Thesis Report On- Planning Of Coastal Areas For Tsunami,case Chinnangudi Nagapattinam,tamil Nadu, India-1

POST-TSUNAMI CONTEXT IN PLANNING OF COASTAL AREAS CASE STUDY- CHINNANGUDI, NAGAPATTINAM

POST-TSUNAMI CONTEXT IN PLANNING OF COASTAL AREAS, CASE STUDY CHINNANGUDI-NAGAPATTINAAM.

A Thesis

Submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the

MASTER OF PLANNING In Department of Planning

By Ravi Shankar.S. Reg. No: 200461209

SCHOOL OF ARCHITECTURE AND PLANNING ANNA UNIVERSITY CHENNAI-25 MAY 2006

DECLARATION

I declare that this Thesis entitled “POST-TSUNAMI CONTEXT IN PLANNING OF COASTAL AREAS, CASE STUDY CHINNANGUDI-NAGAPATTINAAM” is the result of

my work and prepared by me under the guidance of Mr. Pratheep Moses.K, and that it has not formed the basis for the award of any degree, diploma, associate ship or fellowship of any other University or Institution previously. Due acknowledgement have been made wherever anything has been borrowed from other sources.

Date:

Signature of the Candidate Name : S. Ravi Shankar Roll no: 200461209

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BONAFIDE CERTIFICATE

Certified that this Thesis forming part of course work TP 161, of IV semester, M.Plan, entitled “POST-TSUNAMI CONTEXT IN PLANNING OF COASTAL AREAS, CASE STUDY CHINNANGUDI-NAGAPATTINAAM”, submitted by Ravi Shankar. S,

to the School of Architecture and Planning, Anna University for the award of Masters Degree in Planning is a bonafide record of her under my supervision.

Certified further that to the best of my Knowledge the work reported herein does not form part of any other thesis or dissertation on the basis of which a degree or award was conferred on an earlier occasion for any other candidate.

Dissertation Guide Mr. Pratheep Moses.K Lecturer, Department of Planning.

Head of the Department Dr.V.M.Marudachalam, Department of Planning, School of Architecture and Planning, Anna University.

Dean Examiner

Prof. S.Ravi, School of Architecture and Planning, Anna University.

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ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

I sincerely acknowledge the contribution made by my guide Mr. K. Pratheep Moses for his continuous and equanimity through out my study. I also like to record my sincere thanks to our, Head of the department, Planning, SAP, and Thesis coordinator, Dr.V.M.Marudachalam.

I have a great pleasure of extending my heartfelt gratitude to Prof.S.Ravi, Dean, School of Architecture and Planning, Anna University, for giving me this opportunity. I also extend my gratitude to the examiner Mr.Ragunath, Chief Planner, Chennai Metropolitan development Authority for his constructive criticism in the reviews.

Also I thank Prof. S.P.Sekar ,Prof. Abdul Razak and Mr.S.R.Masilamani, the staff members of Department of Planning and Mr. J.Narayanaswamy for channelising my thoughts for the completion of this study.

I extend my thanks to the few many that were behind the scenes and encouraged me in the completion of this study. I express my sincere thanks to my friends and classmates who have given me the moral support and encouragement, when I needed it.

I would like have a special mention for

Mr.Ramanamoorthy scientist, and his assistants Mr.Pary and Mr.Arul of ICMAM_PD,NIOT. Prof. Ramesh and Mr.Senthil kumar of IOM, Anna university.Prof.Krishnamoorthy of Madras University. Architect Ajith Haridas and his colleagues of Elements design, Artist Mr.Kumaresan of Agam Studio, Mr.Benny kuriocose & his team for doing tremendous work in making Tarangambadi and Chinnangudi a better place.

Last but not the least I extend my thanks to my parents who always help me to make my dream reality. 4

EXECUTIVE SUMMARY A wave formed due to displacement of the earth’s tectonic plates below the sea traveled thousands of kilometers and wrecked havoc along the coasts of several nations and awakened the entire world to its existence – “THE TSUNAMI”.

The devastation caused by the recent Tsunami has posed challenges in refurbishing the coastal communities, making it clear that planning of coastal areas involve more care than the normal land use planning.

Examination of published tsunami risk maps (FEMA, UNDP.NDM) indicates that tsunami flood risk (and therefore damage to people and structures) is traditionally assumed to be uniform within a given coastal area. However, the recent tsunami showed that population and infrastructure within a given flood zone are not uniformly at risk.

This is because risk, that is the probability of damage, is intimately related to vulnerability, which measures the potential for damage. Vulnerability in turn, is related to a series of parameters that include amongst others: the presence of on and off-shore protective barriers , distance from the shore, depth of flood water, building construction materials & standards, preparedness activities, socio-economic status and means, level of understanding and hazard perception and amount of warning and ability to move away from the flood zone.

This gap between the existing published risk maps and actual ground realities has created a need to develop a planning tool incorporating all relevant parameters, which will help us to address the vulnerability issues at a settlement level.

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This objective has been achieved by creating a BUILDING AND HUMAN VULNERABILITY INDEX. The Building vulnerability index will include building materials, elevation, distance from the coast, number of floors, age of the building, building surroundings and natural and artificial barriers. The Human vulnerability index will include building vulnerability and susceptibility of the population (gender and age). These indices are tested on a representative coastal segment of Tamil Nadu -The study area (chinnangudi, Nagapattinam district) based on a worst case scenario. The Worst case scenario establishes the probability that a tsunami of particular magnitude will occur and therefore, that tsunami pose a major threat to Tamil Nadu (Findings reveals that chances for tsunami to reoccur in a persons life time is 39% and if so the worst case could be 8.7 Richter scale with a wave height of 4 meters with a inundation distance of 750 mts.)

The inferences from this analysis have given us the status of existing as well the extreme vulnerability of buildings and human in the study area.

Based on these inferences the planning issues pertaining to resettlement like: type of resettlement, people perception, occupational pattern, availability of land, building materials, natural and artificial barriers, cost involved, etc. have been addressed in detail.

This study opens the scope for the development of further tools that incorporates other diversified parameters which could be applied in different places under various stimulated conditions.

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ACRONYMS A ADB Asian Development Bank, Manila, Philippines ADMIN Australian Disaster Management Information Network ADPC Asian Disaster Preparedness Center, Thailand ADRC Asian Disaster Reduction Center, Japan ADRRN Asian Disaster Reduction and Response Network AEGDM ASEAN Experts Group on Disaster Management APELL Awareness and Preparedness for Emergencies at the Local Level (UNEP) ARPDM ASEAN Regional Program on Disaster Management AUDMP Asian Urban Disaster Mitigation Program, ADPC, Thailand

B BCPR Bureau for Crisis Prevention and Recovery, UNDP (Formerly Emergency Response Division) Benfieldhrc Benfield Hazard Research Centre, University College London, United Kingdom

C CARDIN Caribbean Disaster Information Network CBDM Community Based Disaster Management CCOP Coordinating Committee for Coastal and Offshore Geosciences Programmes In East and Southeast Asia, Thailand CDERA Caribbean Disaster Emergency Response Agency CDPC Cranfield Disaster Preparedness Center, United Kingdom CENAT Swiss Natural Hazards Competence Centre CENDIM Centre for Disaster Management, Bogazici University, Turkey CEPT Center for Environmental Planning and Technology, India CERU European Centre On Urban Risks/Centre Européen Sur Les Risques Urbains, Portugal CESE Centre for Environmental Science and Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology, India CEUDIP Central European Disaster Prevention Forum CHARM Comprehensive Hazard and Risk Management Program (Pacific Island States) CINDI Center for Integration of Natural Disaster Information, USA CNCIDR China National Committee for International Disaster Reduction CNDR Corporate Network for Disaster Reduction CTGC Disaster Management Technical Council, Mozambique

D DDMC District Disaster Management Committee, Bangladesh DEWA Division for Early Warning and Assessment, UNEP DFID Department for International Development, United Kingdom Dimp Disaster Mitigation for Sustainable Livelihoods Programme, University Of Cape Town, South Africa

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DIPECHO Disaster Preparedness, European Community Humanitarian Office DISMAC Disaster Management Committee at National Divisional and Districts Levels, Fiji DISMAN Disaster Management Database DMB Disaster Management Bureau (DMB), Bangladesh DMC Drought Monitoring Centers, Zimbabwe and Kenya DMFC Disaster Mitigation Facility for the Caribbean DMI Disaster Mitigation Institute, India DMIS Disaster Management Information System, IFRC DMISA Disaster Management Institute of Southern Africa, South Africa DMMU Disaster Management and Mitigation Unit, Zambia DMT Disaster Management Teams DMTP Disaster Management Training Programme, United Nations DPCC National Disaster Prevention and Preparedness Commission, Ethiopia DPCSS Disaster, Post-Conflict and Safety Section, UN-HABITAT DPPC Disaster Prevention and Preparedness Commission, Ethiopia DPPI Disaster Preparedness and Prevention Initiative DRBA Disaster Recovery Business Alliance DRRP Disaster Reduction and Recovery Programme, UNDP DRM Disaster Reduction Management, Network of the World Institute for Disaster Risk Management D&SCRN Disaster and Social Crisis Research Network (European Sociological Association) DWS Disaster Warning System

E EC European Commission ECE Economic Commission for Europe, United Nations, Geneva, Switzerland ECILS European Centre For Vulnerability Of Industrial And Lifeline Systems/Centre Européen Sur La Vulnérabilité Des Réseaux Et Systèmes Industriels, Skopje (Former Yugoslavia Republic Of Macedonia) ECLAC Economic Commission for Latin America and the Caribbean ECPFE European Centre for Prevention and Forecasting Of Earthquakes/Centre Européen Pour La Prévention Et La Prévision Des Tremblements De Terre, Greece EDM Earthquake Disaster Mitigation Research Center, Japan EERI Earthquake Engineering Research Institute, USA EHC Earthquake Hazard Centre, New Zealand EHP/USGS Earthquake Hazards Program of the United States Geological Survey EIA Environmental Impact Assessment ELSA European Laboratory for Structural Assessment – Earthquake Engineering, Ispra, Italy EM-DAT Emergency Events Database (CRED, Catholic University of Louvain) EMERCOM Emergencies and Natural Disasters Mitigation, Ministry of Civil Defense, Russian Federation EMPRES Emergency Prevention System ENDA Environment and Development Action in the Third World, Senegal EPC Emergency Preparedness Canada EPOCH European Programme on Climatology and Natural Hazards

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EQTAP Earthquake and Tsunami Disaster Mitigation Technologies in the Asia-Pacific Region EU European Union EUR-OPA Major Hazards Agreement of the Council of Europe EWARN Early Warning and Response Network, Southern Sudan Ewss Early Warning Systems

F FEMA Federal Emergency Management Agency, Government of USA FIVIMS Food Insecurity and Vulnerability Information and Mapping Systems, FAO

G GA General Assembly, United Nations GADR Global Alliance for Disaster Reduction, USA GAV Vulnerability Analysis Group GDIN Global Disaster Information Network GESI Global Earthquake Safety Initiative, Japan GHI Geohazards International, USA GIS Geographic Information Systems GLO-DISNET Global Disaster Information Network GPS Global Positioning System GSDMA Gujarat State Disaster Management Authority, India GSHAP Global Seismic Hazard Assessment Program

H HAZUS Natural Hazard Loss Estimation Methodology, FEMA HDR Human Development Report, UNDP HMU Hazard Management Unit, World Bank (Formerly DMF, Disaster Management Facility HNDGDM Hungarian National Directorate General for Disaster Management HPC-DMP High Powered Committee on Disaster Management Plans, India HRRC Hazard Reduction and Recovery Center, Texas A &M University, USA

I IACNDR Inter-American Committee for Natural Disaster Reduction, OAS ICDRM Institute for Crisis, Disaster and Risk Management, George Washington University, USA IDMC Inter-Departmental Disaster Management Committee, South Africa IDNDR International Decade for Natural Disaster Reduction, 1990-1999 IDRN India Disaster Resource Network ILO International Labour Organization IMD India Meteorological Department INCEDE International Centre for Disaster Mitigation Engineering, University Of Tokyo INFRAID Infrastructure Damage Prevention, Assessment and Reconstruction Following a Disaster ISDR International Strategy for Disaster Reduction

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ISFEREA Information Support for Effective and Rapid External Aid ISPU Higher Institute Of Emergency Planning/Institut Supérieur De Planification d’Urgence,Archennes, Belgium ITIC International Tsunami Information Center, Hawaii IIT Indian Institute of Technology, India

J JRC Joint Research Committee

K KEERC Korea Earthquake Engineering Research Center, Seoul National University, Korea KOVERS Compentence Center for Technical Risks, ETH, Switzerland

M MANDISA Monitoring, Mapping and Analysis of Disaster Incidents in South Africa MDMR Ministry of Disaster Management and Relief, Bangladesh

N NANADISK-NET National Natural Disaster Knowledge Network, India NCDM National Center for Disaster Management, India NDMS National Disaster Mitigation Strategy, Canada NEDIES Natural and Environmental Disaster Information Exchange System NEMA National Emergency Management Association, USA NEMO Network of State Hazard Mitigation Officers, USA NHIA Natural Hazard Impact Assessment NHRC Natural Hazards Research Centre, Australia NOAA National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, USA

O OCDS Oxford Center for Disaster Studies OCIPEP Office of Critical Infrastructure Protection and Emergency Preparedness, Canada, OFDA/USAID Office for Foreign Disaster Assistance/US Agency for International Development OGP/NOAA Office of Global Program/ National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, USA OHCHR Office of the United Nations High Commissioner for Human Rights OSDMA Orissa State Disaster Mitigation Authority, India OSIRIS Operational Solutions for the Management of Inundation Risks in the Information Society OXFAM Development, relief, and campaigning organization

P PDC Pacific Disaster Center PLANAT National Platform for Natural Hazards, Switzerland PREVIEW Project for Risk Evaluation, Vulnerability, Information and Early Warning

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PTWS Pacific Tsunami Warning System PTWC Pacific Tsunami Warning Centre, Hawaii, USA

R RADIUS Risk Assessment Tools For Diagnosis of Urban Areas against Seismic Disasters RCC Regional Consultative Committee on Regional Cooperation in Disaster Management, Bangkok, Thailand RDMP Risk Disaster Management Programme, UN-HABITAT

S SAARC South Asian Association for Regional Cooperation, Nepal SIFFS South Indian Federation of Fisherman Societies SPDRP South Pacific Disaster Reduction Program

T TRM Total Disaster Risk Management (RCC Strategy)

U UNCED United Nations Conference on Environment and Development UNCHS United Nations Centre for Human Settlements (Now UN-HABITAT) UNCRD/DMPHO United Nations Center For Regional Development/Disaster Management Planning Hyogo Office, Japan UNDAC United Nations Disaster Assessment and Coordination Team UNDHA-SPO United Nations Department of Humanitarian Affairs-South Pacific Office UNDP United Nations Development Programme UNDP-SPO United Nations Development Programme-South Pacific Office UNDRO Office of the United Nations Disaster Relief Coordinator UNEP United Nations Environment Programme UNEP/DEPI United Nations Environment Programme/Division of Environmental Policy Implementation UNEP/DEWA United Nations Environment Programme/Division of Early Warning and Assessment UNFCCC United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change UNISPACE United Nations Conference on the Exploration and Peaceful Uses of Outer Space UN-OCHA United Nations Office for the Coordination of Humanitarian Affairs UNV United Nations Volunteers

V VAG Vulnerability Analysis Group VAM Vulnerability Assessment and Mapping, WFP VAT Vulnerability Assessment and Techniques VCA Vulnerability and Capacities Assessment

W WVR World Vulnerability Report, UNDP

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GLOSSARY

ACCEPTABLE RISK: The level of loss a society or community considers acceptable given existing social, economic, political, cultural, technical and environmental conditions. In engineering terms, acceptable risk is also used to assess structural and non-structural measures undertaken to reduce possible damage at a level, which does not harm people, and property, according to codes or "accepted practice" based, among other issues, on a known probability of hazard.

ASSURANCE INDICATORS: Generic characteristics of ERM that allow the emergency risk manager to qualitatively assess there degree-of-readiness for catastrophic events.

BUILDING CODES: Ordinances and regulations controlling the design, construction, materials, alteration and occupancy of any structure to insure human safety and welfare. Building codes include both technical and functional standards.

CAPACITY: A combination of all the strengths and resources available within a community, society or organization that can reduce the level of risk, or the effects of a disaster. Capacity may include physical, institutional, social or economic means as well as skilled personal or collective attributes such as leadership and management. Capacity may also be described as capability.

CAPACITY BUILDING: Efforts aimed to develop human skills or societal infrastructures within a community or organization needed to reduce the level of risk. In extended understanding, capacity building also includes development of institutional, financial, political and other resources, such as technology at different levels and sectors of the society.

CLIMATE CHANGE: The climate of a place or region is changed if over an extended period (typically decades or longer) there is a statistically significant change in measurements of either the mean state or variability of the climate for that place or region. Changes in climate may be due to natural processes or to persistent anthropogenic changes in atmosphere or in land use. Note that the definition of climate change used in the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change is more restricted, as it includes only those changes which are attributable directly or indirectly to human activity.

COPING CAPACITY: The means by which people or organizations use available resources and abilities to face adverse consequences that could lead to a disaster. In general, this involves managing resources, both in normal times as well as during crises or adverse conditions. The strengthening of coping capacities usually builds resilience to withstand the effects of natural and human-induced hazards.

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CO-ORDINATION: The bringing together of organizations and resources to ensure effective disaster management.

COMMUNITY: A group of people with a commonality of association, generally defined by location, shared experience, or function.

CRITICAL INFRASTRUCTURE: A service, facility or a group of services or facilities, the loss of which will have severe adverse effects on the physical, social, economic or environmental well being or safety of the community.

CONSEQUENCE: The outcome of a situation or event expressed qualitatively or quantitatively, being a loss, injury, disadvantage or gain. In the ERM context, consequences are generally described as the effects on persons, stakeholders, communities, the economy and the environment.

DISASTER: A serious disruption of the functioning of a community or a society causing widespread human, material, economic or environmental losses which exceed the ability of the affected community or society to cope using its own resources. A disaster is a function of the risk process. It results from the combination of hazards, conditions of vulnerability and insufficient capacity or measures to reduce the potential negative consequences of risk.

DISASTER RISK MANAGEMENT: The systematic management of administrative decisions, organization, operational skills and abilities to implement policies, strategies and coping capacities of the society or individuals to lessen the impacts of natural and related environmental and technological hazards.

DISASTER RISK REDUCTION: The systematic development and application of policies, strategies and practices to minimize vulnerabilities, hazards and the unfolding of disaster impacts throughout a society, in the broad context of sustainable development.

EARLY WARNING: The provision of timely and effective information, through identified institutions, that allows individuals exposed to a hazard to take action to avoid or reduce their risk and prepare for effective response.

EMERGENCY: An event, actual or imminent, which endangers or threatens to endanger life, property or the environment, and which requires a significant and coordinated response. In the ERM context for critical infrastructure, an event that extends an organization beyond routine processes.

ENVIRONMENT: Conditions or influences comprising built, physical and social elements, which surround or interact with stakeholders and communities.

ERM - EMERGENCY RISK MANAGEMENT: A systematic process that produces a range of risk treatments that reduce the likelihood or consequences of events.

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FORECAST: Definite statement or statistical estimate of the occurrence of a future event (UNESCO, WMO). This term is used with different meanings in different disciplines.

GEOLOGICAL HAZARD: Natural earth processes or phenomena that may cause the loss of life or injury, property damage, social and economic disruption or environmental degradation. Geological hazard includes internal earth processes or tectonic origin, such as earthquakes, geological fault activity, tsunamis, volcanic activity and emissions as well as external processes such as mass movements: landslides, rockslides, rock falls or avalanches, surfaces collapses, expansive soils and debris or mud flows. Geological hazards can be single, sequential or combined in their origin and effects. GEOGRAPHIC INFORMATION SYSTEM (GIS): A computerized database for the capture, storage, analysis and display of location defined information. Commonly, a GIS portrays a map on which this information is overlaid.

GLOBAL POSITIONING SYSTEM (GPS):

GPS is a worldwide radio-navigation system formed from a

constellation of 24 satellites and their ground stations. The satellites are reference points to calculate positions accurate to a matter of meters. By using advanced forms of GPS, measurements are better than a centimeter. In effect, each square meter on the planet has a unique address.

HAZARD: A potentially damaging physical event, phenomenon or human activity that may cause the loss of life or injury, property damage, social and economic disruption or environmental degradation. Hazards can include latent conditions that may represent future threats and can have different origins: natural (geological, hydro meteorological and biological) or induced by human processes (environmental degradation and technological hazards). Hazards can be single, sequential or combined in their origin and effects. Each hazard is characterized by its location, intensity, frequency and probability.

HAZARD ASSESSMENT OR HAZARD VULNERABILITY ANALYSIS: The process of estimating, for defined areas, the probabilities of the occurrence of potentially damaging phenomenon of given magnitudes within a specified period of time. A systematic approach used to analyze the effectiveness of the overall (current or proposed) security and safety systems at a particular facility. Hazard assessment involves analysis of formal and informal historical records, and skilled interpretation of existing topographical graphical, geological geomorphologic, hydrological, and land-use maps. The analysis first determines the objectives of the facility’s physical protection system. Next, it identifies the physical protection elements in place (or proposed) to prevent or mitigate security concerns. Finally, it analyzes the system design against the objectives in a systematic, quantitative manner in order to determine if the physical protection system is effective and acceptable for that facility. Similar Terms Vulnerability Analysis, Risk Assessment, Threat Assessment.

HAZARD MITIGATION: The process of alleviating hazards or reducing the risk of hazards by the use of proactive measures. (FEMA’s Disaster Mitigation Act) Any sustained action taken to reduce or eliminate the long-term risk to human life and property from hazards.

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HUMAN VULNERABILITY: A human condition or process resulting from physical, social, economic and environmental factors, which determine the likelihood and scale of damage from the impact of a given hazard.

INTERDEPENDENCY: The essential external organizational, systems or technical connectivity associated with critical infrastructure operations

LAND-USE PLANNING: Branch of physical and socio-economic planning that determines the means and assesses the values or limitations of various options in which land is to be utilized, with the corresponding effects on different segments of the population or interests of a community taken into account in resulting decisions. Land-use planning involves studies and mapping, analysis of environmental and hazard data, formulation of alternative land-use decisions and design of a long-range plan for different geographical and administrative scales. Land-use planning can help to mitigate disasters and reduce risks by discouraging high-density settlements and construction of key installations in hazard-prone areas, control of population density and expansion, and in the sitting of service routes for transport, power, water, sewage and other critical facilities.

LATENT RISK: A risk that is presented but not yet apparent.

LIKELIHOOD: Used as a qualitative description of probability and frequency.

MITIGATION: Acts or efforts to lesson the consequences of an event. These may be carried out before, during or after an event.

MONITOR: To check, supervise, observe critically, or record the progress of an activity, action or system on a regular basis in order to identify change.

NATURAL HAZARDS: Natural processes or phenomena occurring in the biosphere that may constitute a damaging event.

NATURAL DISASTER: A serious disruption triggered by a natural hazard causing human, material, economic or environmental losses, which exceed the ability of those affected to cope.

NATURAL DISASTER, SLOW ONSET: A disaster event that unfolds alongside and within development processes. The hazard can be felt as an ongoing stress for many days, months or even years. Drought is a prime example.

NATURAL DISASTER, RAPID ONSET: A disaster that is triggered by an instantaneous shock. The impact of this disaster may unfold over the medium- or long-term. An earthquake is a prime example.

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PHYSICAL RESOURCE: The process of engaging stakeholders and communities by analyzing and documenting courses of action and testing them for efficiency and effectiveness.

PREPAREDNESS: Measures to ensure that communities and organizations are capable of coping with the effects of emergencies.

PREVENTION: Measures to eliminate or reduce the likelihood or consequences of an event. This also includes reducing the severity or intensity of an event so it does not become an emergency.

PREPAREDNESS: Measures to ensure that communities and organizations are capable of coping with the effects of emergencies.

PLANNING: The analysis of requirements and the development of strategies for resource utilization.

RECOVERY: Measures supporting individuals, communities and organizations in the reconstruction or restoration of critical infrastructure, emotional, economic and physical well being.

RELIEF: A critical control that avoids people over stressing themselves during emergencies.

RESIDUAL RISK: The remaining level of risk after risk treatment measures have been taken.

RESILIENCE: The ability to maintain function after sustaining loss. Factors contributing to resilience include existing control measures, duplicated or redundant assets or systems, knowledge of alternatives and the ability to implement them.

RESPONSE: Measures taken in anticipation of, during and immediately after, emergencies to ensure the adverse consequences are minimized.

RETROFITTING (OR UPGRADING): Reinforcement of structures to become more resistant and resilient to the forces of natural hazards. Retrofitting involves consideration of changes in the mass, stiffness, damping, load path and ductility of materials, as well as radical changes such as the introduction of energy absorbing dampers and base isolation systems. Examples of retrofitting include the consideration of wind loading to strengthen and minimize the wind force, or in earthquake prone areas, the strengthening of structures.

RISK: The chance of an event that will have an impact. It is measured in terms of consequences and likelihood. In ERM - a concept used to describe the likelihood of harmful consequences arising from the interaction of sources of risks, communities and the environment.

RISK ACCEPTANCE: An informed decision to accept a particular residual risk.

RISK ANALYSIS: A systematic use of information to determine likelihood and consequences of events.

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RISK AVOIDANCE: An informed decision to completely eliminate the sources of a particular risk or not become involved in a particular risk.

RISK CONTROL: The implementation of policies, standards, procedures and physical changes to eliminate or minimize adverse consequences.

RISK EVALUATION: The process used to determine risk management priorities by evaluating and comparing the level of risk against predetermined standards, targets or other criteria.

RISK IDENTIFICATION :The process of determining what can happen, why and how.

RISK LEVEL: The relative measure of risk as defined by the combination of likelihood and consequence. Usually expressed in terms of extreme, high, moderate and low.

RISK MANAGEMENT: The culture, processes and structures that are directed towards the effective management of potential opportunities and adverse effects.

RISK REDUCTION: A selective application of techniques to reduce the likelihood or consequences of risk.

RISK RETENTION: Intentionally or unintentionally retaining the consequences of risk within the organization.

STRUCTURAL / NON-STRUCTURAL MEASURES: Structural measures refer to any physical construction to reduce or avoid possible impacts of hazards, which include engineering measures and construction of hazard-resistant and protective structures and infrastructure. Non-structural measures refer to policies, awareness, knowledge development, public commitment, and methods and operating practices, including participatory mechanisms and the provision of information, which can reduce risk and related impacts.

SOURCE OF RISK: A real or perceived event, situation or condition with a real or perceived potential to cause harm or loss to stakeholders, communities or environment.

TROPICAL CYCLONE: Tropical disturbance in which the maximum of the average wind speed is estimated to be in the range 64 to 89 knots (118 to 165 km/h, force 12 in the Beaufort scale).

VULNERABILITY: The susceptibility of stakeholders, communities and environment to consequences of events. The conditions determined by physical, social, economic and environmental factors or processes, which increase the susceptibility of a community to the impact of hazards.

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CONTENTS

Pg No

EXECUTIVE SUMMARY

05

ACRONYMS

07

GLOSSARY

12

LIST OF TABLES

21

LIST OF MAPS

22

LIST OF CHARTS

23

LIST OF FIGURES

23

Chapter 1:

INTRODUCTION

24

1.1

General introduction

24

1.2

December 2004 Tsunami

25

1.3

Need for the Study

25

1.4

Aim & Objectives

26

1.5

Scope & Limitation

26

1.6

Methodology

26

Chapter 2:

ESTIMATING WORST CASE SCENARIO

27

2.1

Previous records of Tsunami

28

2.2

Indian Context

30

2.3

Previous records on the Indian Ocean

31

2.4

Identifying fault lines which makes TN coast vulnerable

32

2.5

Exposure To Tsunami

36

2.6

Recurrence of Tsunami

36

2.7

Conclusions

38

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Chapter 3:

IDENTIFICATION OF STUDY AREA

39

3.1

Tsunami on Tamil Nadu coast

39

3.2

Districts affected By Tsunami

39

3.3

Study Area

40

3.4

Reasons for Choosing the Study Area

41

ABOUT STUDY AREA

42

4.1

Location and Regional Setting

42

4.2

Geography And Topography

44

4.3

Evolution of the Settlement.

44

4.4

Demography

46

4.5

Occupational Pattern

47

4.6

Housing Typology

51

4.7

Infrastructure Facilities

52

IMPACT OF TSUNAMI

54

5.1

Demographic Profile After Tsunami

54

5.2

Response To Tsunami

54

5.3

Peoples Perception

56

5.4

Views on Resettlement Planning

58

VULNERABILITY INDICES

59

6.1

Identification of Inundation Zone

59

6.2

Identification of parameters that Affect the Vulnerability of

Chapter 4:

Chapter 5:

Chapter 6:

6.3

Buildings and Human.

60

Calculating Standardization Score

63

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6.4

Calculating Vulnerability Indices

68

6.5

Analysis of existing and worst case scenario

70

ISSUES AND PROPOSALS

71

7.1

Building vulnerability

71

7.2

Human vulnerability

71

7.3

Resettlement views

72

7.4

Proposals

76

ANNEXURE

84

ANNEXURE 1

84

ANNEXURE 2

87

ANNEXURE 3

90

ANNEXURE 4

91

ANNEXURE 5

106

Chapter 7:

Chapter 08:

Chapter 09:

REFERENCES

121

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LIST OF TABLES Table 2.1 Five largest earthquakes in the world since 1900. Table2.2. A global list of some historical tsunami deaths. Table2.3 list of tsunami that affected India. Table 2.4 Run-up level during recent tsunami at selected locations along Tamil Nadu coast. Table 2.5 Summary of events analyzed. Table 2.6 List of Low / Medium / High Probability events. Table 2.7 showing possible worst case earth quakes. Table 2.8 Vulnerabilities against tsunami disaster along the Indian ocean in case of the 2004 event. Table 2.9 Estimated casualties by the hypothetical tsunami scenarios. Table 2.10 showing natural hazard probabilities during periods of various lengths. Table3.1 showing recent tsunami wave and its impact on population in Tamil Nadu coastal districts. Table3.2 showing profile of Nagapattinam District. Table 3.3a scale of tsunami disaster In Nagapattinam. Table 3.3b breakup of dead in Nagapattinam.

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LIST OF MAPS Map 1.1 shows impact of tsunami on the Indian ocean. Map 2.1 showing potential population affected in tsunami inundation zone. Map 2.2 showing major earth quakes in Indian ocean region. Map 2.3 showing possible fault lines in the Indian ocean. Map 2.4 showing no of settlements along the coast. Map 3.1a showing the southern States of India. Map 3.1b showing recent Tsunami & impact on Coastal districts of Tamil Nadu. Map 3.2 showing affected villages of Nagapattinam district. Map 4.2 showing the location of chinnangudi village in Nagapattinam district. Map4.3 showing the settlements around Chinnangudi.

Map 4.4 a showing the reg. connectivity of chinnangudi in Nagapattinam district. Map 4.4 b showing the hierarchy of fishing settlements in Nagapattinam district. Map 4.5 showing the Pillaiperumal Nallur Panchayat with chinnangudi Settlement. Map 4.6 showing the contour map of the chinnangudi and adjoining villages. Map 4.7 showing the contour map of the chinnangudi village. Map 4.8 showing the evolution of the chinnangudi settlement. Map 5.1 showing the inundated area during recent tsunami. Map 5.2 showing extend of the damage during recent tsunami. Map 6.1 showing zones of different zones of inundation. Map 6.2 showing houses with different type of roof. Map 6.3 showing houses with different type of wall. Map 6.4 showing houses with different type of floors. Map 6.5 showing zones of different zones of inundation. Map 6.6 showing distance of houses from the coast.

22

Map 7.1 showing concept of work and dormant settlement Map 7.2 showing concept buffer zone.

LIST OF CHARTS Chart 4.1 showing the housing typology in Chinnangudi settlement. Chart 7.1 Showing distributions of floor materials. Chart 7.2 Showing distribution of plinth area in Sq.ft. Chart 7.3 Showing distribution of wall material. Chart 7.4 Showing distributions of roof materials. Chart 7.5 Showing distribution of plot Area.

LIST OF FIGURES Figure 1.1 shows the impact of various hazards on a coastal area. Figure 1.2 shows the relationship between Risk, Vulnerability and Disaster and its cycle. Figure 2.1 Conceptual arrival of a worst-case scenario. Figure 2.2 picture showing delft hydraulics as accessed by internet user.

23

CHAPTER 1: INTRODUCTION 1.1 GENERAL INTRODUCTION

Coastal areas are biologically rich and aesthetically pleasing. Contains the majority of world’s population, possesses some of the highest grade agricultural land, accounts for the lion’s share of tourist trade and it is the growth pole of expanding economic activity. India has a coastline of about 7,500 kms. Of which the mainland accounts for 5,400.Nearly 250 million people live within a distance of 50 kms. From the coast. Hence there is a great demand for the use of the coastal land. Especially the fishing community owing to the nature of their work had depended on the coast for livelihood and most of the fishing settlements are very near to the coast. There were natural hazards like cyclone, Storm surges, incessant rains, sea erosion and sea level increase which always made our coast vulnerable but the magnitude of this event was too large...

Figure 1.1 shows the impact of various hazards on a coastal area.

24

Relation Between Risk, Vulnerability And Disaster

R = H • Pop • Vul Where R is the risk (number of killed people. H is the hazard, which depends on the frequency and strength of a given hazard Pop is the population living in a given exposed area Vul is the vulnerability and depends on the socio-politicaleconomical context of this population

RISK DIAGRAM ,SCOURCE :RANDOLPH (2002)

FIGURE 1.2 SHOWS THE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN RISK, VULNERABILITY DISASTER AND ITS CYCLE. MAP4.4 A SHOWING THEAND REGIONAL CONNECTIVITY OF CHINNANGUDI IN NAGAPATTINAM DISTRICT

1.2 DECEMBER 2004 TSUNAMI

A large tsunami triggered due to an earthquake Offshore Sumatra at 7:58:53 AM local time on 26 December 2004 created havoc in several countries of the Indian Ocean, primarily Indonesia, Thailand, Malaysia, Andaman–Nicobar (India), East Coast of India, Sri Lanka, Somalia, Madagascar and several small islands in this area. It caused maximum loss in terms of affected area, leaving millions of people homeless. More than 200,000 human lives are reported to have been lost and millions have been injured; thousands are reported missing. It has affected the citizens of more than 50 countries. The loss of property is so large that even UN officials hesitate to make an estimate and suggest that it may take decades to normalize the situation in the affected regions. Map1.1 shows impact of tsunami on the Indian Ocean.

1.3 NEED FOR THE STUDY

From the observations we had from the recent tsunami we get to know the inadequacies of the normal planning process as it does not consider the relevant factors which makes the coastal settlement vulnerable during a disaster* (Tsunami). So, there is a need to develop a planning tool, which will help us to address the vulnerability issues on the coastal areas.

HOW CAN DEVELOPMENT PLANNING INCORPORATE DISASTER RISK? •

Decisions taken today will configure disaster risk in the future

•

Population movements are changing the context of disaster risk

•

Development processes modify natural hazard

•

Risk accumulates before being released in a disaster

•

Large disasters are made up of many smaller disasters

Figure 1.2 shows the relationship between Risk, Vulnerability And Disaster and its cycle.

*In this context the author has stated as post tsunami (after the recent tsunami) context in the planning of the coastal areas as the title. Since, the recent Tsunami has given us different dimension on the parameters to be considered for planning.

25

MAP 1.1 SHOWS IMPACT OF TSUNAMI ON THE INDIAN OCEAN

1.4 AIM & OBJECTIVE

TO DEVELOP BUILDING AND HUMAN VULNERABILITY INDICES (FOR TSUNAMI) THAT INCLUDES ALL RELAVANT PARAMETERS AND TO DERIVE PLANNING IMPLICATIONS OUT OF IT.

Objectives

-To estimate a worst case scenario

-To identify a study area

-To identify parameters that may contribute to vulnerability and to formulate vulnerability indices.

-To assess coastal population and buildings (study area) vulnerable to tsunami

-To work with vulnerability parameters in resettlement planning

1.5 SCOPE AND LIMITATIONS

Emphasis is on the process of planning and implementing risk reduction initiatives along the coastal belt. It will be difficult to present a balanced coverage of such a broad and diverse subject, and there will be inevitable gaps and this being a new phenomenon to our Indian coast studies done to our conditions is very limited. Nevertheless, the thesis will be of literature as well as evidence-based. The descriptions and discussions are supported by case studies, which aim to give a sense of the range and diversity of practical approaches that can be used.

1.6 METHODOLOGY

To achieve the objectives stated above a conceptual framework and methodology is formulated as shown below :

26

coast of Chile can be given; however, all coastal towns between the 36th and 44th (latitude) parallels either were destroyed or heavily damaged by the action of the waves and the quake. The combined Tsunami and earthquake toll included 2,000 killed, 3000 injured 2,000,000 homeless and $550 million damages. Off Corral, the waves were estimated to be 20.4 meters (67 feet) high. The Tsunami caused 61 deaths in Hawaii, 20 in the Philippines, and 100 or more in Japan. Wave heights varied from slight oscillations in some areas to range of 12.2 meters (40 feet) at Pitcairn Islands; 10.7 meters (35 feet) at Hilo, Hawaii and 6.1 meters (20 feet) at various places in Japan. Table2.2. A global list of some historical tsunami deaths

YEAR

PLACE

NUMBER OF LIVES LOST

1692

Port Royal, Jamaica

3000

1703

Tsunamis in Honshu, Japan following a

5000

large earthquake 1707

38 foot Tsunami, Japan

30,000

1741

Following Volcanic eruptions 30 feet wave

1400

in Japan 1753

Combine effect of an earthquake

and

50,000

Tsunami in Lisbon, Portugal 1783

A Tsunami in Italy

30,000

1868

Tsunami Chile and Hawaii

More than 25000

1883

Krakatoa Volcanic explosion and Tsunami

36,000

in Indonesia 1896

Tsunami Sanrika, Japan

27,000

1933

Tsunami, Sanrika Japan

3000

1946

32 foot high waves in Hilo, Hawaii

159

May 22, 1960

Along the coast of Chille

Approx. 2000.

1946

Honsu,

Japan

Earthquake

Spawan

2000

Tsunami 1964

195 foot waves engulf Kodiak, Alaska

131

after the Good Friday Earthquake 17 August 1976

Philippines

8000

19 August 1977

Indonesia

189

18 July 1979

Indonesia

540

29

CHAPTER 2: WORST CASE SCENARIO Big earthquakes sometimes occur in clusters (for example, seven of the ten giant earthquakes of the twentieth century occurred between 1950 and 1965,) Giant faults in the Aceh–Andaman neighborhood have been dormant for a very long time, it is quite possible that the recent giant earthquake and tsunami may not be the only disastrous twenty-first-century

manifestation

(KERRY

SIEH,

March

2005,

Aceh–Andaman

earthquake: What happened and what's next?, Nature 434, 573 - 574). So a worst-case scenario is to be identified.

Table 2.1 Five largest earthquakes in the world since 1900

Year

Magnitude

Country

1960

9.5

Chile

1964

9.2

Prince William Sound, Alaska

1957

9.1

Andrean of Islands, Alaska

1952

9.0

Kamchatka

2004

9.0

Banda Aceh, Indonesia

SOURCE: NEIC 2004,http://neic.usgs.gov/neis/eqlists/10maps_world.html

Map 2.1 showing potential population affected in recent tsunami inundation zone. Map 2.2 showing major earth quakes in Indian Ocean region.

The purpose of thesis is to identify and quantify the vulnerability to a hypothetical tsunami achieving a particular wave height in a probabilistic way and not to consider physical mechanisms or hydrodynamic characteristics of tsunami during generation, propagation or inundation.

27

MAP 2.1 SHOWING POTENTIAL POPULATION AFFECTED IN TSUNAMI INUNDATION ZONE

Major Earthquakes, 1995-2004 Eastern hemisphere

Magnitude 7.0 - 7.9

8.0 - 8.9

9.0

The sole 9.0 earthquake shown is the Northern Sumatra earthquake of December 26, 2004.

MAP 2.2 SHOWING MAJOR EARTHQUAKE IN INDIAN OCEAN REGION

AIM: To establish the probability that a tsunami of particular magnitude will occur and therefore, that tsunami pose a major threat to Tamil Nadu.

Recurrence periods of Tsunami

Fig 2.1 Conceptual arrival of a worst-case scenario

2.1 PREVIOUS RECORDS OF TSUNAMI

Prior to the Tsunami of 26 December 2004, the most destructive Pacific-wide Tsunami of recent history was generated along the coast of Chile on May 22, 1960. No accurate assessment of the damage and deaths attributable to this Tsunami along the

28

12 Sep’ 1979

New Guinea

100

12 Dec’ 1979

Columbia

500

26 May 1983

Sea of Japan

Approx. 100

1998

Papua New Guinea

26 Dec. 2004

Earthquake 9.1 in Richter Scale. The Bay

Approx. 170000 (+ 130000

of Bengal. Powerful Tsunami which swept

missing)

several coastal areas of South East Asia

The hydrographic survey in Japan after the great Kwato earthquake of September 1, 1923 showed that vertical displacements of the order of 100 meters had occurred over a large area of sea floor. Tsunamis are very common over the Pacific Ocean because it is surrounded on all sides by a seismically active belt. In the Hawain Islands, Tsunamis approach from all directions, namely, from Japan, the Aleutian Islands and from South America.

2.2 INDIAN CONTEXT

The Indian coastal belt has not recorded many Tsunamis in the past. Waves accompanying earthquake activity have been reported over the North Bay of Bengal. During an earthquake in 1881 which had its epicenter near the centre of the Bay of Bengal, Tsunamis were reported. some damage in Andaman region.

The earthquake of 1941 in Bay of Bengal caused This was unusual because most Tsunamis are

generated by shocks which occur at or near the flanks of continental slopes. During the earthquakes of 1819 and 1845 near the Rann of Kutch, there were rapid movements of water into the sea. There is no mention of waves resulting from these earthquakes along the coast adjacent to the Arabian Sea, and it is unlikely that Tsunamis were generated. Further west, in the Persian Gulf, the 1945 Mekran earthquake (magnitude 8.1) generated Tsunami of 12 to 15 meters height. This caused a huge deluge, with considerable loss of life and property at Ormara and Pasi. The estimated height of Tsunami at Gulf of Combay was 15m but no report of damage is available.

The

estimated height of waves was about 2 meters at Mumbai, where boats were taken away from their moorings and casualties occurred.

30

2.3 PREVIOUS RECORDS ON INDIAN OCEAN Table2.3 list of tsunami that affected India DATE

REMARKS

326 B.C.

Alexander the Great st

Between 1

April

th

and 9 May 1008 August 27th 1883

Tsunami on the Iranian coast from a local earthquake Karatoa 1.5 m Tsunami at Madras, 06 am at Nagapattinam, 0.2 m at Arden Earthquake in the western part of the Bay of Bengal

1884

Tsunamis at Port Blair, Doublet (mouth of Hoogly River) 8.1 quake in the Andaman Sea at 12.90 N,92.5o E

26th June 1941

Tsunamis on the east coast of India with amplitudes from 0.75 to 1.25 m. Some damage from East Coast was reported. Mekran Earthquake (Magnitude 8.1 ). 12 to 15 M wave height in Ormara in Pasi (Mekran coast) Considerable damage in Mekran coast. In Gulf of

1945

Cambay of Gujarat wave heights of 15 meter was estimated. Damage report from Gujarat coast

was not available. The estimated height of

waves at Mumbai was about 2 meters, th

27

November

1945

8.25 quake 70 km south of Karachi at 24.5o N, 63.0o E Tsunami amplitude at Kutch was 11.0 to 11.5m? Earthquake of magnitude 9.1 off north Sumatra coast generated

26th

December

2004

devastated Tsunami waves affecting several countries in South East Asia. In India Andaman & Nicobar Island, Tamil Nadu, Pondichery, Andhra Pradesh, Kerala and Lakshdweep have been affected about 9700 people lose their lives and about 6000 more reported missing.

Above facts indicate the coastal region of Gujarat is vulnerable to Tsunamis from great earthquakes in Mekran coast. dangerous.

Earthquake of magnitude 7 or more may be

It may be noted that all earthquake do not generate Tsunami. Research is

still being undertaken in this field. For the Indian region, two potential sources have been identified, namely Mekran coast and Andaman to Sumatra region.

31

Table 2.4 Run-up level during recent tsunami at selected locations along Tamil Nadu

Source: Department of Ocean Development Integrated Coastal and Marine Area Management Chennai

2.3 IDENTIFYING LINES (OTHER THAN RECENT (June 2005) PreliminaryFAULT Assessment of Impact of Tsunami in Selected CoastalTSUNAMI Areas of India 2.4 IDENTIFYING FAULT LINES WHICH MAKES TN COAST VULNERABLE To identify fault lines, which make the TN coast vulnerable, the DELFT Hydraulics is used on which

latitudes and longitudes are fed along with various

magnitudes (hypothetical values). The results show whether those lat/long can create a tsunami and it maps out the distance until which the tsunami will spread across. Map 2.2 showing possible fault lines in Indian Ocean

DELFT MODEL

DELFT Model is a compilation as part of the overall effort that the Joint Research Centre of the European Commission, dedicating to the Asian Tsunami event. It aims at the presentation of the calculations, which have been performed soon after the 26th December Tsunami. Very detailed 3d models have been used worldwide to try to explain the observed behavior of the event. In order to compare how many these models were able to predict the real behavior they have performed a detailed analysis of the reports and news and have reconstructed an assessed table of the events. The

32

The input data page for the Tsunami model as it appears in the Tsunami web site. It is possible to select Longitude, Latitude and Magnitude of the earthquake.

FIGURE 2.2 PICTURE SHOWING DELFT HYDRAULICS AS ACCESSED BY INTERNET USER

performance of the adopted models is very good with a small deviation between calculated and actual timings.

This is further extended to the development of a new model which can be used by the international community and in particular within the JRC Global Alert System for the prediction of the arrival time of the Tsunami along the affected coasts. The model and the accompanying calculation procedure are able to predict with a high level of accuracy the correct time of arrival of the wave. The advantage of such system is that it runs in almost null CPU time (10-15 s).

Fig 2.2 Picture showing delft hydraulics as accessed by internet user To identify the points in the fault line which makes the Tamil Nadu coast Vulnerable could be cumbersome and time consuming as it involves thousands of points to be analyzed. Alternately the JRC Tsunami models yearly report can be used which exhibits the details of all the users who have tried out various latitude, longitude and magnitudes. JRC TSUNAMI MODEL YEARLY REPORT FOR THE YEAR: 2005 This bulletin provides information on the use of the JRC Tsunami model as automatic earthquake analysis system, based on USGS data events, and as users generated events.

Table 2.5Summary of events analyzed

Number of total events analyzed

15819

Events occurred under water

7542

Too low magnitude

(<6.5)

Low probability

(6.5-7.0) 27

Medium probability

(7.0-7.5) 7

High probability

(>7.5)

7506

2

33

MAP 2.4 SHOWING NO OF SETTLEMENTS ALONG THE COAST

Table 2.6 List of low / medium / high probability events Source USGS

USGS

Location northern

Mag Sumatra,

Indonesia northern

Sumatra,

Indonesia

8.7

High Tsunami probability, calc. performed

8.5

High Tsunami probability, calc. performed Medium probability, calc. Done

USGS

CELEBES SEA

7.1

USGS

CELEBES SEA

7.1

USGS

USGS

EMSC

USGS

USGS

USGS

off the coast of Northern California Nicobar

Islands,

India

region Near

East

Eastern

Honshu New

Ireland

region,

Papua New Guinea off

the

east

coast

of

Honshu, Japan

Calculation summary

7.4

7.2

7.2

7.3

7.3

ANATAHAN

REG.,

NORTHERN

MARIANA 6.6

Medium

Tsunami

probability,

calc.

Tsunami

probability,

calc.

Tsunami

probability,

calc.

Tsunami

probability,

calc.

Tsunami

probability,

calc.

Tsunami

probability,

calc.

performed Medium performed Medium performed Medium performed Medium performed Medium performed

Low probability, calc. done

ISLANDS USGS

VANUATU

6.8

Low Tsunami probability, calc. performed

USGS

VANUATU

6.8

Low probability, calc. done

6.6

Low Tsunami probability, calc. performed

6.6

Low probability, calc. done

USGS

USGS

KEPULAUAN

TALAUD,

INDONESIA SOUTHERN ATLANTIC RIDGE

MID-

USGS

SIMEULUE, INDONESIA 6.8

Low Tsunami probability, calc. performed

USGS

SIMEULUE, INDONESIA 6.8

Low Tsunami probability, calc. performed

SIMEULUE, INDONESIA 6.8

Low Tsunami probability, calc. performed

SIMEULUE, INDONESIA 6.8

Low probability, calc. done

USGS

34

USGS

SIMEULUE, INDONESIA 6.8

Low Tsunami probability, calc. performed

USGS

Korea Strait

6.7

Low Tsunami probability, calc. performed

6.8

Low Tsunami probability, calc. performed

6.7

Low Tsunami probability, calc. performed

USGS

USGS

Kepulauan

Mentawai

region, Indonesia southeast of the Loyalty Islands

USGS

south of Panama

6.9

Low Tsunami probability, calc. performed

USGS

Nias region, Indonesia

6.8

Low Tsunami probability, calc. performed

6.6

Low Tsunami probability, calc. performed

6.9

Low Tsunami probability, calc. performed

6.6

Low Tsunami probability, calc. performed

6.9

Low Tsunami probability, calc. performed

6.7

Low Tsunami probability, calc. performed

6.7

Low Tsunami probability, calc. performed

6.8

Low Tsunami probability, calc. performed

7.0

Low Tsunami probability, calc. performed

6.8

Low Tsunami probability, calc. performed

USGS USGS USGS

USGS

USGS USGS USGS

USGS

USGS

south of the Kermadec Islands Nias region, Indonesia Rat

Islands,

Aleutian

Islands, Alaska off the coast of Northern California near

the

coast

of

Nicaragua Nias region, Indonesia northern

Sumatra,

Indonesia near the east coast of Honshu, Japan New Britain region, Papua New Guinea

USGS

northeast of Taiwan

6.6

Low Tsunami probability, calc. performed

EMSC

Eastern New Guinea

6.7

Low Tsunami probability, calc. performed

7.0

Low Tsunami probability, calc. performed

USGS

New Britain region, Papua New Guinea

SOURCE:JRC Tsunami Model: http://tsunami.jrc.it/model

35

Table 2.7 showing possible worst case earth quakes

USGS

northern

Sumatra,

Indonesia

8.7

High

Tsunami

probability,

calc.

performed

Out of 15,819 events analyzed by different uses for the last one year more than half of the latitude and longitude do not create potential tsunami. Only 36 events have probabilities of tsunami out of which 27 have low probability, 7 events have medium probability and only two has high probability. So it could be concluded that an earthquake of 8.7 Richter scale is the worst case magnitude in the Indian Ocean for which detailed calculation is performed.

2.5 EXPOSURE TO TSUNAMIS

Coastlines have always been a favored location for human settlements. Because of the attractiveness of coastal locations and the long gaps between devastating tsunami events, coastal communities have continued to develop in recent times with new housing, maritime facilities, and resort developments. As a result, the destructive force of tsunamis threatens more people and facilities.

Map 2.4 Showing No of Settlements along the Coast

2.6 RECURRANCE TIME PERIOD OF TSUNAMI

IS THE 2004 EVENT THE WORST CASE SCENARIO? None of us can answer the question, what is the worst case scenario to be considered for the coastal communities of the Indian Ocean. (Shunichi KOSHIMURA and Masasuke TAKASHIMA, Remote Sensing, GIS, and Modeling Technologies Enhance the Synergic Capability to Comprehend the Impact of Great Tsunami Disaster)

The number of population exposed against the arbitrary height of tsunami along the coast, so that actual number of casualties by the Indian Ocean tsunami disaster

36

corresponds to population obtained within the affected area considered by maximum tsunami height, distance from the shoreline and land elevation. PTE is defined as the equation (1), the population count, that is exposed against the arbitrary height of tsunami ‘η’ within an evaluation area ‘i’ which is expressed as the aggregation of evaluation unit area ‘j ’.

j=1 (Potential Tsunami Exposure)

PTE (η) i = JΣ Pij

Table 2.8 Vulnerabilities against tsunami disaster along the Indian ocean in case of the 2004 event.

ENTIRE INDIAN OCEAN

INDONESIA

SRI LANKA

INDIA

THAILAND

REPORTED CASUALTIES

297,046

236,169

35,672

16,416

8,388

VULNERABILITY (M)

4.09

2.07

5.38

5.86

5.92

The author calculates vulnerability threshold index for the recent further goes in detail to create an estimate for four possible scenarios.

Map 2.5 showing hypothetical earthquake scenario’s along the Indian Ocean The present analysis suggests an estimate. Table 2.9 Estimated casualties by the hypothetical tsunami scenarios. ESTIMATED CASUALTY

ESTIMATED CASUALTY

(THRESHOLD: 2.07M)

(THRESHOLD: 5.71M)

SCENARIO (1)

3,310,923

708,323

SCENARIO (2)

1,223,236

121,574

SCENARIO (3)

1,538,711

631,332

SCENARIO (4)

1,362,972

447,135

37

MAP 2.5 SHOWING HYPOTHETICAL EARTHQUAKE SCENARIO’S ALONG THE INDIAN OCEAN

As the author states this tsunami need not be the last devastating one we will get into the recurrence period of tsunami to Tamil Nadu coast.

If Tsunami is a 100-year event, designer can determine the probability of one or more occurrences of that event. From the Table, assuming the lifespan of the building as 50 years, the chances of a tsunami equaling or exceeding during its lifetime is 39%. If the useful life of the building is only 30 years, the chances of a tsunami equaling or exceeding during its lifetime is 26 %.( Benny Kuriakose, Habitat Mapping Of Chinnangudi).

Therefore, there is quarter chance that a person could experience tsunami. Putting the estimated devastation for various scenarios given by the other author and recurrence period seriousness of the issue is self explanatory. Nevertheless, designing for tsunami gives the added advantage of facing the storm surges and other coastal hazards, which frequent these settlements very often.

Table 2.10 Showing natural hazard probabilities during periods of various lengths

2.7 CONCLUSIONS

From the above findings we can establish the probability that a tsunami of particular magnitude will occur and therefore, that tsunami pose a major threat to Tamil Nadu (Chances for tsunami to reoccur in a persons life time is 39% and if so the worst case could be 8.7 Richter scale with a wave height of 4 meters with an inundation distance of 750 mts.)

38

*The percentages shown represent the probabilities of one or more occurrences of an event of a given magnitude or larger within the specified period. The formula for determining these probabilities is Pn = 1-(1-Pa) n, where Pa = the annual probability and n= the length of the period.

FREQUENCY- RECURRENCE INTERVAL LENGTH OFPERIODS (YEARS)

10- YEAR EVENT

25-YEAR EVENT

50- YEAR EVENT

1

10%

4%

2%

1%

0.2%

10

65%

34%

18%

10%

2%

20

88%

56%

33%

18%

5%

25

93%

64%

40%

22%

5%

30

96%

71%

45%

26%

6%

50

99+%

87%

64%

39%

10%

70

99.94+%

94%

76%

50%

13%

100

99.99+%

98%

87%

63%

18%

100- YEAR 500- YEAR EVENT EVENT

Source: Coastal Construction Manual published by Federal Emergency Management Agency, USA

TABLE 2.10 SHOWING NATURAL HAZARD PROBABILITIES DURING PERIODS OF VARIOUS LENGTHS

CHAPTER 3: IDENTIFICATION OF STUDY AREA The main idea of the study is to formulate and test the vulnerability indices for Buildings and Human and this can be achieved only by identifying a representative coastal segment. Emphasis of this chapter is on finding the worst affected segment of the Indian coast. In India there are thirteen states abutting the coastline of which four states were badly affected during the recent Tsunami. Tamil Nadu took the major death toll of eight thousand followed by Kerala and Andra Pradesh.

3.1 TSUNAMI ON TAMIL NADU COAST

Tamil Nadu was the worst affected state in India .The loss was to an unprecedented extent the whole nation reaped in sorrow.

Map 3.1a Showing the southern states of India

3.2 DISTRICTS AFFECTED BY TSUNAMI Thirteen Coastal districts of Tamil Nadu were affected in which Nagapattinam is the worst affected district in with 6065 deaths. Length of coastal line in Tamil Nadu – 1076 Kms about 12% of coastal length of the country. Coastline in Nagapattinam 187.9 km about 15% of re coast line of Tamil Nadu. The following table shows various coastal districts of Tamil Nadu got affected by tsunami.

Map3.1b showing recent tsunami wave and its impact on various coastal districts of Tamil Nadu.

Table3.1 showing recent tsunami wave and its impact on population in Tamil Nadu coastal districts

39

MAP 3.1a SHOWING THE SOUTHERN STATES OF INDIA.

MAP 3.1b SHOWING RECENT TSUNAMI WAVE AND ITS IMPACT ON VARIOUS COASTAL DISTRICTS OF TAMIL NADU.

Source: www.nagapattinam.nic.in

Sl. No.

Districts affected

No. of Villages affected

Houses/ Human Population No. Lives huts affected injured Lost damaged

1

Chennai

25

65322

17805

206

9

2

Kancheepuram

44

100000

7043

128

11

3

Tiruvallur

6

15600

4147

29

0

4

Cuddalore

51

99704

15200

617

214

5

Villupuram

33

78240

9500

47

30

6

Nagapattinam

73

196184

36860

6065

1922

7

Tiruvarur

0

0

0

21

0

8

Thanjavur

22

29278

3

30

421

9

Kanniyakumari

33

187650

31175

824

525

10

Thoothukudi

23

30505

735

3

0

11

Tirunelveli

10

27948

630

4

4

TABLE3.1 SHOWING RECENT TSUNAMI WAVE AND ITS IMPACT ON POPULATION IN TAMIL NADU COASTAL DISTRICTS

3.3 STUDY AREA

Nagapattinam district, The Land of religious harmony, known for its rich religious heritage was carved out bifurcating the composite Thanjavur district. It lies on the shores of the Bay of Bengal between N. Lat. 10.7906 deg. and 79.8428 Deg. E. Long. An area of 2715.83 Square kilometers in its fold. The District capital, 'Nagapattinam' lies on the eastern coast, 350 kilometers down south from the State capital 'Chennai'. Poompuhar (Sirkazhi block), Tharangampadi (Sembanarkoil block), Velankanni (Velankanni block), Nagore (Nagapattinam block) and Point Calimere (Vedaranniyam block) are the main tourist spots in the district. The first 4 tourist spots are visited throughout the year and the last tourist spot is visited from August to March. The foreign tourist arrivals have fluctuations and domestic tourist arrivals have been steadily increasing except in the years 1992-93 and the tourist arrivals both domestic and foreign are estimated at 2, 99,150 during 1996.

Table3.2 Showing profile of Nagapattinam District

1. Total Area

2.7 lakh hectares.

2. Total Population

14.88 Lakhs

3. Urban Population

3.3 Lakhs

4. Rural Population

11.58 Lakhs

6. Number of affected Revenue villages

38

7. No. of affected coastal habitation

73

8. Total Coastal length in Nagapattinam

187.90 Km

Reasons for extensive damage on Nagapattinam coast was,

A) It is believed that the dual wave effect (straight waves plus diffracted waves from Sri Lankan coast), B) Gentle slope of continental shelf and C) Gentle elevation of hinterland

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D) The presence of Uppanar River and Vedaraniyam canal in the southern side. The run up level in the northern part of Nagapattinam near Light House is close to 4 m with a maximum inundation up to 750 mts from the coast. Map3.2 showing affected villages of Nagapattinam district Table 3.3 b Breakup of dead in Nagapattinam Table 3.3 a Scale of tsunami disaster in Nagapattinam

3.4 REASONS FOR CHOOSING THE STUDY AREA:

Nagapattinam was one of the most affected districts of the state. It has a long historical record of water inundation during floods. Nagapattinam has a strong fishing economic base where by dependency to the coast is high. It is also an important pilgrim / tourist attraction center.

On the first level, Nagapattinam district in Tamil Nadu is chosen on which a next level analysis of the settlements which got affected by the recent Tsunami is done. After this analysis the fishing settlement of Chinnangudi is chosen. The reasons are stated in the next chapter.

Statistics reveal that almost all the coastal villages of Nagapattinam were evenly affected during Tsunami with major death toll on urban areas. The type of study warrants details of every household and with the given constrains for data collection in urban areas (population being enormous) rural settlement is chosen for the study. Chinnangudi in particular had the peculiarity of perpendicular growth from the coast. Logically the death toll should have been very less compared to other settlements. But, the presence of the river on one side and low lying area on the other side and flat terrain of the coast made water to engulf from all the four sides.

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SCALE OF TSUNAMI DISASTER IN NAGAPATTINAM DETAILS

TAMIL NADU

NAGAPATTINAM

%

HUMAN LOSS

8018

6065

76

MISSING

1126

791

70

UNIDENTIFIED

1769

1686

95

INJURED

3446

1922

56

NO. OF PERSONS EVACUATED

4.70 LAKH

1.9 LAKH

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Source: www.nagapattinam.nic.in

TABLE 3.3a SCALE OF TSUNAMI DISASTER IN NAGAPATTINAM

BREAKUP OF DEAD IN NAGAPATTINAM DETAILS MALE

TAMIL NADU

%

1883

31

FEMALE

2406

39

CHILDREN

887 M/889 F

30

TOTAL

6065

Source: www.nagapattinam.nic.in

TABLE 3.3b BREAKUP OF DEAD IN NAGAPATTINAM MAP 3.2 SHOWING AFFECTED VILLAGES OF NAGAPATTINAM DISTRICT

CHAPTER 4: ABOUT THE STUDY AREA Community Development Blocks in the district are: Sirkazhi, Kollidam, Sembanarkoil,

Kuttalam,

Mayiladuthurai,

Thirumarugal,

Nagapattinam,

Kilvelur,

Talanayar, and Vedaranniyam. The Nagapattinam district comprises 6 Taluks, 11 Blocks and 497 Villages. As regards the hierarchy of administrative arrangement, there are 3 Municipalities, 10 Town Panchayat and 433 Village Panchayat in the district.

Map 4.1 a showing various blocks of Nagapattinam district

Map 4.1 b showing various blocks of Nagapattinam district

Name of the Village: Chinnangudi Name of the Panchayat:Pillaiperumal Nallur Name of the Block: Sembanarkoil Location: Chinnangudi is 6 kms from Akkur, and 35 kms north of Karaikal.

4.1 LOCATION AND REGIONAL SETTING

Chinnangudi is 6 Kms from Akkur, and 35 Kms north of Karaikal…Surrounded by 4 villages in the area Chinnangudi, Kilangal, Mundirithoppu, Kumaragudi and Chinnamedu. Akkur is the nearest major road network where busses are available although the district. Chinnangudi solidarity with other fishing communities along the coast has been a critical aspect of its community life for generations. Map4.2 showing the location of chinnangudi village in Nagapattinam district.

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INDIA

CHINNANGUDI

MAP4.2 SHOWING THE LOCATION OF CHINNANGUDI VILLAGE IN NAGAPATTINAM DISTRICT.

AKKUR KUMARAGUDI MUNDIRITHOPU

CHINNAMEDU CHINNANGUDI KILANGAL

Map4.3 showing the settlements around Chinnangudi

The fishing villages along the Nagapattinam coast are organized into units of around 16 vilages.Tharangambady is the head village of a unit that Chinnangudi is a member. For a group of 4 such units along the Nagapattinam coast, Nambiar Nagar is the head village. Therefore, Nambiar Nagar represents the next tier of leadership as the leader of the four head villages. Map 4.4 a showing the regional connectivity of chinnangudi in Nagapattinam district Map 4.4 b showing the hierarchy of fishing settlements in Nagapattinam district

These formations exist even today, and have played a critical role in facilitating the interactions between different fishing communities throughout Nagapattinam.

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AKKUR

Chinnangudi

CHINNANGUDI

Tarangambadi

THIRUKOVILUR

TARANGAMBADI

Nambiar nagar

Three tier of hierarchy

MAP 4.4 b SHOWING THE HIERARCHY OF FISHING SETTLEMENTS IN NAGAPATTINAM DISTRICT

NAGAPATTINAM NAMBIAR NAGAR

MAP MAP4.4 4.4 A a SHOWING THE REGIONAL CONNECTIVITY OF CHINNANGUDI CHINNANGUDI IN IN NAGAPATTINAM NAGAPATTINAM DISTRICT DISTRICT

4.2 GEOGRAPHY AND TOPOGRAPHY

Picture showing the chinnangudi settlement from the coastline

In chinnangudi, there are houses as close as 50 meters from the sea. There is approximately 150 meters between the sea and the main road. Although along the shore there are groups of sand dunes, most of those were affected during the tsunami. Along the western side of the village there is approximately 50 acres of agricultural land.

Map 4.5 showing the pillaiperumal nallur panchayat with chinnangudi settlement Map 4.6 showing the contour map of the chinnangudi and adjoining villages

The agricultural lands are in and around the cyclone shelter, which is at a distance of 1.5 Kms from the center of the village. There is also a river called Amman Aaru, which flows alongside the southern side of the village and runs into the sea. This is commonly utilized for fishing during the rough season.

Map 4.7 showing the contour map of the chinnangudi village

4.3 EVOLUTION OF THE SETTLEMENT

The existence of the village dates back at least up to 150 years. The make-up of the village has changed significantly as the community has seen incredible growth over the last 60 years. Physically the households used to be along the shore with the temple also on the coast. At that time there were 150 households, 3 of which were tiled.

Map 4.8 showing the evolution of the chinnangudi settlements

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MAP 4.5 SHOWING THE PILLAIPERUMAL PANCHAYAT WITH CHINNANGUDI MAP4.4 NALLUR A SHOWING THE REGIONAL CONNECTIVITY OF SETTLEMENT CHINNANGUDI IN NAGAPATTINAM DISTRICT

MAP 4.6 SHOWING THE CONTOUR MAP OF THE CHINNANGUDI AND ADJOINING VILLAGES MAP4.4 A SHOWING THE REGIONAL CONNECTIVITY OF CHINNANGUDI IN NAGAPATTINAM DISTRICT

This dominant political force of the panchayat has been exercised in a number of different fashions through the years. The panchayat not only prescribes the set of principles that the entire village follows, but they also have the power to raise funds intended for the entire village. One typical manner of collection in the past was for the panchayat to declare a podu. As the fishermen are returning from the sea, the panchayat declares a podu and all proceeds of the day’s catch are given directly to the panchayat.

The streets in Chinnangudi are perpendicular to the beach in east - west direction. There is an arterial road which is tarred and it connects the village with the nearby towns. The village has expanded on both sides of the road. Two other streets which run in east west direction are also quite wide. The other streets are quite narrow.

Photo showing main spine road running from east to west perpendicular to sea

The pathways and streets together play a very important role in the social life of the village. People sit on the verandahs fronting the streets and discuss everything from fishing to politics. Kids have no other place to play but the streets of their village which are free from vehicular traffic and therefore safe. Women use the streets and pathways to meet others in the village. A child playing in the street is a quite common sight.

4.4 DEMOGRAPHY

Chinnangudi has a population of 2475 as per the Praxis report which was taken in 2005 and this was updated by us which shows an increase of 40 numbers in one year. There were lots of remarriages after the recent Tsunami.

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Total Population 2515 Men 1295 Women 1220 Total Households 563 No. of children up to 1 year of age 102 No. of children between 1-5 years of age 238 No. of children above 5 years of age (up to 14) 596 No. of elderly people over 60 years of age 112 Total number of fish vendors 361 Total number of fishermen 597 Number of Widowers 9 No. of Widows 64

Photo showing the future generation of chinnangudi.

4.5 OCCUPATIONAL PATTERN

FISHING The dynamics of the fishing community are at the core of Chinnangudi social and economic functioning. The political economy of the fishing community would be best understood by differentiating between livelihood fishery and investment fishery. The ‘artisanal’ or ‘traditional’ fisher folk would fall into the category of livelihood fishery while trawler fishing would fall into investment fishery.

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AKKUR

Chinnangudi

CHINNANGUDI

Tarangambadi

THIRUKOVILUR

TARANGAMBADI

Nambiar nagar

Three tier of hierarchy

MAP 4.4 b SHOWING THE HIERARCHY OF FISHING SETTLEMENTS IN NAGAPATTINAM DISTRICT

NAGAPATTINAM NAMBIAR NAGAR

MAP MAP4.4 4.4 A a SHOWING THE REGIONAL CONNECTIVITY OF CHINNANGUDI CHINNANGUDI IN IN NAGAPATTINAM NAGAPATTINAM DISTRICT DISTRICT

Photo showing the fisherman on chinnangudi coast

The term ‘artisanal’ would better describe the 597 men who are fishing in Chinnangudi, even though the use of motors and new nets has modernized their equipment a great deal. “Artisanal” fishermen broadly use three types of equipment: (a) Sail Kattumaram, (b) Kattumaram with Out-Board Motor (OBM), and (c) Fiberglass boats with engines. The investments for these various categories would be in the order of 15-16 thousand, 1.5 Lakhs and 2 - 2.5 lakhs, respectively.

Despite differences in income, they form one single group where mobility from one category to the other is quite common. In fishing, equipment is only one part of the game. In actuality, the three critical components that influence returns are:

(a) Hard work (b) Skill and knowledge, and (c) Chance. Hence, having additional equipment does not necessarily Translate into higher returns.

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Photo showing the fisherman on construction and maintenance of fishing accessories

FISH FOR LOCAL MARKETS

THE FISHERMEN THEMSELVES auction the fish that are reserved for local markets. The buyers of these fish are typically: 1) Local Women Fish Vendors, 2) Women Fish Vendors from other villages, and

Photo showing the fisherwoman drying fish and vending fish

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AGRICULTURE

Apart from fishery, some Chinnangudi villagers do have agricultural lands at the outskirts of this village. It is estimated that there is approximately 50 acres of land holdings that the villagers possess. The community members are not directly involved in the cultivation of land, but instead view the land as an investment. The land-owning fishermen of Chinnangudi employ laborers from the Dalit community of the next village to tend the land. Normally agriculture work commences in the end of September and cultivation is completed by December.

4.6 HOUSING TYPOLOGY The government carried out a colony housing scheme in the village in the early eighties. More than 200 houses were built in brick and cement for the walls and reinforced concrete for the roof. Because of the poor quality of construction, many of them deteriorated very fast. In many cases, the villagers changed the RCC roof into thatch or tiled according to their financial capacity.

Chart 4.1 showing the housing typology in Chinnangudi settlement.

A few houses have been abandoned by their owners. Now there are only 53 houses which survive more or less in the original condition. All these 53 houses are in a very bad shape today, but people are living in them because of no alternative. Other than this most of the houses are tiled and thatched except few concrete houses.

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3) Cycle Vendors. Considering the limited period when fish is fresh, vendors often partake in the process of fish drying, when the local market is unable to absorb a catch. This occurs when a particular day’s catch is not sold or when there is a “bumper catch”. A “bumper catch” refers to an unusually high catch. Since the demand for fresh fish will not significantly increase despite variations of supply, when there is an abundant catch, the drying of fish becomes quite popular. Typically, the process of fish drying is undertaken by larger fish vendors, because of the investment that is required to hold stock during the lag-time of drying. Dried fish last for a period of 6 months to one year, and merchants come to Chinnangudi to purchase the dry fish from local vendors. Local Market Vending Patterns 1 SMAL L WOMEN FISH VENDORS a. Travel a maximum of 5 kilometers by foot b. Sell to nearby villages c. Typically occasional sellers in the market d. Off-take will be between Rs. 100-1000 daily e. Short-term credit is available 2 LARGE WOMEN FISH VENDORS a. Travel by bus up to a distance of 50 kms away (Kumbakonam) b. Typically daily fish sellers (but also occasional as well) c. Off-take will be between Rs. 500-5000 daily d. Short-term credit is available 3 CYCLE VENDORS a. Travel by moped up to a distance of 50 kms away b. No credit is available - occasionally a local resident will stand as a Guarantor for the vendor which will allow them to receive credit c. Typically Dalits

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The water they receive through the taps is used for drinking and cooking only, because the water is very salty and not potable. The families complained that the water that they get (2 or 3 pots on an average) is not enough for all their household needs. A family of 5 needs at least 10 pots per day to cover all their needs like drinking, cooking, bathing, washing, etc. It is the women who fetch water from the taps. They spend at least an hour fetching water everyday. Many people in Chinnangudi do not bathe in fresh water everyday. If they stay in the village itself they use the salt water from the hand pumps to wash themselves.

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4.7 INFRASTRUCTURE FACILITIES

TRANSPORTATION AND COMMUNICATION

The connectivity to Chinnangudi is quite good. Every half an hour there is a bus servicing Chinnangudi between 5:30 am to 6 pm. In addition to government buses, there is also a mini-bus and private bus regularly providing service. The availability of transport facilities has allowed a number of the Chinnangudi women to partake in vending. The Chinnangudi bus stop is located at the center of the village across from the ration shop. In terms of communication facilities, there are 40 private telephone connections within the community. There are also 15 community members that have mobile phones. Yet, there is no public telephone facility in the village. Chinnangudi is equipped with a public address facility that is in the temple.

WATER FACILITIES

In chinnangudi, there are two water tanks and 54 piped connections throughout the village. There is an average of 5 tap connections on every street. The water they receive comes from Madapuram which is about 10 Kms from Chinnangudi. A bore hole there pumps water to 5 villages in the area Chinnangudi, Kilangal, Mundirithoppu, Kumaragudi and Chinnamedu.

Photo showing water tank in the settlement

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CHAPTER 5: IMPACT OF TSUNAMI Chinnangudi was devastated by the tsunami with 137 houses fully destroyed, and an additional 131 partially damaged. Houses were damaged along with Lakhs worth of fishing gear and nets. These material losses are trivial in comparison to the 48 deaths which the village suffered, 22 of which were children.

5.1 DEMOGRAPHIC PROFILE- AFTER TSUNAMI

Total Households 563 Women headed households 110 No. of houses partially destroyed 123 No. of houses fully destroyed 134 No. of Total Deaths by Tsunami 48

Photo showing tsunami devastation

5.2 RESPONSE TO THE TSUNAMI

The enormity of the emergency was very slow to sink in for both the government and civil society. Like in most emergencies, the government was slow to step in. Civil society including NGOs, the public, religious groups, immediately swung into initially chaotic and later more organized relief work. After the immediate search and clearing operation was over, NGOs have stepped in with a variety of relief measures ranging from providing food, shelter, water, etc. to psycho-social counseling.

54

Photo showing tsunami temporary shelters and reconstruction activity.

The government has constructed 140 temporary shelters, while NGOs have established an additional 45 shelters. SIFFS and SNEHA have made a commitment to the rehabilitation of the village and have begun initiating some long-term livelihood programming. Additional NGO’s such as EFFICOR, KNH- Germany, and CCYA Bangalore have also initiated post tsunami reconstruction activities. Source: www, praxis.org,

TSUNAMI WAVE

The water flow pattern of the wave was dictated by the topography of the land to a considerable extent. The core of the village is on higher ground compared to the peripheral areas of the village, which caused the wave to rush in faster around the northern and southern peripheries of the village. These waters came in with great force (unimpeded, due the flat profile of the land, the lack of any obstruction in the form of vegetation or man made structures) and met each other at the far end of the village (close to the temple) causing great damage to life and property. Map 5.1 showing the inundated area during recent tsunami

This analysis is validated by the data on death pattern vis-à-vis the spread of dead bodies which shows that 60% of the dead bodies were found at the seaward end of the village (with which the wave made first contact) and the 40% at the western end of the

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B A Y

WATER UNENTERED AREA

LEGEND HOUSES CONTOUR LINES 25MTS GRID SEA

Amm

an A aru

O F B E N G A L

TSUNAMI INUNDATION WATER UNENTERED AREA

MAP 5.1 SHOWING THE INUNDATED AREA DURING RECENT TSUNAMI

village, close to the temple area. The built environment and open spaces also had a role to play in dictating the inundation pattern.

Map 5.2 showing the extend of damage during recent tsunami

5.3 PEOPLES PERCEPTION

For generations the fishing community has been in possession of the coastal land of chinnangudi. Considering the nature of the fishing community’s history, many of its members do not possess “official paperwork” in reference to the land that they have inhabited for generations. In the chaos following the tsunami, it is critical that the fishing community retains possession of their land. In all likelihood, the politicians and private companies may manipulate this tragedy to gain control of the precious land that has rightfully been out of their reach for years. The government has already pressured the fisher folk to sign a paper testifying that they are willing to move off of their land if new housing is provided elsewhere.

Photos showing reconstruction activities after tsunami

The Chinnangudi community members are quite clear about how they want to approach the controversial issue of resettlement. As they see it, they have an inalienable right to the coastal land that has been with their community for generations, and is an inseparable aspect of their lives and livelihood. On the other hand, after the events of the tsunami they also see it as necessary to build secure houses for their families at a safe distance away from the coast.

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B A Y

OHT

O F

LEGEND Damaged before Tsunami (Major) Damaged before Tsunami (Minor) Damaged afterTsunami (Major)

-

Damaged after Tsunami (Minor) No damage

Amm

an A aru

B E N G A L

-

MAP 5.2 SHOWING THE EXTEND OF DAMAGE DURING RECENT TSUNAMI

The following reasons explain Chinnangudi position towards resettlement:

TO RETAIN EXISTING LAND: - Inalienable right to coastal land - Sense of Belonging, lived there for generations - Proximity to the sea is essential for fishing operations -Storage of equipment - On-shore activities (maintenance of nets, etc.)

TO BUI LD NEW SETTLEMENT: - Safety - The security of their families, while they are at sea It is necessary for the fisher folk to retain their existing land in order to facilitate their fishing activities. It is unfeasible for them to transport their boats And nets, every morning at 2 am to the coast and prepares to go out to sea. Therefore, it is essential that the community owns the coastal land in order to store the equipment. At the same time, it is critical for their families to be living at a safe distance from the sea. The panchayat has established a unified position amongst the whole village,

Photo showing reminders of the recent tsunami

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CHAPTER 6: VULNERABILITY INDICES Examination of published tsunami risk maps indicates that tsunami flood risk (and therefore damage to people and structures) is traditionally assumed to be uniform within the expected flood zone. However, recent tsunami showed that population and infrastructure within a given flood zone are not uniformly at risk (Papathoma, 2003; Papathoma et al., 2003). This is because risk, that is the probability of damage, is intimately related to vulnerability, which measures the potential for damage. Vulnerability in turn, is related to a series of parameters that include amongst others: the presence of on and off-shore protective barriers , distance from the shore, depth of flood water, building construction standards, preparedness activities, socio-economic status and means, level of understanding and hazard perception and amount of warning and ability to move away from the flood zone.

6.1 IDENTIFICATION OF THE INUNDATION ZONE

This study is interested in applying a method that is easy to utilize by different end-users and flexible enough to be applied in other places of the coast with minimal changes. This study considers the identification of the inundation zone without taking into consideration the tsunami source and offshore bathymetry in order to be simple, easy and realistic.

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The run-up does not equal the tsunami height on the shore and the run-up heights will show variation along the coastline due to several factors (Camfield F. E.: Tsunami effects on coastal structures, J. Coast. Res., Special Issue No 12, Coastal Hazards, 177–187, 1994.) .Since the run-up cannot be calculated, the safest option for the identification of the potential inundation zone is to define it as the area between the coastline and the contour of the highest recorded tsunami. Therefore in an area where the highest recorded tsunami (in the settlement) was 2.5 m, the inundation zone will be the area between the coastline and the 2.5m contour. It is understood that the depth of water during a tsunami will differ according to the ground elevation.

Therefore, the inundation zone in chinnangudi village will be divided into Inundation Depth Zones or

IDZs on the basis of the topographic contours: High IDZ (ground elevation 0 − 1 m), Medium IDZ (ground elevation 1−1.5m), Low IDZ (ground elevation 1.5−2 m) and Very Low IDZ (ground elevation 2 − 2.5 m).

The IDZ’s are used as a background for the maps that display the spatial distribution of the vulnerability of individual buildings. It is understood that buildings located within the high IDZ will have to be the priority of the local authorities/ planners etc. since the damage of the buildings will be more significant.

Map 6.1 showing zones of different zones of inundation

6.2

IDENTIFICATION

OF

PARAMETERS

THAT

AFFECT

THE

VULNERABILITY OF BUILDINGS AND PEOPLE Field surveys of tsunami events in previous Tsunami's (Maramai, A. and Tinti, S.: Coastal effects and damage due to the 3rd June Java tsunami. in: Perspectives on

60

ZONE D (2-2.5 mtr.)

ZONE C (1.5-2 mtr.)

ZONE C (1.5-2 mtr.)

B A Y

ZONE D (2-2.5 mtr.) ZONE D (2-2.5 mtr.)

LEGEND PLOT BOUNDARY HOUSES

ZONE B (1-1.5 mtr.)

CONTOUR LINES 25MTS GRID SEA RIVER ZONE A (0-1 mtr.) ZONE B (1-1.5 mtr.) ZONE C (1.5-2 mtr.) ZONE D (2-2.5 mtr.)

Amm

an A aru

ZONE A (0-1 mtr.)

O F B E N G A L

MAP 6.1 SHOWING ZONES OF DIFFERENT ZONES OF INUNDATION

5.4 VIEWS ON RESETTLEMENT PLANNING

FOR GENERATIONS THE fishing community has been in possession of the coastal land of Chinnangudi.

The government has already pressured the fisher folk to sign a paper testifying that they are willing to move off of their land if new housing is provided elsewhere.

It is unfeasible for them to transport their boats and nets, every morning at 2 am to the coast and prepare to go out to sea.

Therefore, it is essential that the community should own the coastal land in order to store the equipment. At the same time, it is critical for their families to be living at a safe distance from the sea. For the women, their premier concern is the safety of their children, and they believe that living 1 km. from the sea is the best way to ensure that.

Photo showing community gathering discussing on issues of the recent tsunami

Keeping this in mind three situations are worked out of total, partial and no relocation of the settlement and various aspects of legal, financial and functional are worked out.

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The importance of the criteria is connected with the mitigation measures that may Be taken. This is why the criteria that are concerned with the condition of the house are higher in the range of importance than the criteria that relate to the surroundings.

This is because it is felt that the condition of the house can change more easily and with less cost than its location. Relocation of buildings, construction of break waters and sea defenses or coastal engineering works is frequently very expensive. On the other hand, reinforcement of buildings and protection with surrounding walls is easier and cheaper and may protect the building from other types of natural disasters.

The vulnerability of each building (BV) in the inundation zone is then calculated as follows:

BV = (7xa)+(6xb)+(5xc)+(4xd)+(3xe)+(2xf)+(1xg)

Where: (a) The standardized score that is related to the material of the building; (b) The standardized score that is related to the elevation of the building from MSL; (c) The standardized score that is related to the distance from sea of the building; (d) The standardized score that is related to the number of floors; (e) The standardized score that is related to the condition of the building (age); (f) The standardized score that is related to the presence of surroundings in front of the building and; (g) The standardized score that is related to the natural barriers in front of the settlement.

HV = BV x P (where HV- Human vulnerability, BV- Building Vulnerability ), Building Vulnerability = {(7x a)+(6xb)+(5xc)+(4xd)+(3xe)+(2xf)+(1xg)} (Where a,b,c,d,e,f,g-standardization score ) Population (house hold) = {A x male population +B x female population +C x

62

children population}

It was evident from the recent Tsunami the entire population was not evenly affected. Children were the most affected and next were female population and least was male population. So the household population is also given a standardization score.

6.3 CALCULATING STANDARDIZATION SCORE

BUILDING COMPONENT

(a) The standardized score that is related to the material of the building; Ultimately it depends on the building material type of the settlement. Lot of incidents could be related from the recent Tsunami for examples a stretch of concrete houses very near to the coast were un-affected because of the solidity of construction and materials. At the same time building material is not the sole criteria for people to be saved from tsunami.

a = summation of a1+a2+a3

Photo showing a typical thatched roof house

Photo showing a tiled roof house

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Tsunami Hazard Reduction, edited by Hebenstreit, D., Kluwer Academic Publishers, 1– 20, 1997.) demonstrate the importance of several characteristics of buildings that contribute to their vulnerability. These characteristics were identified and collected for each building within the potential inundation zone together with data concerning the population, building use and so forth. The empirical data were collected from the field survey. The entire settlement of 563 families was surveyed (scheduled interview).

The data collected for each building may be divided into three categories:

(A) Quantitative (population, population density, number of households);

(B) Qualitative (condition, building surroundings, natural environment, etc.) and

(c) Descriptive (e.g. land use).

The qualitative data are used for the calculation of the vulnerability of individual buildings. The first step is the standardization of the raw data collected using the following formula:

Standardized score I = raw score I / maximum raw score Since the factors do not affect vulnerability equally, they have to be ranked according to their importance. The criteria are arranged in order of importance and a weight factor is applied The criteria, their ranking and weight factor

CRITERIA

WEIGHT FACTOR

Building component(roof ,wall &floor)

7

Elevation of house from MSL

6

Row (distance from the sea )

5

No of floors

4

Condition of ground floor (age of the building)

3

Surrounding (compound wall &vegetation)

2

Natural environment

1

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Photo showing a typical concrete house

ROOF: (a1) Thatched, Palm leaves, etc. ---------- Raw Score -4 Tiled-------------------------------------- Raw Score -3 Asbestos------------------------------- Raw Score -2 Concrete-------------------------------- Raw Score- 1 Standardized Score for Thatched roof is

= 4/4

Standardized Score for Tiled roof is

= 3/4

Map 6.2 showing houses with different type of roof materials

WALL: (a2)

Thatched, Palm leaves, etc. ---- Raw Score -3 Mud wall-------------------------- Raw Score - 2 Brick ---------------------------------Raw Score -1 Standardized Score for Thatched wall = 3/3 Standardized Score for Mud wall

= 2/3

Map 6.3 showing houses with different type of wall materials

FLOOR: (a3)

Mud --------------------------------- Raw Score -3 Cement----------------------------- Raw Score -2 Mosaic---------------------------- - Raw Score -1 Standardized Score for Mud floor is

= 3/3

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B A Y O F LEGEND CONTOUR LINES 25MTS GRID SEA RIVER THATCHED,PALMS TILED ASBESTORS CONCRETE

Amm

an A aru

B E N G A L

MAP 6.2 SHOWING HOUSES WITH DIFFERENT TYPE OF ROOF

B A Y O F LEGEND CONTOUR LINES 25MTS GRID SEA RIVER THATCHED MUD BRICK WALL

Amm

an A aru

B E N G A L

MAP 6.3 SHOWING HOUSES WITH DIFFERENT TYPE OF WALL

Standardized Score for Cement floor

= 2/3

Map 6.4 showing houses with different type of floors

ELEVATION OF HOUSE FROM MSL

(b) The standardized score that is related to elevation of the building from MSL; Elevation and population affected have close relation during tsunami. Settlement, which has elevation more than 3m, in cuddalore district, had no property damage or human loss during recent TSUNAMI (sustainable development plan for tsunami affected coastal stretch of Cuddalore, Planning Project -SAP, chennai, 2004)

FOUR ZONES ARE FORMULATED Zone A (0-1m) ------------------ Raw Score -4 Zone B (1-1.5m) ---------------- Raw Score -3 Zone C (1.5-2m) ---------------- Raw Score -2 Zone D (2-2.5m) ---------------- Raw Score- 1 Standardized Score for Zone A is = 4/4 Standardized Score for Zone B is = ¾ Map 6.5 showing houses in different elevation zones

ROW (DISTANCE FROM THE SEA)

(c) The standardized score that is related to the distance from sea of the building; Maximum inundation on Tamil Nadu coast during recent tsunami was 1.2 Kms. Here water entered into the settlement from all four direction which quite dissimilar from the other settlements. So the general calculation of no of row of the house has to be slightly modified.

DISTANCE OF HOUSE FROM HTL---- C Row 1---------------Raw Score - 4 Row 2---------------Raw Score - 3 Row 3---------------Raw Score - 2

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B A Y O F LEGEND CONTOUR LINES 25MTS GRID SEA RIVER CEMENT FLOORING MUD /COW DUNG MOSAIC,TILES

Amm

an A aru

B E N G A L

MAP 6.4 SHOWING HOUSES WITH DIFFERENT TYPE OF FLOORS

ZONE D (2-2.5 mtr.)

ZONE C (1.5-2 mtr.)

ZONE C (1.5-2 mtr.)

B A Y

ZONE D (2-2.5 mtr.) ZONE D (2-2.5 mtr.)

LEGEND PLOT BOUNDARY HOUSES

ZONE B (1-1.5 mtr.)

CONTOUR LINES 25MTS GRID SEA RIVER ZONE A (0-1 mtr.) ZONE B (1-1.5 mtr.) ZONE C (1.5-2 mtr.) ZONE D (2-2.5 mtr.)

Amm

an A aru

ZONE A (0-1 mtr.)

O F B E N G A L

MAP 6.5 SHOWING ZONES OF DIFFERENT ZONES OF INUNDATION

Row 4---------------Raw Score – 1 Standardized Score for Row 1 is = 4/4 Standardized Score for Row 2 is = 2/4 Map 6.6 showing distance of houses from the coast

NO OF FLOORS

(d) The standardized score that is related to the number of floors; The field survey has given us the details of building height and no. of floors. Settlement being a village and the type of occupation and the housing typology they have gone for did not warrant for a vertical growth of the buildings. Out of 563 houses less than 10 buildings had more than one floor.

Photo showing building which has a first floor-a rare case

CONDITION OF GROUND FLOOR (AGE OF THE BUILDING)

(e) The standardized score that is related to the condition of the building (age);

FOUR ZONES ARE FORMULATED A (15 years and above) ------------- Raw Score -4 B (10-15 years of age) -------------- Raw Score -3 C (5-10 years of age) --------------- Raw Score -2 D (0-5 years of age) ---------------- Raw Score- 1

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ZONE D (2-2.5 mtr.)

ZONE C (1.5-2 mtr.)

ZONE C (1.5-2 mtr.)

B A Y

ZONE D (2-2.5 mtr.) ZONE D (2-2.5 mtr.)

Row 4 LEGEND PLOT BOUNDARY HOUSES

Row 3

Row 1

CONTOUR LINES 25MTS GRID

ZONE B (1-1.5 mtr.)

SEA RIVER ZONE A (0-1 mtr.) ZONE B (1-1.5 mtr.) ZONE C (1.5-2 mtr.) ZONE D (2-2.5 mtr.) ROW 1 ROW 2 ROW 3

Row 2

Amm

an A aru

ZONE A (0-1 mtr.)

O F B E N G A L

ROW 4

MAP 6.6 SHOWING DISTANCE OF HOUSES FROM THE COAST

Standardized Score for A is = 4/4 Standardized Score for B is = ¾

SURROUNDING (COMPOUND WALL &VEGETATION)

(f) The standardized score that is related to the presence of surroundings in front of the building and;

VEGETATION AND COMPOUND WALL

No vegetation cover--------------- Raw Score - 3 Scrub and low vegetation---------------Raw Score - 2 Trees and dense scrub--------------- Raw Score - 1 Standardized Score for No vegetation is = 3/3 Standardized Score for Scrub & low veg. is = 2/3 Map 6.7 showing compound wall and vegetation of settlement

NATURAL ENVIRONMENT

(g) The standardized score that is related to the natural barriers in front of the settlement.

During the present episode of tsunami in the Indian coast, the following preliminary observations are made:

a) The maximum damage has occurred in low lying areas near the coast.

b) High causalities are found in most thickly populated areas.

c) The mangroves, forests, sand dunes and coastal cliffs provided the best natural barriers against the tsunami.

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d) Heavy damage is reported in areas where sand dunes were heavily mined (e.g. Nagapattinam & Kolachal) and where coastal vegetation was less.

Vegetation to a greater extent reduce the impact of tsunami

VEGETATION AND NATURAL BARRIERS:

No vegetation covers (high vulnerability). Scrub and low vegetation (moderate vulnerability). Trees and dense scrub (low vulnerability).

No vegetation cover--------------- Raw Score - 3 Scrub and low vegetation---------------Raw Score - 2 Trees and dense scrub--------------- Raw Score - 1 Standardized Score for No vegetation is = 3/3 Standardized Score for Scrub & low veg. is = 2/3

6.4 CALCULATING VULNERABILITY INDICES

HUMAN VULNERABILITY = BUILDINGVULNERABILITY X POPULATION Human vulnerability is a factor of building vulnerability and population .The recent Tsunami reinstated very clearly that age and gender determined the degree of vulnerability. With this as the basis the standardization score for the population is worked for the entire settlement. For example if a household has a population of six members with adult male population of two, adult female population of two and children population of two. Then, the standardization score is:

Male population ---------- Raw score- 1 Female population ------ Raw score- 2 Children population ----- Raw score- 3

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Standardization score for male population

= 1/3

Standardization score for female population = 2/3 Standardization score for children population = 3/3

Calculation of the vulnerable population with respect to age and gender =

Male population X standardization score for male population + Female population X standardization score for Female population + Children population X stand. Score for Children population For the above household with a population of six numbers the vulnerable population is (i.e. age and gender) is, = 2X 1/3 +2X 2/3 +2 X 3/3. = 4.

Four members are vulnerable (i.e. age and gender) in that particular house which has population of six.

Let us calculate the Human vulnerability of a house hold with the following: brick wall, thatched roof, cement flooring, elevation zone of A, distance row 2, single floor, newly built building and good surroundings (compound wall and trees), poor natural surroundings.

BV = (7xa)+(6xb)+(5xc)+(4xd)+(3xe)+(2xf)+(1xg) BV= (7x (1/3+3/3+2/3) + (6x3/3) + (5x2/4) + (4x2/2) + (3x1/4) + (2x2/3) + (1x2/3)) Building Vulnerability Index=29.3 Human vulnerability index = 29.3 x 4 = 117.3 Same way the building and human vulnerability index is calculated for the entire settlement.

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6.5 ANALYSIS OF EXISTING AND WORST CASE SCENARIO

The existing situation refers to the Tsunami which occurred recently wherein we had a wave height of 2.1 mts. in the chinnangudi settlement and a worst case scenario refers to the situation wherein a hypothetical assumption of 4 mts wave height from the mean sea level. For both the scenario the vulnerability index for human and buildings are calculated. The parameter of the index mainly the elevation gets changed in both the scenario. The results showing increase of vulnerability Index validates the assumption on vulnerability index. Based on these analyses the issues are raised and the proposals are worked out.

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CHAPTER 7: ISSUES AND PROPOSALS 7.1 BUILDING VULNERABILITY

From The analysis of the vulnerability indices for building vulnerability as discussed in the previous chapter we have arrived at the following:

200 houses are very highly vulnerable (35%) 150 houses are highly vulnerable (27%) 100 houses are moderately vulnerable (18%) 113 houses are less vulnerable (20%)

Considering the above figures we conclude that 62% (35% + 27%) of the buildings are extremely vulnerable in case of an occurrence of a tsunami.

7.2 HUMAN VULNERABILITY Human vulnerability in the context of tsunami depends both on spatial and temporal factors. There is always a flux in the density of the population along the coastal areas during the Day and night times, summer and winter, week days and week ends, festive and non festive seasons. Due to The limited scope of the study the assumptions for chinnangudi is that at any given point of time, the entire household population is in the house (during night time). When we consider the Human vulnerability for tsunami, gender and age of the population play an important role as it was well seen in the recent tsunami. Even in the case of Chinnangudi, the total death toll was 46, of which the numbers of children were 22. Children, female, elderly and disabled were the most vulnerable. As far as the land use pattern of Chinnangudi is considered, almost 98% of the settlement area comes under Residential use wherein the building vulnerability is the dominant deciding criteria for human vulnerability along with age and gender.

Human vulnerability as discussed in the previous chapters is a factor of building

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vulnerability and population. From The analysis of the vulnerability indices for human vulnerability as discussed in the previous chapter we have arrived at the following:

800 people very highly vulnerable (32%) 700 people are highly vulnerable (28%) 400 people are moderately vulnerable (16%) 600 people are less vulnerable (24%)

Considering the above figures we conclude that 60% (32% + 28%) of the people are extremely vulnerable in case of an occurrence of a tsunami.

7.3 RESETTLEMNT VIEWS

Based on these findings and the perception of the people the planning issues have to be addressed. After tsunami the major issues to be addressed is the resettlement planning are

FOR GENERATIONS THE fishing community has been in possession of the coastal land of Chinnangudi.

The government has already pressured the fisher folk to sign a paper testifying that they are willing to move off of their land if new housing is provided elsewhere.

It is unfeasible for them to transport their boats and nets, every morning at 2 am to the coast and prepare to go out to sea.

Therefore, it is essential that the community should own the coastal land in order to store the equipment. At the same time, it is critical for their families to be living at a safe distance from the sea. For the women, their premier concern is the safety of their children, and they believe that living 1 km. from the sea is the best way to ensure that.

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The Author has done a detailed study on the current status of the Rehabilitation measures and Resettlement proposals of all the settlements of Nagapattinam district. Neatly tabulated in the ANNEXURE - 4.

It is very clear that ample of funds we available at disposal for the rehabilitation measures. Most of them addressed the short term requirements of the fishing settlement. The non governmental organizations played a key role in these activities. When it comes to the issue of resettlement planning lot of questions are unanswered.

For any coastal resettlement planning after tsunami, three broad methods are applicable:

TOTAL RELOCATION

Total relocation is the idealistic way to battle against tsunami. With the assurance and efforts made by the governmental and non governmental agencies to pool up funds for the rehabilitation measures definitely opens scope for total relocation. But the real question lies whether the entire coast afford for a total relocation. Nagapattinam alone has more than 73 settlements which got affected by Tsunami.

ISSUE 1: Identification of land

The issue starts in the identification of the new land. In chinnangudi the government is willing to give a land (one km. from the coast) at free of cost for total relocation. But that land (13 acres) alone will not be sufficient. Private land owners have seen this as opportunity and raised their land value to many folds. Land alone will cost around Six Crores as per the market value.

ISSUE 2: Allocation of plot area

Pie chart shows the size of land holdings of each household which on an average is more than three cents. But there is mechanism or provisions to pay compensation for people who have existing land of more than 3 cents. This amounts to 30 percent of the house hold who are strongly refusing for relocation.

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ISSUE 3: Allocation of plinth area

Pie chart shows the plinth area sizes in existing settlement. Government is willing to build 250-300 Sq.ft. of plinth area. But, majority of the houses have more plinth area than 300 Sq.Ft.

ISSUE 4: How is the government going to protect the existing land when there is going to be total relocation of the settlement?

The total relocation can also lead to other complications like the protection the existing land which the fishermen are not willing to give away. So, ultimately the issue of safety is not going to be addressed. They will hold the existing land as well as get newly proposed houses.

ISSUE 5: Transportation of fishing gear.

As it was evident from the study of their fishing timing (they go and come back at odd hours). Safety and transportation of their nets and motor will be a major issue. This

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issue creates a need to develop a work area and dormant settlement concept. Conceptual sketch of this is shown in the map 7.1. Map 7.1 showing concept of work and dormant settlement

PARTIAL RELOCATION

Around 136 houses got totally damaged in the recent tsunami which the NGO’s and the governmental agencies have given a commitment to rebuild. But the problem with the partial relocation is the separation of the settlement’s community living. 25 % of the settlement will be relocated. As we have seen from the nature of the fishing settlement to live close knitted and closer to the coast partial relocation also seems to be questionable.

NO RELOCATION

The fabric of the settlement will be appreciated best when it regains its existing form prior to tsunami since the settlement had taken years to evolve. That is where the real challenge lies to the planners to not to disturb the existing conditions as well as to protect the settlement from vulnerabilities. As discussed above on the resettlement views considering the occupational difficulties, legal difficulties. Ancestral attachment to their properties, cost involved in total relocation, it seems practical to accept that total relocation cannot take place.

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B A Y

DORMANT SETTLEMENT AUCTION CENTRE

O F

WORK AREA

B E N G A L

LEGEND CONTOUR LINES

EMBARKMENT

25MTS GRID SEA RIVER

EMBARKMENT

WORK AREA

O

DORMANT SETTLEMENT

MAP 7.1 SHOWING CONCEPT OF WORK AND DORMANT SETTLEMENT

B A Y

MANGROVE VEGETATION

CRZ 50 MTS

O F CRZ 200 MTS CASURINA VEGITATION

LEGEND CONTOUR LINES 25MTS GRID SEA RIVER O

B E N G A L

MAP 7.2 SHOWING CONCEPT BUFFER ZONE

7.4 PROPOSALS The resettlement planning should focus on methods by which the vulnerability indices can be brought down to acceptable levels through various planning measures.

This can be achieved through changes in the vulnerability index shown below.

Building component(roof ,wall &floor) Elevation of house from MSL Row (distance from the sea ) No of floors Condition of ground floor (age of the building) Surrounding (compound wall &vegetation) Natural environment BUILDING COMPONENT

Floor, Wall and Roof are the basic components of a building. Weight ages to these components in arriving at the human vulnerability are very high as the entire population is assumed to be inside the building.

FLOOR MATERIAL Majority of the houses in chinnangudi are having cement flooring in their houses. Cleanliness is the main reason for having cement as flooring material.

Chart 7.1 Showing distribution of floor

74% of the houses have cement and

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mosaic flooring put together. To improvise the index against vulnerability only 26% of the houses have to be reworked.

Chart 7.2 Showing distribution of plinth area in sq.ft.

COST FOR CEMENT FLOORING On a average the plinth area of the houses are 400 sq.ft. 26 % of the house amounts to 145 nos. Cost of P.C.C. and cement flooring over it per square feet = 50 Rs/Total cost required – 145 X 50 X 400 – Approximately 25 lakh.

WALL MATERIAL

The superstructure of 75% of the houses in chinnangudi is built with bricks .the locally available natural material. Remaining only 25% of the houses needs attention

Chart 7.3 Showing distribution of wall

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COST FOR BRICK WALL On a average the plinth area of the houses are 400 sq.ft. 25 % of the house amounts to 140 nos. Cost of brick wall per square feet = 150 Rs/-( inclusive of foundation) 9” brick wall ( 10’ height) 120 Rft for 400 sq.ft Total cost required – 140 X 600 Cft X 400 – Approximately 1 crore. ROOF MATERIAL

About 59% of the houses are having thatch which are made from either coconut or palm thatch. 19% of the houses are made of R.C.C. roof.

Chart 7.4 Showing distribution of roof materials

About 300 Houses Have To Be Provided With R.C.C. Roof. Out of which 140 houses have been totally damaged by Tsunami any how that has to be rebuilt.

COST FOR R.C.C. ROOF On a average the plinth area of the houses are 400 sq.ft. 59 % of the house amounts to 300 nos minus 140 houses = 160 nos. Cost of R.C.C. roof @ Rs. 125 per square feet Total cost required – 160 X .375 X 400 X 125 – Approximately 3 crore.

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ELEVATION

Elevating the existing building is not practically possible. But there are around 140 houses which are totally damaged for which the elevation can be improved by having them in stills. This gives the flexibility for water to pass through the event of tsunami. Present average elevation of the settlement is about 1 mtr. From mean sea level this can be improvised to 2- 2.5 mts. from mean sea level.

COST FOR NEW HOUSES On a average the plinth area of the houses are 400 sq.ft. 140 houses to be reconstructed. Cost of construction@ Rs. 300 per square feet Total cost required – 300 X 400 X 140 – Approximately 1 crore.

DISTANCE FROM SEA

During recent Tsunami water entered from all four directions and this made the settlement more vulnerable. Reasons for this are: Low lying wetland on the northern side of the settlement and river on the southern side formed a channel for the water to surround the village. If we can curtail the entry of the water from the river on the southern side with bankment on northern side slightly higher (1 mtr. From other bank) than southern side and from the lowlands on northern side by having mangrove vegetation.

NUMBER OF FLOORS

In the present less than 10 buildings out of 563 buildings have first floor to get elevated during event of disaster. As we have planned to go for R.C.C. roof for the entire settlement it creates scope to be used as mode of escape during tsunami. MAP SHOWING THE PROPOSALS OF EMBANKMENT AND MANGROVE VEGETATION.

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COST FOR BANKMENT AND MANGROVE CULTIVATION Approximate area of mangrove a forestation 2 sq.km. Cost of forestation @ Rs. 1 per square meter Total cost required – Approximately 20 lakh. Bankment for a length of 700 mts.( random rubble masonry) Cost @ Rs/- 1000 per running meter. Total cost required Rs/- 7,00,000

BUILDING SURROUNDINGS AND COMPOUND WALL

Vegetation, scrubs, creepers can to a great extent reduce the impact of tsunami on buildings. Compound wall has in-fact saved lot of houses on the southern side of the settlement. Compound wall could be built for the entire settlement which will reduce the direct impact of Tsunami on buildings. Already 20 % of the houses have compound wall

Chart 7.5 Showing distribution of plot Area

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COST FOR BUILDING COMPOUND WALL Assuming average plot size of 4 cents Total running feet – 180 Compound wall height- 5 feet Cost of hollow block construction with material @ Rs. 50 per sq.ft. Total cost required –450 X 30 X 5X 180 Approximately 50 lakh.

NATURAL AND ARTIFICIAL BARRIERS

Today, nations around the Indian Ocean are trying to decide whether to allow rebuilding on the coast, which structures to rebuild and which ones to relocate, and how to rebuild to minimize losses in future tsunamis. There are a wide range of technical and management options for coastal protection, which include the sea wall construction and off shore breakers as artificial barriers.

ADVANTAGES OF SEA WALL CONSTRUCTION One town in Thailand that survived almost unscathed had built a sea wall of huge concrete pyramids across their coastline. A new-type seawall constructed in Japan. This seawall has a buffer zone to prevent coastal inundation due to overtopping waves. The waves overtopped the front face of the seawall can permeate a buffer zone installed in front of the original seawall

DIS-ADVANTAGES OF SEA WALL CONSTRUCTION

Among the major disadvantages are the high cost of building these structures, particularly off shore breakwaters and seawalls. Maintaining these structures is expensive. Most of these structural coastal defenses also have a high impact on shoreline sediment transport, coastal ecosystems and environmental assets such as

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scenic beaches. Encroachment of structures on sea access by local communities can also impact livelihoods.

NATURAL BARRIERS

Mangroves and vegetative cover had considerably reduced the impact of tsunami on the coast. With the importance of CRZ felt after this tsunami the vegetative cover and CRZ can be utilized together to create tsunami forest to act as buffer. These tsunami forests should be handed over to the local communities.

PHASE I [0-2 YEARS]: RECOVERING THE COAST

• Community projects may include the planting that will provide a vegetative buffer. • Along with the extensive mangrove reforestation, planting of a variety of other coastal species that have been lost • Intercrops to be planted and harvested between trees to stabilize and protect the soil. The species selected are saline resistant as the effect of salt intrusion after tsunami would still be present in the soil and ground water and protect the soil.

PHASE II [2-5 YEARS]: ESTABLISHING YOUNG COASTAL FORESTS

• Forest biomass increases as plants and tree species mature. • Salt content in the soil and aquifers may go down due to leeching and other natural phenomena. • planting of mesophytic vegetation as an inter crop to the existing salt resistant trees.

PHASE III [5-10 YEARS]: MATURING COASTAL FORESTS

• Trees like coconut, casuarinas etc are ready to harvest. • The new trees to be planted on the leeward side. • Slowly, the salt resistant varieties to be phased out and • commercially & ecologically beneficial species to be planted

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CHAPTER 08- ANNEXURE ANNEXURE - 1 Ravi Shankar.S, (DEC’ -2005), PLANNING COASTAL AREAS FOR TSUNAMI, Dissertation, School of architecture and Planning, Anna university

ABSTRACT The recent Tsunami has made us to understand that the planning of coastal areas involves more care than the normal land use planning since our coast is vulnerable to natural disasters. This Review is above all a practical document. However, it is not a manual. Its Emphasis is on the process of planning and implementing risk reduction initiatives along the coastal belt. It focuses on key issues and decision points and how to address them. It has been difficult to present a balanced coverage of such a broad and diverse subject, and there are inevitable gaps and this being a new phenomenon to our Indian coast studies done to our conditions is very limited. Nevertheless, the book is literature evidence-based. The descriptions and discussions are supported by case studies, which aim to give a sense of the range and diversity of practical approaches that can be used.

Disasters triggered by natural hazards are a major threat to life and to sustainable development, especially in developing countries. The human and economic cost of disasters is rising, mainly because societies are becoming more vulnerable to hazards. Socio-economic vulnerability is complex and often deep-rooted. The weaker groups in society suffer most from disasters. Many persistent myths about disasters should be discarded. Disaster reduction strategies are important to address future disasters.

The key factors to reduce potential losses due to tsunami are AWARENESS and PREPAREDNESS. The practical applications of this tsunami risk assessment, in both quantitative and qualitative terms, for implementation into mitigation strategies.

In the context of CRZ provisions, during the present episode of tsunami in the Indian coast the maximum damage has occurred in low lying areas near the coast and High

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causalities are found in most thickly populated areas, mangroves, forests, sand dunes and coastal cliffs provided the best natural barriers against the tsunami. Validation of the CRZ after the recent Tsunami is to be viewed seriously.

Today, nations around the Indian Ocean are trying to decide whether to allow rebuilding on the coast, which structures to rebuild and which ones to relocate, and how to rebuild to minimize losses in future tsunamis. There are a wide range of technical and management options for coastal protection, which include the sea wall construction and off shore breakers as artificial barriers. Sea walls should be viewed as an option in areas which are well developed, densely populated, low lying and very near the coast. (Density of coastal area of Kerala is 2147 per sq.km. in Pondicherry settlement starts 20-30 mts from the coast North Chennai high density and absence of lengthier coast). Critical infrastructure facilities which require foreshore can be guarded with sea walls. Sea wall could never be an option for the entire coast.

Places that had healthy coral reefs and intact mangroves, which act as natural buffers, were less badly hit by the tsunami than those where the reefs had been damaged and mangroves ripped out and replaced by prawn farms and poorly planned beachfront hotels. Mangroves and vegetative cover had considerably reduced the impact of tsunami on the coast. With the importance of CRZ felt after this tsunami the vegetative cover and CRZ can be utilized together to create tsunami forest to act as buffer. This tsunami forest should be handed over to the local communities. The rebuilding of the forest could be phased in stages.

Connectivity played an important role during the recent Tsunami. The settlements with better connectivity suffered less loss. Better connectivity in terms of roads facilitated immediate relief measures.

Avoiding or minimizing the exposure of people and property through land use planning can mitigate tsunami risk most effectively. Development should be prevented in highhazard areas wherever possible. Where development cannot be prevented, land use intensity, building value, and occupancy should be kept to a minimum.

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In areas where it is not feasible to restrict land to open-space uses, other land use planning measures can be used. These include strategically controlling the type of development and uses allowed in hazard areas, and avoiding high-value and highoccupancy uses to the greatest degree possible.

Land use policies and programs should address tsunami hazards as part of a comprehensive tsunami mitigation program. Such an update should focus on the location and vulnerability to damage of existing and planned land uses.

The infrastructure facilities have to be segregated as non critical and critical infrastructure with respect to Tsunami and compatibility analysis of these infra. With respect to coast and CRZ. .To formulate list of infrastructure to be permitted along the coast.

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ANNEXURE 2 NAGAPATTINAM DISTRICT AREAS TSUNAMI AFFECTED VILLAGE SL. Taluk No

Serial

No.

Name of Taluk

TSUNAMI AFFECTED VILLAGES

1

North Poiyur

2

Akkaraipettai

3

Keechankuppam

4

Theederkuppam

5

Velipalayam

6

Nambiyarnagar

7

Velipalayam Beach

8

1

Nagapattinam

Ariyanattu Street

9

Nalliyanthottam

10

Pattinacherry

11

Palpannaicherry

12

Samanthappettai

13

Silladi

14

Pandagasalai Street

15

Beerodum Street

SL. Taluk No

No.

Serial

Name of Taluk

TSUNAMI AFFECTED VILLAGES

16

Vellankani

17

South Poigainallur

18

Kallar

19

Veerangudikadu

2

Keevelur

20

Prathamaramapuram

21

Seruthur

22

Kameshwaram

23

Vairavankadu

87

24

Manaimedu

25

Vilunthamavadi

SL. Taluk No

Serial

No.

Name of Taluk

TSUNAMI AFFECTED VILLAGES

26

Pudupalli

27

Vettaikkaraniruppu

28

Vanavanmadevi

29

Vellapallam

30

Naluvedapathy

31

Kovilpathu

32

Pushpavanam

33

3

Vedaranyam

Periyakuthagai

34

Arkattuthurai

35

Kollitheevu

36

Maniyantheevu

37

Mottandithoppu

38

Agasthiyampalli

39

Kodiyakkadu

40

Kodiyakkarai

SL. Taluk No

No.

Serial

Name of Taluk

TSUNAMI AFFECTED VILLAGES

41

Thirumulaivasal

42

Thoduvai

43

Valuthalagudi 4

Sirkali

44

Thianthottam

45

Vanagiri

46

Poombukar

88

47

Pudukuppam

48

Vellapallam

49

76.Perunthottam

50

Nayakkarkuppam/Chavadikuppam

51

Kosalakuppam

52

Kadaikkadu

53

Keelamoovarkarai

54

Melamoovarkarai

55

Koolaiyar

56

Palaiyar

57

Madavamadu

58

Kettavaimadu

59

Olakattaimedu

60

Kottaimedu

61

Kodiyampalayam

62

Chinnurpettai

63

Chandrapadi

64

Tarangampadi

65

Perumlpettai

66

Vellakoil

67

Perumlpettai 5

Tarangampadi

68

Thalampettai

69

Kuttiyandiyur

70

Veppancherry

71

Chinnangudi

72

Chinnamedu

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ANNEXURE – 3 Case Study: Assessing tsunami vulnerability, example Greece, Crete: S•1 Identification of field site

S•2

Estimation

of

worst

case

scenario The worse case scenario has an H (m) max of c. +5 m and correlates with a tsunami int. of Ko IV.

S•3 Parameters for vulnerability

Built environment (one floor / two floor)

Building

materials,

age,

design Population density (day/ night) Land use Land cover/ barriers

STUDY AREA OF TSUNAMI VULNERAIBILITY MAP GREECE, CRETE

Other indicators

S•4 GIS base map and generation of database Spatial data (aerial photo & topo map) 1:5000 Attribute data (for parameters)

TSUNAMI VULNERAIBILITY MAP GREECE, CRETE

S•5 Results Disaster Planners, Local Authorities, Insurance Co

P•4 vulnerability map

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ANNEXURE – 4 Village wise Activities Undertaken and Proposed to be Undertaken by NGOs No Village 1

2

North Poiganallur

Akkaraipettai

Agency

Activity

1.International Association for Human Values (IAHV)

Relief Materials, Trauma care, Counseling, Medical Camps & Livelihood.

2. Salvation Army

50 permanent shelters

3. World Vision

500 permanent shelters

1.KK Shah Charitable Trust

146 temporary shelters 250 permanent shelters, temporary shelters(256), infrastructure devlopment,livelihood restoration

2.World Vision India 3.SOS

40 temporary shelters

4.National Monument Trust 5.Tata Relief Committee

6.TMSSS-GGF

7.Gandeepam global

8.IID/KAVIRI (Indian Institute of Development Trust) 9. Alternative for India Devpt.

10.Welfare Organization for Rural Development 11.TAPWA

900 permanent shelters Permanent Shelter-300,temporary shelter350,relief materials, play materials, trauma counseling, healthcare and education, rehabilitation of orphans,semiorphans,disabled and widows,afforestation of coastal area, livelihood infrastructure 180 temporary shelters, a monument erecting 100 permanent houses, Relief items, Collection of Statistics, counseling, Education for children &Promoting child center. information centre, mobile health clinic 100 temporary shelters,100 houses, mangrove plantation, social forestry, baseline survey,counselling,health and sanitation

12.Society of DMI Voluntary Organisation

50 houses mobile clinics,evening classes,skill training, intend to build & fullfledged medicare

13.International Association for Human Values (IAHV)

Relief Materials, Trauma care, Counselling, Medical Camps & Livelihood.

14.Environment Conservation Group (ECG) 15.Sethu Seva Sangh

water and sanitation

16.Seva Bharati 17.Help a Child of India 3

Keechankuppam

1.TMSSS-CARITAS-CRS

food grains,micro credit program,nets and boats repairing,medical care 50 houses, cash for work and food for work programme

2.Seva Bharati 3.World Vision

permanent shelter,infrastructure devlopment,livelihood restoration

4.Sethu Seva Sangh 5.National Monument Trust

6.IID/KAVIRI (Indian Institute of Development Trust)

150 permanent houses, Relief items, Collection of Statistics, counselling, Education for children &Promoting child center.

91

7.Alternative for India Devpt. 8.Welfare Organisation for Rural Development 9.TAPWA

10.Society of DMI Voluntary Organisation 11.International Association for Human Values (IAHV) 12.SIFFS

Theederkuppam

Velipalayam 5

Nambiyarnagar

water and sanitation 1150 temporary shleters food grains,micro credit program,nets and boats repairing,medical care

Welfare Organisation for Rural Development

1.IID/KAVIRI (Indian Institute of Development Trust)

50 temporary shelters,50 houses permanent houses, Relief items, Collection of Statistics, counselling, Education for children &Promoting child center.

2.International Association for Human Values (IAHV)

Relief Materials, Trauma care, Counselling, Medical Camps & Livelihood.

3.Dist.Women & Children Development Society

permanent shelter, health,education,water and sanitation Permanent Shelter-615,temporary shelter330,relief materials,play materials,trauma counseling,healthcare and education, rehabilitation of orphans,semiorphans,disabled and widows,afforestation of coastal area,livelihood infrastructure 150 permanent houses, Relief items, Collection of Statistics, counselling, Education for children &Promoting child center.

1.TMSSS

2.IID/KAVIRI (Indian Institute of Development Trust) 3.Alternative for India Devpt.

information centre,mobile health clinic

4.Welfare Organisation for Rural Development

50 temporary shelters,50 houses,mangrov plantation,social forestry 100 houses,livelihood support for six years,sponsorship for orphan and semiorphan,school fees and other provisions

5.CSI Day Care Centre, Kadambadi 6.TAPWA

Velipalayam Beach

7.EFICOR

50 houses 152 toilets,38 individual bathrooms for women,3 common bathroom for men, houses,health supplements

8.International Association for Human Values (IAHV)

Relief Materials, Trauma care, Counselling, Medical Camps & Livelihood.

9.Dist.Women & Children Development Society

permanent shelter, health,education,water and sanitation

10.World Vision India

temporary shelthers-280 100 permanent houses, Relief items, Collection of Statistics, counselling, Education for children & Promoting child center.

1.IID/KAVIRI (Indian Institute of Development Trust) 2.International Association for Human Values (IAHV)

Ariyanaatu Street 8

Relief Materials, Trauma care, Counselling, Medical Camps & Livelihood. supply of FRP vallams, kattumarams and OBMs,repiar of boats,engines,computer education and scholerships

14.Red Swastik Society

6

7

50 houses and one school mobile clinics,evening classes,skill training, intend to build & fullfledged medicare

13.Environment Conservation Group (ECG)

15.Help a Child of India 4

information centre,mobile health clinic 100 temporary shelters,100 houses,mangrove plantation,social forestry

1.TMSSS

Relief Materials, Trauma care, Counselling, Medical Camps & Livelihood. Permanent Shelter-850,temporary shelter100,relief materials,play materials,trauma counseling,healthcare and education,

92

9

Nalliyanthottam

2.IID/KAVIRI (Indian Institute of Development Trust)

rehabilitation of orphans,semiorphans,disabled and widows,afforestation of coastal area,livelihood infrastructure permanent houses, Relief items, Collection of Statistics, counselling, Education for children &Promoting child center.

3.TTK-LIG Limited

Construction of permanent houses

4.Alternative for India Devpt.

information centre,mobile health clinic

5.International Association for Human Values (IAHV)

Relief Materials, Trauma care, Counselling, Medical Camps & Livelihood.

6.Dist.Women & Children Development Society

permanent shelter, health,education,water and sanitation

7.World Vision 8.EFICOR

600 temporary shelters

9.YMCA Southern Region

50 houses

1.EFFICOR

cash for work,health supplement 100 permanent houses, Relief items, Collection of Statistics, counselling, Education for children &Promoting child center. 50 houses, cash for work and food for work programme

2.IID/KAVIRI (Indian Institute of Development Trust) 10

Pattinacherry

cash for work,health supplement

1.TMSSS-CARITAS-CRS 2.EFICOR

100 temporary shelters, 60 toilets,18 bathrooms,houses,health supplements

3.World Vision 4.GOAL

11

Palpannaicherry

5.IID/KAVIRI (Indian Institute of Development Trust)

community klitchen 100 permanent houses, Relief items, Collection of Statistics, counselling, Education for children &Promoting child center.

6.Matha Amrithananthamayi Madam

298 permanent shelters

7.Alternative for India Devpt.

information centre,mobile health clinic

8.Water Aid UK GRAMALAYA ECGSELVALAYA

construction of children's toilets+toilet complexes, temporary shelters

9.TAPWA

50 houses and one school

10.International Association for Human Values (IAHV)

Relief Materials, Trauma care, Counselling, Medical Camps & Livelihood.

11.Government

temporary shelthers-300

1.Alternative for India Devpt.

information centre,mobile health clinic 105 houses,livelihood support for six years,sponsorship for orphan and semiorphan,school fees and other provisions

2.CSI Day Care Centre, Kadambadi 3.International Association for Human Values (IAHV) Samanthanpettai

1.TMSSS-DHURGA

12

2.EFICOR

3.ROTARY 4.IID/KAVIRI (Indian Institute of Development Trust)

Relief Materials, Trauma care, Counselling, Medical Camps & Livelihood. Permanent Shelter-380,temporary shelter218,relief materials,play materials,trauma counseling,healthcare and education, rehabilitation of orphans,semiorphans,disabled and widows,afforestation of coastal area,livelihood infrastructure 52 toilets,14 individual + 1 common bathrooms for gents,health supplements permanent shelter(37.5 lacs),school building(28 lacs),orphanage building(12-13 lacs),students fee(8 lacs-2 years) 100 permanent houses, Relief items, Collection of Statistics, counselling,

93

Education for children & Promoting child center.

14

Silladi

5.Matha Amrithananthamayi Madam

449 permanent shelters

6.YMCA Southern Region

50 permanent houses

7.Alternative for India Devpt.

information centre,mobile health clinic

8.Water Aid UK GRAMALAYA ECGSELVALAYA

9.CSI Day Care Centre, Kadambadi

construction of children's toilets+toilet complexes, temporary shelters 95 houses,livelihood support for six years,sponsorship for orphan and semiorphan,school fees and other provisions

10.New Life Medical and Educational Trust

300 houses, clothing and utensils

11.International Association for Human Values (IAHV)

Relief Materials, Trauma care, Counselling, Medical Camps & Livelihood.

12.ECI Relief Team

temporary shelters-40

13.Impact International

temporary shelters-40

14. Government of Chattisgarh 1.GOAL

200 permanent shelters

2.NNCRHSC

15 16

3.IID/KAVIRI (Indian Institute of Development Trust)

100 permanent houses, Relief items, Collection of Statistics, counselling, Education for children &Promoting child center.

4.Water Aid UK GRAMALAYA ECGSELVALAYA

construction of children's toilets+toilet complexes, temporary shelters

Pandagasalai Street Beerodum Street

NNCRHSC

Velankanni

1.TMSSS

17

2.World Vision

Permanent Shelter-1200,temporary shelter-950,relief materials,play materials,trauma counseling,healthcare and education, rehabilitation of orphans,semiorphans,disabled and widows,afforestation of coastal area,livelihood infrastructure temporary shelters-500

3.Tata Relief Committee 4.All India Ambedkar Trust

50 permanent shelters,rehabilitation of 50 families

5.Poople's Dev Association

permanent houses and other infrastructure

6.T-Re ART REAL

200 permanent houses

7.Alternative for India Devpt.

information centre,mobile health clinic

8.International Association for Human Values (IAHV)

Relief Materials, Trauma care, Counselling, Medical Camps & Livelihood. Orientation Courses, Random Survey, Desalination, Fertilizing soil, Saline bed raising paddy cultivation, Soil & Water test .

South Poigainallur 18 19

1.Tamil Nadu Organic Farmers Trust Kallar

1.REAL 2.World Vision

125 temporary shelters permanent shelter,infrastructure devlopment,livelihood restoration

3.GOAL

94

4.SALVATION ARMY 5.India Development &Relief Fund Inc. 6.Karunakariya Trust

information centre,mobile health clinics

8.Water Aid UK GRAMALAYA ECGSELVALAYA

construction of children's toilets+toilet complexes, temporary shelters mobile clinics,evening classes,skill training, intend to build & fullfledged medicare

10.International Association for Human Values (IAHV)

11.IID/KAVIRI (Indian Institute of Development Trust) 12.Environment Conservation Group (ECG) 13.Hope Foundation,New Delhi

21 22

Rehabilitation of 43 families health camps,tution sponsorship,long-term rehabilitation of children

7.Alternative for India Devpt.

9.Society of DMI Voluntary Organisation

20

50 houses

Relief Materials, Trauma care, Counselling, Medical Camps & Livelihood. permanent houses, Relief items, Collection of Statistics, counselling, Education for children &Promoting child center. water and sanitation boats-10,medical clinic,balavadi,vocational training centre

Veerangudikadu Prathamaramapuram Seruthur

1.Seva Bharati 2.Sethu Seva Sangh 3.National Monument Trust 4.Tata Relief Committee 5.Dayanand Education Trust

temporary shelters-260, 200 permanent houses and restructure of school building

6.Poople's Dev Association

25 houses and other infrastructure

7.Alternative for India Devpt.

information centre,mobile health clinics

7.International Association for Human Values (IAHV)

Relief Materials, Trauma care, Counselling, Medical Camps & Livelihood. permanent houses, Relief items, Collection of Statistics, counselling, Education for children &Promoting child center.

8.IID/KAVIRI (Indian Institute of Development Trust) 9.Center For Rural Education And Development (cred)

11.Gandeepan Global Foundation

Boats & nets, construction of Permanent Shelter, Food matrials. supply of FRP vallams, kattumarams and OBMs,repiar of boats,engines,computer education and scholerships temporary shelters-150

12.Government

temporary shelters-12

10.SIFFS

13.Help a Child of India Kameshwaram

1.TMSSS-CARITAS-CRS

23

food grains,micro credit program,nets and boats repairing,medical care Permanent Shelter-72,relief materials,play materials,trauma counseling,healthcare and education, rehabilitation of orphans,semiorphans,disabled and widows,afforestation of coastal area,livelihood infrastructure

2.Tata Relief Committee 3.GOAL 4.Peoples Watch 5.Peoples Dev Association

25 houses and other infrastructure

6.Development Promotion Group

120 permanent shelters, 20 boats

95

7.KARAM, CODISSIA

105 housses

8.International Association for Human Values (IAHV)

Relief Materials, Trauma care, Counselling, Medical Camps & Livelihood. Relief Items,Health Camps,Tution hall, Livelihood,Permanent shelter, Community Hall. desilting of clay in farm field, distributing nets and boats, agricultural inputs, health care support, internet centres in villages

9.CEO Development Promotion YROYP.

10.DHAN Foundation Vairavankadu

11.Government Tata Relief Committee

155 temporary shelters

24 25

Manalmedu

1.Church's Auxiliary for S A

106 houses Agricultural Reforms, 50 temporary Shellter, Child care center,Balvadi awareness program & Educational Program. Agricultural Reforms, 50 Temparorary Shellter & Permanent Shelter, Child care center,Balvadi awareness education. Agricultural Reforms, 50 number of Temravory Shellter, Child care center,Balvadi awareness education. Permanent Shelter-136,temporary shelter26,relief materials,play materials,trauma counseling,healthcare and education, rehabilitation of orphans,semiorphans,disabled and widows,afforestation of coastal area,livelihood infrastructure

2.Sawami Vivekanandha Cultural Acadamy

3.Social Welfare Foundation

4.Physically Handicapped Association Vilunthamavadi

1.TMSSS

26

2.Tata Relief Committee 3.GOAL 4.Peoples Dev Association

30 houses and other infrastructure

5.The Rural Development Trust 6.Development Promotion Group

142 permanent shelters

7.International Association for Human Values (IAHV)

Relief Materials, Trauma care, Counselling, Medical Camps & Livelihood. Relief Items,Health Camps,Tution hall, Livelihood,Permanent shelter, Community Hall. Agricultural Reforms, 50 temporary Shellter, Child care center,Balvadi awareness program & Educational Program. Agricultural Reforms, 50 temporary Shellter & Permanent Shelter, Child care center,Balvadi awareness education. Agricultural Reforms, 50 number of Temravory Shellter, Child care center,Balvadi awareness education. food grains,micro credit program,nets and boats repairing,medical care

8.CEO Development Promotion YROYP.

9.Swami Vivekanandha Cultural Acadamy

10.Social Welfare Foundation

11.Physically Handicapped Association 12.Help a Child of India 13. CASA Pudupalli 27

1.Swami Vivekanandha Cultural Acadamy

2.Social Welfare Foundation

3.Physically Handicapped Association 28

Vettaikkaraniruppu

1.TMSSS-CARITAS-CRS

200 permanent shelters Agricultural Reforms, 50 temporary Shellter, Child care center,Balvadi awareness program & Educational Program. Agricultural Reforms, 50 temporary Shellter & Permanent Shelter, Child care center,Balvadi awareness education. Agricultural Reforms, 50 number of Temravory Shellter, Child care center,Balvadi awareness education. 50 houses, cash for work and food for work programme

96

2.International Association for Human Values (IAHV)

3.Sawami Vivekanandha Cultural Acadamy

4.Social Welfare Foundation

29

Vanavanmadevi

5.DHAN Foundation 1.TMSSS

Relief Materials, Trauma care, Counselling, Medical Camps & Livelihood. Agricultural Reforms, 50 temporary Shellter, Child care center,Balvadi awareness program & Educational Program. Agricultural Reforms, 50 temporary Shellter & Permanent Shelter, Child care center,Balvadi awareness education. desilting of clay in farm field, distributing nets and boats, agricultural inputs, health care support, internet centres in villages

2.World Vision 3.Peoples Dev Association

25 houses and other infrastructure

4.Church's Auxiliary-Social Act

200 permanent houses

5.Development Promotion Group 6.Peace Trust

125 permanent shelters, 41 boats 50 permanent shelters, Rlief Materials Health awareness programes medical relief..

7.International Association for Human Values (IAHV)

9.DHAN Foundation

Relief Materials, Trauma care, Counselling, Medical Camps & Livelihood. Relief Items,Health Camps,Tution hall, Livelihood,Permanent shelter, Community Hall. desilting of clay in farm field, distributing nets and boats, agricultural inputs, health care support, internet centres in villages

10.Government

temporary shelters-58

11.TERT

temporary shelters-140 food grains,micro credit program,nets and boats repairing,medical care Permanent Shelter-315,temporary shelter150,relief materials,play materials,trauma counseling,healthcare and education, rehabilitation of orphans,semiorphans,disabled and widows,afforestation of coastal area,livelihood infrastructure supply of FRP vallams, kattumarams and OBMs,repiar of boats,engines,computer education and scholerships temporary shelters-75,25 houses and other infrastructure

8.CEO Development Promotion YROYP.

12.Help a Child of India Vellapallam

1.TMSSS

30

2.SIFFS

3.Peoples Dev Association 4.Development Promotion Group 5.Peace Trust

6.CEO Development Promotion YROYP.

7.DHAN Foundation 8.World Vision 9.Government 10.Help a Child of India Naluvedapathy 31

1.DHAN Foundation

100 permanent shelters, 40 boats 50 Houses, 50 OBMS, Fishing nets. Health awareness programes medical relief. Relief Items,Health Camps,Tution hall, Livelihood,Permanent shelter, Community Hall. desilting of clay in farm field, distributing nets and boats, agricultural inputs, health care support, internet centres in villages temporary shelters-150 food grains,micro credit program,nets and boats repairing,medical care desilting of clay in farm field, distributing nets and boats, agricultural inputs, health care support, internet centres in villages

2.GOAL

97

4.DHAN Foundation

desilting of clay in farm field, distributing nets and boats, agricultural inputs, health care support, internet centres in villages Permanent Shelter-135,temporary shelter50,relief materials,play materials,trauma counseling,healthcare and education, rehabilitation of orphans,semiorphans,disabled and widows,afforestation of coastal area,livelihood infrastructure Rlief Materials Health awareness programes medical relief.. supply of FRP vallams, kattumarams and OBMs,repiar of boats,engines,computer education and scholerships desilting of clay in farm field, distributing nets and boats, agricultural inputs, health care support, internet centres in villages

5.Church's Auxillary for Social Action

temporary shelters-75

6.Government

temporary shelters -50 food grains,micro credit program,nets and boats repairing,medical care desilting of clay in farm field, distributing nets and boats, agricultural inputs, health care support, internet centres in villages supply of FRP vallams, kattumarams and OBMs,repiar of boats,engines,computer education and scholerships Rlief Materials Health awareness programes medical relief.. Permanent Shelter-110,temporary shelter56,relief materials,play materials,trauma counseling,healthcare and education, rehabilitation of orphans,semiorphans,disabled and widows,afforestation of coastal area,livelihood infrastructure

Kovilpathu 32

DHAN Foundation Pushpavanam

1.TMSSS

33

2.Peace Trust

3.SIFFS

7.Help a Child of India Periyakuthagai 1.DHAN Foundation Arkattuthurai

1.SIFFS

34 2.Peace Trust

3.TMSSS

4.World Vision 5.CREATE

125 temporary shelters

Kollitheevu 36

Maniyantheevu

1.GOAL

2.DHAN Foundation 37 38

Mottandithoppu Agasthiyampalli

1.TMSSS-CARITAS-CRS 2.ECI Relief Team

39 40

desilting of clay in farm field, distributing nets and boats, agricultural inputs, health care support, internet centres in villages

Kodiyakkadu

TMSSS

Kodiyakkarai

1.TMSSS-CARITAS-CRS 2.SIFFS

50 houses, cash for work and food for work programme 40 temporary shelters 50 houses, cash for work and food for work programme 50 houses, cash for work and food for work programme supply of FRP vallams, kattumarams and OBMs,repiar of boats,engines,computer education and scholerships

3.GOAL Thirumullaivasal

1.SIFFS

41

supply of FRP vallams, kattumarams and OBMs,repiar of boats,engines,computer education and scholerships

2.IGSSS 3.OXFAM GB 4.Church's Auxiliary-Social Act 5.Institute of Opthalmology, Joseph Eye Hospital(TELC)

100 permanent houses houses, distribution of boats and nets

98

6.IID Trust-Indian Institute of Development 7.Project Concern International 42

Thoduvai

3.Church's Auxiliary-Social Act

44 45

Valuthalgudi

temporary shelters-100

1.OXFAM GB 2.TMSSS-CARITAS-CRS

43

temporary shelters -380

50 houses, cash for work and food for work programme

4.Grameena Social Service Society

140 permanent houses permanent houses,temporary shelters,mobile clinic,counseling,boats and fishing nets supply,childcare services

5.Jai Sangoyn

temporary shelters-200

6.Project Concern International 1.OXFAM GB

temporary shelters -102

Thianthottam

2.IID/KAVIRI (Indian Institute of Development Trust) OXFAM GB

Vanagiri

1.TMSSS-CARITAS-CRS 2.SIFFS

permanent houses, Relief items, Collection of Statistics, counselling, Education for children &Promoting child center. 50 houses, cash for work and food for work programme supply of FRP vallams, kattumarams and OBMs,repiar of boats,engines,computer education and scholerships

3.Sethu Seva Sangh 4.National Monument Trust 5.IGSSS 6.OXFAM GB 7.EDISA 8.ISED-TALM

100 permanent houses

9.Foundation Life for All

10.Hope Kolkotta Foundation

11.Sevai

12.Covenant Centre for Development

13.Ariya Samaji 14.HOPE 15.NCC 16.HOPE Foundation 17.Mega 46

Poombuhar

1.TMSSS-CARITAS-CRS

100 permanent houses,170 temporary shelters,40 fibre boats,engines and 4 types of nets,64 units repaired, trauma counseling,school furniture Temporary &Permanent Shelltrs, Counselling, Mini Health centers Health Camp, conducting PRA, Vocational Training, Education & counselling for Children. village community centre for widows and orphans,boats and nets supply,support to dry fish vendors, land reclamation efforts, crop diversification efforts, support to women SHGs temporary shelters-100 Temporary shelters-150 Temporary shelters-50 temporary shelters-150 50 houses, cash for work and food for work programme

2.Seva Bharati 3.Sethu Seva Sangh 4.IGSSS 5.OXFAM GB 7.TVS Srinivasan Services Trust 47

Pudukuppam

1.TMSSS-CARITAS-CRS

300 temporary shelters, schooling,health services 50 houses, cash for work and food for work programme

99

2.Seva Bharati 3.Sethu Seva Sangh 4.National Monument Trust 5.OXFAM GB 6.SOS 7.ISED-TALM

8.GRACE Foundation 9.SIFFS 48

Vellapallam

4.Physically Handicapped Association

Agricultural Reforms, 50 temporary Shellter, Child care center,Balvadi awareness program & Educational Program. Agricultural Reforms, 50 temporary Shellter & Permanent Shelter, Child care center,Balvadi awareness education. Agricultural Reforms, 50 number of Temravory Shellter, Child care center,Balvadi awareness education.

5.Government

temporary shelters-150

3.Social Welfare Foundation

76, Perunthottam

100 permanent houses (Rs.25 lacs) temporary shelters, permanent shelters, medical centre, day care centre supply of FRP vallams, kattumarams and OBMs,repiar of boats,engines,computer education and scholerships

OXFAM GB

2.Sawami Vivekanandha Cultural Acadamy

49

temporary shelters-143,160 permanent houses

6.Peoples Developments Association

temporary shelters -75

7.TMSSS-CARITAS-CRS

Temporary shelters-150 50 houses, cash for work and food for work programme

1.TMSSS-CARITAS-CRS 2.OXFAM GB

50

Nayakkarkuppam/Chavadik uppam

1.TMSSS-EDISA

Permanent Shelter-129,relief materials,play materials,trauma counseling,healthcare and education, rehabilitation of orphans,semiorphans,disabled and widows,afforestation of coastal area,livelihood infrastructure

2.World Vision 3.OXFAM GB 4.RSVK 5.ISED-TALM 6.EFICOR

7.Covenant Centre for Development

8.SIFFS 51

Kosalakuppam

OXFAM GB

52

Kadaikkadu

OXFAM GB

Keelamoovarkarai

1.TMSSS-EDISA

53

50 permanent houses cash for work-286 families,health supplements village community centre for widows and orphans,boats and nets supply,support to dry fish vendors, land reclamation efforts, crop diversification efforts, support to women SHGs supply of FRP vallams, kattumarams and OBMs,repiar of boats,engines,computer education and scholerships

Permanent Shelter-200,relief materials,play materials,trauma counseling,healthcare and education, rehabilitation of orphans,semiorphans,disabled and widows,afforestation of coastal area,livelihood infrastructure

2.World Vision

100

3.SIFFS

supply of FRP vallams, kattumarams and OBMs,repiar of boats,engines,computer education and scholerships

4.OXFAM GB 5.TVS Motor Company 6.Institute of Opthalmology, Joseph Eye Hospital(TELC) 7.TVS Srinivasan Services Trust

8.EFICOR

9.Sevai

10.Covenant Centre for Development

150 temporary houses houses, distribution of boats and nets 155 temporary shelters and 155 permanent shelters (Rs.50,000/- for each dwelling),schooling,health services cash for work-431 families,health supplements Temporary &Permanent Shelters, Counselling, Mini Health centers Health Camp, PRA conducting Vocational Training, Education & counselling for Children. village community centre for widows and orphans,boats and nets supply,support to dry fish vendors, land reclamation efforts, crop diversification efforts, support to women SHGs

11.IGSSS 54

Madathukuppam

1.ISED-TALM 2.EFICOR

3.Covenant Centre for Development

55

Melamoovarakarai

1.TMSSS-CARITAS-CRS

50 permanent houses cash for work-225 families,health supplements village community centre for widows and orphans,boats and nets supply,support to dry fish vendors, land reclamation efforts, crop diversification efforts, support to women SHGs 50 houses, cash for work and food for work programme

2.OXFAM GB

3.Sevai

56

Koolaiyar

Temporary shelters-14 &Permanent Shelltrs, Counselling, Mini Health centers Health Camp, PRA conducting Vocational Training, Education & counselling for Children.

1.OXFAM GB 2.Church's Auxiliary-Social Act

3.Covenant Centre for Development

60 permanent houses village community centre for widows and orphans,boats and nets supply,support to dry fish vendors, land reclamation efforts, crop diversification efforts, support to women SHGs

57

Palaiyar

4.Jai Sangoyn

60 temporary shelters

5.Project Concern International 1.OXFAM GB

60 temporary shelters

2.IGSSS 3.Sri Chaitanya Seva Trust

4.SEVAI

5.The Salvation Army India South Eastern Terrritory

58

Madavamedu

6.CARE 1.OXFAM GB

50 permanent shelter s Temporary &Permanent Shelltrs, Counselling, Mini Health centers Health Camp, PRA conducting Vocational Training, Education & counselling for Children. Boat Purchase & Repairs, 50 no. of temravory & permanent Shelter, Vocational training . 1400 permanent shelters, 525 tempory shelthers Distribution of kattumaram boats and

101

fishing nets for the entire families 2.RCDC

3.IID/KAVIRI (Indian Institute of Development Trust) 4.CARE OXFAM GB

59

Kottavaimedu

60

Olakattaimedu

OXFAM GB

61

Kottaimedu

1.OXFAM GB

62

Kodiyampalayam

OXFAM GB

63

Chinnurpettai

1.OXFAM GB

2.CARE

2.Shri.Vallabh Foundation Trust/TRUE Indian Institute of Development Trust 3.EFICOR

4.Gramiya Social Welfare Society 5.Help a Child of India 64

Chandrapadi

1.TMSSS-CARITAS-CRS

permanent houses, Relief items, Collection of Statistics, counselling, Education for children &Promoting child center. 100 tempory shelters

100 temporary shelters

rehabilitation of all families cash for work-75 families and health supplements permanent houses-40,temporary shelters40,mobile clinic,counseling,boats and fishing nets supply,childcare services food grains,micro credit program,nets and boats repairing,medical care 50 houses, cash for work and food for work programme

2.IGSSS 3.OXFAM GB 4.Institute of Opthalmology, Joseph Eye Hospital(TELC) 5.EFICOR

75 houses, distribution of boats and nets cash for work-490 families and health supplements

6.International Association for Human Values (IAHV)

Relief Materials, Trauma care, Counselling, Medical Camps & Livelihood.

7.BUILD

permanent houses, temporary shelters-20

8.Bharat Mata Family Welfare Foundation

100 temporary shelters

9.Government

90 temporary shelters food grains,micro credit program,nets and boats repairing,medical care 1568 permanent shelters,temporary shelters-262,supply of FRP vallams, kattumarams and OBMs,repiar of boats, engines,computer education and scholerships , 50 houses, cash for work and food for work programme

10.Help a Child of India Tharangambadi

1.SIFFS

65

2.TMSSS-CARITAS-CRS 3.Tata Relief Committee 4.World Vision 5.Sethu Seva Sangh 6.Seva Bharati

8.TTK-LIG Limited

150 temporary houses 100 permanent shelters,reconstruction of existing school,vocational training center, community centre,help to orphaned children,fishing equipments new&repair,35 boats 50 permanent houses,reconstruction of existing school,vocational training center, community centre

9.Water Aid UK GRAMALAYA ECGSELVALAYA

construction of children's toilets+toilet complexes, temporary shelters

7.Rotary Club,Thane Hills

102

12.Grameena Social Service Society

construction of 10 temporary community gathering centres,vocational training,school enrolment Retring of dead Bodies, Non-formal Education, Mobile Clinic, Villages sustable Program. permanent houses,temporary shelters,mobile clinic,counseling,boats and fishing nets supply,childcare services

13.TNVHA(Tamil Nadu Village Housing Association)

temporary shelter-20

14.Tnvha Gsws (Gramia Social Work Society)

termpory shelters-27

15.Grama Shakthi Sharmajivi (GRASS)

temporary shelters-276

16.Government

temporary shelters-276 food grains,micro credit program,nets and boats repairing,medical care boats,vocational training centre,medical clinic,balwadi. 50 houses, cash for work and food for work programme

10.Don Bosco Anbu Illam Social Service Society

11.Marialaya

17.Help a Child of India 18.HOPE Foundation,New Delhi 66

Perumalpettai

1.TMSSS-CARITAS-CRS 2.World Vision 3.IGSSS

8.Grameena Social Service Society

construction of 10 temporary community gathering centres,vocational training,school enrolment 20 temporary shelter,health supplement,330 families-cash for work Retring of dead Bodies, Non-formal Education, Mobile Clinic, Villages sustable Program. supply of FRP vallams, kattumarams and OBMs,repiar of boats,engines,computer education and scholerships permanent houses,temporary shelters,mobile clinic,counseling,boats and fishing nets supply,childcare services

9.SNEHA

temporary shelters-100

10.Government

2.Sawami Vivekanandha Cultural Acadamy

temporary shelters-120 food grains,micro credit program,nets and boats repairing,medical care cash for work-366 families and health supplement Agricultural Reforms, 50 temporary Shellter, Child care center,Balvadi awareness program & Educational Program.

3.Disaster Mitigation Institute(DMI)

temporary shelters - 100

4.Impact International

temporary shelters - 40

5.Government

tempoaray shelters - 100

1.EFICOR

150 permanent houses,cash for work-123 families and health supplement

4.Don Bosco Anbu Illam Social Service Society 5.EFICOR

6.Marialaya 7.SIFFS

11.Help a Child of India 67

68

Puthupettai

Vellakoil

1.EFICOR

2.World Vision

4.Marialaya

construction of 10 temporary community gathering centres,vocational training,school enrolment Retring of dead Bodies, Non-formal Education, Mobile Clinic, Villages sustable Program.

5.Grameena Social Service Society

permanent houses,temporary shelters,mobile clinic,counseling,boats and

3.Don Bosco Anbu Illam Social Service Society

103

fishing nets supply,childcare services 6.Government 7.Tnvha Gsws ( Gramia Social Work Society ) 8.Tnvha 9.Help a Child of India 69

Thalampettai

1.TMSSS-CARITAS-CRS 2.EFICOR 3.Don Bosco Anbu Illam Social Service Society

4.Marialaya 5.Government

70

Kuttiyandiyur

6.Help a Child of India 1.OXFAM GB 2.EFICOR 3.International Association for Human Values (IAHV)

Veppancherry 71

temporary shelters -44 temporary shelters-44 food grains,micro credit program,nets and boats repairing,medical care 50 houses, cash for work and food for work programme cash for work-153 families and health supplement construction of 10 temporary community gathering centres,vocational training,school enrolment Retring of dead Bodies, Non-formal Education, Mobile Clinic, Villages sustable Program. temporary shelters - 44 food grains,micro credit program,nets and boats repairing,medical care cash for work-290 families and health supplement

4.Grameena Social Service Society

Relief Materials, Trauma care, Counselling, Medical Camps & Livelihood. permanent houses,temporary shelters,mobile clinic,counseling,boats and fishing nets supply,childcare services

5.DMI-Disaster Mitigation Group

103 temporary shelters

6.TNVHA-TN Village Housing Association

40 temporary shelters

7.Government

80 temporary shelters

8.Tnvha Gsws (Gramia Social Work Society)

temporary shelthers -60 construction of 10 temporary community gathering centres,vocational training,school enrolment cash for work-53 families and health supplement Retring of dead Bodies, Non-formal Education, Mobile Clinic, Villages sustable Program. Temporary shelters, supply of FRP vallams, kattumarams and OBMs,repiar of boats, engines,computer education and scholerships

1.Don Bosco Anbu Illam Social Service Society 2.EFICOR

3.Marialaya Chinnangudi

temporary shelters-20

1.SIFFS

72

2.IGSSS

4.Covenant Centre for Development

construction of 10 temporary community gathering centres,vocational training,school enrolment village community centre for widows and orphans,boats and nets supply,support to dry fish vendors, land

5.Grameena Social Service Society

reclamation efforts, crop diversification efforts, support to women SHGs permanent houses,temporary shelters,mobile clinic,counseling,boats and fishing nets supply,childcare services

3.Don Bosco Anbu Illam Social Service Society

104

73

Chinnamedu

6.Government

100 temporary shelters

7.SEVAI 1.EFICOR

cash for work and health supplement

2.Tata Relief Committee 3.Don Bosco Anbu Illam Social Service Society

4.Grameena Social Service Society 5.Government

74

Ulavur Nagar

Society of DMI Voluntary Organisation

75

Naga Thoppu

Society of DMI Voluntary Organisation

76

Konayampattinam

1.Sevai

100 temporary shelters 138 temporary shelters construction of 10 temporary community gathering centres,vocational training,school enrolment permanent houses,temporary shelters,mobile clinic,counseling,boats and fishing nets supply,childcare services 60 temporary shelters mobile clinics,evening classes,skill training, intend to build & fullfledged medicare mobile clinics,evening classes,skill training, intend to build & fullfledged medicare Temporary &Permanent Shelltrs, Counselling, Mini Health centers, Health Camp, PRA conducting Vocational Training, Education Temporary &Permanent Shelltrs, Counselling, Mini Health centers Health Camp, PRA conducting Vocational Training, Education & counselling for Children.

77

Neithal Vasal

1.Sevai

78

Vedarajapuram

1.Gramium

Temporary &Permanent Shelltrs, Health Awareness& Immunisation, Palwadi .

78

Kalasampadi

1.Gramium

Temporary &Permanent Shelltrs, Health Awareness& Immunisation, Palwadi .

79

Cudalore

1.Gramium

80

Kesavampalayam

1.Marialaya

2.Grameena Social Service Society

Temporary &Permanent Shelltrs, Health Awareness& Immunisation, Palwadi . Retring of dead Bodies, Non-formal Education, Mobile Clinic, Villages sustable Program. permanent houses,temporary shelters20,mobile clinic,counseling,boats and fishing nets supply,childcare services

3.DMI-Disaster Mitigation Institute

15 temporary shelters

4.Government

15 temporary shelters

5.Tnvha Gsws ( Gramia Social Work Society)

81

Valluvar Colony

1.Marialaya

82

Manickapangu

4.Covenant Centre for Development

temporary shelters-20 Retring of dead Bodies, Non-formal Education, Mobile Clinic, Villages sustable Program. village community centre for widows and orphans,boats and nets supply,support to dry fish vendors, land reclamation efforts, crop diversification efforts, support to women SHGs

83

Kottucherrymedu

1.SEVAI

40 temporary shelters

2.SNEHA

40 temporary shelters

105

ANNUXURE – 5

106

107

108

109

110

111

112

113

114

115

116

117

118

119

120

CHAPTER 09: REFERENCES Alcira Kreimer, Margaret Arnold and Anne Carlin, Building Safer Cities, The Future Of Disaster Risk, Conference Edition, Disaster Risk Management series, no. 3, World Bank, 2003 301 pages

Anindya Kumar Sarkar,Ramachandra Panda,Manoranjan Sahoo, Dr. Reuben Samuel, Evolving Strategies For Long-Term Rehabilitation On Shelter & Habitat Development In The Tsunami Affected Areas Of Tamil Nadu ,United Nations Development Programme.

Akhand, M.H. 1998. “Disaster Management and Cyclone Warning System in Bangladesh”.Abstract at EWCII – Second International Conference on Early Warning, Potsdam, Germany, 11 September 1998.

Bernard E.N., The National Tsunami Hazard Mitigation Program, Developing TsunamiResilient Communities, Springer, 2005

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Dudley, Walt. Tsunamis in Hawaii. Hilo, HI: Pacific Tsunami Museum, 1999.

Dudley, Walter C. and Min Lee. Tsunami! Honolulu, University of Hawaii Press, 1998.

John R. Clark, Coastal Zone Management Handbook, CRC-Press, 1995

Paul K Freeman, Leslie A Martin, Reinhard Mechler, Koko Warner and Peter Hausmann Catastrophes

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Julio Kuroiwa, Disaster Reduction: Living In Harmony With Nature, Julio Kuroiwa, 2004

Roy Gilbert, Doing More for Those Made Homeless by Natural Disasters: Disaster Risk Management series, no. 1, The World Bank, 2001

Jochen Zschau and Andreas N. Küppers, Early Warning Systems for Natural Disaster Reduction, Springer-Verlag, 2003

John Twigg; Humanitarian Practice Network, Overseas Development Institute (ODI), Good Practice Review 9: Disaster Risk Reduction, Mitigation and preparedness in development and emergency programming

Prevention/Protection and Mitigation from Risk of Tsunami Disasters, Ministry of Home Affairs National Disaster Management Division, Government of India

Prof.M.S.SWAMINATHAN,feb2005, Report of the committee chaired by

Prof.

M.S.SWAMINATHAN to review CRZ notification 1991.

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Urban Regional Research for the National Science Foundation, Land Management in Tsunami Hazard Areas. 1982. United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP), After The Tsunami, Rapid Environmental Assessment, UNEP, 2005

Urban Regional Research for the National Science Foundation, Planning for Risk: Comprehensive Planning for Tsunami Hazard Areas. 1988.

Guidelines for Tsunami-Related Rehabilitation and Development Assistance, Centre for Poverty Analysis ,Colombo 7, Sri Lanka 01 March 2005

M. Papathoma1, D. Dominey-Howes2, Y. Zong3, and D. Smith4,Natural Hazards and Earth System Sciences (2003) 3: 377–389, Assessing tsunami vulnerability, an example from Herakleio, Crete,European Geosciences Union 2003 Natural Hazards and Earth System Sciences

ADB. 2003. Islands and Climate Change [DVD]. Asian Development Bank, Philippines.

Bildan, L. 2003. Disaster Management in Southeast Asia: An Overview. ADPC (Asian Disaster Preparedness Center), Bangkok,Thailand.

IFRC (International Federation of Red Cross and Red Crescent Societies). 2002. World Disasters Report 2002 – Focus on Reducing Risk. International Federation of Red Cross and Red Crescent Societies, Geneva, Switzerland.

UN (United Nations). 2005. “Building the Resilience of Nations and Communities to Disasters: Hyogo Framework for Action 2005–2015.” Draft programme outcome document CONF.206/L.2/Rev.1. United Nations, Geneva, Switzerland.

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Community Based Disaster Management Course Participants Workbook, Partnerships for Disaster Reduction-South East Asia Program Asian Urban Disaster Mitigation Program, Asian Disaster Preparedness Center (2001).

Heijmans, Annelies . & Lorna Victoria (2001). CBDO-DR: Experiences and Practices in Disaster Management of the Citizens’ Disaster Response Network in the Philippines. Quezon City

Masagca, Esteban (April 1999). “The Mt. Pinatubo Experience: An NGO response to Mt. Pinatubo disaster”, session hand-out during the Training of UNCRD Disaster Management

planning

Hyogo

office;

People,

Communities

and

Disasters,

proceedings on international workshop on earthquake safer world in the 21st century, Kobe, Japan, February 2003.

UNCRD Disaster Management planning Hyogo office; Sustainable Community Based Disaster Management (CBDM) practices in Asia, A Users guide, Kobe Japan, December 2004.

R. Shaw, N Britton, M Gupta (eds); January 2003, Towards Sustainable Community Recovery, UNCRD, Kobe Japan,

UNCRD Disaster Management planning Hyogo office; December 2004, Defining The Past And Building The Future Of CBDM, UNCRD tapestry, Kobe Japan,

Economic Commission for Latin America and the Caribbean (ECLAC); World Bank, (2003),Handbook for estimating the socio-economic and environmental effects of E,

Inter-Agency Secretariat of the International Strategy for Disaster Reduction (UN/ISDR), (2005),Know Risk, UN/ISDR.

Inter-Agency Secretariat of the International Strategy for Disaster Reduction (UN/ISDR), (2004).living with Risk, A global review of disaster reduction initiatives, UN/ISDR,

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Greg Bankoff, George Frerks and Dorothea Hilhorst, (2004), Mapping Vulnerability: Disasters, Development and People, Earthscan Publications.

Girish K. Misra and G. C. Mathur,(1993), Natural Disaster Reduction, Reliance Publishing House and The Indian Institute of Public Administration.

Kevin Ronan and David Moore Johnston(2005), Promoting Community Resilience in Disasters, The Role for Schools, Youth, and Families, Springer.

Bureau for Crisis Prevention and Recovery, United Nations Development Programme (UNDP)( 2004), Reducing Disaster Risk, A Challenge for Development: A Global Report,UNDP.

Alois Kohler, Sebastian Jülich and Lena Bloemertz; Deutsche Gesellschaft für Technische Zusammenarbeit (GTZ) GmbH(2004), Risk analysis, a basis for disaster risk management: Guidelines, GTZ,

Robert Shangle(2005), Southeast Asia Tsunami: One of the World's Greatest Natural Disasters in Modern Times, Amer Products Corp. Rajib Shaw and Kenji Okazaki (2004); The United Nations Centre for Regional Development (UNCRD) Disaster Management Planning Hyogo Office, Sustainable Community Based Disaster Management (CBDM) Practices in Asia: a Users Guide, UNCRD Publication.

Gordon McGranahan, Pedro Jacobi, Jacob Songsor, Charles Surjadi and Marianne Kjellen (2001), The Citizens at Risk: From Urban Sanitation to Sustainable Cities, Earthscan Publications.

Debarati Guha-Sapir, David Hargitt and Philippe Hoyois(2004) Thirty Years of Natural Disasters 1974-2003: The Numbers, Presses universitaires de Louvain.

Walter C. Dudley and Min Lee (1998) , Tsunami!, University of Hawaii Press.

125

Benny Kuriakose , September 2005, South Indian Federation of Fishermen Societies HABITAT MAPPING OF CHINNANKUDI

International Tsunami Information Center (ITIC); Intergovernmental Oceanographic Commission (Of UNESCO); International Co-Ordination Group For The Tsunami Warning System In The Pacific (ICG/ITSU)(2005), Tsunami Glossary, ITIC,

Ravi Shankar.S, (DEC’ -2005), PLANNING COASTAL AREAS FOR TSUNAMI, Dissertation , School of architecture and Planning ,Anna university

U.S.

Department

of

Commerce;

National

Oceanic

and

Atmospheric

Administration (NOAA); National Weather Service (NWS); Intergovernmental Oceanographic Commission (IOC); International Tsunami Information Center (ITIC),( 2005) Tsunami: the Great Waves, IOC, Revised. Inter-Agency Secretariat of the International Strategy for Disaster Reduction (UN/ISDR), World Conference on Disaster Reduction, 18-22 January 2005, Kobe, Hyogo, Japan: Proceedings of the Conference, Building Resilience of Nations and Communities to Disasters, United Nations, 2005.

International Federation of Red Cross and Red Crescent Societies (IFRC)(2004) , World Disaster Report 2004, IFRC, Shunichi KOSHIMURA1 and Masasuke TAKASHIMA2, Remote Sensing, GIS, and Modeling Technologies Enhance the Synergic Capability to Comprehend the Impact of Great Tsunami Disaster

M. Papathoma1 and D. Dominey-Howes2 , Natural Hazards and Earth System Sciences (2003) 3: 733–747 © European Geosciences Union 2003 Tsunami vulnerability assessment and its implications for coastal hazard analysis and disaster management planning, Gulf of Corinth, Greece

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WEBSITES 1. http://www.geophys.washington.edu/tsunami/intro.html University of Washington Geophysics Program - many links to other tsunami sites. 2. http://www.fema.gov/library/tsunamif.htm FEMA tsunami fact sheet and links. 3. www.training.fema.gov/EMIWeb/IS/ Emergency Management Institute Independent Study Program 4. http://www.pmel.noaa.gov/tsunami/ NOAA/PMEL Web site, with links to inundation mapping, modeling, events, forecasting and the National Tsunami Hazards Mitigation Program sites. 5. http://www.pmel.noaa.gov/tsunami-hazard/links.html Important links to major tsunami sites. 6. http://www.redcross.org/disaster/safety/guide/tsunami.html Red Cross tsunami site, with overview, discussion of warning systems, and good preparedness information. 7. http://www.geocities.com/CapeCanaveral/Lab/1029/ The Tsunami Page of Dr. George P.C. (Pararas-Carayannis) Just about everything you'd need to know about tsunamis! 8. http://www.fema.gov/mit/handbook Property Acquisition Handbook for Local Communities (FEMA 317). 9. http://palimpsest.stanford.edu/bytopic/disasters/ Disaster preparedness and response 10. www.adpc.net ADPC Asian Disaster Preparedness Center, Thailand 11. www.unisdr.org/eng/library/lib-terminology-eng%20home.htm International Strategy for Disaster Reduction 12. http://www.unisdr.org/eng/library/lib-index.htm International Strategy for Disaster Reduction ,Library 13. www.unep-wcmc.org/geo/geo3/ Global Environment Outlook 3: Past, Present and Future Perspectives (GEO-3) 14. http://www.eeri.org/lfe/clearinghouse/sumatra_tsunami/observ1.php SUMATRA-ANDAMAN ISLANDS Earthquake Virtual Clearinghouse – Observations 15. http://www.undp.org/bcpr/disred/tsunami/index.htm

127

UNDP -risk reduction into recovery and reconstruction programmes in the Asian tsunami aftermath 16. http://ioc3.unesco.org/itic/files2.php The International Coordination Group for the Tsunami Warning System in the Pacific (ICG/ITSU) 17. http://www.colorado.edu/hazards/library/ The Natural Hazards Research and Applications Information Center (NHRAIC) 18. http://www.cidi.org/ Center for international disaster information 19.http://tsunamiannauniv.org Students project on tsunami rehabilitation 20.http://unosat.web.cern.ch/unosat/ Free satellite imagery for students and other social organization 21. http://tsunami.jrc.it/model/model.asp DELFT Tsunami modeling 22.http:// www.pdc.org Pacific disaster centre for information dissemination 23.www.tarangambadi.in Web site on chinnangudi 24.www.siffs.org south India fisherman federation 25.www.paraxis.org 26. www.nagapattinam.nic.in

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JOURNALS A+D,,A JOUNAL ON INDIAN ARCHITECTURE,TRAILS OF TSUNAMI, VOL:XXII, NO:6, JUNE 2005.

KERRY SIEH, March 2005 , Aceh–Andaman earthquake: What happened and what's next ?, Nature 434, 573 - 574 ; doi:10.1038/434573a)

SDR,VOL:12,NO.1 JAN-FEB 05,TSUNAMI

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