0101

trSwf(1)? 'DZifbmv 2008 ckeSpf

tvif;&eH@ *sme,f

wwdvKSd if;'Dru kd &ufwu kd a f Z;&Si;f 0ifhxef; 'Drkdu&ufwkdufaZ;&Sif;v_dif;qkdwm oD;jcm;tcsdefumvwpfcktwGif;rSm 'Dru dk a&pDr[kww f hJ tkycf sKyfry_ pHk aH wGuae qef@usib f ufvm;&mjzpfwhJ 'Dru dk a&pDpepfqD xl;jcm;pGmul;ajymif;vmwJh tkyfpkEkdifiHawGukd &nf!$ef;ajymwmjzpfygw,f? v_dif;wpfck rSm rsm;aomtm;jzifh wif;jynfh'Drkdu&ufwpf rjzpfao;bJ/ 'Drkdua&pDw0ufwysuf pusifhokH;wJhEkdifiHawG yg0ifygw,f? acwfopfurBmrSm 'Drkdu&ufwkdufaZ;&Sif;v_dif; okH;ckjzpfcJhygw,f? v_dif; wpfck csif;pD[m oufqkdif&mEkdifiHrsmtay: trsm;}uD;tusLd;oufa&mufcJh+yD; tpkd;&pepf tul;tajymif;awG jzpfcyhJ gw,f? ok@d aomf orkid ;f [m oyGwt f v l u dk +f yD; ¶_yaf xG;ygw,f? EkdifiHa&;tajymif;tvJawG[m orkdif;aowWm bD'kdawGxJ ol@tuef@eJ@ol ol@bmom aoaooyfoyf0ifoGm;wm r[kwfygbl;? orkdif;[m OD;wnfvm;&mwpfckxJukd wo rwfwnf; ajzmifhajzmifhroGm;ygbl;? 'ga=umifhyJ 'Drkdua&pDul;ajymif;r_jzpf&yfawG[m ¶_yfaxG;ayGvDygw,f? yxreJ@ 'kwd, 'Drkdu&ufwkdufaZ;&Sif; v_dif;ESpfv_dif;ukd=unfh&if wpfckpDrSm aemufjyefvid_ ;f (reverse wave) awG uyfvu dk af eygw,f? 'Dru dk a&pDu;l ajymif;xm;+yD; om; EkdifiHwcsKdŒ[m tm%m&SifpepfrsKd;awGqD 'kH&if;jyefvnf+yD; aemufjyefoGm;wmawG &Sdygw,f? 'ga=umifh zGH+zdK;qJEkdifiHrsm;taeeJ@ 'Drkdua&pDul;ajymif;r_ukd taotcsmavh vmoif h o vk d 'D r k d u &uf w k d u f a Z;&S i f ; v_ d i f ; eJ @ ol @ &J Œ aemuf j yef v _ d i f ; wk d @ &J Œ umv jzpf&yfawGukd twdtusykdif;jcm;=unfhzkd@vnf; vkdtyfygvdrfhr,f? tpkd;&tkyfcsKyfr_pepf tajymif;tvJv_dif;rsm;&JŒ ckESpfumvawG[m atmufygtwkdif;ygyJ? yxr yxr 'kwd, 'kwd, wwd,

'Drkdu&ufwkdufaZ;&Sif;vd_if;&Snf aemufjyefv_dif; 'Drkdu&ufwkdufaZ;&Sif;v_dif;wkd aemufjyefv_dif; 'Drkdu&ufwkdufaZ;&Sif;v_dif;

1828 - 1926 1922 - 42 1943 - 62 1958 - 75 1974 7

tvif;&eH@ *sme,f

trSwf(1)? 'DZifbmv 2008 ckeSpf

'Drkdu&ufwkdufaZ;&Sif; yxrv_dif; yxrv_dif;[m tar&duefawmfvSefa&;eJ@ jyifopfawmfvSefa&;rSm tajc wnfay:aygufcJhwmyg? q,fhukd;&mpktwGif; taemufwkdif;jynftrsm;pk 'Drkdu&ufwpf tifpwDusK;&Sif;awG wpwp zGHòzd;vmygw,f? q,fhukd;&mpkEkdifiHa&;pepfawGrSm 'Drkd u&ufwpf t&nftaoG; t*F g&yf&Sdvmwmukd tcsufESpfcsufeJ@ axmufjy=uygw,f? (1) t¶G,fa&muf+yD;trsKd;om; 50 &mckdifE_ef; rJay;EkdifcGifh&Sdvmwm/ (2) a¶G;cs,fcHygvDrefrS trsm;pkaxmufcHwJhol (okd@) ykHrSefusif;yay;wJh a¶G;aumufyGJrS jynfoltrsm;wkduf¶kdufa¶G;cs,fwJholom tkyfcsKyfzkd@ wm0ef &Sdw,fqkdwJh tcsufygyJ? tJ'hD E_e;f pHtcsuaf wGtay: tar&duefjyefaxmifp[ k m ðyjyifzmax;usio hf ;Hk cJh+yD;/ yxrv_dif;'Drkdua&pD[m 1828 ckESpfrSm tar&durSm p+yD; wmxGufcJhw,fvkd@ t=urf;zsif;ajymEkdifygw,f? jynfe,ftopfawG 0ifa&mufvmwJhaemufawmh orRw a¶G;aumufyGJawGrSm trsKd;om;tm;vkH; rJay;EkdifcGifhawGtxd wufvmygw,f? aemuf ykdif;q,fpkESpfrsm;rSmawmh tjcm;wkdif;jynfawGuvnf; wjznf;jznf; rJay;wJhpepfawG wkd;csJŒ/ v#KdŒ0Suf rJay;pepfukd rdwfquf/ ygvDrefrSm 0ef}uD;csKyfeJ@ 0ef}uD;tzGJ@&JŒwm0ef awG cGJa0 tyfESif;vmygw,f? qGpfZmvef/ t*Fvdyf 'kdrdeD,Hwkdif;jynfrsm;/ *&dwf+AdwdefeJ@ Oa&myEkid if iH ,fav;aygi;f rsm;pGm[m q,fu h ;dk &mpkrukecf if 'Dru dk a&pDuu dk ;l ajymif;cJ=h uyg w,f? yxrurBmppfrwkdifrDrSmwif tDwvDeJ@ tm*sifwD;em;wkd@[m 'Drkdua&pD tpkd;&ykHpHukd rdwfqufusifhokH;=uygw,f? ppf}uD;+yD;awmh tkdif,mvefeJ@ tkdufpvef;wkd@ [m vGwfvyfwJh'Drkdu&ufwpfawG jzpfvmcJhygw,f? 1930 jynfhavmufrSmawmh yxrv_dif;[m vkH;0&yfwHhoGm;cJhygw,f? b,fvkdyJjzpfjzpf ESpfwpf&mumvtwGif;rSm EkdifiHokH;q,fausmfrSm trsKd;om;'Drkdu&ufwpftifpwDusL;&Sif;ykHpHawGukd tenf;eJ@ trsm; xl axmifEkdifcJh=uw,fvkd@ qkd&ygr,f?

yxraemufjyefv_dif; 1920 jynfhvGefeJ@ 1930 jynfhvGefwkd@&JŒ EkdifiHa&;zGHòzd;r_[m 'Drkdua&pDvrf; a=umif;uae aoGzDoGm;+yD;/ tpOftvm tm%m&SifpepfykHpHawGeJ@ &ufpufwJh ygwD tm%m&SifpepfawGqD jyefausmhvmygw,f? yxrurBmppfrwkdifrDeJ@ +yD;umprSm 'Drkdu&ufwpfykHpH usifhokH;+yD;om; EkdifiHtrsm;tjym;rSm ESdyfuGyfwJhtm%m&SifpepfqD aemufjyefvnfr_awG&Sdvmygw,f? 1910 eJ@ 1930 t=um; 'Drkdu&ufwpf tifpwD usK;&Sif; pusifhokH;wJhEkdifiH q,fhckESpfEkdifiHteuf av;EkdifiHyJ qufxdef;xm;+yD;/ usefEkdifiH rsm;u aemufjyefvnfoGm;cJhygw,f? yxraemufjyefv_dif;[m 1922 ckESpf a&mrrSmjcpm;aewJh tDwvD 'Drkdua&pD ukd rlqv dk eD u D tvG,w f ulðzwfcs+yD; pwifcyhJ gw,f? aemufq,fpw k pfct k =umrSmawmh vpfola&;eD;,m;/ ykdvef/ vwfAD;,m;eJ@ tufpfwkd;eD;,m;wkd@u csdeJ@aewJh 'Drkdu&ufwpf 8

trSwf(1)? 'DZifbmv 2008 ckeSpf

tvif;&eH@ *sme,f

tifpwDusK;&Sif;rsm;ukd ppftm%modrf;ykduf+yD; ðzwfcsz,f&Sm;cJhygw,f? b,fwkef; urS 'Dru dk a&pDr=um;zl;wJh ,l*q dk vm;AD;,m;eJ@ bla*;&D;,m;wk@d vdk wkid ;f jynfawGrmS cufxef rmausmwJhtm%m&Sifpepf ykHpHtopfawG 0ifvmcJhygw,f? 1933 ckEpS f [pfwvm&JŒtm%matmifyu JG *smr%D'rD u dk a&pDudk tqk;H owf ypfygw,f? aemufESpfrSm =op}wD;,m;'Drkdua&pD tqkH;owfoGm;+yD;/ 1938 rSm csuf 'Drkdua&pDukd ajrjr‡Kyfvkduf+yD;/ 1926 ay:wl*Dtm%modrfr_u &Snfvsm;wJhtm%m&Sif pepfqD OD;wnfomG ;ygw,f? 1930 rSm b&mZD;eJ@ tm*siw f ;D em;rSm ppftm%modr;f cJ+h yD;/ 1933 rSm O¶ka*G;utm%m&SifpepfqD jyefoGm;ygw,f? 1936 pydefppftm%modrf;r_u jynfwGif;ppfukd OD;wnfcJh+yD;/ 1939 rSm pydeforRwpepfukd oò*dvfypfcJhygw,f? 1920jynfhvGefrsm;rSm 'Drdkua&pDrdwfqufEkdifcJhwJh *syef[m 1930 jynfhvGef tapmykdif; rSm ppftm%m&SifpepfeJ@ tpm;xkd;ypfcJhygw,f? tJ'hD tkycf sKyfa&;pepftajymif;tvJawGu uGejf rLepf/ zufqpfe@J ppfa&;tkid 'f D ,kdavmf*sDxºuGr_awGukd a&mifjyef[yfcJhygw,f? 'Drkdu&ufwpftifpwDusK;&Sif;awG quf&SdaewJh jyifopf/ +Adwdefwkd@rSmawmif 1930 jynfhvGef pD;yGm;a&;uyfuae 'Drkdua&pD qef@usiaf &;v_y&f mS ;xºuGra_ wG tm;aumif;cJyh gw,f? csKyf=unf&h if yxraemufjyefvid_ ;f umvrSm 'Drkdua&pDc&D;pOf[m ol@ukdzsufqD;r,fh vuf0JuJwJht,ltqawGukd r[ef@ wm;EkdifcJhygbl;?

'Drkdu&ufwkdufaZ;&Sif; 'kwd,v_dif; 'kwd, urBmppfpwifcsdefrSmyJ 'kwd,'Drkdu&ufwkdufaZ;&Sif;v_dif;wkd@ jzpfyGm;cJh ygw,f? r[mrdwfwkd@&JŒodrf;ykdufr_u taemuf*smr%D/ tDwvD/ =op}wD;,m;/ *syefeJ@ awmifukd&D,m;wkd@rSm 'Drkdu&ufwpftifpwDusK;&Sif; orkdif;opfawG pwifay;cJhygw,f? 'gayr,fh wbufrSm qkdAD,ufu csufukdpvkdAufuD;,m;eJ@ [efa*&Dwkd@&JŒ ueOD; 'Drkd ua&pDukd bl;oD;tar$;oyfypfvkdufygw,f? 1940 jynfhvGefaemufykdif;eJ@ 1950 jynfhvGeftapmykdif;rsm;rSm wl&uDeJ@ *&d [m 'Drkdua&pDqDajymif;vJcJh+yD;/ vufwiftar&durSm O¶ka*G;/ b&mZD;eJ@ aumhpwm &Dumwkd@ 'Drkdua&pDodk@ a¶GŒvsm;cJhygw,f? tjcm;vufwiftar&duav;EkdifiHjzpfwJh tm*sifwD;em;/ ukdvHbD,m/ yD¶l;eJ@ AifeDZGJvm;wkd@rSm 1945 eJ@ 1946 ckESpf a¶G;aumufyGJ awGu oifhavsmfpGma¶G;cs,fcJhwJhtpkd;&awG pwifcsxm;ay;cJhygw,f? okd@aomf olwkd@&JŒ 'Drkdua&pD usifhokH;r_[m odyfwmr&SnfbJ/ 1950 jynfhvGefrsm;rSm rwnfr+idrf yËdyuQ aygif;pkHeJ@ tm%m&SifpepfxJ jyefusoGm;ygw,f? 'Dvt dk csed rf mS taemufuv dk edk t D yk pf ;dk r_ tqk;H owfru _ ae Ekid if o H pfawGtrsm; }uD;xkwfay;ygw,f? trsm;pkrSm 'Drkdu&ufwpftifpwDusL;&Sif; toufoGif;r_awGukd tm;rxkwcf yhJ gb;l ? tcsKŒd 'Dru dk a&pDusjyefawmhvnf; rckid rf mygb;l ? Oyrm/ ygupPwefrmS 'Drkdu&ufwpftifpwDusL;&Sif;awG[m b,fawmhrSajcukyfr+rJcJhbJ/ 1958 rSm w&m;0if zsufodrf;ypfcJhygw,f? 9

tvif;&eH@ *sme,f

trSwf(1)? 'DZifbmv 2008 ckeSpf

1957 rSm rav;&Sm;[m vGwfvyfa&;&+yD; w0ufwysuf'Drkdua&pDeJ@ pcef; oGm;ygw,f? tif'kdeD;&Sm;[m 1950 uae 1957 txd ¶_yfaxG;wJh ygvDref'Drkdua&pD &SdcJhygw,f? tdENd,/ oD&dvuFm/ zdvpfykdif/ tpPa&;pwJh EkdifiHtopftenf;i,frSm 'Drkd u&ufwpftifpwDusL;&Sif; =um&Snfxdef;xm;Ekdif+yD;/ 1960 rSm tmz&du&JŒ t}uD;qkH; EkdifiH Ekduf*sD;&D;,m;rSm 'Drkdua&pD p+yD; toufoGif;EkdifcJhygw,f?

'kwd,aemufjyefv_dif; 1960 jynfhvGeftapmykdif;rSmyJ 'kwd,v_dif;[m ol@bmom tm;ukefoGm;yg w,f? tm%m&Sifpepfwkd@ jyefvnfacgif;axmifvmr_[m vufwiftar&durSm txl; jcm;qkH;jzpfygw,f? 1962 ckESpf yD¶l;rSm ppfwyfu a¶G;aumufyGJ&v'fawGukd =um;0if ajymif;ypf+yD; tm%m&SifpepfqD jyefoGm;cJhw,f? 1964 ckESpf b&mZD;eJ@ bkdvD;AD;,m;rSm t&yfom;tpkd;&awGukd ppftm%modrf;+yD;ðzwfcscJhw,f? tvm;wlykHpH 1966 rSm tm*sifwD;em;eJ@ 1972 ckESpfrSm tDauGa'gwkd@rSm jzpfcJhygw,f? 1973 rSm O¶ka*G;eJ@ csDvD wkd@rSm ppfwyfpkd;rkd;r_awG pwifcJhw,f? tJ'Dh ykHpHawGukd “AsL¶kdu&ufwpf tm%m&Sif pepf” vkd@ EkdifiHa&;ykHpHopftjzpfawmif oDtkd&DxkwfcJh=uygao;w,f? tm&S&Sd ygupPwef[m 1958 ckESpfrSm ppfwyfu rm&S,favma=unm cJyh gw,f? 1950 aemufyidk ;f rSm qkid rf ef&;D u uk&d ;D ,m&JŒ'Dru dk a&pDvyk x f ;Hk awGudk csed @J apcJh +yD;/ 1960 rSm ol@ukdqufcHwJh 'Drkdu&ufwpftpkd;&ukd 1961 rSm ppfwyfu tm%modrf; ypfygw,f? tm%m&Siw f 0ufwysut f pk;d &[m 1963 a¶G;aumufyeJG @J w&m;0ifr, _ cl +hJ yD;/ 1973 rSm wif;jynfhtm%m&SifpepfqD tjrifhqkH;ajymif;ypfygw,f? 1957 rSm qlumEkdu tif'kdeD;&Sm;&JŒ ygvDref'Drkdua&pDukd vrf;jy'Drkdua&pD (guided democracy) qkdwmeJ@ tpm;xkd;ygw,f? 1965 rSm ppfwyfu vrf;jy 'Drkdua&pD ukd tqkH;owf+yD; wwkdif;jynfvkH; tm%modrf;cJhygw,f? 1972 rSm orRw zm'Deefrm;ukdpfu zdvpfykdifrSm rm&S,favmtpkd;&zGJ@pnf;cJh+yD;/ 1975 rSm tif'D&m*ENDu 'Drkdu&ufwpfusifhokH;r_awG&yfqkdif;&if; tdENd,rSm ta&;ay:tajctaetkyfpkd;r_ a=unmcJhygw,f? xkdif0rf &JŒ KMT ppftpkd;&u twkduftcHawGukd onf;rcHbJ ESdyfuGyfcJhwma=umif 1960 jynfhvGefrsm;[m xkdif0rf&JŒ tarSmifacwfygyJ? ajrxJyifv,fa'orSm *&d'Drkdua&pD[m 1965 eJ@ 1967 ckESpf ppftm%m odrf;r_eJ@twl ðywfoGm;cJhygw,f? wl&uDppfwyf[m 1960 rSm t&yfom;tpkd;&ukd ðzwfcs+yD;/ t}udrf}udrftm%modrf;yGJawGeJ@twl 1980 rSmawmh wif;jynfhtm%m&Sif pepfukd taumiftxnfazmfcJhygw,f? 1960 jynfhvGefrsm;rSm +Adwdo#ukdvkdeDvuf atmufrS EkdifiHaygif;rsm;pGm vGwfajrmufvm+yD; 'Drkdua&pDpepfusifhokH;ygw,f? tJ'Dh EkdifiHawGxJrSm *sarum/ x&DeD'uf/ wkdb¶kd/ armfvfwm/ bmab'kd;/ armfa&;&Swkd@ yg0if ygw,f? wcsdefxJrSmyJ tmz&duEkdifiHtrsm;tjym;vnf; vGwfvyfa&;&&SdcJh=uygw,f? 'gayr,fh tm%m&Sifpepfaygif;pkHqD oufqif;oGm;=uygw,f? 10

trSwf(1)? 'DZifbmv 2008 ckeSpf

tvif;&eH@ *sme,f

Ekduf*sD;&D;,m;[m 'Drkdua&pDeJ@ pwifayr,fh/ 1966 rSm tm%m&SifpepfqD jyefvnfoGm;w,f? 'Drkdua&pDtavhtusifhukd a&&Snfqufxdef;xm;EkdifwJh wckwnf; aom tmz&duwkdif;jynfuawmh abmhZf0gemyJ jzpfygw,f? 1956 eJ@ 1970 t=um; tmz&duokH;q,fhokH;EkdifiH vGwfvyfa&;&&SdcJh+yD; tm%m&SifpepfqDa&muf&SdoGm;=uyg w,f? tmz&du[m ukdvkdeDpepf&kyfodrf;vkduf+yD;aemuf vGwfvyfwJh taoG;ta&mifpkH tm%m&Siftpkd;&rsKd;pkHqD OD;wnfcJhygw,f? 1960 jynfhvGefeJ@ 1970 jynfhvGeftapmykdif;&JŒ urBm'Drkdua&pD aoGzDbuf jyefr_[m tawmfxl;jcm;ygw,f? 1962 rSm tpkd;&q,fhokH;ck[m tm%modrf;r_uae ay:xGufvmw,f? 1975 ckESpfrSm okH;q,fh&Spfcku tm%modrf;tpkd;&rsm;jzpfw,f? tJ'Dh aemufjyefr_u ‘AsL¶kdu&ufwpftm%m&Sifpepf’ ukd v_H@aqmfay;ygw,f? aemuf zGHŒòzd;qJEkdifiHrsm;&JŒ 'Drkdua&pDusifhokH;r_tay: tqkd;jrifap+yD;/ ESpfaygif;rsm;pGm 'Drkdua&pD wnf&Sd+yD;om; zGHòzd;+yD;EkdifiHrsm;ukd pkd;&drfylyefr_jzpfapcJhygw,f?

'Drkdu&ufwkdufaZ;&Sif; wwd,v_dif; rxifrSwfwJh orkdif;jzpf&yfawGu vlr_ody`HoDtkd&DawGukd *|rf;jyefoGm;apwwf ygw,f? 1974 ay:wl*D tm%m&Sifpepf pwiftqkH;owf+yD;/ aemufq,fhig;ESpfrSmawmh Oa&my/ tm&SeJ@ vufwiftar&duu tm%m&SifEkdifiHokH;q,feD;yg;rSm 'Drkdu&ufwpf tpk;d &awG tpm;0ifvmcJyh gw,f? tjcm;Ekid if aH wGrmS vnf; 'Dru dk a&pDvy_ &f mS ;r_awG tm; aumif;vm+yD; w&m;0ifr_ &&Sdvmygw,f? 1988 jrefrmeJ@ 1989 w¶kwfwkd@rSmvkd jyef vnfckcH zdESdyfr_awG&SdcJhaomfvnf;/ 'Drkdua&pDv_yf&Sm;r_a&pD;[m xkeJ@xnfeJ@ urBmh v_dif; }uD;tjzpf a'owpfckrS wpfck atmifjrifr_awG &cJhygw,f? 'Dru dk &ufwpf wwd,v_id ;f [m yxrqk;H awmifOa&myrSm jzpfcw hJ ,f? 1974 ay:wl*D tajymif;tvJjzpf+yD; okH;vt=umrSm/ *&dppftpkd;&ðywfus+yD; t&yfom; tpkd;& wufcJhygw,f? 1975 Ekd0ifbm 20 &ufrSm AkdvfcsKyf}uD;z&efukdaoqkH;r_u ol@&JŒ okH;q,fhajcmufESpfwm tm%m&Sifpepf pydefrSm pkd;rkd;r_ukd tqkH;owfapcJhygw,f? ygvrD efpepf ckid +f rJapcJ+h yD;/ Ekid if aH &;ðyjyifajymif;vJrO_ ya'eJ@twl a¶G;aumufyrJG sm; usi;f y EkdifcJhygw,f? 1970jynfv h eG af emufyidk ;f rSmawmh 'Dru dk &ufwpfvid_ ;f [m vufwiftar&du qD a¶GŒoGm;ygw,f? 1972 ckEpS rf mS tDauGa'gppfa&;acgi;f aqmifrsm;u Ekid if aH &;rSm rywf oufcsiaf wmha=umif; a=unm+yD;/ 1978 rSm tajccHOya'opfa&;qG/J 1979 a¶G;aumufyJG awGuae t&yfbuftpkd;& ay:xGufvmygw,f? yD¶l;rSm ppfa&;¶kyfodrf;r_/ 1978 a¶G; aumufyGJ/ 1979 tajccHOya'opfeJ@ 1980 t&yfom;orRwopfwkd@ jzpfay:vmyg w,f? bkdvDAD;,m;&JŒ 1978 tm%modrf;r_u jy\emawG&Sdvm+yD; 1982 usrS a¶G; aumufyGJeJ@ orRwopfwufvmEkdifygw,f? 1982 ckESpf *&dwf+Adwdefukd ppfyGJ¶_H;edrfhr_u tm*sifwD;em; ppftpkd;&ukd csdeJ@ oGm;ap+yD;/ 1983 rSm usif;ywJh a¶G;aumufyGJu t&yfom;orRweJ@ tpkd;&jzpfvmap 11

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trSwf(1)? 'DZifbmv 2008 ckeSpf

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a&SŒESpv f rf;wuf/ aemufwvSr;f qkwf òcH=unfh&if 'Drkdua&pDv_yf&Sm;r_[m urBmvkH;twkdif;twmeJ@ jzpfcJhwmyg? q,fhig;ESpftwGif;rSm 'Drkdu&ufwpfv_dif;[m awmifOa&myukd pjzwf/ vufwiftar &duuko d rd ;f / tm&Suadk ¶$Œvm+yD; aemufq;Hk qkAd , D uftyk pf t k m%m&Sipf epfawG ðywfðywf ðyef;apcJhygw,f? 1974 wkef;u awmiftar&du q,fEkdifiHrSm &SpfEkdifiHu 'Drkdua&pDr[kwfwJh tpkd;&awGyg? 'gayr,fh 1990 a&mufawmh ukd;EkdifiH[m 'Drkdua&pDenf;us a¶G;cs,fwJh tpkd;&awG jzpfvmygw,f? 'Drkdu&ufwkdufaZ;&Sif;v_dif;eJ@ aemufjyefv_dif;wkd@[m a&SŒESpf vSr;f wuf/ aemufwpfvrS ;f qkwf ykpH rH sK;d eJ@ c&D;qufy&Hk ygw,f? atmufazmfjyygZ,m;u acwfopf'Drkdua&pDEkdifiHrsm;tajctaeukd azmfjyaeygw,f? ckESpf

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Ekid if aH wG[m yko H ¿mefe@J t¶G,t f pm;trsK;d rsK;d jzpf=u+yD;/ 'kw, d urBmppfveG f q,fpkESpfrsm;rSmawmh vGwfvyfa&;&&SdwJh EkdifiHta&twGufu ESpfqjzpfvmygw,f? ok@d aomf urBm'h rD u dk &ufwpfwidk ;f jynfrsm;&JŒ tcsK;d uk=d unf&h if aemufjyefvid_ ;f ESpcf u k mv rSm 'Drkdu&ufwpfwkdif;jynfawG[m 19³7 &mckdifE_ef;eJ@ 24³6 &mckdifE_ef;wkd@om &Sdygw,f? v_dif;ESpfckwufcsdefrSmawmh 45³3 &mckdifE_ef;eJ@ 32³4 &mckdifE_ef;wkd@u 'Drkdu&ufwpfawG jzpfygw,f? 1990 ckESpfrSmawmh urBmhvGwfvyfwJhwkdif;jynf 45³4 &mckdifE_ef;rSm 'Drkdu&ufwpfpepfawG&Sdvm+yD;/ 1922 ckESpf tajctaeeJ@ &mckdifE_ef;oGm;wlaeygw,f? xyfajym&&if/ 1973 eJ@ 1990 t=um;rSm yxrqkH;t}udrf tm%m&SifEkdifiH ta&twGuf vkH;0avsmhusoGm;cJhygw,f? 'gayr,fh 1922 eJ@ 1990 t=um; ajcmuf q,fh&SpfESpftwGif; urBmh'Drkdua&pDEkdifiHrsm;tcsKd;[m jrifhwufrvmao;ygbl;?

'Drkdu&ufwkdufaZ;&Sif; jy\emrsm; vlro _ yd yH` nm&Siaf wGu bma=umifb h mawGjzpf&w,fqw dk hJ tcsuaf wG &SmazG zkd@ oDtkd&DawGeJ@ tEkpdyfjzm&if; orkdif;ukd zrf;qkyfzkd@ óud;pm;ygw,f? 1960 eJ@ 1970 jynfv h eG rf sm;rSm 'Dru dk a&pD bma=umifah emufjyefomG ;wmvJqw dk m &Si;f vif;zk@d óud;pm;wJh tcg qif;&JwJhwkdif;jynfawGeJ@ 'Drkdua&pD t[yfrnDr_/ vuf0Jvuf,may:tajccHwJh AsK¶kdua&pDtm%m&SifpepfxGef;um;r_wkd@ukd axmufjyygw,f? 13

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trSwf(1)? 'DZifbmv 2008 ckeSpf

ynm&Siaf wGu wkid ;f jynfawG tkeH @J usi;f eJ@ tpktòyHvu dk f 'Dru dk a&pDu;l ajymif; vmwJhtcgrSm 'Drkdua&pDwnf&SdEkdifwJh wkdif;jynf&JŒ ueOD;óudwiftajctaeawG/ 'Drkd ua&pD tpk;d &opfwpfck &ifqidk &f r,fjh y\emtcuftcJawGudk azmfjy=uygw,f? tcsKŒd ynm&Sifrsm;uvnf; 'Drkdua&pDjzpfjzpf/ 'Drkdua&pDr[kwfwJhtpkd;&jzpfjzpf wkdif;jynf pD;yGm;a&;zGHðzd;r_ukd azmfaqmifay;r,fh jynfol@a&;&mrl0g' (public policy) uom ta&;}uD;w,fvkd@ ajymwmawGvnf; &Sdygw,f? wkdif;jynfwjynf[m 'Drkdua&pD (okd@) tm%m&SifpepfeJ@ oGm;rvm;qkdwJh jy\emxuf/ tpDtpOfpepf&Sdr_ order (okd@) rif;rJhp¶kduf b,f[ma¶G;rvJqkdwJh jy\emu ykdta&;}uD;w,fvkd@ axmufjywmawGvnf;&Sdygw,f? 'gawGeJ@ywfouf&if pOf;pm;p&mawG&Sdvmygw,f? yxr/ 'Dru dk a&pD[m wpfO;D csi;f tcGit hf a&;eJ@ eD;eD;uyfuyfqufpyf+yD;/ tjyef tvSefwnfrSDaew,f? 'Drkdua&pDtm;aumif;&if wpfOD;csif;tcGifhta&; vGwfvyfcGifh tm;aumif;vm+yD;/ vGwfvyfcGifhtm;aumif;&if 'Drkdua&pDjrifhwufvmygw,f? vGwf vyfciG [ hf m 'Dru dk a&pD&ŒJ aumif;jrwfrw _ efz;dk yJ jzpfygw,f? ok@d aomf 'Dru dk a&pDrmS wpfO;D csif; tcGifhta&;eJ@ vGwfvyfcGifhtvGeftu|H/ tvGJokH;r_awG ygvmEkdifygw,f? 'kwd,/ EkdifiHa&;wnf+idrfr_eJ@ tpkd;&ykHpH[m jcm;em;wJhudef;&SifESpfck jzpfw,f? okd@aomf tjyeftvSefwnfrSDaew,f? 'Drkdua&pDpepfawG[m r=umc% 0¶kef;okef; um;eJ@ xdef;rEkdifodrf;r& (unruly) jzpfwwfayr,fh/ EkdifiHa&;t=urf;zufr_ enf;yg; w,f? 'Drkdu&ufwpftpkd;&awG[m olwkd@EkdifiHom;awGtay: t=urf;zuf&ufpufr_rSm tm%m&SifawGxuf trsm;}uD;avsmhyg;=uw,f? 'Drkdua&pDpepftwGif;rSmukdu twkduftcHeJ@ tjrifrwlolrsm;twGuf xkwfazmfajymqkdEkdifwJh vrf;a=umif; (channels) awG yg&Sd+yD;om;? tpkd;&a&m twkduf tcHyg ESpfbufpvkH; wpfOD;ukdwpfOD; t=urf;zufEkdifr,fhtcGifhtvrf;awG avsmhusoGm; w,f? 'Drkdua&pDu EkdifiHa&;acgif;aqmifawGeJ@ jynfol@ay:vpDawGajymif;vJzkd@ ykHrSef tcGifhta&;awGay;w,f? 'Drkdua&pDpepfrSmu ykHrSeftvkdufoifhwkd;yGm;aewmrsKd;yJ&Sd+yD;/ ae@csif;ncsif; xl;xl;jcm;jcm; 0kef;'kdif;ajymif;vJwmrsKd; &Sm;ygw,f? tm%m&SifpepfrSm awmh awmfvSefa&;awG aygufuGJr_awGeJ@ tcsKd;tauG@rsKd;awG t+rJ&Sdygw,f? wwd,/ 'Drkdua&pDjyef@ESH@r_[m EkdifiHwumqufqHa&;tay: *,uf¶kdufap w,f? orkdif;ukd=unfh&if 'Drkdua&pDwkdif;jynfawG[m tm%m&Sifwkdif;jynfawGeJ@ r=um c% ppfjzpf=uw,f? tm%m&Sifwkdif;jynfawGuawmh 'Drkdua&pDwkdif;jynfawGukd wkduf ckduf=uovkd/ tm%m&Siftcsif;csif;vnf; wdkuf=ucdkuf=uygw,f? q,fhukd;&mpkuae ,cktcsdeftxd 'Drkdua&pDtcsif;csif; ppfrcif;ygbl;? 'gqkd urBmh'Drkdua&pDjyefŒESH@r_[m urBmh+idrf;csrf;a&;jyefŒESH@r_ukd qkdvkdygw,f? 'Drkdu&ufwpf urBm[m Ekid if w H umt=urf;zufrv _ w G af jrmufwhJ urBmwpfcjk zpfz, G &f ydS gw,f? +idr;f csr;f a&;orm;qkdol[mvnf; 'Drkdu&ufomjzpfoifh+yD;/ uGefjrLepfwpfykdif;eJ@vkyfaeI r&yg? 14

trSwf(1)? 'DZifbmv 2008 ckeSpf

tvif;&eH@ *sme,f

wenf;tm;jzifh xm0&uGJaewJhurBm (divided world) [m t=urf;zuf urBmyJjzpfvmEkdifygw,f? “tdrfwpftdrf[muGJae&if r&yfwnfEkdifbl;? u|efpepfwykdif;/ vGwfvyfr_wykdif;jzpfae&if EkdifiHa&&Snfr&yfEkdifbl;”vkd@ tDb&m[ifvifuGef;u ajymzl; w,f? tck 21 &mpk urBmrSm zGHðzd;r_eJ@ owif;qufoG,fa&;enf;ynmawGu EkdifiHawG t=um; tjyeftvSef eD;eD;pyfpyf rScD t dk m;xm;r_awG&dS vmapygw,f? 'gjzifh urBm}uD;[m 'Dru dk a&pDw0uf tm%m&Siw f 0ufuaJG e&if b,f avmuf=um=um quf&iS o f efygrh vJ? pwkwW/ urBmh'Drkdua&pD&JŒtem*wfrSm tar&duefawGu txl;ta&;yg w,f? tar&du[m acwfopfurBm&JŒ 'Drkdu&ufwpfOD;aqmifwkdif;jynf jzpfygw,f? EkdifiHwpfcktaeeJ@ tar&du&JŒtrSwftom;vuQ%m (identity) [m vpfb&,f'Drkd u&ufwpf wefzkd;awGuae cGJjcm;xm;vkd@r&ygbl;? +yD;cJhwJh ppfat;umvae0ifcsdefeJ@ tar&duefwefz;dk wufcsed w f @dk rmS wwd,v_id ;f jrifw h ufcw hJ m tjrifygy?J ok@d aomf tar&d uef&JŒ b0ifjrifhvGef;r_eJ@ wefzkd;usr_[m tjcm;EkdifiHrsm;u 'Drkdua&pDtiftm;pkrsm; twGuf ab;usyfeHusyfjzpfapygw,f?

armoGm;wJhwwd,v_dif; okd@aomf wwd,v_dif;[m tm;ukefoGm;+yDvm;? &S&Sm;&JŒ 'Drkdu&ufwpfjzpf rvmbJ wif;rmwJh ylwifvufatmufjyefusoGm;r_/ AifeDZGJvm;u [l*kdcsm;Awfvkd vuf0JoefolawG jyefxGufay:vmr_/ tar&dueJ@ taemufyHkpHacwfrSDa&;ukd rkef;wD;wJh tpGef;a&muftpPvmrft=urf;zufawG&JŒ tm;}uD;vmr_/ tar&du&JŒ 'Drkdu&ufwpf tifyg,m csJŒxGifcsifvGef;wJh wyfOD;u|Hr_/ ppfyrf;+yD; pD;yGm;a&;wkef@qkdif;r_/ urBmha&eHaps; }uD;jrifrh _ pwmawGa=umifh wwd,v_id ;f [m arm+yD; bufjyefomG ;+yDvm;vk@d ar;p&mawG &Sdvmygw,f? pwef;zkd@wuUokdvf EkdifiHa&;ody`HygarmuQ vm&D'kdif;rGef;u tar&du[m wefzkd;=oZmusqif;r_eJ@ pD;yGm;a&;wkef@qkdif;r_ (recession) ukd tck óuHawG@ae&w,f? pD;yGm;a&;wkef@qkdif;r_ &Dquf&Sif;u 'Drkdua&pD &Dquf&Sif; (democracy recession) ukdyg jzpfapw,f? 'gjzifh tar&du&JŒ pyGefqm tajymif;tvJvkyfay;rSmukd ar#mfvifhae wJh/ tm%m&SifwGif;rJ}uD; (black hole) xJ usa&mufaewJh EkdifiHi,fav;rsm;twGuf 'Drkd ua&pDtem*wf[m b,fvkd&SdEkdifrvJ? tar&duvufukefoGm;csdefrSm wGif;rJxJu b,fvkdazmufxGuf=urvJqkdwmu pdwf0ifpm;p&mawG jzpfvmEkdifygw,f? &nf!$ef; - The Third Wave : by Samuel P. Huntington - Democratic Rollback : by Larry Diamond

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