Theme Four Part Three
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THEME FOUR THREATS AND RESPONSES PART THREE THE REIGN OF SULTAN HASHIM 1885 - 1906
WHAT WAS HE KNOWN AS BEFORE HE BECAME THE SULTAN?
Pengiran Temenggong Anak Hashim. He was one of the four Wazirs in Brunei.
WHO WAS HIS FATHER?
The 23rd Sultan of Brunei, Sultan Omar Ali Saifuddin II.
WHAT WAS HE KNOWN AS WHEN HE BECAME THE SULTAN?
Sultan Hashim Jalilul Alam Aqamaddin. He was the 25th Sultan of Brunei.
WHAT WAS THE SITUATION IN BRUNEI WHEN HE BECAME THE SULTAN?
He inherited a much smaller kingdom than when his father was the Sultan of Brunei. Brunei was only the size of modern Brunei plus Limbang and the Pandaruan districts. The Brookes and BNBC kept wanting for more Brunei’s lands BUT Brunei was not strong enough to stop them. Despite the Amanat of 1885, he still had to cede Terusan to Sarawak.
1
THE TREATY OF PROTECTION 1888
WHEN?
17 / 09 / 1888
BRUNEI
SULTAN HASHIM
THE BRITISH
SIR HUGH LOW
BRUNEI
TO PREVENT PARTITION / FURTHER LOSSES OF BRUNEI’S TERRITORIES
THE BRITISH
FEAR OF OTHER FOREIGN POWERS’ THREAT IN SOUTHEAST ASIA
WHO SIGNED THE TREATY?
WHY?
(THE FRENCH AND THE GERMANS)
1. BRUNEI WAS NOW A BRITISH PROTECTORATE WHAT WERE THE TERMS?
2. THE BRITISH CONTROLLED BRUNEI’S EXTERNAL AFFAIRS TO GUARANTEE PROTECTION AGAINST ANY FOREIGN ATTACKS. 3. THE SULTAN COULD NOT LEASE OR CEDE ANY TERRITORY TO FOREIGN POWERS WITHOUT THEIR CONSENT.
EFFECTIVENESS OF THE TREATY?
1. BRUNEI LOST LIMBANG IN 1890 TO CHARLES BROOKE. 2. THE BRITISH DID NOT PROTECT BRUNEI FROM LOSING LIMBANG BECAUSE CHARLES BROOKE WAS NOT A FOREIGNER, HE WAS A BRITISH.
2
SEIZURE OF LIMBANG 1890 Wanted
It was the richest food-growing district.
Limbang because CHARLES
Claimed
It was the main supplier of sago. Limbang was a part of the 1884 Terusan
BROOKE
concession. Seized
Limbang on 17 March 1890.
Protested
To the British Government. It was his Kuripan property.
SULTAN HASHIM
Because
The British promised to protect Brunei from losing more territories. Noel Trevanan gathered 15 out of 33 local Limabng chiefs.
Sent Noel Trevanan
12 of the present chiefs agreed to join Sarawak.
THE
There was no opinion from the uninvited chiefs.
BRITISH GOVERNME
Was
NT
protested by Sultan
The invited chiefs were all Brooke supporters.
were Brooke’s officers.
Hashim because
The officials brought with Noel Trevenan
So the Trevenan Report was a biased report and Sultan Hashim demanded the British to honor the 1888 Treaty of Protection.
Suggested
Charles Brooke to pay $6,000 per year to the Sultan BUT Sultan Hashim rejected.
THE PROBLEM BECAME AN EMBARRASSING ISSUE BACK IN BRITAIN SO THE BRITISH GOVERNMENT ACCEPTED TREVENAN’S REPORT AND CLOSED THE CASE. 3
EVENTS
DISTURBANC ES IN BELAIT AND TUTONG 1895
REASONS
RESULTS
Heavy taxes imposed by Tulin landholders
1. Charles Brooke exploited the disturbances: a) He annexed Belait and Tutong. b) He claimed that it “what was the people wanted”. c) He was supported by the British Consul in Singapore, Hewett. 2. On 01 / 7 / 1901 & 19 / 6 / 1902 Charles Brooke asked Sultan Hashim to cede Belait and Tutong for $3,000 per year. 3. Sultan Hashim refused by saying “What would happen to me, my chiefs, and my descendants? I should be left like a tree, stripped of branches and twigs.” 4. Belait and Tutong remained part of Brunei.
THE MCARTHUR REPORT 1904
Sultan Hashim felt that the British was not really protecting Brunei. So in 1903 he wrote a letter to Sultan Abdul Hamid of Turkey to get Limbang back. Unfortunately the letter was confiscated.
SUPPLEMEN TARY PROTECTOR ATE AGREEMENT 1905 - 1906
1. Help make Treaty of Protection stronger. 2. Help protect Brunei.
4
1. The British fear of other foreign powers led them to sent Malcolm McArthur to report on Brunei’s problems. 2. Malcolm McArthur reported that Brunei’s problems were caused by BNBC and Charles Brooke 3. So Malcolm McArthur suggested that Brunei sign another treaty to help protect Brunei. 1. Signed between Sultan Hashim on 31 / 12 / 1905 & John Anderson on 03 / 01 /1906 2. The terms were: Brunei accepted a British resident whose job was to advise the Sultan on both external and internal affairs except those relating to Islamic religion.
5
WHAT WAS HE KNOWN AS BEFORE HE BECAME THE SULTAN?
Pengiran Temenggong Anak Hashim. He was one of the four Wazirs in Brunei.
WHO WAS HIS FATHER?
The 23rd Sultan of Brunei, Sultan Omar Ali Saifuddin II.
WHAT WAS HE KNOWN AS WHEN HE BECAME THE SULTAN?
Sultan Hashim Jalilul Alam Aqamaddin. He was the 25th Sultan of Brunei.
WHAT WAS THE SITUATION IN BRUNEI WHEN HE BECAME THE SULTAN?
He inherited a much smaller kingdom than when his father was the Sultan of Brunei. Brunei was only the size of modern Brunei plus Limbang and the Pandaruan districts. The Brookes and BNBC kept wanting for more Brunei’s lands BUT Brunei was not strong enough to stop them. Despite the Amanat of 1885, he still had to cede Terusan to Sarawak.
1
THE TREATY OF PROTECTION 1888
WHEN?
17 / 09 / 1888
BRUNEI
SULTAN HASHIM
THE BRITISH
SIR HUGH LOW
BRUNEI
TO PREVENT PARTITION / FURTHER LOSSES OF BRUNEI’S TERRITORIES
THE BRITISH
FEAR OF OTHER FOREIGN POWERS’ THREAT IN SOUTHEAST ASIA
WHO SIGNED THE TREATY?
WHY?
(THE FRENCH AND THE GERMANS)
1. BRUNEI WAS NOW A BRITISH PROTECTORATE WHAT WERE THE TERMS?
2. THE BRITISH CONTROLLED BRUNEI’S EXTERNAL AFFAIRS TO GUARANTEE PROTECTION AGAINST ANY FOREIGN ATTACKS. 3. THE SULTAN COULD NOT LEASE OR CEDE ANY TERRITORY TO FOREIGN POWERS WITHOUT THEIR CONSENT.
EFFECTIVENESS OF THE TREATY?
1. BRUNEI LOST LIMBANG IN 1890 TO CHARLES BROOKE. 2. THE BRITISH DID NOT PROTECT BRUNEI FROM LOSING LIMBANG BECAUSE CHARLES BROOKE WAS NOT A FOREIGNER, HE WAS A BRITISH.
2
SEIZURE OF LIMBANG 1890 Wanted
It was the richest food-growing district.
Limbang because CHARLES
Claimed
It was the main supplier of sago. Limbang was a part of the 1884 Terusan
BROOKE
concession. Seized
Limbang on 17 March 1890.
Protested
To the British Government. It was his Kuripan property.
SULTAN HASHIM
Because
The British promised to protect Brunei from losing more territories. Noel Trevanan gathered 15 out of 33 local Limabng chiefs.
Sent Noel Trevanan
12 of the present chiefs agreed to join Sarawak.
THE
There was no opinion from the uninvited chiefs.
BRITISH GOVERNME
Was
NT
protested by Sultan
The invited chiefs were all Brooke supporters.
were Brooke’s officers.
Hashim because
The officials brought with Noel Trevenan
So the Trevenan Report was a biased report and Sultan Hashim demanded the British to honor the 1888 Treaty of Protection.
Suggested
Charles Brooke to pay $6,000 per year to the Sultan BUT Sultan Hashim rejected.
THE PROBLEM BECAME AN EMBARRASSING ISSUE BACK IN BRITAIN SO THE BRITISH GOVERNMENT ACCEPTED TREVENAN’S REPORT AND CLOSED THE CASE. 3
EVENTS
DISTURBANC ES IN BELAIT AND TUTONG 1895
REASONS
RESULTS
Heavy taxes imposed by Tulin landholders
1. Charles Brooke exploited the disturbances: a) He annexed Belait and Tutong. b) He claimed that it “what was the people wanted”. c) He was supported by the British Consul in Singapore, Hewett. 2. On 01 / 7 / 1901 & 19 / 6 / 1902 Charles Brooke asked Sultan Hashim to cede Belait and Tutong for $3,000 per year. 3. Sultan Hashim refused by saying “What would happen to me, my chiefs, and my descendants? I should be left like a tree, stripped of branches and twigs.” 4. Belait and Tutong remained part of Brunei.
THE MCARTHUR REPORT 1904
Sultan Hashim felt that the British was not really protecting Brunei. So in 1903 he wrote a letter to Sultan Abdul Hamid of Turkey to get Limbang back. Unfortunately the letter was confiscated.
SUPPLEMEN TARY PROTECTOR ATE AGREEMENT 1905 - 1906
1. Help make Treaty of Protection stronger. 2. Help protect Brunei.
4
1. The British fear of other foreign powers led them to sent Malcolm McArthur to report on Brunei’s problems. 2. Malcolm McArthur reported that Brunei’s problems were caused by BNBC and Charles Brooke 3. So Malcolm McArthur suggested that Brunei sign another treaty to help protect Brunei. 1. Signed between Sultan Hashim on 31 / 12 / 1905 & John Anderson on 03 / 01 /1906 2. The terms were: Brunei accepted a British resident whose job was to advise the Sultan on both external and internal affairs except those relating to Islamic religion.
5
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