Unionspirit 0101 0505

twJG (1) trSwf (2) arv 2005

(6) Budrfajrmuf ]Auo} nDvmcH\ &eHY yH&k yd f

tifwmAsL; - wu,fbJ nDñw G Mf uNyv D m; or*¾ pdwf"mwf 1 ArmEdkifiHvHk;qdkif&mausmif;om;or*¾rsm;tzJGUcsKyf (EdkifiHjcm;a&;&maumfrwD) rS xkwfa0onf

or*¾ pdwf"mwf twJG (1) trSwf (2) arv 2005

trSm aqmif;yg; 3 - (6) Budrfajrmuf ]Auo} nDvmcH\ &eHY yH&k yd f Ó PfZH 10 - or*¾ &HyakH iG - ½SmcJph Ofu Auoacgi;f aqmifa[mif;wpfO;D 16 - ausmif;om;ESihf trsKd ;om;a&; Adv k rf LS ;csKyaf [mif;ausmaf Zm

or*¾ oDcsi;f 14 - ordik ;f eDaom cGyaf 'gi;f

tw¬KywdÅ 24 - yxrqHk; wuoOuúX OD;ausmcf if (1930-31) 25 - 'kwd, wuoOuúX OD;xGe;f pdef (1931- 32)

tifwmAsL; 26 - wu,fbJ nDñGwfMuNyDvm; Auoacgif;aqmif

2 or*¾ pdwf"mwf

udkudkBuD;ESifh U U

vuf&AdS rmjynfwiG ;f rSmqk&d if Armjynfausmif;om;v_y&f mS ;r_ordik ;f wd@k Auorsm;tzG@J csKyf ordik ;f wd@k qdw k m[m ,ae@acwf ausmif;om;vli,fawG=um;rSm xko d rdik ;f udo k o d /l pdw0f ifpm;ol ta&twGuf [m tifrwefrS enf;yg; oGm;wmawG@&ygw,f? 'g[m bmudk jyovJq&dk if ppftyk pf k tqufquf[m tpOftvmaumif;+yD; *k%fa&mifajymifcJhwJh ausmif;om;v_yf&Sm;r_ awGeJ@ Auo&J@ OD;aqmifr_wdk@udk ta=umuf}u;D a=umuf+y;D tpOfwpku d f zdEydS af zsmufzsuzf @kd }uKd pm;cJv h jkd zpfygw,f? ppftyk pf rk S b,fvb kd J zdESdyf/ azsmufzsufzdk@ }udK;pm;aomfvnf; ausmif;om;v_yf&Sm;r_ a&tvsOf[m &efwef@roGm;cJhyg? vufqifhurf; pD;qif;+rJyg? xdk@twl ausmif;om;v_yf&Sm;qdkif&m ordkif;tcsuftvufrsm;udkvnf; &SmazGazmfxw k f wifjyaernfo h rl sm;vnf; ay:ayguaf eqJyg? ppftm%m&Sifpepf oufqdk;&Snfaeor# 'Drdkua&pDESifh +idrf;csrf;a&; qdwfokef;aeovdk trsdK;om; aoG;pnf; nDnGwfr_vnf; r&&SdEkdifay? xdk@twl ausmif;om;xktcGifhta&;wdk@/ 'Drdkua&pDynma&; wd@k vnf; uif;rJah ernfomjzpfonf? 'ga=umifh usaemfw@kd ausmif;om;awG pmoifcef;udk ausmcdik +f yD; EkdifiHta&; (odk@) trsdK;om;EkdifiHa&; vkyfygw,f? Auorsm;tzGJ@csKyf (EkdifiHjcm;a&;&m aumfrwD)taeeJ@ Armjynf ausmif;om;v_yf&Sm;r_ ordkif;eJ@ Auorsm;tzG@J csKyf&@J ordik ;f qdik &f m tcsut f vufrsm; &SmazGazmfxw k af &;udk vkyif ef;pOfw&yftaeeJ@ cH,lxm;onfESifh tnD ,ck or*~pdwf"gwfacgif;pOfeJ@ vufvSrf;rd oavmuf orkdif;qkdif&m tcsuf tvufrsm;udjk yefvnf azmfxw k pf pk nf; wifjyxm; ygw,f? 'gtjyifh Auoacgi;f aqmifa[mif;rsm; rS a&;om;ay;ydk@vmwJh aqmifyg;rsm;udkvnf; xnfhoGif;xm; ygw,f? xdkaqmifyg;rsm;rS olwdk@acwf jzwfoef;r_ ordkif;aemufcHtajctaeESifh/ tawG@t}uHKrsm; yg0ifonfh twGuf vuf&dS ausmif;om;xktwGuaf &m/ Auov_y&f mS ;r_ordik ;f twGuyf g taxmuft h yHh jzpfvrd hf r,fv@dk ,lqygw,f? wqufwnf;aus;Zl;pum; ajymqdv k o kd nfrmS aqmif;yg;rsm;ay;yd@k co hJ nf Auo acgi;f aqmifa[mif;rsm;udk usaemfw@kd Auorsm;tzG@J csKyf (Ekid if jH cm;a&;&maumfrwD)rS txl;aus;Zl; wif&Sdygw,f? aemufvnf; aqmifygrsm;/ tawG@t}uHKrsm;udk a&;om;ay;ydk@apvdkygw,f? 'ghtjyif ausmif;om;v_yf&Sm;r_ESifh Auov_yf&Sm;r_qdkif&m ordkif;tcsuftvufrsm;udk aqmif;yg;rsm; a&;om;ay;ykd@rnhf yk*~dKvfrsm;&SdcJhyguvnf; usaemfwdk@taejzifh 0rf;ajrmufpGmvufcHrnfhta=umif; zdwfac:vdk ygw,f? Edik if jH cm;a&;&maumfrwD ArmEkid if v H ;Hk qkid &f m ausmif;om;or*~rsm;tzG@J csKyf ZGev f / 2005ckEpS f

(6) Budrfajrmuf ]Auo} nDvmcH\ &eHY yHk&dyf Ó PfZH

aemifacwf Armjynfukd zefw;D rnfh ausmif;om;rsm;onf rnDrñGwf rvkyw f wf rudik w f wf rjzpf&avatmif uWEyfk w f Ykd onf ,cktcg ArmEdik if v H ;kH qdik &f m ausmif;om;or*¾ toif;Bu;D udk txift&Sm; wnfaxmifxm;.?

ESpfaygif; (44) ESpf =umcJh+yDjzpfaom yHk&dyfrsm;udk wpfppD qGJxkwf =unfhrd onf? yH&k yd rf sm;udk qufpyf =unfv h u kd af omtcg tcsKd @ r_eyf sys 0d;k w0g;/ tcsKd @ uawmh vif;vif; jyufjyuf xifxif&mS ;&Sm;/ ESpaf wG renf;awmh+y?D (44) ESpyf if =umanmif;cJ+h y?D ‘wuo’ cef;r}uD;xJrSm u|Ekfyfwdk@ pka0;cJh=u? ‘wuo’cef;r}uD;xJrSm u|Ekfyfwdk@ aqG;aEG; jiif;ckefcJh=u? ‘wuo’cef;r}uD;xJrmS u|Eyfk w f @kd !dES id_ ;f nD!w G cf =hJ u? 1936 ckESpfwGif &efukefòrd@ *sLAvDcef;r}uD;Y ArmEkdifiHvHk;qdkif&m ausmif;om;rsm; pka0;aqG;aEG;cJ=h u+yD; ‘Auo’udk zG@J pnf;wnfaxmifvu kd =f uonf? ArmEkid if v H ;kH qdik &f m ausmif;om;rsm;or*~ ‘Auo’. yxrqH;k OuUÏrSm rpPwm&m&Spf jzpf o nf ? Tod k @ ‘Auo’ud k zG J @ pnf ; wnf a xmif v d k u f j cif ; ES i f h ywf o uf I ausmif ; om;acgif ; aqmif ud k a tmif q ef ; u ‘ausmif ; om;0wW & m;’qd k a om aqmif;yg;udk a&;om;cJhonf? xdkaqmif;yg;wGif“æ æ aemifacwf Armjynfudk zefwD;rnfhausmif;om;rsm;onf ,ck vlrsm;uJhodk@ rnDr!Gwf rvkyfwwf rudkifwwf rjzpf&avatmif u|Ekfyfwdk@onf ,cktcg ‘ArmEdik if v H ;kH qdik &f m ausmif;om;or*~toif;}u;D ’udk txift¶Sm; wnfaxmifxm; .? xdt k oif;udk 0ifa&muftm;ay;&efrmS ausmif;om;wdik ;f / wdik ;f jynfcsppf w d f ¶Sad om olwikd ;f . wm0ef0wW&m; yifwnf;?” (atmifqef;) [lI &Si;f vif;pGm a&;om;xm;yg onf? xdt k csed u f ordik ;f acwf. awmif;qdrk a_ =umifh ‘Auo’ tzG@J }uD; ay:xGe;f cJjh cif; jzpfonf? Armjynf. trsdK;om;vGwfajrmufa&; wdkufyGJordkif;wGif ausmif;om; rsm;onf a¶S@wef;rS yg0ifc=hJ uonf? ‘Auo’tzGJ@csKyf. ordkif;onf trsdK;om;vGwfajrmufa&; v_yf&Sm;r_ ordik ;f yif jzpfonf? xdt k csed u f ‘Auo’ESihf ‘wuo’onf acgi;f ESihf yef;yrm wpfom;

or*¾ pdwf"mwf 3

]Auo}onf 'Dru kd a&pD ynma&;ESihf urÇmh Nird ;f csr;f a&; a
wnf; nD!w G cf o hJ nf? ‘wuo’tr_aqmifjzpfz;l ol ausmif;om; acgi;f aqmifonf qufvufI ‘Auo’ acgif;aqmifjzpfvmawmhonf? TonfrSm tpOftvm ozG,f jzpfvmawmhonf? Oyrm - 1936-37 ckEpS f ‘wuo’ OuUÏ OD;&m&Spo f nf wqufwnf; ‘Auo’ OuUÏtjzpf a&G;cs,f wifajr‡mufjcif; cH& onf? 193738 ckESpf ‘wuo’ OuUÏjzpfaom OD;b*srf;(yk*H) onfvnf; wqufwnf;yif ‘Auo’OuUÏ jzpfvmcJhonf? Todk@+zifh tpOftquf udkatmifqef; onf‚if;/ udkA[def;/ a'gufwmvSa&$/ udkAaqG wdk@onf‚if; ‘wuo’OuUÏ ESifh ‘Auo’ OuUÏrsm; jzpfc=hJ uonf? u|Eyfk rf w S rf o d r# ‘Auo’OuUÏ jzpfz;l olrsm;udk azmf+y&v#if - udv k aS rmif (&JabmfoHk;usdyf0if AdkvfaZ,s)/ udkoef;/ a'gufwmoef;xGef; (ordkif;)/ udkvS0if;/ udkaZmf0if;/ udkcifarmiftkef;/ udkouf wdk@+zpf=uonf? ausmif;om;rsm;onf ‘Auo’tzG@J csKyfukd zG@J pnf;+yD; trsKd ;om;vGwv f yfa&; &¶Sad &;/ udv k ekd yD nma&;pepf zsuo f rd ;f a&;/ 'Dru kd a&pDynma&;pepf wnfaqmufa&; wd@k twGuf touf/ aoG;/ ac|;wd@k EiS hf &if;ES;D um cufc=J urf;wrf;aom wdu k yf rJG sm;wGif a&S@wef;rS wufºuGpGm yg0ifcJh=uonf? wdkif;jynf vGwfvyfa&;&+yD;aemufwGif trsKd ;om;ynma&;/ 'Dru kd a&pD ynma&;/ +ird ;f csr;f pGm ynmoif=um;a&;/ jynfwiG ;f ppf &yfpaJ &;ESihf +idr;f csr;f a&; wd@k twGuf qufvufwu kd yf 0JG ifco hJ nf? 1949-50ckEpS w f iG f ausmif;om;rsm;tay: zdEydS cf sKyfcs,rf _ jyif;xefojzifh ‘Auo’tzG@J ,m,D uG,af ysmufc&hJ onf? ausmif;om;rsm;onf or*~wnfwef@cikd +f rJa&;udk qufvuf óud;yrf;cJ=h uojzifh 1951ckEpS /f =o*kwv f (15) &ufae@wiG f “ArmEdik if v H ;kH qdik &f m ausmif;om;or*~rsm;tzG@J csKy”f udk jyefvnfwnfaxmifz@JG pnf;Edik cf o hJ nf? xd@k +yif ‘Auo’onf 'Dru kd a&pD ynma&; ESifh urBm@+idrf;csrf;a&; aºuG;a=umfoH+zifh EdkifiHwum ausmif;om;rsm;or*~ESifh qufoG,fEdkifcJhonf? ( I U S ) onf csufudkpvdkAufuD;,m;EdkifiH/ y&*fòrd@awmfY XmecsKyfzGifhxm;onf? Todk@+zifh ‘Auo’tzGJ@csKyf. vkyfief;pOfESifh v_y&f mS ;r_rsm;onf twdik ;f twmwpfct k xd ydrk u kd s,jf yef@ wd;k wufvmcJo h nf? ‘Auo’rsm;tzG@J csKyfonf jrefrmEdik if w H iG f udv k ekd yD nma&;pepfzsuo f rd ;f a&; ESihf 'Dru kd a&pDynma&;/ trsKd ;om; ynma&; wnfaqmufa&;wd@k twGuf qufvufwu kd yf 0JG if&if; ‘trsKd ;om;ynma&;ES;D aESmzvS,yf }JG u;D ’ usi;f yay;&ef awmif;qdk cJo h nf? Tod@k awmif;qdo k nfukd ausmif;om;rsm; Edik if aH &;vkyo f nf[k pGypf u JG m tm%mydik rf sm;u 1956 atmufwb kd mvwGif or*~rsm;zsuo f rd ;f &ef a=unmcsut f rde@f xw k f zdEydS cf sKyfcs,cf o hJ nf? 1958-59ckEpS f Adv k af e0if; tdraf pmift h pd;k & vufxufwiG f ausmif;om;acgif;aqmifrsm;tm; zrf;qD;axmifcs udkudk;u|ef;ydk@ cJhonf? 1962ckESpf tm%modrf; Adkvfae0if; ppftpdk;& vufxufwGif ausmif;om;rsm;tm; t!d_;xm; owfjzwf/ zrf;qD;axmifcs/ or*~rsm;zsufodrf; ponfjzifhðyvkyfcJhonf? xdt k csed rf pS I ‘Auo’onf ajratmufypkH jH zifo h m ausmif;om;v_y&f mS ;r_rsm;udk aqmif&u G cf &hJ onf? ausmif;om;rsm;onf ppftm%m&Sifpepfudk enf;rsdK;pHkESifh qef@usifwdkufyGJ0ifcJhonfrSm ,ae@wdkifjzpfonf? vGwfvyfa&;acwfwGif ausmif;om;rsm;onf jynfwGif;ppfudkqef@usif+yD; jynfwGif;+idrf;csrf;a&;udk awmif;qdkcJh=uonf? xd@k a=umifh vGwv f yfa&;acwf ausmif;om;v_y&f mS ;r_ ordik ;f onf “jynfwiG ;f ppfqef@usiaf &;ESihf ppftm%m&Sipf epf qef@usiaf &; ordik ;f ”[k qdEk ikd o f nf?

4 or*¾ pdwf"mwf

( 2 ) 6 }urd af jrmuf ‘Auo’rsm;tzG@J csKy. f Ekid if v H ;kH qdik &f m uGezf &if}h u;D udk 1960 ckEpS f atmufwb kd mvY usi;f ycJo h nf? xdknDvmcH}uD;udk &efukefwuUodkvf ‘wuo’taqmuftOD&Sd ‘wuo’pnf;a0;cef;r}uD;Y 20 &ufrS 24 &ufae@txd (5) &ufwikd f usi;f y ðyvkycf o hJ nf? nDvmcHrusi;f yrDS óuw d ifI ausmif;om;acgi;f aqmif ud, k pf m;vS,rf sm;onf jrefrmjynftES@H ESihf e,for*~rsm;od@k uGi;f qif;I pnf;¶H;k a&;xGucf =hJ uonf? pnf;&k;H a&; xGu&f mY &xm;vrf;/ um;vrf;/ a&vrf; wav#muf&dS òrd@rsm;udk tydkif;t+cm;ðyI oufqdkif&mòrd@e,f ausmif;om; or*~rsm;rS wm0efcHudk,fpm;vS,frsm;u oGm;a&muf&onf? òrd@e,f ausmif;om;or*~rsm;rS wm0efcH ausmif;om;rsm; ESihf awG@qakH qG;aEG; tquftoG,, f =l u&onf? e,fxu G f pnf;&k;H a&;qif;olrsm;wGif awmifiòl rd@rS rE aW v;txd wm0ef,&l aom ausmif;om;udv k =S unf ESihf udw k ifvid_ w f @kd onf c&D;vrf;Y um;arSmufojzifh rE Wav;aq;&kH Y wufa&mufukocHcJh& onf? u|Eyfk . f tawG;rsm;onf wjznf;jznf; &ifv h monfEiS t hf r# ordik ;f yH&k yd w f @kd u xif;onf xuf xif; xif; vmonf? ordik ;f &eH@rsm;uvnf; oif;onf xuf oif;Iom vmawmhonf? ‘wuo’taqmufttHk}uD;u ouf0ifv_yf&Sm;qlnHaeonf? ‘wuo’taqmuftODa¶S@&Sd tvHwdkifrSm cGyaf 'gi;f tvHukd v$ix hf x l m;onf? teD&&J J cGyaf 'gi;f tvHonf avxJrmS wvlvv l iG yhf saH eonf? Akv d af tmifausmf txdr;f trSwf¶kyfwk r&Sdawmhaomfvnf; atmufcHtkwfcHkonf rm;rm;rwfrwf wnf&SdaeqJ jzpfonf? atmifausmfyef;+cHav;ESifh ‘wuo’ t0ifvrf; wav#mufrSm cGyfa'gif;tvHrsm; avrSm jrL;xl;ysH0J eD&Jaeatmif v$ifhxlxm;onf? &J&JeDaeonfh t0ifvrf; jzifh ausmif;om;rsm;udk óudqkdaeonfhES,f jzpfonf? ausmif;om;rsm;rSmvnf; ysm;yef;cwfovkd oGm;vmae=uonf? toHcsJ@pufrS “1300-&mjynfhoDcsif;/ 53atmufwkdbmta&;awmfyHk oDcsif;/ ynma&;ESdD;aESmzvS,fyJG oDcsif;/ cGyfa'gif;pHknDa&S@okd@csD oDcsif;/ +idrf;csrf;a&;aw;oH ESifh “Auo”oDcsi;f oHw@dk u tqufrjywfay:xGuaf eonf? xdo k cD si;f oHw@dk u ausmif;om;rsm;udk tm;opf cGeo f pfrsm; ESi;f tyf v_@H aqmfaeonfEh , S f jzpfonf? xkpd Ofu u|Eykf w f @dk rmS “wH;k qdw k u dk -f usm;qku d u dk ”f rnfh pdwf"gwfrsKd;ESihf jzpfonf? urBm}uD;udkvnf; ykcHk;ay:xrf;xm;vkd=uonf? ysKjd rpfonfh cGet f m;pdw"f gwu f v kd nf; ydik q f idk x f m;=uonf? “opPmeDtydf rf uf vSvS uav;”ukv d nf; rufaecJ=h uonf? &ifxrJ mS vnf; opPmeD yef;yGiahf v;u xHo k if; k ;f yH&k yd w f u hkd ar$;ysH@vsuf? ausmif;om;rsm;. rsufESmonf tm;rmeftjynfhjzifh wufºuGvef; ordi qef;ae=uonf? c&kdifESifh òrd@e,for*~rsm;rS ausmif;om;udk,fpm;vS,fwkd@onf xif;onfxuf xif; xif; vnf; tpHktnDa&muf&Sdae=u+yD jzpfonf? “wuotaqmuf t OD ” tay:xyf & S d pnf ; a0;cef ; r}uD ; xJ w G i f vmonf/ jrefrmwEkid if v H ;kH rS ausmif;om;or*~ uk, d pf m;vS,rf sm; pka0;a&muf&dS jynfv h #v H #uf k ;f &eHrh sm;uvnf; &So d nf? tpnf;ta0;pifjrifah emufcH eufjyma&mifvu dk u f m. xdyw f iG f “Auo” ordi wHqyd t f 0kid ;f }u;D udk wyfqifxm;onf? ‚if;wHqyd af tmufwiG f “Auorsm;tzJ@G csKyf oif;onfxuf oif;om nDvmcH” a&$a&mifpmvHk;rsm;udk uyfxm;onf? xkdpmwrf;atmufrS t*Fvdyfvkd 6th Conference (6-}udrfajrmufuGefz&ifh) pmvHk;udk a&;xkd;xm;avonf? vmawmhonf/

or*¾ pdwf"mwf 5

tcrf;tem; pifjrifah y:wGif pm;yJt G &Snu f kd pm;yJcG if; cif;I xm;&So d nf? pm;yJaG y:wGif yef;tvSpu dk t f ;dk rsm;u a0qmvSyvsu?f pm;yG&J n S . f aemufwiG rf l “Auo”tr_aqmifa[mif;rsm; wef;pDI xkid af e=uonf? udak Zmf0if;/ ukv d jS rif/h udjk rifOh ;Dd / udn k Kd 0if;/ udkcifatmif/ udkouf polwkd@jzpfonf? tm;vHk;udkawmh rrSwfrdawmhyg? ESpfaygif;(44)ESpf =umjrifhcJh+yDav? “Auo”OuUX ukdaZmf0if;rS obmywdrdef@cGef; ajym=um;+yD; nDvmcH tcrf;tem;}uD;udk zGifhvSpfvkdufonf? ausmif;om;rsm;u tm;vHk; rwfwyf&yfI vufcyk =f obmay;=uonf? “wuo” cef;r}uD; wpfcv k ;kH vufcyk o f rH sm;jzifh qlnH v#x H u G f oGm;awmhonf? “6-}urd af jrmuf AuonDvmcH}u;D ” od@k jrefrmwjynfv;kH &Sd or*~rsm;rS ausmif;om;ud, k pf m;vS,af ygi;f (243) OD; wufa&mufc=hJ uonf? xl;xl;jcm;jcm; rSwrf o d nfu TEkid if v H ;kH qkid &f m nDvmcH}u;D od@k ausmif;ol &Jabmfr (6) OD; wufa&muf cJhjcif; jzpfonf/ xkdpOfuausmif;om;or*~rsm;/ ausmif;om;v_yf&Sm;r_ wkdufyJGrsm;Y ausmif;olrsm; yg0ifr_ enf;yg;vSonf? nDvmcHokd@ wufa&mufcJhaom &Sm;&Sm;yg;yg; ausmif;olrsm;rSm - (1) cifcifat;/ (2) cifpkv_dif/ (3) cifrmat;/ (4) rpdefjrifh (‚if;wkd@rSm &efukefwuUokdvf ukd,fpm;ðy)/ (5) rat;at;pef; (rE Wav;/ uAsmq&mr rpdrf;yif)ESifh (6) rcifjrifh (zsmykHc&kdif/ bku d av;òr@d or*~) wk@d jzpf=uonf? ‚if;&Jabmfrrsm;onf e,fausmif;om;rsm;. pm;aomufa&;udv k nf; wm0ef,=l u&onf? nDvmcHo@kd wufa&mufvmol ausmif;om; tm;vH;k onf “wuo”rSmyif wnf;ckI d tdypf m;jcif; ðy=uonf? xk}d uD;av; onfh wm0efukd “Auo/ wuo/ &uo”ausmif;om;rsm;u twwfEikd q f ;kH wm0ef,l aqmif&u G af y;=uonf/ ausmif;ol &Jabmfrrsm;u {nfhcHau|;arG;jcif; udpPudk aqmif&Gufay;=uonf? TnDvmcH}uD;wGif e,fausmif;om;or*~rsm; tjyif/ nDawmf wuUokdvfor*~rsm;rS udk,fpm;vS,frsm;vnf; aemifawmf”wuo”ESihf twl wufa&mufc=hJ uonf? (rE aW v;wuUov dk o f r*~/ armfvòrdi/f ykord /f rauG;paom or*~rsm;) rS ud, k pf m;vS,rf sm; jzpfonf? Tof@kd or*~aygi;f pHrk S ud, k pf m;vS,f ausmif;om;rsm;onf “wuo” pnf;a0;cef;r}uD;wGif pka0;=uum vGwv f yfyiG v hf if;pGm rdrw d @dk oabmxm;tjrifrsm; cH,cl surf sm;udk xkwaf z:wifjyaqG;aEG;=uonf? aqG;aEG;=u onfh ta=umif;t&mrsm;rSm jrefrmwjynfv;kH &Sd ausmif;om;rsm;. b0tajctaersm;/ ynmoif=um;a&; tajctaersm;ESihf wkdif;jynf. 'Drdkua&pDtcGifhta&;/ acgif;pOfrsm;cGJjcm; owfrSwf aqG;aEG; =uonf? ae@-n tqkdif;rsm;cJGI aqG;aEG;=u&m rdrd pdw0f ifpm;&m ta=umif;t&m aqG;aEG;cef;rsm;Y yg0ifwufa&mufEidk o f nf? e,for*~rsm;rS wufa&mufvm=uaom nDaemif&aJ bmf ausmif;om; rsm;teuf txl;wufºuGI a&S@wef;xGufaqG;aEG;cJh=uaom ausmif;om; rsm;&Scd o hJ nf? ykord rf S ae0if;pH/ oHv#irf S xifausm/f tif;pderf S =unf&i$ /f tkwzf rkd S atmifarok(om,m0wDtusO;f axmifwiG ;f uG,v f eG )f / rH&k mG rS jynfp;kd / ysO;f rem;rS oef;atmif/ rkd;ndKrS &JxGwf/ rauG;rS cspfaiG paom ausmif;om;&Jabmfrsm;rSm jrefrmwjynfv;kH &Sd xif&mS ;cJ=h uonf? tjcm;ausmif;om;rsm;vnf; &Sad o;onf? emrnfrsm; arhaeI ausmif;om;rsm;. razmfjyEkid af wmhyg? ‚if;ausmif;om;wk@d onf twufºuq G ;kH yg0ifI jiif;ckef aqG;aEG; cJ h = uonf / Oyrm-”u| e f a wmf yk o d r f r S ae0if ; pH jzpf ygw,f” pojzifh rdrdwkd@ b0tajctaersm;? emrnfudk xkwaf z:aqG;aEG; wwf=uonf? ynmoifMum;a&; “wuo”cef;rY (5) &uf/ (5) n wkid w f idk f usi;f ycJah om “Auo vmcH}uD;wGif ausmif;om;rsm; tcsi;f csi;f awG@qakH qG;aEG;=u+yD;/ odu|r;f cif tajctaersm;ESihf wkid ;f jynf “nD rif&if;ES;D oGm;cJ=h uonf? &Jabmf&b J ufrsm; jzpfvm=uonf? ausmif;om;rsm;onf 'Dru kd a&pD tcGit hf a&; qHkawG@=u/ aqG;aEG;=u/ jiif;ckef=u/ !dSE_dif;=u+yD;aemuf wnDw!Gwfwnf;

6 or*¾ pdwf"mwf

a&S@vkyfief;pOf nDvmcHatmifjrifa&;twGuf wm0ef,Bl uKd ;yrf;Muaom ausmif;om;rsm;? rsm;ESihf qH;k jzwf nDvmcHohkd wufa&mufvmMuaom ausmif;om;rsm;tm;vH;k (5)nwki df csuf r sm;uk d f &;ysux f m;Muojzifh yifyef;EGr;f e,f aeMuNyD csrSwfEdkifcJh=u tdya onf ? trsKd ; om;ynma&;wnfaqmufa&;/ uarmufur ynma&;zsuo f rd ;f a&;/ ynmoif=um;a&; tajctae wk;d wufaumif;rGeaf &;/ ynma&;ðyjyifajymif;vJa&;rsm; ðyvky&f ef qH;k jzwfjyXmef;vku d =f uonf? xk@d jyif 'Dru kd a&pD tcGit hf a&;ESihf jynfwiG ;f +ird ;f csr;f a&; awmif;qkcd surf sm;udv k nf; csrw S Ef idk cf o hJ nf? xkpd Ofu “yxptpd;k &” vufxufjzpfonf? “yxp” tpd;k &onf 'Dru dk a&pD csK;d azmufrr_ sm; tjyif/ ausmif;om;rsm; wifjyawmif;qkad om w&m;r#wonfu h pd &P yfrsm;udk rvku d af v#mbJ ausmif;om;rsm; qENukd qef@usiðf yr_co hJ jzif”h Auo”nDvmcH}uD;rS jyif;xefpmG &_wcf sjcif;ðycJo h nf? ( 3 ) “6-}urd af jrmuf Auo nDvmcH}u;D ”rS a¶S@vyk if ef;pOfrsm;udk !SEd id_ ;f aqG;aEG; qH;k jzwf+y;D aemuf”Auo”tr_aqmif tzJ@G opfukd ausmif;om;xku wcJeufa&G;cs,w f ifajrm‡ ufjcif;ðy=uonf? “Auo”OuUÏopf tjzpf “wuo” OuUÏ jzpfczhJ ;l aom udck ifarmiftek ;f tm; a&G;cs,w f ifajrm‡ ufc=hJ uonf? tr_aqmif topfrsm;wGif 'k-OuUX uko d uf/ taxGaxG twGi;f a&;rSL; ukdwifxeG ;f ESihf tr_aqmifrsm;tjzpf udv k aS &$ (,ck-o&uf tusO;f axmif)/ ud&k x J w G f (,ck usL&Siq f &m)ESihf tjcm; trnf rrSwf rdorl sm; yg0ifonf/ ‚if;wk@d teuf ukv d aS &$rmS (C.E.C) tjyif “Auo”twGi;f a&;rSL;tzJ@G 0iftjzpf‚if;/ “Auo” rsm; tzJ@G csKyf c&kid f ESihf òrd@e,fausmif;om;or*~rsm;tzJ@G csKyf c&kid Ef iS hf òrd@e,fausmif;om; or*~rsm;AsL&k. d twGi;f a&;rSL; tjzpf‚if;/ a&G;cs,w f ifajr‡mufjcif;udk cH&onf? aemifwiG f udck ifarmiftek ;f E_wx f u G af omtcg udo k ufu OuUÏtjzpf aqmif&u G o f nf? “Auo” tr_aqmif topfrsm;udk a&G;cs,f wifajr‡muf+yD;aomtcg “Auo” tr_aqmifa[mif;rsm;u ae&mrS xGucf mG oGm;=uonf? tr_aqmifopfrsm;u pifjrifah y:od@k wufa&mufae&m,l=uonf? ausmif;om;ud, k pf m;vS,f rsm; tm;vH;k wk@d u ae&mrS rwfrwf&yfI wcJeuf vufcyk =f obmay;=uonfrmS awmf&EkH iS hf toHrpJay? “Auo”OuUÏopf udck ifarmiftek ;f onf ‚if;.tr_aqmifopf &Jabmfrsm;ESihf ausmif;om;xkukd rdwq f ufay;cJo h nf? ausmif;om;acgi;f aqmifrsm;/ nDvmcHatmifjrifa&;twGuf wm0ef,=l uKd ;yrf;=uaom ausmif;om;rsm;/ nDvmcH od@k wufa&mufvm=uaom ausmif;om;rsm; tm;vH;k (5) nwkid f tdyaf &;ysux f m;=uojzifh yifyef;EGr;f e,f ae=u+yjD zpfonf/ nDvmcHaqG;aEG;yJ&G ufrsm;wGif t}udwt f e,f jiif;cke=f u/ aqG;aEG;=u/ !SEd id_ ;f =u ðyvkycf I hJ nDvmcH}uD; atmifjrifaomtcg tm;vH;k . rsuEf mS ay:0,f tòy;H yef;rsm; vif;vufawmufyae=uonf? ausmif;om;tcsi;f csi;f csp=f unf&if;ES;Dd r_ &cJ=h uonf? “Auo” nDvmcH}uD;rS ausmif;om;xk. aoG;pnf;nD!w G rf u _ kd aqmifusO;f ay;cJo h nf? ausmif;om;xkn! D w G jf cif;. &v'f tjzpf nDvmcH&uftwGif;Y ausmif;om;rsm;. qENawmif;qkdcsufwpfckjzpfaom aemufqufwJGpmar;yGJatmifpm&if;ukd tm%mydkifrsm;u xkwfjyefa=unmay;cJhonf? TonfrSm aoG;pnf;nD!GwfpGm aqmif&Gufygu rnfonfhvkyfief;rqkd atmifjrifEkdifa=umif; vufawG@ jycJhjcif;yifjzpfonf? Tod@k jzifh 1960-ckEpS /f atmufwb dk m(20)&ufae@rS (24)&ufae@ txd (5)&ufwidk w f idk f usi;f ycJah om “(6) }udrf ajrmuf Auo nDvmcH}uD;”onf crf;em;odkufòrdufatmifjrifpGm +yD;qHk;oGm;awmhonf?

or*¾ pdwf"mwf 7

nD!w G af &;onf tiftm; r[kwyf gvm;? nD!w G af &;onf atmifyGJ r[kwyf gvm;? “6-}udrfajrmuf Auo nDvmcH}uD;”wGif ausmif;om;rsm;tm;vHk;u “Auo”oDcsif;ukd oHòydifoDqkd+yD; tcrf;tem;udk atmifjrifpmG &kyo f rd ;f vku d =f uonf/ “wuo” cef;r}uD;wpfckvHk;udk “Auo”oDcsif;oHjzifh zHk;v$rf;xm;onf? ausmif;om;rsm;onf tm;rmef tjynfhESifh aºuG;a=umf[pfatmf oDqkdae=uonf? “æ igwkd@ausmif;om; æ aygif;pnf;vkd@ nD&rnfæ trsKd;om;a&;udkd óudqkdzkd@ &nfæ æ 'Drkdua&pD ynma&;twGuf nDæ 'kd@tom;æ 'dk@taoG;æ paw;vSLrnfæ” “Auo” oDcsi;f onf “6-}udraf jrmuf Auo nDvmcH}uD;” twGuf &nf&, G I f topfpyfqx dk m;jcif; jzpfonf? oDcsif;oHu ausmif;om;xk&J@ &ifxJrSm jrnf[D; yJhwifxyfaeonf? &ifxJrSm =unfEl; yDwdjzifh w+idrfh+idrfh wodrfhodrfh cHpm; ae=u&onf? “æ a[;æ nDnDnmnmæ +idrf;csrf;a&; xdef;odrf;rnf e,fcs@J &efukd wGe;f òzdrnfæ ausmif;om; todeJ@æ ausmif;om;tcGifh wifjyrnf

yHEk ydS rf wS wf rf; tkyfa& - 1000 tzHk;o½kyfazmfESifh - ausmf0if; tjyiftqif

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or*¾ pmpOf

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8 or*¾ or*¾pdwpdwf"mwff"mwf

æ aoG;pnf;vkd@yifæ &mZ0if tcef;quf &Snfæ æ Auorsm;æ tzJG@csKyf OD;aqmifæ atmifyJGqufqufæ cHbl;onfæ” “æa[;æ nDnDnmnmæ +idrf;csrf;a&; xdef;odrf;rnf ausmif;om; todeJ@æ ausmif;om;tcGifh wifjyrnf æ aoG;pnf;vkd@yifæ &mZ0if tcef;quf &Snfæ æ Auorsm;æ tzJG@csKyf OD;aqmifæ atmifyJGqufqufæ cHbl;onfæ” wcsed u f “wuo” cef;r}uD;xJY u|Ekfyfwkd@ pka0;=u “wuo” cef;r}uD;xJY u|Ekfyfwkd@ aqG;aEG;jiif;ckefcJh=u “wuo” cef;r}uD;xJY u|Ekfyfwkd@ !SdE_dif;nD!GwfcJh=u æ xkd@aemuf- u|Ekfyfwkd@ atmifyJG cHcJh=u? ? usrf;udk;- 1960-61 ckESpfxkwf “tkd;a0r*~Zif;”

Auorsm;tzGJhcsKyf (EkdifiHjcm;a&;&maumfrwD)\ xkwfa0NyD; pmtkyfrsm; 1/ ]2004 ynma&; tpD&ifcHpm}

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tcrJh rSm,lEkdifygonf/ xdkif;EdkifiHjyifyrS rSm,lvdkygu pmwdkufc ay;ydkY rSmMum;Edkifygonf/

rif;udkEkdif&Jh owif;XmetoD;oD;eJh qufoG,f ar;jref;csufawGudk pk;pnf;azmfjyxm;wmjzpfNyD;? 'Dpum;awGu wqifh ]rif;udkEkdif} &JY yHk&dyfudkawGudk zrf;rdEkdifMuap&ef jzpfygw,f/

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or*¾ pdwf"mwf 15

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tvm;wl taxGaxG,Of aus;r_ e,fy,fwGifvnf; trsdK;om;tusdK;ESifh udkufnDrnfh ,Ofaus;r_ t&omudk acwfopf avmu"gwf ody`Henf;jzifh pl;prf;azmfxkwf zGH+zdK;aprnfh tpm;/ ydkrdkarS; rSdefapcJh ayonf? rsdK;cspfpdwfwuf=uGr_ESifh ,Ofaus;r_ wdk;wufzGH+zdK;jcif;udk pdk;&drf wm;qD;cJh=uayonf? Tod@k enf;trsKd ;rsKd ;jzifh ArmtrsKd ;om;wd@k rmS udv k edk D zdEydS af oG;pkwrf u _ kd cHc&hJ ayonf? Trw&m;r_}uD;udk wGef;vSef&eftwGuf TacwfwGif vljzpf&aom Armwkdif;&if;om; rsKd ;cspt f aygi;f wd@k tay: wm0efusa&muf ayonf? xd@k a=umifh wdik ;f &if;om; trsKd ;om;tm;vH;k wd@k onf ol@acwfEiS o hf l trsKd ;om;vGwv f yfa&;/ udv k ekd q D ef@usiaf &; ta&;awmfy}kH u;D rsm;udk tqifq h ifh EGcJ =hJ uayonf? Tacwf vGwv f yfa&; }uKd ;yrf;r_rmS 1918 ckEpS f OD;OwWrrS 1948 ckEpS f Adv k cf sKyaf tmifqef;acwf txd tESpfaygif; (30) wkdif wkdufcdkuf+yD;aemuf EkdifiHa&; vGwfvyfr_udk &&SdcJh=uayonf? ,if;rSm ArmtrsKd ;om;wd@k . udv k ekd q D ef@usiaf &; v_y&f mS ;r_}uD;. yxracwfyif jzpfayonf? TtrsKd ;om;vGwaf jrmufa&; ta&;awmfy}kH u;D wGif ausmif;om;rsm;. udv k ekd yD nma&;pHepfudk qef@usifaom trsdK;om; ynma&;v_yf&Sm;r_ wkdufyGJrsm;rSm }uD;rm;awmifhwif;aom ppfrsufESm}uD; w&yftjzpf wacwf+yD; wacwf jynfov l x l Ek iS hf vufwyJG g0if qifEcJG =hJ uayonf? ‚if;wk@d . v_y&f mS ;r_ta&; awmfyrkH mS ArmjynfwiG f vGwv f yfa&;ordik ;f ESihf cGrJ &±Hrk u wjznf;jznf;aygi;f qHk csw D ufc=hJ uayonf? TonfrSm obm0usayonf? udkvdkeDqef@usifa&;acwfapmapmydkif;wGif tvkyform;/ v,form;/ ukefoG,fpD;yGm;&Sm=u aom vlwef;pm;ygwDrsm; pHepfwus r}uD;xGm;rDwGif tv#ifapmpGm rsupf yD iG =hf u+yD; vlpv k al 0;ESihf pkp±k ;kH ±H;k &S=d uaom ausmif;om;rsm;rSm trsKd ;om;v_y&f mS ;r_wiG f tpOfojzifh wyfO;D u &Scd ahJ yonf? e,f c sJ @ qef @ usif a &; tpumvjzpf a om q&mawmf O D ; OwW r acgif ; aqmif o nf h 0HomEkta&;awmfyHk}uD; twGif; jzpfyGm;cJhonfh yXrqHk; ausmif;om;rsm;. 1920 ckESpf/ wefaqmifrkef; vqkwf (10) &ufae@wGif ay:xGufcJhaom udkvdkeDynma&;udk qef@usifcJhaom ta&;awmfyHkrSm rsm;pGm }uD;rm;us,jf yef@cahJ yonf? ,if;v_y&f mS ;r_rmS trsKd ;om;ynmwwfO;D a&ESihf t&nftcsi;f yg csKyfcs,o f nfh &efukef,leDAmpDwD Oya'udkqef@usifaom trsdK;om;ynma&; v_yf&Sm;r_omjzpfaomfvnf;/ xdkacwf. e,fcs@J qef@usiaf &; ppfrsuEf mS }uD; w&yfv;kH udk }uD;pGm ,dr;f ,dik af pcJo h nf? xdk@a=umifh ,if;ae@udk xdkacwf. e,fcsJ@qef@usifa&; t}uD;qHk;atmifyGJtjzpf trsdK;om; atmifyaJG e@ tjzpf usi;f yaecJah yonf? xdk@aemufwGif q&mpHv,form; olykefrSwyg; trsdK;om; v_yf&Sm;r_rsm;wGif tpOfwpdkuf yg0ifc=hJ uayonf? - 1936-37ck/ 'kwd,t}udrf ausmif;om;ta&;awmfyHk/ - 1938-39 ck/ ocifacwftwGif;jzpfcJhaom 1300 jynfhta&;awmfyHk/ - 1941-42 ckwGif vufeufudkif e,fcsJ@qef@usifa&; ta&;awmfyHk/ wk@d wiG f wyfO;D rS yg0ifcahJ yonf? yXqH;k ArmtrsKd ;om;wd@k . awmfveS af &;trsKd ;om; vufeufuikd f wyfrawmf xlaxmif&ef *syefjynfo@kd oGm;=uaom &Jabmfo;kH udsyrf mS yif 1300jynft h a&;awmfyrkH S ayguzf mG ;vmaom ausmif;om;acgi;f aqmifrsm;ESihf ausmif;om;rsm;rS qif;oufvmaom ocifacgi;f aqmifrsm; jzpf=uonf?

or*¾ pdwf"mwf 17

yXr trsKd ;om;wyfrawmfjzpfaom bDtidk af twyfwiG f ausmif;om;rsm;ESihf ocifrsm;yif trsm;tm;jzifh OD;pD;cJ=h u ayonf? zufqpfawmfvSefa&;}uD;wGifvnf; ausmif;om;rsm;onf tm&Svli,frsm;ESifh wyfrawmfwiG ;f od@k 0ifa&muf+yD; vufeufuikd af wmfveS af &; qifEcJG =hJ uayonf? ausmif;om;wdk@. trsdK;om;ynma&;wkdufyGJrSm Tacwf. EkdifiHa&;wkdufyGJ/ trsdK; om;vGwfajrmufa&; vufeufudkifppfyGJ txd wrsdK;om;vHk;ESifh vufwGJqifEGJcJh=u ayonf? TonfrmS tESpf 30 trsKd ;om;vGwv f yfa&; wku d yf }JG u;D twGi;f ausmif;om;rsm; yg0ifcahJ om ppfrsuEf mS rsm; jzpfayonf? e,fcs@J peH pfrmS ol. tkycf sKyaf &;/ pD;yGm;a&;0g'rsm;a=umifh ausmif;om;rsm;/ twuf ynm&Sifrsm;tm; arG; xkwfcJh&ayonf? e,fcsaYJ ESmifBuKd ;rS Ekid if aH &;t& vGwaf jrmufc&hJ ayonf/ od&Yk mwGif TtxJrS rsdK;cspf vli,frsm; ay:xGuf pD;yGm;a&;aESmifBuKd ;rsm;rSm rvGwaf jrmufao; vm+yD; e,fcsJ@qef@ usiaf &; v_y&f mS ;r_rsm;wGif yg0if OD;pD;=u ayonf? tvm;wluv kd ekd D vkyif ef;udik if ef;}uD;rsm; zGiv hf pS &f ojzifh e,fcs@J qef@usirf _ tzdEydS cf H tvkyo f rm;rsm; ay:xGuv f m& ayonf? xd@k twlyif v,f,majr pdu k yf sKd ;a&; bufwiG f wtk;d wtdrf zlvakH &;pHepfrS t}uD;tus,f a&mif;ukef xkwv f yk af &;pHepfo@kd ul;ajymif; vmojzifh v,form;rsm;wGif vlwef;pm; ykdrdkuGJjym;jcm;em;vm+yD; wjznf;jznf;ESifhvlrsm;pk}uD;rSm qif;&Jaom v,form;rsm; tjzpf }uD;rm;pGm jzpfay:vmawmh.? TvloHk;rsdK;rSm e,fcsJ@wkdufyGJrsm;twGuf rsdK;cspfol&Jaumif;rsm;jzpfvm&.? xkd@tjyif a&mif;ukeyf pPn;f xkwv f yk af oma=umifh ukeaf csm-uke=f urf;ypPn;f rsm; o,f,al &;twGuf vrf;yef}u;D rsm; azmufvkyf&.? wzef +idrf0wfydjym;a&;twGuf +rdK@jytkyfcsKyfa&;udk pHepfwus wajy;nDpGm tkyfcsKyf uGyu f =J u&.? ,if;ok@d a=umifh a&S;acwfuuJo h @kd a'otvdu k f olwvligwrif; jzpfaeaom ArmjynfrmS wajy; wnf; pnf;vH;k nDnw G af &;od@k OD;wnfvm&.? Ttcsut f m;vH;k onf e,fcs@J peH pfqef@usiaf &; tiftm;pk}u;D udk }u;D xGm; jzpfay: apawmh.? od@k jzihf ,ckvw G v f yfa&;udt k ESpf 30 =um wku d yf rJG sm; qifE+JG y;D &&Scd &hJ ayonf? (2) 1948 ckEpS /f Armjynfvw G v f yfa&;&&S+d yD;aemuf u|eaf wmfw@kd . trsKd ;om;vGwaf jrmufa&; v_y&f mS ;r_ordik ;f pOfwiG f tqifo h pfwpfco k @kd a&muf&v dS mayonf? u|eaf wmfw@kd onf e,fcs@J aESmif}uKd ;rS Ekid if aH &;t& vGwaf jrmufc&hJ ayonf? od@k &mwGif pD;yGm;a&; aESmif}uKd ;rsm;rSm rvGwaf jrmufao;ay? &mpk ESpEf iS hf tjrpfpx JG m;aom e,fcs@J udv k edk pD ;D yGm;a&; pHepfukd rScD akd e&wH;k jzpfonf? e,fcsJ@orm;rsm;onf Armjynfudkodrf;ykduf+yD; EkdifiHa&;t& csKyfcs,fv$rf;rdk; xm;&jcif;rSm ,if;ukv d edk pD ;D yGm;a&; twGuyf ifjzpfayonf? tkycf sKyfa&;Ekid if aH &;bufwiG f ajcwvSr;f qkwcf mG ay;&aomf

18 or*¾ pdwf"mwf

vnf; tESpo f m&jzpfaom pD;yGm;a&;bufwiG f enf;trsKd ;pHEk iS hf qkyu f ikd f csKycf s,f xm;=urnfom jzpfayonf? xd@k a=umifh ArmtrsKd ;om;wd@k . trsKd ;om; vGwaf jrmufa&; v_y&f mS ;r_ tjrifopfrmS &&Sx d m; +yD;aom EkdifiHa&;vGwfvyfr_udk ajcukwf,l+yD; ,if;rSyGifhvif;vmaom tcGihfta&;udkyg toHk;csI pD;yGm;a&;tp trSDtcdkuif;a&;wkdufyGJudk csDwuf=u&ayrnf? ,if;rSm trsdK;om;vGwfvyfa&;v_yf&Sm;r_ 'kw, d tqifh jzpfayonf? Twku d yf rJG mS 1948 ckEpS rf S ,cktxd 12 ESprf # =umanmif;cJah yonf? yGOJ ;D xGuyf w JG iG f trsKd ;om; nDnw G af &;r+ydKuGrJ /D atmifyrJG sm;&&Scd =hJ uayonf? e,fcs@J orm;wk@d xrH S t&if;tES;DS vkyif ef;}uD;rsm; tawmf rsm;rsm;udk trsKd ;om;ydik f odr;f ydu k Ef idk cf =hJ u ayonf? od@k &mwGif tcsed rf =umrDwiG f nDnw G af &; +ydKuG&J jcif;/ jynfwiG ;f ppfjzpf&jcif;/ w±kwjf zLppfa&; tE &W m,fab;}uHK&jcif;/ pD;yGm;a&;wGif taESmuft,Suf trsKd ;rsKd ;awG@q&kH jcif;wk@d twGuf u|eaf wmfw@kd . trsdK;om;vGwfajrmufa&; ta&;awmfyHkrSm ,m,Dtm;jzifh }uD;rm;aom twm;tqD;jzihf &ifqkdifaecJh& ayonf? trsKd ;om; trSt D cdu k if;a&;/ pufrv _ ufr_ Ekid if aH wmf opfo@kd csw D ufa&;rSm e,fcs@J w@dk . aESmif}udK; ydu k u f eG rf S ±H;k rxGuEf idk af o;ay? xk@d a=umifh ArmtrsKd ;om;wd@k . vGwaf jrmufa&;v_y&f mS ;r_rmS pD;yGm;a&; trSt D cdu k if;a0;aom wkdufyGJudk aemufqHk; atmifyGJ&onftxd qufvufcsDwuf&ayrnf? ,if;twGuf 'Drdkua&pDa&;/ +idrf; csrf;a&;/ nDnGwfa&;wkdufyGJrsm; 0ifoGm;=u& ayrnf? Ttqifh umvwGif trsKd ;om;v_y&f mS ;r_ 'kw, d wm0efrmS a&S;ya'o&mZfpeH pfEiS hf udv k ekd pD eH pf a=umifh tqifq h ifh zdEydS af oG;pkwrf c_ aH eaom wkid ;f jynf. {&mr vlrsm;pkjzpfonhf v,form;ESihf v,f,majr jy\emudk ajz&Sif;&ayrnf? EkdifiHa&;t& udkvdkeD xrf;ykd;atmufrS vGwfajrmuf+yD;aemuf yifyef;qif;&J vSaom v,form;rsm;udak ESmif}udK;rS ajzv$w&f ayrnf? ‚if;wk@d .acwfaemufusaom v,f,majrpHepf a[mif;}u;D udv k nf; pufrv _ ufr_ Ekid if aH wmfopf wnfaxmifrE_ iS hf twl,OS w f I JG acwfrv DS ,f,majrpHepfo@kd awmfveS f ajymif;v$&J ef jzpfayonf? xkd@a=umifh Tacwf. vGwfvyfa&; v_yf&Sm;r_rSm (u) udv k ekd pD ;D yGm;a&;pHepfrS vGwv f yfItrScD u kd if;aom ud, k yf ikd pf ufrv _ ufr_ Ekid if aH wmfopfxal xmif&ef? (c) acwfaemufusI qif;&Jyifyef;vSaom v,f,mpHepfus jyKjyifajymif;vJ&efjzpfayonf? TonfrSm ArmtrsdK;om;wdk@. 'kwd,tqifh trsdK;om;vGwfajrmufa&; v_yf&Sm;r_. 0ef±;dk armif;wef}uD; jzpfonf? (3) T'kwd,tqifhwGif trsdK;om;ynma&;ESifh ,Ofaus;r_wdk@onf rnfonfhtc%f;wGif &yfwnf=u&rnfenf;? ausmif;om;ESihf ynm&Siw f @dk . trsKd ;om;a&; vkyif ef;wm0efrsm;um; rnfo@kd ygenf;? txufwGifazmfjycJhaom trsdK;om;trSDcdkuif;a&;/ pufr_vufr_ EkdifiHwnfaxmifa&;ESifh acwf r S D ajr,mjyKjyif a &;wd k @ ud k taxmuf t ul j yKrnf h ynma&;ES i f h ,Of a us;r_ p H e pf r sm;ud k

or*¾ pdwf"mwf 19

zefwD;az:xkwf&ayrnf? wenf;tm;jzifh udkvdkeDacwf. tusdK;udk t"dua&S;±_cJhaomynma&; ,Ofaus;r_ta[mif;wk@d ukd ud, k yf idk v f w G v f yfaomacwfEiS hf avsmn f +D yD; trScD u kd if;aom pD;yGm;a&;pHepfEiS hf ajr,mjyKjyifa&;pHepfw@kd xlaxmif&efa&S;±_aom ynma&;pHepf/ ,Of;aus;r_peH pfwnfaxmif&ayrnf? xd@k a=umifh TacwftrsKd ;om; trScD u kd if;a&; }uKd ;yrf;tm;xkwf ae&aom wku d yf u JG mvwGif trsKd ;om;ynma&;ESihf ,Ofaus;r_w@dk . tc%f;u¾opfrmS (u) vGwv f yfI trScD u k d if;aom pD;yGm;a&;twGuf pufrv _ ufrv _ yk if ef;}u;D rsm; wk;d wuf wnfaxmifomG ; Ekdif&ef wwfu|rf;aom/ trsdK;rsdK;aom twwfynm&Sifrsm; &&Sdvmatmif}udK;yrf;&ayrnf? (c) acwfESifh avsmfnDpGm ajr,mawmfvSefa&;twGuf tvm;wlacwfrSDaom pkdufysdK;a&; twwfynm&Sirf sm; &&S&d ef }udK;pm;&ayrnf? (*) pmayordkif;,Ofaus;r_e,fy,f w&yfvHk;wGifvnf; udkvdkeD,Ofaus;r_ ta[mif;wGif;rSm wrsKd ;om;vH;k ukd tusKd ; jyKaprnfh ,Ofaus;r_rsm;udk avmu"gwo f yd eH` nf;jzifh ppfaq; qef;ppfI jynfow l @kd . tusKd ;udk jyKap&ayrnf? udv k ekd D trSt D cdu k if;a&; wku d yf u JG kd tusKd ;jyKap&rnf? jynfolwdk@ b0wkd;wufaumif;rGefa&; }udK;yrf;r_rsm;udk tusdK;jyKap&ayrnf? jynfol@wkd@ b0wkd;wufaumif;rGefa&; }udK;yrf;r_rsm;udk tusdK;jyKap&ayrnf? jynfol tcsif;csif;/ wdik ;f &if;om;tcsi;f csi;f csp=f unfa&;/ 'Dru kd a&pDa&;/ +idr;f csr;f a&;wd@k ukd tusKd ;jyKap& ayrnf? Ekid if jH cm;rS &&Sad om pmay,Ofaus;k r_rsm;udv k nf; rdrt d rsKd ;om; tusKd ;&Srd nfh ,Ofaus;r_rsm;od@k rdrw d @kd EiS hf qDavsmaf tmif zefw;D jyKjyifI odr;f oGi;f tm;jznfh oGm;&ayrnf? od@k jzifh udv k ekd t D rScD u kd if;a&; vGwaf jrmufa&;v_y&f mS ;r_}u;D udk tbufbufrS 0dik ;f 0ef;tusKd ;jyK &m a&mufayrnf? vufawG@ trsKd ;om;tusKd ;pD;yGm;ESifh udu k n f &D ma&mufayrnf? Tonfw@kd rmS vuf&dS acwf. ynma&;,Ofaus;r_ e,fy,fwGif aqmif&Guf=u&rnfh wm0ef&yfrsm;jzpfayonf? T,Ofaus;r_ wm0efrsm;udk xrf;aqmif=u&mwGif ausmif;om;rsm;onf t"dutiftm;pk}uD; jzpfayonf?

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20 or*¾ pdwf"mwf

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or*¾ pdwf"mwf 21

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'kw, d wuoOuúX OD;xGe;f pdef B.Sc., B.L. (1931-32) OWAY MAGAZINE 60-61

&efuek w f uUov kd f ausmif;om;rsm;or*~. 'kw, d ajrmufOuUXjzpfonf? &ckid jf ynf oHw+JG rdK@ Zmwd jzpfonf? 1924 ckESpfwGif &efukefwuUodkvfwGif pwifynmqnf;ylI/ 1928 ckwGif 0dZ…m ody`HbGJ@xl;udk qGwfcl;cJhavonf? 1931- 32 ckESpfwGif Oya'ynmrsm;udk avhvmqnf;yl;aepOf wuoOuUXtjzpf a&G;aumufwifajrSmufjcif; cHcJh&oljzpf.? t*Fvyd ef ,fcs@J orm; bke;f rD;aevawmufyonfh umjzpfI tpnf;ta0;yGrJ sm;wGi/f a*smb h &k ifrif;jrwf. bke;f awmfb@JG rsm;udk oDqu kd m tpnf;ta0;zGiv fh pS cf =hJ u&.? OD;xGe;f pdef wuoOuUX jzpfvmaomtcg / a*smb h &k if bke;f awmfb@JG tpm; 'd@k Arm trsKd ;om;oDcsi;f jzifh zGiv hf pS cf ahJ vonf? wuUov kd f bG@J EiS ;f obifcef;ronf jrefrmrqef/ w±kyb f &k m;ausmif;ESihf wlaeI jrefrmtrsKd ;om;o±kyf ay:ap&ef jcaoF±h yk rf sm; xm;&ef awmif;qkdcJh.? wuUodkvftaqmuftODrsm;wGif t*Fvefjynfvkyf oHwHcg;rsm;udk oHk;rnfhtpm;/ jrefrmjynfjzpf opfom;wHcg;rsm;ukd toH;k jyK&efvnf; awmif;qdck o hJ nf? 1931ckESpf wGif trsdK;om;atmifyGJae@ pwifusif;y&m trsdK;om;atmifyGJae@wGif a'gif;vH (cGyfa'gif;vHr[kwf) udk or*~rS pwiftoHk;jyKcJh.? pD;u&uf oydwfarSmufa&;wGif/ or*~onf ArmEdkifiHvli,frsm; tpnf;t±Hk; (,ck Avp r[kwf)/ 'k@d Armtpnf;t±H;k wd@k EiS hf yl;wGv J yk af qmifco hJ nf? OD;xGef;pdefonf or*~OuUXtjzpf oufwrf;rukefrD ElwfxGufoGm;cJhonf? wuorS xGuf+yD;aemuf ausmif;q&mtjzpf ‚if;/ Oya' pmar;yGJatmifjrif+yD;aemuf/ a&S@aetjzpf‚if; vkyfaqmifcJhonf? *syefacwfwGif c±dkif0eftjzpf EkdifiHwm0efukd xrf;aqmifcJh.? 'kwd,urBmppft+yD; t*Fvdyfrsm;jyef0ifvmaomtcg OD;xGefpdeftm; axmif'%f 25ESpftjypfay;cJh.? 9 vESihf 4 &uft=umwGiv f w G af jrmufco hJ nf? ,ck &efuek +f rdK@wiG f v$waf wmfa&S@ae}uD;wpfO;D tjzpf aqmuf&u G v f suf &So d nf?

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or*¾ pdwf"mwf 27

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28 or*¾ pdwf"mwf

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or*¾ pdwf"mwf 29

udak tmifxeG ;f \

]jrefrmEdkifiH ausmif;om;vIyf½Sm;rIordkif;} (1903 - 1962) pmtkyf rMumrD xGuf½Sdvmygawmhrnf/ trSmpmrsm; ay;ydkYrSm Mum;Edkifygonf/ rSm,lvdkolrsm; ]or*¾ pmpOf } od k h qufoG,fEdkifygonf/ wefbdk; - 500 bwf

tdk ausmif;om;taygif;wdkY trsdK;om;cGyfa'gif;tvHudk tjrifhrm;qHk; vTifhxlMuavmh THE UNION PUBLISHING P.O Box (102) Mae Ping P.O Chiang Mai (50301) Thailand

30 or*¾ pdwf"mwf