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Analysing the impact of building activities, in agriculture lands using GIS techniques for Gharyan, Libya.
Point Data Age of Building
Vector Data
Agriculture suitability
Vector Data IPM Projection
AUGUST 2009
Cell based Modelling Zonal Functions
Before- 75
Building development in Agricultural lands by the year 2025
95- 05’
75- 84’
85- 94’
Density Analysis
Zonal Functions Cell based Modelling
Raster Data Age of building
Vector Data
Agriculture suitability
Decadal trend from 1975- 2005
Analysing the impact of building activities, in agriculture lands using GIS techniquesGharyan, Libya. 3rd Generation Planning Project
Analysing the impact of building activities, in agriculture lands using GIS techniques for Gharyan, Libya.
AUGUST 2009
Introduction: Gharyan is the main city located in the Gharyan Sub-region, which lies 700 m above sea level. It is at a distance of about 80 km southwest of Tripoli and about 90 km north of Mizdah. Gharyan is in the centre of agriculturally developed area in Jabal Nafusah Plain where annual rain fall of 250mm which is sufficient for crop cultivation.
Mizdah
3rd Generation Planning Project
Analysing the impact of building activities, in agriculture lands using GIS techniques for Gharyan, Libya.
Non Mountaneous areas
AUGUST 2009
Functional Structure of settlement around Gharyan Al Urban
Mountaneous & arid areas
Abu Zayan
Abu Zayyan Abu Zayyan Al Janub Abu Zayyan Al Waset Sidi Khalifah Aosaden
Tagrinah
Taghrinnah Wadi Al Alarbaa
Al Asabiyah
Al Hinshir Ash Shrwirif Esnan Jandubah Al Daher
Al Urban
Al Kasba (Al Urban) Al Bidaa
Al Qwasim
Gharyan
Al Aziziyah
Ensir
Ar Rabtah
Ar Rabitah Al Wadi Al Hai Gteis
Kiklah
Taghrinnah Abu zyan
Al Asabiyah Kiklah
Al Gwalish Kiklah Al Gharbiyah Kiklah Ash Shmaliyah Kiklah Al Wadi Kiklah Al Waset Abu Madi Ash Shrwirif
Al Qwasim
Al Qwasim Al Qwasim Al Wadi Al Qwasim Al Waset Al Bosiri Abu Ghilan Al Wahda Ash Shaykh
Bir Al Ghanam Ensir
3rd Generation Planning Project
Nssir Sidi Entat Wadi Al Alarbaa Gut Al Reh
Analysing the impact of building activities, in agriculture lands using GIS techniques for Gharyan, Libya.
Why this study?
Libyan agriculture encounters a number of difficulties and one important aspect is reduction in agricultural lands due to urbanization. For the chosen study area of Gharyan the trend of urbanization in the fertile agricultural lands are mapped for past decades. The study gives a clear picture on how the building activities are slowly eating up the agricultural lands. Furthermore, the output from IPM model is used as an input to evaluate the possible conversion of agricultural lands into building developments by the year 2025. 3rd Generation Planning Project
AUGUST 2009
Analysing the impact of building activities, in agriculture lands using GIS techniques for Gharyan, Libya.
The Gharyan Agglomeration: Gharyan city tends to cluster with the settlements Sidi Musa, Taghrinnah, Kaamoun and Antat. These urbanurban mixed areas form into an urban agglomeration with a total population of about 50,000 inhabitants. This agglomeration may grow upto 100,000 inhabitants in 2025.
3rd Generation Planning Project
AUGUST 2009
Analysing the impact of building activities, in agriculture lands using GIS techniques for Gharyan, Libya.
Data: The data used for the study are, 1. Age of the buildings from inventory,
building
2. IPM model projections 2025 of population spread in Gharyan from the sub regional plans, 3. Agriculture land suitability data from agricultural department. There are around 1569 Hac. of moderately fertile agricultural lands which is a sizable amount of land to carry out sustainable agriculture. 3rd Generation Planning Project
AUGUST 2009
Analysing the impact of building activities, in agriculture lands using GIS techniques for Gharyan, Libya.
Analysis: Selection is made on the building inventory by using selection by attribute for various decades. This point data on the age of building is converted to raster data and equated with agricultural land suitability raster data using raster calculator (age of building layer minus the agricultural suitability).
3rd Generation Planning Project
AUGUST 2009
Analysing the impact of building activities, in agriculture lands using GIS techniques for Gharyan, Libya.
3rd Generation Planning Project
AUGUST 2009
Analysing the impact of building activities, in agriculture lands using GIS techniques for Gharyan, Libya.
AUGUST 2009
Trend Analysis - 1975 3rd Generation Planning Project
Analysing the impact of building activities, in agriculture lands using GIS techniques for Gharyan, Libya.
AUGUST 2009
Trend Analysis - 1985 3rd Generation Planning Project
Analysing the impact of building activities, in agriculture lands using GIS techniques for Gharyan, Libya.
AUGUST 2009
Trend Analysis - 1995 3rd Generation Planning Project
Analysing the impact of building activities, in agriculture lands using GIS techniques for Gharyan, Libya.
AUGUST 2009
Trend Analysis - 2005 3rd Generation Planning Project
Analysing the impact of building activities, in agriculture lands using GIS techniques for Gharyan, Libya.
AUGUST 2009
What will be the state of Agricultural lands in 2025?
3rd Generation Planning Project
Analysing the impact of building activities, in agriculture lands using GIS techniques for Gharyan, Libya.
Predicting the future: Same technique is carried out on Agricultural suitability layer and IPM (converted to raster )model’s output to map the building developments in agricultural lands by 2025.
3rd Generation Planning Project
AUGUST 2009
Analysing the impact of building activities, in agriculture lands using GIS techniques for Gharyan, Libya.
If the same trend of urbanization continues in the agricultural areas without being checked, by 2025 there will be very little or no land available within the study area for agriculture production.
3rd Generation Planning Project
AUGUST 2009
Analysing the impact of building activities, in agriculture lands using GIS techniques for Gharyan, Libya.
To conserve the remaining agricultural area the above study was vital along with studies on slope, growth direction, urban sprawl, vacant lands, etc., to identify new areas for urban development.
3rd Generation Planning Project
AUGUST 2009
Analysing the impact of building activities, in agriculture lands using GIS techniques for Gharyan, Libya.
AUGUST 2009
Part -2
3rd Generation Planning Project
Analysing the impact of building activities, in agriculture lands using GIS techniques for Gharyan, Libya.
AUGUST 2009
Development Concept: Agriculture city
1. Selection of Developable area driven mainly by land suitability and current urban development trends. 2. Prime focus on Agriculture activities in Gharyan, through improvement of accessibility, good agricultural support services, etc.
1970’s
3. Urban development planned in areas not suitable for agriculture so as to protect the agricultural lands from conversions but controlling sprawl. 4. Integrated development of small scale settlements or clusters utilizing appropriate transport linkages to the main settlement as well as equitable distribution of infrastructure. Alternative - A •Development Concept. 3rd Generation Planning Project
2006
2025
Analysing the impact of building activities, in agriculture lands using GIS techniques for Gharyan, Libya.
AUGUST 2009
The Gharyan Master plan Boundary is divided into six different Zones and Development norms are specified for these six Zones which will guide and shape the future development. ZONE -1 ISOLATION ZONE
ZONE -4 URBAN ZONE
Isolation Zone consists of lands which are not habitable including lands unsuitable due to topography, hydrology or vegetation.
Urban Zone consists of a mixed use but primarily residential urban fabric. It may have a wide range of building types: single, courtyard and rowhouses.
ZONE -2 AGRICULTURE ZONE
ZONE -5 URBAN CORE ZONE
Agriculture Zone consists of agricultural lands in open or cultivated states. These include woodland, agricultural land, grassland, and irrigable desert.
Urban Core Zone consists of the highest density and height, with the greatest variety of uses, and civic buildings of importance.
ZONE -3 AGRICULTURE-RESIDENTIAL ZONE
ZONE -6 URBAN CENTRE ZONE
Agriculture- Residential Zone consists of sparsely settled lands in open or cultivated areas.
Urban Center Zone consists of higher density mixed use building that accommodate commercial, administrative,retail, offices, rowhouses and apartments.
3rd Generation Planning Project
Analysing the impact of building activities, in agriculture lands using GIS techniques for Gharyan, Libya.
ZONE -1 ISOLATION ZONE
AUGUST 2009
ZONE -6 URBAN CENTRE ZONE
ZONE -2 AGRICULTURE ZONE
ZONE -5 URBAN CORE ZONE
ZONE -3 AGRICULTURE-RESIDENTIAL ZONE ZONE -4 URBAN ZONE
3rd Generation Planning Project
Analysing the impact of building activities, in agriculture lands using GIS techniques for Gharyan, Libya. ZONE -1 ISOLATION BELT
ZONE -2 AGRICULTURE
ZONE -3 AGRICULTURE RES.
AUGUST 2009 ZONE -4 URBAN AREAS
ZONE -5 URBAN CORE
ZONE -6 URBAN CENTRE
3450 hac.
Proposed Area’s in various Zones:
1075hac.
752 hac.
983 hac. 546 hac.
97 hac.
ZONE -1 ISOLATION ZONE
3%
ZONE -6 URBAN CENTRE ZONE
1%
39 hac.
Strategy to accommodate the population 1.Densification of the Existing urban areas (2GMP). - Identifying vacant lands for densification. - Urban renewal programmes to redensify areas.
ZONE -2 AGRICULTURE ZONE
30%
ZONE -5 URBAN CORE ZONE
16 %
2.Developing smaller settlemnts within 3G study area. - Smaller setttlements like SIdi Antat, Kaamun, Sidi Musa will be planned and densified.
ZONE -3 AGRICULTURE-RESIDENTIAL ZONE
22 %
ZONE -4 URBAN ZONE
3.New development on sloped terrain (0-10 deg. slope).
28 %
- The sloped mountains areas will be reserve for fu ture development.
3rd Generation Planning Project
Analysing the impact of building activities, in agriculture lands using GIS techniques for Gharyan, Libya. ZONE -1 ISOLATION BELT
ZONE -2 AGRICULTURE
AUGUST 2009
ZONE -3 AGRICULTURE RES.
ZONE -4 URBAN AREAS
ZONE -5 URBAN CORE
ZONE -6 URBAN CENTRE
Existing Population 2005 in various Zones: 100%
35% 0%
40%
15%
7%
3%
0%
ZONE -1 ISOLATION ZONE
0 per/ha.
ZONE -6 URBAN CENTRE ZONE
38 per/ha. Existing Population 2005
ZONE -2 AGRICULTURE ZONE
3 per/ha.
ZONE -5 URBAN CORE ZONE
34 per/ha.
ZONE -3 AGRICULTURE-RESIDENTIAL ZONE
9 per/ha.
ZONE -4 URBAN ZONE
16 per/ha. Existing Density 2006 3rd Generation Planning Project
46,215
Analysing the impact of building activities, in agriculture lands using GIS techniques for Gharyan, Libya. ZONE -1 ISOLATION BELT
ZONE -2 AGRICULTURE
AUGUST 2009
ZONE -3 AGRICULTURE RES.
ZONE -4 URBAN AREAS
ZONE -6 URBAN CENTRE
ZONE -5 URBAN CORE
Proposed Population 2025 in various Zones: 100%
49%
0%
42%
7%
0%
3%
0%
ZONE -1 ISOLATION ZONE
0 per/ha.
ZONE -2 AGRICULTURE ZONE
0 per/ha.
ZONE -6 URBAN CENTRE ZONE
77 per/ha.
Existing Population 2005
Projected Population 2025
103,904
ZONE -5 URBAN CORE ZONE
46,215
79 per/ha.
Projected Population 2005 - 2025 ZONE -3 AGRICULTURE-RESIDENTIAL ZONE
9 per/ha.
ZONE -4 URBAN ZONE
51 per/ha. Proposed Density 2025
Year
Population Phasing
2006 2015 2020 2025
46,215 77,314 89,629 103904
3rd Generation Planning Project
Alternative - A •Accomodating population change.
Population No. of Houses
Phase I 21099 Phase II 12315 Phase III 14275
5800 2100 3000
Analysing the impact of building activities, in agriculture lands using GIS techniques for Gharyan, Libya.
2006
AUGUST 2009
2025 3rd Generation Planning Project
Analysing the impact of building activities, in agriculture lands using GIS techniques for Gharyan, Libya.
“An
environment
that
can’t
AUGUST 2009
be
changed invites its own destruction. We prefer a world that can be modified progressively against a background of valued remains, a world in which we can leave a personal mark alongside the marks of history.” “ What time is this place?” - Kevin Lynch Thats the end of the story... 3rd Generation Planning Project
Point Data Age of Building
Vector Data
Agriculture suitability
Vector Data IPM Projection
AUGUST 2009
Cell based Modelling Zonal Functions
Before- 75
Building development in Agricultural lands by the year 2025
95- 05’
75- 84’
85- 94’
Density Analysis
Zonal Functions Cell based Modelling
Raster Data Age of building
Vector Data
Agriculture suitability
Decadal trend from 1975- 2005
Analysing the impact of building activities, in agriculture lands using GIS techniquesGharyan, Libya. 3rd Generation Planning Project
Analysing the impact of building activities, in agriculture lands using GIS techniques for Gharyan, Libya.
AUGUST 2009
Introduction: Gharyan is the main city located in the Gharyan Sub-region, which lies 700 m above sea level. It is at a distance of about 80 km southwest of Tripoli and about 90 km north of Mizdah. Gharyan is in the centre of agriculturally developed area in Jabal Nafusah Plain where annual rain fall of 250mm which is sufficient for crop cultivation.
Mizdah
3rd Generation Planning Project
Analysing the impact of building activities, in agriculture lands using GIS techniques for Gharyan, Libya.
Non Mountaneous areas
AUGUST 2009
Functional Structure of settlement around Gharyan Al Urban
Mountaneous & arid areas
Abu Zayan
Abu Zayyan Abu Zayyan Al Janub Abu Zayyan Al Waset Sidi Khalifah Aosaden
Tagrinah
Taghrinnah Wadi Al Alarbaa
Al Asabiyah
Al Hinshir Ash Shrwirif Esnan Jandubah Al Daher
Al Urban
Al Kasba (Al Urban) Al Bidaa
Al Qwasim
Gharyan
Al Aziziyah
Ensir
Ar Rabtah
Ar Rabitah Al Wadi Al Hai Gteis
Kiklah
Taghrinnah Abu zyan
Al Asabiyah Kiklah
Al Gwalish Kiklah Al Gharbiyah Kiklah Ash Shmaliyah Kiklah Al Wadi Kiklah Al Waset Abu Madi Ash Shrwirif
Al Qwasim
Al Qwasim Al Qwasim Al Wadi Al Qwasim Al Waset Al Bosiri Abu Ghilan Al Wahda Ash Shaykh
Bir Al Ghanam Ensir
3rd Generation Planning Project
Nssir Sidi Entat Wadi Al Alarbaa Gut Al Reh
Analysing the impact of building activities, in agriculture lands using GIS techniques for Gharyan, Libya.
Why this study?
Libyan agriculture encounters a number of difficulties and one important aspect is reduction in agricultural lands due to urbanization. For the chosen study area of Gharyan the trend of urbanization in the fertile agricultural lands are mapped for past decades. The study gives a clear picture on how the building activities are slowly eating up the agricultural lands. Furthermore, the output from IPM model is used as an input to evaluate the possible conversion of agricultural lands into building developments by the year 2025. 3rd Generation Planning Project
AUGUST 2009
Analysing the impact of building activities, in agriculture lands using GIS techniques for Gharyan, Libya.
The Gharyan Agglomeration: Gharyan city tends to cluster with the settlements Sidi Musa, Taghrinnah, Kaamoun and Antat. These urbanurban mixed areas form into an urban agglomeration with a total population of about 50,000 inhabitants. This agglomeration may grow upto 100,000 inhabitants in 2025.
3rd Generation Planning Project
AUGUST 2009
Analysing the impact of building activities, in agriculture lands using GIS techniques for Gharyan, Libya.
Data: The data used for the study are, 1. Age of the buildings from inventory,
building
2. IPM model projections 2025 of population spread in Gharyan from the sub regional plans, 3. Agriculture land suitability data from agricultural department. There are around 1569 Hac. of moderately fertile agricultural lands which is a sizable amount of land to carry out sustainable agriculture. 3rd Generation Planning Project
AUGUST 2009
Analysing the impact of building activities, in agriculture lands using GIS techniques for Gharyan, Libya.
Analysis: Selection is made on the building inventory by using selection by attribute for various decades. This point data on the age of building is converted to raster data and equated with agricultural land suitability raster data using raster calculator (age of building layer minus the agricultural suitability).
3rd Generation Planning Project
AUGUST 2009
Analysing the impact of building activities, in agriculture lands using GIS techniques for Gharyan, Libya.
3rd Generation Planning Project
AUGUST 2009
Analysing the impact of building activities, in agriculture lands using GIS techniques for Gharyan, Libya.
AUGUST 2009
Trend Analysis - 1975 3rd Generation Planning Project
Analysing the impact of building activities, in agriculture lands using GIS techniques for Gharyan, Libya.
AUGUST 2009
Trend Analysis - 1985 3rd Generation Planning Project
Analysing the impact of building activities, in agriculture lands using GIS techniques for Gharyan, Libya.
AUGUST 2009
Trend Analysis - 1995 3rd Generation Planning Project
Analysing the impact of building activities, in agriculture lands using GIS techniques for Gharyan, Libya.
AUGUST 2009
Trend Analysis - 2005 3rd Generation Planning Project
Analysing the impact of building activities, in agriculture lands using GIS techniques for Gharyan, Libya.
AUGUST 2009
What will be the state of Agricultural lands in 2025?
3rd Generation Planning Project
Analysing the impact of building activities, in agriculture lands using GIS techniques for Gharyan, Libya.
Predicting the future: Same technique is carried out on Agricultural suitability layer and IPM (converted to raster )model’s output to map the building developments in agricultural lands by 2025.
3rd Generation Planning Project
AUGUST 2009
Analysing the impact of building activities, in agriculture lands using GIS techniques for Gharyan, Libya.
If the same trend of urbanization continues in the agricultural areas without being checked, by 2025 there will be very little or no land available within the study area for agriculture production.
3rd Generation Planning Project
AUGUST 2009
Analysing the impact of building activities, in agriculture lands using GIS techniques for Gharyan, Libya.
To conserve the remaining agricultural area the above study was vital along with studies on slope, growth direction, urban sprawl, vacant lands, etc., to identify new areas for urban development.
3rd Generation Planning Project
AUGUST 2009
Analysing the impact of building activities, in agriculture lands using GIS techniques for Gharyan, Libya.
AUGUST 2009
Part -2
3rd Generation Planning Project
Analysing the impact of building activities, in agriculture lands using GIS techniques for Gharyan, Libya.
AUGUST 2009
Development Concept: Agriculture city
1. Selection of Developable area driven mainly by land suitability and current urban development trends. 2. Prime focus on Agriculture activities in Gharyan, through improvement of accessibility, good agricultural support services, etc.
1970’s
3. Urban development planned in areas not suitable for agriculture so as to protect the agricultural lands from conversions but controlling sprawl. 4. Integrated development of small scale settlements or clusters utilizing appropriate transport linkages to the main settlement as well as equitable distribution of infrastructure. Alternative - A •Development Concept. 3rd Generation Planning Project
2006
2025
Analysing the impact of building activities, in agriculture lands using GIS techniques for Gharyan, Libya.
AUGUST 2009
The Gharyan Master plan Boundary is divided into six different Zones and Development norms are specified for these six Zones which will guide and shape the future development. ZONE -1 ISOLATION ZONE
ZONE -4 URBAN ZONE
Isolation Zone consists of lands which are not habitable including lands unsuitable due to topography, hydrology or vegetation.
Urban Zone consists of a mixed use but primarily residential urban fabric. It may have a wide range of building types: single, courtyard and rowhouses.
ZONE -2 AGRICULTURE ZONE
ZONE -5 URBAN CORE ZONE
Agriculture Zone consists of agricultural lands in open or cultivated states. These include woodland, agricultural land, grassland, and irrigable desert.
Urban Core Zone consists of the highest density and height, with the greatest variety of uses, and civic buildings of importance.
ZONE -3 AGRICULTURE-RESIDENTIAL ZONE
ZONE -6 URBAN CENTRE ZONE
Agriculture- Residential Zone consists of sparsely settled lands in open or cultivated areas.
Urban Center Zone consists of higher density mixed use building that accommodate commercial, administrative,retail, offices, rowhouses and apartments.
3rd Generation Planning Project
Analysing the impact of building activities, in agriculture lands using GIS techniques for Gharyan, Libya.
ZONE -1 ISOLATION ZONE
AUGUST 2009
ZONE -6 URBAN CENTRE ZONE
ZONE -2 AGRICULTURE ZONE
ZONE -5 URBAN CORE ZONE
ZONE -3 AGRICULTURE-RESIDENTIAL ZONE ZONE -4 URBAN ZONE
3rd Generation Planning Project
Analysing the impact of building activities, in agriculture lands using GIS techniques for Gharyan, Libya. ZONE -1 ISOLATION BELT
ZONE -2 AGRICULTURE
ZONE -3 AGRICULTURE RES.
AUGUST 2009 ZONE -4 URBAN AREAS
ZONE -5 URBAN CORE
ZONE -6 URBAN CENTRE
3450 hac.
Proposed Area’s in various Zones:
1075hac.
752 hac.
983 hac. 546 hac.
97 hac.
ZONE -1 ISOLATION ZONE
3%
ZONE -6 URBAN CENTRE ZONE
1%
39 hac.
Strategy to accommodate the population 1.Densification of the Existing urban areas (2GMP). - Identifying vacant lands for densification. - Urban renewal programmes to redensify areas.
ZONE -2 AGRICULTURE ZONE
30%
ZONE -5 URBAN CORE ZONE
16 %
2.Developing smaller settlemnts within 3G study area. - Smaller setttlements like SIdi Antat, Kaamun, Sidi Musa will be planned and densified.
ZONE -3 AGRICULTURE-RESIDENTIAL ZONE
22 %
ZONE -4 URBAN ZONE
3.New development on sloped terrain (0-10 deg. slope).
28 %
- The sloped mountains areas will be reserve for fu ture development.
3rd Generation Planning Project
Analysing the impact of building activities, in agriculture lands using GIS techniques for Gharyan, Libya. ZONE -1 ISOLATION BELT
ZONE -2 AGRICULTURE
AUGUST 2009
ZONE -3 AGRICULTURE RES.
ZONE -4 URBAN AREAS
ZONE -5 URBAN CORE
ZONE -6 URBAN CENTRE
Existing Population 2005 in various Zones: 100%
35% 0%
40%
15%
7%
3%
0%
ZONE -1 ISOLATION ZONE
0 per/ha.
ZONE -6 URBAN CENTRE ZONE
38 per/ha. Existing Population 2005
ZONE -2 AGRICULTURE ZONE
3 per/ha.
ZONE -5 URBAN CORE ZONE
34 per/ha.
ZONE -3 AGRICULTURE-RESIDENTIAL ZONE
9 per/ha.
ZONE -4 URBAN ZONE
16 per/ha. Existing Density 2006 3rd Generation Planning Project
46,215
Analysing the impact of building activities, in agriculture lands using GIS techniques for Gharyan, Libya. ZONE -1 ISOLATION BELT
ZONE -2 AGRICULTURE
AUGUST 2009
ZONE -3 AGRICULTURE RES.
ZONE -4 URBAN AREAS
ZONE -6 URBAN CENTRE
ZONE -5 URBAN CORE
Proposed Population 2025 in various Zones: 100%
49%
0%
42%
7%
0%
3%
0%
ZONE -1 ISOLATION ZONE
0 per/ha.
ZONE -2 AGRICULTURE ZONE
0 per/ha.
ZONE -6 URBAN CENTRE ZONE
77 per/ha.
Existing Population 2005
Projected Population 2025
103,904
ZONE -5 URBAN CORE ZONE
46,215
79 per/ha.
Projected Population 2005 - 2025 ZONE -3 AGRICULTURE-RESIDENTIAL ZONE
9 per/ha.
ZONE -4 URBAN ZONE
51 per/ha. Proposed Density 2025
Year
Population Phasing
2006 2015 2020 2025
46,215 77,314 89,629 103904
3rd Generation Planning Project
Alternative - A •Accomodating population change.
Population No. of Houses
Phase I 21099 Phase II 12315 Phase III 14275
5800 2100 3000
Analysing the impact of building activities, in agriculture lands using GIS techniques for Gharyan, Libya.
2006
AUGUST 2009
2025 3rd Generation Planning Project
Analysing the impact of building activities, in agriculture lands using GIS techniques for Gharyan, Libya.
“An
environment
that
can’t
AUGUST 2009
be
changed invites its own destruction. We prefer a world that can be modified progressively against a background of valued remains, a world in which we can leave a personal mark alongside the marks of history.” “ What time is this place?” - Kevin Lynch Thats the end of the story... 3rd Generation Planning Project
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