

SERVICE FACILITIES

DISTRIBUITON FACILITIES

SOCIO-CULTURAL FACILITIES SOCIAL INFRASTRUCTURAL FACILITIES

43

8.2 ANALYSIS The provision of social infrastructure amenities should necessarily consider the regional bearings as medium size town, caters to neighboring villages. In order to efficiently cater to the town and regional demand 25%, additional population is considered while providing amenities. 8.2.1

EDUCTIONAL FACILITIES

The town has totally 8 schools and 2 colleges. School

Nos

Government Higher secondary

1

school Government Panchayat middle

2

school Noon meal school

3

Private schools

2

COLLEGE 1. Government college of sculpture 2. Royal engineering college •

INFERENCES

1. The Government Higher secondary school lacks basic facilities. 2. The teacher student ratio is low when compared with standards.

8.2.2

HEALTH FACILITIES

There is one primary health centre and one maternity centre for the town people. There are two doctors, one for general and one for sidha. There is no inpatient facility in the health center. On an average 80 to 100 patients are treated per day in the heath centre as out patients. In case of emergencies the patient’s are send to Chengalpet medical college or Chennai. There are three private clinics in the town.

44

Name

No.

Existing

Doctors

Employees

of

bed

units

strength

Primary health centre

1

-

2

17

Dispensaries and

7

15

8

20

Total

Available No.

Additional

of beds

requirement

15

45

requirement

5 beds / 1000 population

Clinics

•

INFERENCES

1. No inpatient facility prevails in the health centre 2. Emergency cases are taken either Chennai or Chengalpattu.

8.2.3

SOCIO CULTURAL FACILITIES

Community halls and Kalyana mandapam meet the demand. There in no provision of community centers in cluster levels. 8.2.4

OTHER SOCIAL INFRASTRUCTURE FACILITIES

GOVERNMENT OFFICES There are 9 government offices in Mamallapuram town. The location of these facilities are mainly concentrated in the core area of the town. They extend their facilities to the new town area. BURIAL GROUNDS There are 9 burial grounds in and around the town maintained by the town Panchayat. POLICE STATION : There are 3 police station, located much closer to the entry of the town. BANKS : There are 2 banks and an ATM center in the town. PETROL BUNK : There is one petrol bunk located at Devaneri on ECR road. • INFERENCE The town is well served regarding social infrastructure facilities. But they seem to be concentrated, rather than distributed.

45

8.3 8.3.1

UTILITY AND SERVICES PHYSICAL INFRASTRUCTURE

8.3.1.1 WATER SUPPLY The water source for the people of Mamallapuram town, is the ground water that is tapped and stored in the over head tank and supplied to the public. The water is supplied twice a day to the public and water is chlorinated once in two days. There are 2000 service connections in the town out of which 1500 are house service connection and the rest are commercial. At present the town Panchayat supplies water at the rate of 33 lpcd. INSTALLED AND MAITAINED BY LOCAL BODY 1. INFILTRATION WELLS LOCATION

S.NO.

NO.

1

Pavalakkaara Sathiram

1

2

Devaneri

1

3

Opposite to motel Mamalla (Along Kovalam road – ECR)

4

4

East Raja street

1

5

Venpurusham village

1

6

Venpursham fisherman colony

1

Total

9

2. SUMP DETAILS There is one 30,000 litres capacity sump opposite to Motel Mamalla along the Kovalam East Coast road.

3. OVER HEAD TANK DETAILS S.NO.

LOCATION

CAPACITY

NO.

1

Pavalakkaara Sathiram

30,000 Litres

1

2

Poonjeri

30,000 Litres

1

3

Nearer to Kovalam Road Mandapam

1,50,000 Litres

1

46

4

East Raja street

50,000 Litres

1

5

Venpurusham village

30,000 Litres

1

Total

5

4. PUMP ROOM DETAILS

S.NO.

LOCATION

NO.

1

Pavalakkaara Sathiram

1

2

Devaneri

1

3

Opposite to motel Mamalla (Along Kovalam road – ECR)

1

4

East Raja street

1

5

Venpurusham village

1

Total

5

5. POWER PUMP DETAILS

S.NO.

LOCATION

HORSE POWER

NO.

1

Pavalakkaara Sathiram

3 hp submersible pump

1

2

Devaneri

3 hp submersible pump 7.5

1

submersible pump 3

Opposite to motel Mamalla (Alon 5 hp submersible pump 7.5

1

Kovalam road – ECR)

submersible pump

4

East Raja street

5 hp submersible pump

1

5

Venpurusham village

3 hp submersible pump

1

Total

5 hp submersible pump

5

47

INSTALLED BY TWAD AND HANDED OVER TO LOCAL BODY EXISITNG CONDITION

1. INFILTRATION WELLS S.NO. 1

LOCATION

NO.

Opposite to head pumping station located at western side of

2

Saluvankuppam Kovalam road 2

Opposite to head pumping station located at eastern side of

1

Saluvankuppam Kovalam road Total

3

2. SUMP DETAILS

S.NO.

1

LOCATION

CAPACITY

Opposite to head pumping station located at easter 50,000 litres

NO.

1

side of Saluvankuppam Kovalam road 2

Nearer to head pumping station opposite to Motel

2 lakhs litres 1

Mamalla along Kovalam road Total

3.

2

OVER HEAD TANK DETAILS

S.NO.

LOCATION

CAPACITY

NO.

1

1

Deveneri

30,000 litres

2

Nearer to head pumping station opposite to Motel

4 lakhs litres 1

Mamalla along Kovalam road 3

Poonjeri

3 lakhs litres 1

4

Near to five rathas

2 lakhs litres 1

Total

4

48

4.

PUMP ROOM DETAILS

S.NO 1

NO.

LOCATION Nearer to main pumping in the eastern side of the

1

Salavankuppam – Kovalam road 2

Opposite to western side of Saluvankuppam – Kovalam

1

road in the Main pumping station – I 3

Opposite to motel Mamalla along the Kovalam road,

1

nearer to main pumping station – II Total

5.

POWER PUMP DETAILS

S.NO. 1

3

LOCATION

HORSE POWER

NO.

3 hp submersible pump

4

3 hp submersible pump

2

Along the east coast road in the Eastern

12.5 hp submersible pump

4

side of Saluvankupam nearer to Head

and 1 hp submersible pump

In the well on the western side of Saluvankuppam along the East Coast road

2

In the well on the eastern side of Salvankuppam along the East coast road

3

pumping station 4

Opposite to model Mamalla along the

12.5 hp submersible pump

Kovalam Road, nearer to Main pumping

and 7.5 hp submersible pump

4

station – II in the 4 lakhs litre sump Total

14

49

•

POTENTIALS

1.

The water supply distribution in the town is satisfactory, they are served through the public fountains & individual connections in the core area.

2.

The water supply for the areas of tourism & its related activities are done effectively.

3.

Ground water table @ a depth of 15’ – 20’

•

INFERENCES

1.

After tsunami, existing water sources are contaminated by sea water.

2.

Temporary water resource has been tapped near Venpurusham for the town

•

PROPOSALS

1.

Provision of overhead tanks of adequate capacity to serve the relocated population with about 50 lpcd.

2.

House service connections are to be provided in the relocated areas

3.

Recharge

of

ground

water

will

be

done

through

effective

implementation of rain water harvesting and restoration of water tanks 4.

Provision of adequate number of public fountains in the monument zones.

8.3.2 •

SANITATION EXISTING SCENARIO

There is no underground sewerage system in the town. Their own wet latrine connects the houses in the town. The town lacks in a proper drainage system. Around 40% of the roads & streets within the town are provided with storm water drains. Nearly, all the drains are connected to nearby ponds. Hence the environs of the town seems to be dangerous by letting out all the waste from the houses & nearby lodges into the ponds. Hence mosquito’s menace to the people who stay in the town. Type

Total No. of streets

Total length of streets in Km

Total length of streets covered in Km

Total % of Length of coverage streets yet to cover in Km

% of deficiency

Open

38

11.43

7.10

4.33

37.88

62.37

drainage system Source : Town Panchayat Mamallapuram

50

At present there are three public toilets of pay & use type, at •

Seashore Road

•

Bus Stand

•

Near Five Rathas

For the maintenance of the above toilets every year the local body calls in for tender with the private agencies. The private agencies collect the amount from the users. Other than these are other two toilets specifically for women which are at Devaneri Fisherman kuppam and Venpurusham fisherman kuppam. These two toilets were constructed under “VAMBAY” scheme and then handed over to the self-help groups for the maintenance purpose. • INFERENCE 1. Most of the public toilets are not maintained properly. 2. Lack of proper drainage and under ground sewerage system. 3. Sullage disposal in the near by water bodies, surrounded by the residential zones – are source for mosquito breeding. • PROPOSALS 1. Construction of storm water drains in the relocation area 2. Proposed storm water drains must be linked with major water bodies 3. Proposal of sewage treatment plant in the relocated areas 4. Provision and proper maintenance of public toilets in the monument area

8.3.3 •

SOLID WASTE MANAGEMENT

EXISITNG CONDITION

Since the town is a tourist place. The amount of solid waste generated should be disposed properly and effectively. The township finds it difficult to remove all the solid waste generated in various parts of the town with only just seven scavengers, eleven hired private scavengers, one supervisor and two power tillers with trailer. There are about 200 dust bins provided at various parts of the town. The solid waste generated is collected on alternate days. The solid wastes thus collected are being dumped now at Poonjeri Village.The total extent of this yard is 4 Acres located along TKM road.

51

Population

Generation of solid waste per head/day

Total Amount of solid waste generated per day

Amount of Clearence/day

Type of Vehicles

No of Vehicles

No of Trips

% of uncleared waste

12345

250

3.4

1.8

Tiller

2

6

52

Source : Town Panchayat Mamallapuram •

INFERENCES i. Irregular collection of Waste results in environment degradation ii. The number of public dustbins are insufficient iii. Importance in collection of solid waste is given more prominence in the monument zone than the residential areas

•

PROPOSALS 1. Establishment of compost yards and landfill areas for waste management as per the standards with proper infrastructural facilities 2.

Proper access load should be provided for the transfer station

3. Segregation of waste at the source 4. The properly segregated biodegradable waste can be used for making manure by composting which can be a good source of revenue to the local body. 5. Movable garbage bins should be procured and placed in the monument zone 6. The non-biodegradable waste can be used for controlled land filling. The sides of the filling area should be retained properly. The waste should be compacted in layers and covered with earth at the end of each day. 7. Women empowerment can also be used for waste collection. 8. Introduce vermi-composting. 9. Provide thick vegetation around compost yard for absorbing carbon di oxide emitted during composting.

52

Considering the parameters for selection of the garbage disposal and sewage treatment like ;

•

Wind direction

•

Low lying area for land fill

•

Availability of land

•

Ground water table

•

Accessibility - access road

•

200 Mtrs from Lake or ponds.

•

100 Mtrs from River or stream

•

500 Mtrs. from Residential Area

•

300 Mtrs from Public Parks

•

500 Mtrs. from Water Supply Wells

•

200 Mtrs. from Highway.

With assumed waste generation of 250 g / per capita / day for a population of 40,000 by the year 2021 land fill is for combined solid waste. Area required for solid waste disposal site is , Q

=

40,000 x 250/ 103 x 103

Area Required 3650 x 20 / 3 =

=

10 Tons x 365

=

3650 M3 / Year

24320 M2 =

2.4 Ha.

Area for other purpose

=

2.4 Ha x 2

Total Area Required is

=

4.8 Ha.

53

8.3.4

STREET LIGHTS

At present all the streets are provided with street lights. The town Panchayat has a total of 577 street lights.

Type of lights

Nos

Sodium Vapour Lamps

282

4 Nos – Tube lights

276

Halogen Lamps

18

High Mast Light

1

Focus Light

4

Focus lights are provided at ,

•

•

Near Shore temple

•

Near Arjuna’s Penance

•

Near Light House

INFERENCES 1. Adequate amount of street lights are provided 2. Streets lights are provided at the rate of 37 Nos per KM.

•

PROPOSALS 1. Provide underground cables for the major streets of heritage and tourist importance 2. Provide street lighting in relocated areas 3. Proper area should be left alone for locating transformers in newly developing area 4. Efficient management systems to be adopted. 5. High mast lights must be provided at important road junctions and also at junctions of heritage value and tourist importance.

54

9 MUNICIPAL FINANCE 9.1 MUNICIPAL FINANCE The concept of adequacy of municipal finance has received increasing attention since the municipal bodies are facing a resource crunch and fiscal stress for the delivery of municipal service. The financial operation generally comes under two categories – Resource mobilization and expenditure allocation. 9.2

RESOURCE MOBILIZATION

The resource mobilization in urban local bodies can be discussed under two main categories: Revenue Income : It refers to the items of receipt, which are of recurring nature and are a definite source of income every year. Capital Income: It refers to the revenue derived from a one time transaction and it may not be permanent source of income every year.

REVENUE INCOME

PROPERTY TAX

PROFESSIONAL TAX

GRANT

WATER

GENERAL

RESIDENTIAL

STREET LIGHTING

COMMERCIAL

SCAVENGING

INDUSTRIAL

DRAINAGE

INCOME FROM PROPERTY & SPECIAL SERVICES

COMMERCIAL

EDUCATION

55

REVENUE EXPENCES ESTABLISHMENT

O&M EXPENSES

DEBT SERVICING

STREET LIGHTING WATER SUPPLY

CAPITAL INCOME

LOANS

GRANTS

DEVOLUTION FUND

CAPITAL EXPENDITURE

ROADS

WATER SUPPLY

UNDER GROUND DRAINAGE

PARK

TOILET

9.3 REVENUE INCOME The present practices of resource mobilization are from the taxes and fees to some extent, fro the assigned revenues. Thus the sources of funds available to municipal bodies generally fall under three catogories: •

Own sources – Tax and Non tax

•

Assigned Revenue

•

Grants

56

9.3.1Own sources Own sources of municipal bodies include taxes, charges and fees and other income derived by the municipality through its operations. Accordingly, they may be classified as Tax and Non Tax Resources.

a) Tax Resources Tax resources include taxes levied and collected directly by he Municipality. Property Tax and Professional Tax are the major own tax sources of the municipal bodies. Property Tax has been the most stable sources of revenue for the Urban Local Bodies for a long time. In addition to these major taxes other taxes that the municipal bodies collect, Professional tax is tax levied on all registered employed professional and establishment in the organized sector. In some state this collected by the state government and is transferred to local bodies are advertisement tax, tax on carriage and animals and pilgrimage tax based on the provision I the Municipal Acts.

b) Non-Tax Resources Non-tax resources include all non-tax revenues like fees and charges levied against the various services offered by the ULBs, as per the Act. Such revenue sources include water charges; D&O trade license fee income from special services (like education, lighting, medical institutions, etc.), income from remunerative enterprises, interest on investment etc.

9.3.2 Assigned Revenue Assigned Revenue include revenue transferred to the local body by the state government under special acts. These are transferred to the local body in the form of its share of taxes levied and collected by the state government from establishments/ operations within the Municipal limits entertainment tax, motor vehicle tax, surcharge on stamp duty land revenue magisterial fines etc… are the items under which these revenues are realized by the municipality.

57

9.3.3 Revenue Grants The local bodies receive revenue grants from the state government to supplement local body resources for meeting recurring expenses. The relevant parts of the SFC recommendations with respect to the determination of the fund are as follows: ƒ

90% of the entertainment tax receipts shall be assigned to the local bodies

from the year 1997-98 as against in earlier years. ƒ

8% of the total revenue from all state taxes excluding the entertainment tax

shall be transferred to the local bodies from the year 1997-98 ƒ

15% of the amount transferred, would be apart in an equalitarian and

incentive und, for correcting deficiencies arising out of the implementation of the principles of distribution and to continue the incentive grants for improving the local bodies would be in he ratio of 60:40 ƒ

Balance 85% would be allocated between rural and urban local bodies in the

ratio of 55:45

9.4

Guidelines for utilization of the SFC Devolution: •

The amount should be utilized only for revenue expenditure.

•

Accounts should be audited separately and separate audit reports issued. In addition to the above mentioned traditional sources of revenues the SFC has recommended the introduction of new tax domain such as advertisement tax, cable TV tax, tax on luxurious hotels and lodging houses bedding tax, a share in state excise revenue motor vehicle tax, a share in agricultural income tax, sugarcane tax, urban land tax, terminal tax passenger and goods, surcharge on the bus ticket and local body as on passenger traveling by bus.

9.5

COLLECTION AND BALANCE STATEMENTS

DCB statements related to mainly tax and non tax items. The demand has been on the increase year by year particularly the tax component. The arrears in demand are more of the taxes, the non-tax portion being almost insignificant.

58

9.5.1 Income and Expenditure Details of Town Panchayat. Income ( Rs. In Lakhs) Components

1992-93

1993-94

4.5468 0.0686 0.0145 0.2628 8.2682 0.8306 2.0537 0.3025 0.9265 2.0000 1.5931

5.5114 2.0192 0.0415 0.1686 5.4482 0.8022 5.2321 1.6907 1.1737 5.7208

4.1726 1.1689 0.0060 0.3426 9.8866 1.3492 2.7742 0.1995 0.5150 5.3336

Total

20.8675

27.9818

26.7485

Old balance

13.6900

13.0040

Grand Total

34.5575

40.9858

Property Tax Professional Tax Vehicle Tax Entertainment Tax Stamp duty Rent from property Bus Fees Advance Deposit Grants Others

1994-95

6.0940

32.8426

Expenditure( Rs. In Lakhs) Components General Electricity Bill Labour Payment Water line repair B.S. Employees payment Road Laying Water Line Extension

Total Others

Grand Total

1992-93

1993-94

1994-95

9.6806 1.3294 3.1886 0.6154 0.4586

23.5741 1.4350 3.6705 1.5822 0.5296

17.5837 2.2278 4.2314 1.4042 0.6043

4.1017 0.5917

0.4989 1.7825

1.2599 0.7542

19.9663

33.0731

28.0656

1.5853

1.8186

1.9210

21.5535

34.8918

29.9867

Source: Administrative report – Town Panchayat Office, Mamallapuram New Town.

9.5.2 Demand and Collection Performance :

Total Demand Collection Balance

1992-93 1993-94 1994-95 Rs. in % of Rs. In % of Rs. In % of Lakhs demand Lakhs demand Lakhs demand 9.432 2.586 6.846

27.41 72.58

8.434 3.589 4.845

42.55 57.44

9.985 2.905 7.08

29.09 70.91

Source: Administrative Report – Town Panchayat Office, Mamallapuram New Town.

59

9.5.3 Abstract Revenue S.NO Components

2001-02

2002-03

2003-04

1.

Tax Revenue

16,09,153

20,83,057

26,57,111

6,84,415

2.

Non Tax Revenue

7,13,493

927,491

19,11,921

7,823

3.

Assigned Revenue

44,11,198

51,15,261

36,36,662

6,83,906

4.

Grants from government

1,37,400

87,20,000

10,89,306

18,21,938

5.

Grants from Government

_

_

_

_

6.

Loan from Government

_

_

_

_

7.

miscellaneous

_

_

_

_

Total

2004-05

68,71,244

89,97,809

92,95,000

31,98,082

S.NO Components

2001-02

2002-03

2003-04

2004-05

1.

Revenue expenditure

25,75,036

24,06,179

16,05,779

14,58,960

2.

Capital expenditure

39,28,592

79,70,091

78,02,520

21,141378

3.

Date of Internal Audit

19:11:2003

_

_

_

3.

Date of Internal Audit by Director of Local Fund Audit Date finalizing of Annual A/C’s

_

_

_

_

_

_

_

_

Expenditure

4.

9.5.4 Details of Tax Revenue / Non Tax Revenue / Assigned Revenue Grants / Loans Received and Expenditure during the year 2001-2002 to 2004-2005 S.NO I 1. 2.

Nature of Receipt Tax Revenue House Tax Advertisement

2001-02 744270 5670

3. 4. 5.

Professional Tax Tax on Agriculture Water Tax

140320 _ 1224

2002-03

2003-04

2004-05

1105911 _

1271950 _

597573 _

144880 _ 1424

165593 _ _

5787 _ 815

60

6.

Pilgrimage Tax

7. II

Other Taxes (if any) Non-Tax Revenue

8. 9. 10. III 11. 12. 13. 14. 15. 16. 17. 18. IV

Market Rent Ferry Rent Any other Income Assigned Revenue Local cess Local cess surcharge Duty on transfer of property Entertainment Tax Mines & Minerals Surcharge on sales Tax Vehicle entrance fees Other (devolution funds) Grant from govt. of TN & govt. of India Part II Scheme (Augmentation of Water Supply) VAMBAY Infra structure Facilities 11th Finance commission Grant National Slum Development Pro. SJSRY Water Supply Improvement 11th finance Drainage Improvement Burial Ground improve mental Shandy improvement Improvement to C.C. road Temple Town Development Equalization & incartion grants Drought relief Grant MPLAD Scheme MLACD Scheme Namekku Name Thittam Conversion of Dry Latrine into Flush out latrine Funeral Rites Adidravidar Funeral Rites Backward Classes District Development Programme State Finance Commision Election Grants

19. 20. 21. 22. 23. 24. 25. 26. 27. 28. 29. 30. 31. 32. 33. 34. 35. 36. 37. 38. 39. 40.

_

_

_

_

717669

830842

1219578

80240

483751 _ 229742

271839 _ 655652

170834 _ 1741087

7823 _ _

_ _ 2122130 _ _ _ 1419000 870068

_ _ 2723244 _ _ _ 895000 1497017

_ _ 2723244 _ _ _ _ 913418

_ _ _ _ _ _ _ 683906

_

_

_ _ _ _

_ 432000 440000

88115 170000 354191

_ _

_ _

_ _

_ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ 50000 _

_ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _

_ _

_ _

_ _

_

_

_

_ 87400

_ _

_ _

_ _ _ _ _ _ 300000 177000 _ _ _

_ 85000 168100 23404 _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ 565000 225000 _ _ _ _ _ 355434 _ _

61

41. 42. 43. 44. 45. 46. 47. 48. 49. 50. 51. 52. 53. 54. 55. 56. 57. 58. 59. 60. 61. 62. 63. 64. 65. 66. 67. 68. 69. 70. 71. 72. 73. V 74. 75. 76. 77. 78.

Bio Gas Scheme Siddha Grant Grant from Street Light Maternity Dept of chief of welfare grant Govt. grant bitumen Education Grant Dispensary Grant Small Savings Grants Makkal Nala Paniyalar Anna Marumalarchi Thittam Employment Assurance scheme (EAS) Samatuvapuram Central sanitation scheme District Health Scheme Sport Grant Local Road Grant Allopathy Grant Irrigation Grant JVVT NABARD Social forestry grant JISY IAY Million well scheme SISY Jawahar Rozgar Yojana scheme Chula Grant Paradan Mantri Grammodhya Yojana Jawahar Gram Samidhi Rural Water Supply SGSY Credit Cum Subsidy Grant Any other Grant DD Plan Loans from Government / Others Improvement to Roads from NABARD Conversion of dry latrine into flush out latrine TUFIDCO own fund loan IDSMT Loan HUDCO

_ _ _ _

_ _ _ _

_ _ _ _

_ _ _ _

_ _ _ _ _ _ _

_ _ _ _ _ _ _

_ _ _ _ _ _ _

_ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _

_ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _

_ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _

_ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _

_ _

_ _

_ _

_ _

_ _ _ _ _ _

_ _ _ _ _ _

_ _ _ _ _ _

_ _ _ _ _ _

_

_

_

_

_

_

_

_

_ _ _

_ _ _

_ _ _

_ _ _

_ _ _ 400000 _ _ _

62

_ _

_ _

_ _

8997809

9295000

3198082

_

_

_

2001-02 Actuals

2002-03 Actuals

2003-04 Actuals

2004-05 Actuals

3.

REVENUE ACCOUNT A.) Salaries including conservancy staff a.)Provincialised

398499

237945

331660

101987

4. 5.

b.)Non Provincialised c.)Terminal Benefits

2179537 _

2141838 26396

1245083 29036

1356973 _

2575036

2406179

1605779

1458960

703820

201075

622507

205434

79. 80.

TNUIFSL Other Loan (if any)

_ _

6871244

Grant Total VI

S.NO 1. 2.

Total Expenditure During the year (Including Establishment charges but exceeding investment made, Transfer of funds from one account to another account and advances paid to the Staff)

Expenditure

Total

17. 18. 19.

B.)Obligatory Services (Maintenance) a.)Water Supply Materials & Labour Water Supply maintenance Payable to TWAD & Other Public Health Sanitation & Sewage Solid Waste Disposal Street Light Roads Storm Water Drain Burial & Burning Ground Office Management Expn. Subsidy paid under SJSRY Self Employment Library Chess Remitted Others Fund Change

20. 21. 22. 23. 24. 25. 26.

C.)Discretionary Service Parks & Play Grounds Library & Reading Room Markets / Bus Stand Shops & shopping complex Building properties Others Total

6. 7. 8. 9. 10. 11. 12. 13. 14. 15. 16.

Total

Total (A+B+C Revenue Expn.)

_

_

_

_

_

379466 66270 189815 _ _ _ _ 78631 _

289820 _ _ 83800 _ _ _ 130904 _

565380 _ 106610 262066 _ _ 150539 55630 _

_ 655768 225000

_ 170098 347000

_ 95474 _

2298770

1222697

1858206

704684

_ 170098 32575 92409 2687200 _ 2982282

_ 195613 _ 37461 106270 225000 564344

_ _ _ _ _ 132000 132000

6611158

4028329

2295644

_ _ _ _ _ _ _

4873806

179376 _ _ 231296 _ _ _ 88578 _ _ _ _

63

CAPITAL ACCOUNT 1. 2.

Roads Culverts

237877 91568

174503 _

954555 474673

249605 _

3. 4. 5. 6. 7.

Strom water drain Water Supply Street light Public Health sanitation Solid waste & Dustbin Drought

_ _ _ 130654 _

_ 318020 1362807 865782 _

450000 15954 1266668 500000 _

_ 686389 114890 226810 _

8. 9. 10. 11. 12. 13. 14. 15. 16. 17. 18. 19. 20. 21. 22. 23. 24. 25. 26. 27.

Slaughter House Burial & Burning Ground Retaining wall Community toilet Community Hall School Building Market Bus stand Shops & Shopping Complex Bus shelter Foot path Rest house Other MP Fund Total 2 ( Capital account) Water Supply Govt. Loan Water supply LIC Loan IUDP IDSMT Mega city CMDA Other loan Repayment

_ _ _ _ _ _ _ 797504 _ _ _ _ 224527 1482130 _ _ 147692 _ _ _ _

_ 149000 _ _ _ _ _ 895000 _ _ _ _ _ 3765112 _ _ _ _ _ _ _

_ _ _ 136104 _ 1000000 76939 350000 _ _ _ _ _ 5224893 _ _ 155077 _ _ _ _

_ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ 1277694 _ _ _ _ _ _ _

Total (1 to 3)

6503628

10376270 9408299

28. 29.

Closing Balance Without Deposits & advances

4. Others

Grand Total

_ _

6503628

_ _

_ _

10376270 9408299

3573338 _ _

3573338

64

10

POLICIES & STRATEGIES

The New town development authority should form a joint committee with the representation from following departments,

• • • • •

Archeological Survey of India Tourism Department Local Bodies Ministry of Environment Fisheries Department

A Joint Committee could address the issues of the tourists, local residents, environment, coastal regulations etc. in a phased and a systemic manner.

10.1

MACRO LEVEL ISSUES The macro level issues to he addressed are : a)

Implications of CRZ

b)

Monument regulations

c)

Kalpakkam Sterile Zone

d)

Ferry Service between Chennai & Mamalapuram

e)

Extention of MRTS till Pondicherry

f)

Sculpture Industrial Zone

g)

Extending 6 lane proposal of OMR till Mamalapuram ECR

h)

Archeological excavations

a)

Implications of Coastal Regulation Zone

Though coastal regulation zone was formulated in the year 1991 by the central government few state governments were against it because its implications could create huge loss in terms of economics along the coastal stretch.

But the devastrations caused by Tsunami on 26th December 2004 has changed the entire equation on implementation of coastal regulation zones by the State Government.

Two fisherman's settlement and a few resorts in Mamalapuram have incurred huge loss on property as far as Tsunami was concerned.

65

Policy decision to be taken are : ™ Relocating the existing population living under the CRZ. New sites have to be identified within the town of Mamalapuram and government through the new town development authority could provide basic infrastructure facilities (sites and services) and soft loans could be provided for the construction of houses.

b)

Monumental Regulations

The heritage town of Mamalapuram has no. of structures declared as monuments. The archeological survey of India lay's down there zone's in and around the monument.

•

The Protected Zone

•

The Prohibited Zone

•

The Regulated Zone

The Protected Zone The protected zone is the monument as such where in no developmental of building activities is permitted (Landscaping, Borewells etc are permissible).

The Prohibited Zone Hundred meters radius around the monument (Protected Zone) where in construction activity of any form is prohibited. Existing buildings are frozen for future developments and building permissions are denied. The policy decision to be taken ™ Remove the existing building entirely ™ The alternative sites to be identified and people have to be relocated. ™ The concept of sites and services could be applied here for the benefit of the relocating people. ™ The area coming under the prohibited zone are to be landscaped and basic facilities for the tourist population such as public fountains, resting shelters, parks, play areas, etc.

66

The Regulated Zone In the regulated zone the building activities could be carried out with building permission from the archeological survey of India. (Permissible Till Ground and First). After enforcement of all the regulations area left out for commercial activities catering tourist population is very less.

So the regulated zone can be demarcated for commercial purpose with restricted FAR.

c.

Kalpakkam Sterile Zone

Around 200 ha. of land falls under sterile zone presently few residential buildings are propping up in the sterile zone which are unauthorized. Sewage treatment plant and garbage disposal sites are presently identified by local bodies in the sterile zone of Poonjeri area.

d)

Ferry Service between Chennai and Mamallapuram

The sea coast of Bay of Bengal has the finest beaches whose potential has not been utilized on the aspect of tourism.

Policy decision to be taken are : ™ To promote tourism in Mamallapuram a ferry service can be introduced between Chennai and Mamallapuram. ™ A study has to be done for identification of the jetty on the coast of Mamallapuram. ™ A ferry service along the Buckingham Canal can also be explored.

67

e)

Extension of MRTS till Pondicherry

The railways is one of the major and consistent mode of transport in India. As per the press release by the Railway Minister A.K.Moorthy in the year 2000 government has plans to propose a rail connectivity from Chennai to Pondicherry Via. Mamallapuram. With the proposal of administrative city in Thiruvadanthai and Tayur the chances of implementing the scheme is more.

Policy decision to be taken are : ™ Allocation of land for the railway station in Mamallapuram has to done at the earliest in consultation with the railways department.

f)

Sculpture Industrial Zone

Considering Mamallapuram has a heritage and tourist town the development of new industries seems to be very remote. More over the rules laid by the new town development authority does not permit any large scale industrial activities within the town. The sculpture activities is happening in Mamallapuram for hundreds of years. The projection forecasts a tremendous increase in the tourist population which is very essential for the survival of sculpture activities.

•

Presently the sculpture activities are spread around the monument zones in bits and pieces.

•

The work space are inadequate and working conditions are poor.

•

The residential powers supply load is being utilized for the machineries used for sculpture related activities.

•

Proper show rooms are not their to display their products.

•

Road side encroachments.

To sum up the sculpture related activities are dying in Mamallapuram and for rejuvenate of the sculpture related activities a exclusive zone for sculpture industry has to be created with considering the following parameters.

68

1.

Access road connecting highway for transport of stones and sculpture through lorry or containers.

2.

Adequate storage space for raw stones and finished sculptures.

3.

Clean work environment and adequate work space.

4.

Accessibility for the tourists to view the displays under one roof.

5.

Building or Hall where in day to day workshops can be conducted for the tourists, quality improvement programmes for laborers.

6.

An exhibition hall to display though sculptures.

g)

Extending the 6 lane proposal of OMR till Mamallapuram ECR

The existing 6 lane proposal on OMR from Chennai till Sirucheri should be extended till Mamallapuram with the given speed of growth of IT industries along the OMR it would engulf Mamallapuram town in no time. Few sites along the OMR in Mamallapuram has been plotted for IT development.

Policy decision to be taken are : ™ An exclusive IT corridor zone on both sides of OMR should be allocated on town of Mamallapuram. h)

Archeological Excavations

History of Mamallapuram states there had been around seven temples near the shore temple which mere said to have submerged under the sea. Recently marine archeological survey of India has conducted some studies off the shore of Mamallapuram and have identified few sculptures and temple bases. On shore excavation along the coast of Mamallapuram had led to new findings. Grabha graha of two more temples has been found which does not belong to the style as that of the shore temple.

Policy decision to be taken are : ™ Restoration of the 2 temple basis which has found near the shore temple and new studies have to be conducted in and around the town of Mamallapuram.

69