Theme Four Part One
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THEME FOUR THREATS AND RESPONSES PART ONE THE REIGN OF SULTAN OMAR ALI SAIFUDDIEN II 1828 – 1852 Years
Important events in SOAS II’s life
1804
Father died (Sultan Muhammad Jamalul Alam I, the 20th Sultan) Grandfather ascended the throne because SOAS II was still a minor (Sultan Muhammad Tajuddin, the 19th Sultan)
1807
Grandfather died. Grandfather’s brother ascended the throne. (Sultan Muhammad Kanzul Alam, the 21st Sultan)
1826
Grandfather’s brother’s son ascended the throne. (Sultan Muhammad Alam, the 22nd Sultan)
1828
SOAS II finally ascended the throne, becoming the 23rd Sultan of Brunei.
1834
Disturbances in Sarawak.
1846
Brunei Town attacked and captured.
1852
Death. Succeeded by his son-in-law, Sultan Abdul Momin.
At the beginning of the 19th century, Britain had little involvement in Borneo. This is because they were more interested in using Penang as their main trading base. The reign of Sultan Omar Ali Saifuddin II saw increased European interest in Brunei. This resulted in the loss of Sultan’s power and Brunei’s territories to the Dutch and British.
1
THE PROVINCE OF SARAWAK
Since 14th centur y
What was Sarawak to Brunei?
Sarawak was a province of Brunei. It was a part of Brunei with its own local government.
How was Sarawak administered ?
It was administered by local Malay Chiefs. The local Malay Chiefs were controlled by a Brunei Cheteria (Royal Minister).
Who was the Governor of Sarawak?
How did he contribute as the Governor of Sarawak?
1. He developed trade and increased the revenue of Sarawak. 2. He exported antimony to Singapore.
1824
Who came to visit Sarawak in 1834?
The Governor of Sarawak was Pengiran Indera Mahkota Pengiran Muhammad Salleh. 1. He was appointed by Sultan Muhammad Kanzul Alam. 2. He settled in Lidah Tanah (now known as Kuching).
It was said that he forced people to work in his mines so he became unpopular as people hated and rebelled against him. 1. Pengiran Muda Hashim, the son of Sultan Muhammad Kanzul Alam and the brother of Sultan Muhammad Alam came to visit Sarawak. 2. His younger brother, Pengiran Anak Badaruddin also came to visit.
1834 What happened during that visit?
What happened after that visit?
Pengiran Muda Hashim and Pengiran Anak Badaruddin were not regally welcomed by the Governor of Sarawak. 1. Pengiran Muda Hashim felt that the Governor of Sarawak was supposed to personally greet him on his ship. 2. On the other hand, the Governor of Sarawak felt that it was enough to wait in the Balai Penghadapan. The incident caused friction between the two nobles. They were not able to work together. The situation was taken advantage by James Brooke to get political power in Brunei. 2
JAMES BROOKE AS GOVERNOR OF SARAWAK AUGUST 1842
YEARS
AUG 1839
IMPORTANT EVENTS Why did he come to Sarawak?
Arrived in Kuching. Interested in Sarawak because of antimony.
Who welcomed him when he came to Sarawak?
Pengiran Muda Hashim The Governor of Sarawak, Pengiran Indera Mahkota.
What did he do when he arrived in Sarawak?
Took advantage of friction of the two nobles and also the local disturbances.
How did he become the Governor of Sarawak?
1841
1842
1846
Who made James Brooke the Governor of Sarawak?
Who OFFICIALLY made James Brooke the Governor of Sarawak?
Who gave support for Pengiran
Pengiran Muda Hashim promised to make James Brooke the Governor of Sarawak IF James Brooke could defeat the local disturbances. When James Brooke defeated the local disturbances, he forced Pengiran Muda Hashim to fulfill his promise.
Pengiran Muda Hashim.
Sultan Omar Ali Saifuddin II. Also forced Pengiran Indera Mahkota to step down.
James Brooke (Governor of Sarawak) Offered support to Pengiran Muda Hashim 3
YEARS Muda Hashim to claim the throne of Brunei?
IMPORTANT EVENTS to claim the throne of Brunei.
2.Pengiran Anak Badaruddin (brother of Pengiran Muda Hashim) Forced Pengiran Muda Hashim to claim the throne. Forced Pengiran Muda Hashim to borrow some Royal Regalia. Declared Pengiran Muda Hashim as the Sultan. Angered SOAS II and sons. Was attacked at home: Whole family was killed. Pengiran Muda Hashim escaped and fled to Sungai Brunei. He tried to apologized but was rejected. He was eventually killed.
The deaths greatly angered James Brooke.
4
JAMES BROOKE AS RAJAH OF SARAWAK 1846
1 .
8th JULY 1846
Why did James Brooke attack Brunei Town?
ATTACK ON BRUNEI TOWN
He was angered by the death of Pengiran Muda Hashim.
He obtained: How did he attack Brunei Town?
1. Two British warships from Singapore. 2. Permission from the British GovernorGeneral of India. He attacked and occupied Brunei Town.
Why was this treaty signed?
To end the British occupation of Brunei Town.
James Brooke: 2 .
AUG 1846 TREATY
What were the terms of this treaty?
1. Became Rajah of Sarawak.
What was the result of this treaty?
James Brooke now longer the Sultan’s representative as the Governor of Sarawak
2. Could appoint his own successor. 3. Pay $4, 000 per year to the Sultan.
BUT a Raja (King) with absolute power.
5
What did James Brooke demand?
3 .
Forced SOAS II to cede Labuan. Labuan was strategically located to protect British trading interests, especially the Chinese trade route.
THE CESSION OF LABUAN DECEMBE R 1846
What was the reaction of SOAS II?
What did James Brooke do when SOAS II refused?
What was the response of SOAS II?
What were the terms of the treaty?
He refused. He employed delaying tactics.
Threatened with the help of Captain Rodney Mundy. They lined up British warships near Sultan’s palace with cannons if the Sultan refused to sign the treaty.
SOAS II had to agree with the December 1846 Labuan Treaty.
Labuan was ceded to the British. 2. James Brooke was appointed the first Governor of Labuan in 1848.
6
TREATIES OF FRIENDSHIP AND COMMERCE
1847
1850
ANGLO-BRUNEI TREATY OF FRIENDSHIP AND COMMERCE
USA-BRUNEI TREATY OF FRIENDSHIP AND COMMERCE
AIMS: AIMS:
1. TO ESTABLISH INFLUENCE IN BRUNEI THE BRITISH WERE AFRAID THAT BRUNEI MIGHT SEEK HELP FROM OTHER COUNTRIES
TERMS: 1. THE BRITISH COULD: a) LIVE AND TRADE IN BRUNEI b) HAVE EXTRA-TERRITORIAL RIGHTS
2. NO TAXES FOR IMPORTS AND EXPORTS BY THE BRITISH IN BRUNEI AND ITS TERRITORIES.
3. FREE PASSAGE FOR BRITISH WARSHIPS.
4. SULTAN SHOULD NOT CEDE TERRITORIES WITHOUT THE CONSENT OF BRITISH
7
1. TO TRADE ONLY NOT TO CONTROL BRUNEI.
Important events in SOAS II’s life
1804
Father died (Sultan Muhammad Jamalul Alam I, the 20th Sultan) Grandfather ascended the throne because SOAS II was still a minor (Sultan Muhammad Tajuddin, the 19th Sultan)
1807
Grandfather died. Grandfather’s brother ascended the throne. (Sultan Muhammad Kanzul Alam, the 21st Sultan)
1826
Grandfather’s brother’s son ascended the throne. (Sultan Muhammad Alam, the 22nd Sultan)
1828
SOAS II finally ascended the throne, becoming the 23rd Sultan of Brunei.
1834
Disturbances in Sarawak.
1846
Brunei Town attacked and captured.
1852
Death. Succeeded by his son-in-law, Sultan Abdul Momin.
At the beginning of the 19th century, Britain had little involvement in Borneo. This is because they were more interested in using Penang as their main trading base. The reign of Sultan Omar Ali Saifuddin II saw increased European interest in Brunei. This resulted in the loss of Sultan’s power and Brunei’s territories to the Dutch and British.
1
THE PROVINCE OF SARAWAK
Since 14th centur y
What was Sarawak to Brunei?
Sarawak was a province of Brunei. It was a part of Brunei with its own local government.
How was Sarawak administered ?
It was administered by local Malay Chiefs. The local Malay Chiefs were controlled by a Brunei Cheteria (Royal Minister).
Who was the Governor of Sarawak?
How did he contribute as the Governor of Sarawak?
1. He developed trade and increased the revenue of Sarawak. 2. He exported antimony to Singapore.
1824
Who came to visit Sarawak in 1834?
The Governor of Sarawak was Pengiran Indera Mahkota Pengiran Muhammad Salleh. 1. He was appointed by Sultan Muhammad Kanzul Alam. 2. He settled in Lidah Tanah (now known as Kuching).
It was said that he forced people to work in his mines so he became unpopular as people hated and rebelled against him. 1. Pengiran Muda Hashim, the son of Sultan Muhammad Kanzul Alam and the brother of Sultan Muhammad Alam came to visit Sarawak. 2. His younger brother, Pengiran Anak Badaruddin also came to visit.
1834 What happened during that visit?
What happened after that visit?
Pengiran Muda Hashim and Pengiran Anak Badaruddin were not regally welcomed by the Governor of Sarawak. 1. Pengiran Muda Hashim felt that the Governor of Sarawak was supposed to personally greet him on his ship. 2. On the other hand, the Governor of Sarawak felt that it was enough to wait in the Balai Penghadapan. The incident caused friction between the two nobles. They were not able to work together. The situation was taken advantage by James Brooke to get political power in Brunei. 2
JAMES BROOKE AS GOVERNOR OF SARAWAK AUGUST 1842
YEARS
AUG 1839
IMPORTANT EVENTS Why did he come to Sarawak?
Arrived in Kuching. Interested in Sarawak because of antimony.
Who welcomed him when he came to Sarawak?
Pengiran Muda Hashim The Governor of Sarawak, Pengiran Indera Mahkota.
What did he do when he arrived in Sarawak?
Took advantage of friction of the two nobles and also the local disturbances.
How did he become the Governor of Sarawak?
1841
1842
1846
Who made James Brooke the Governor of Sarawak?
Who OFFICIALLY made James Brooke the Governor of Sarawak?
Who gave support for Pengiran
Pengiran Muda Hashim promised to make James Brooke the Governor of Sarawak IF James Brooke could defeat the local disturbances. When James Brooke defeated the local disturbances, he forced Pengiran Muda Hashim to fulfill his promise.
Pengiran Muda Hashim.
Sultan Omar Ali Saifuddin II. Also forced Pengiran Indera Mahkota to step down.
James Brooke (Governor of Sarawak) Offered support to Pengiran Muda Hashim 3
YEARS Muda Hashim to claim the throne of Brunei?
IMPORTANT EVENTS to claim the throne of Brunei.
2.Pengiran Anak Badaruddin (brother of Pengiran Muda Hashim) Forced Pengiran Muda Hashim to claim the throne. Forced Pengiran Muda Hashim to borrow some Royal Regalia. Declared Pengiran Muda Hashim as the Sultan. Angered SOAS II and sons. Was attacked at home: Whole family was killed. Pengiran Muda Hashim escaped and fled to Sungai Brunei. He tried to apologized but was rejected. He was eventually killed.
The deaths greatly angered James Brooke.
4
JAMES BROOKE AS RAJAH OF SARAWAK 1846
1 .
8th JULY 1846
Why did James Brooke attack Brunei Town?
ATTACK ON BRUNEI TOWN
He was angered by the death of Pengiran Muda Hashim.
He obtained: How did he attack Brunei Town?
1. Two British warships from Singapore. 2. Permission from the British GovernorGeneral of India. He attacked and occupied Brunei Town.
Why was this treaty signed?
To end the British occupation of Brunei Town.
James Brooke: 2 .
AUG 1846 TREATY
What were the terms of this treaty?
1. Became Rajah of Sarawak.
What was the result of this treaty?
James Brooke now longer the Sultan’s representative as the Governor of Sarawak
2. Could appoint his own successor. 3. Pay $4, 000 per year to the Sultan.
BUT a Raja (King) with absolute power.
5
What did James Brooke demand?
3 .
Forced SOAS II to cede Labuan. Labuan was strategically located to protect British trading interests, especially the Chinese trade route.
THE CESSION OF LABUAN DECEMBE R 1846
What was the reaction of SOAS II?
What did James Brooke do when SOAS II refused?
What was the response of SOAS II?
What were the terms of the treaty?
He refused. He employed delaying tactics.
Threatened with the help of Captain Rodney Mundy. They lined up British warships near Sultan’s palace with cannons if the Sultan refused to sign the treaty.
SOAS II had to agree with the December 1846 Labuan Treaty.
Labuan was ceded to the British. 2. James Brooke was appointed the first Governor of Labuan in 1848.
6
TREATIES OF FRIENDSHIP AND COMMERCE
1847
1850
ANGLO-BRUNEI TREATY OF FRIENDSHIP AND COMMERCE
USA-BRUNEI TREATY OF FRIENDSHIP AND COMMERCE
AIMS: AIMS:
1. TO ESTABLISH INFLUENCE IN BRUNEI THE BRITISH WERE AFRAID THAT BRUNEI MIGHT SEEK HELP FROM OTHER COUNTRIES
TERMS: 1. THE BRITISH COULD: a) LIVE AND TRADE IN BRUNEI b) HAVE EXTRA-TERRITORIAL RIGHTS
2. NO TAXES FOR IMPORTS AND EXPORTS BY THE BRITISH IN BRUNEI AND ITS TERRITORIES.
3. FREE PASSAGE FOR BRITISH WARSHIPS.
4. SULTAN SHOULD NOT CEDE TERRITORIES WITHOUT THE CONSENT OF BRITISH
7
1. TO TRADE ONLY NOT TO CONTROL BRUNEI.
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