Theme Five Part One

THEME 5 THE GROWTH AND DEVELOPMENTS IN BRUNEI UNDER BRITISH PROTECTORATE 1906 – 1950 PART ONE THE REIGN OF SULTAN MUHAMMAD JAMALUL ALAM II (SMJA II) 1906 – 1924 He was the 26th Sultan of Brunei. His father was Sultan Hashim Jalilul Alam. He ruled Brunei for 18 years from 1906 – 1924. When his father died, SMJA II was still a little boy, and was too young to rule. So a Council of Regency or ‘Majlis Pemangku Raja’ was set up to help him rule Brunei. 5. SMJA II was crowned as Sultan of Brunei in 1918. 1. 2. 3. 4.

HIS POWERS 1. The British Residential System was started during his reign. 2. He has very little power and the British Resident controlled over all matters of administration. The Sultan had power only over religion. HIS CONTRIBUTIONS 1. SMJA II encouraged progress and advances of the country including in agriculture, medicine and education. 2. He also encouraged the learning and teachings of Islam. This was carried out in a small mosque or surau. 3. He built a mosque near the present Kampong Sultan Lama. 4. He introduced: a) In 1912 : the MUHAMMADAN LAW and abolished the old law called HUKUM KANUN. b) In 1913 : the MARRAIAGE AND DIVORCE ACT HIS AWARDS 1. In 1914 : the British Government awarded him the CMG (the Companion of the Order of Saint Michael and Saint George) 2. In 1920 : he was awarded the KCMG (Knight Commander of the Order of Saint Michael and Saint George) 3. SMJA II was the first Brunei Sultan to receive these medals from Britain. 4. He was awarded these medals because of his friendship and co-operation with the British government. HIS DEATH 1. SMJA II died in September 1924 due to malaria. He was 35 years old. 2. His eldest son, Pg Anak Ahmad Tajuddin succeeded him as Sultan Ahmad Tajuddin.

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THE RESIDENTIAL SYSTEM 1906 – 1959 1. The Residential System was introduced in Brunei as a result of the Supplementary Protectorate Agreement of 1905 / 1906 which was signed between Sultan Hashim and John Anderson. 2. The Residential System was started in 1906 during the reign of Sultan Muhammad Jamalul Alam II. 3. The Residential System lasted from 1906 to 1959 (53 years). 4. The first British Resident of Brunei was Malcolm McArthur in May 1906. 5. The main duty of the British Resident was to advise the Sultan on all matters of administration except those relating to Islam. 6. The Sultan agreed to accept the British Residential System mainly because he wanted to stop the Brooke regime and the British North Borneo Company (BNBC) from taking more and more of Brunei lands.

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CHANGES UNDER THE RESIDENTIAL SYSTEM 1) LAND RIGHTS SYSTEM IN BRUNEI - There were three traditional land rights in Brunei called KERAJAAN, KURIPAN, and TULIN. - These land rights were abolished when the Residential System started in Brunei. TRADITIONAL LAND RIGHTS SYSTEM  These rights were abolished in 1907 when the Residential System started in Brunei. CHARACTERISTIC S:  KERAJAAN -

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The land was the SOLE PROPERTY of the SULTAN. The Sultan had COMPLETE POWER over the land. His officials helped him to rule. Taxes collected from the people living on the land belonged to the Sultan. This land was NOT hereditary.

 KURIPAN -

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The land given to the most important officials such as the Wazir and Cheteria. The Wazir and Cheteria collected taxes from those who lived on the land.

 TULIN -

Land rights given to the members of the royal families. The revenue collected from the land belonged to the

LAND ENACTMENT

LAND CODES

 These were started in 1907 to replace the traditional land rights.

 These were started in 1908/1909 by the British to replace the Land Enactment.

CHARACTERISTIC S:

CHARACTERISTIC S:

 The Sultan and Wazirs were NOT allowed to collect taxes from their lands.

 Lands were systemically transferred with proper land titles and grants.

 All revenue collected from farming or trade became STATE REVENUE.

 Lands without the proper land titles or grants would become STATE LANDS.

 The Sultan and Wazirs were given compensation for the loss of their land rights and revenue.  The Sultan and Wazirs were allowed to keep a few acres of land around their residencies and did not have to pay tax or rent.

DIFFICULTIES IMPLEMENTING THIS NEW LAND CODES: 1. Many Rights have been mortgaged to Chinese traders. 2. Some Rights have been sold several times over. 3. Some refused to accept compensation. 4. Some wanted to hold their Rights.

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head of the family. It was hereditary.

2) MONOPOLY RIGHTS 1. Monopoly rights were mainly controlled by the Chinese businessmen. 2. The Chinese gained these rights by giving the Sultan cash payments in advance. 3. They had the right to collect taxes on goods with no fixed limits. 4. The goods which were taxed were RUBBER, TOBACCO and OPIUM. 5. By 1914, the Government bought back many of the monopoly rights by borrowing money from the Federated Malay States (FMS). 6. The only monopoly right which was NOT bought back in 194 was the COAL MINING in Muara. 7. When the monopoly rights ended: a) The Brunei Government introduced customs and regulations and import duties. b) There was greater freedom of trade.

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ADVANTAGES AND DISADVANTAGES OF THE RESIDENTIAL SYSTEM

1. Taxation and collection of revenue were centralized. 2. New Departments were set up (Customs and Excise, Postal Services, Agriculture, Public Works, Police, Medical and Education) 3. Division of Brunei into 4 districts (Brunei-Muara, Tutong, Belait and Temburong) each under the District Office with the power of a Magistrate. 4. Division of each district into Mukims (under Penghulu) and Villages (under Ketua Kampong) with the authority of a peace officer.

ADMINISTRATIO N

ADVANTAGES OF THE RESIDENTIAL SYSTEM

1. Sanitary board was set up (responsible for the cleanliness of towns and streets) 2. Town Planning Bodies established (to improve the housing conditions) 3. Improvement of communication system (e.g building of roads)

SOCIAL WELFARE

1. Discovery of oil put Brunei on stronger financial footing. 2. Agriculture (especially in fruit and rubber cultivation) and fish farming actively encouraged. 3. Land Policy was introduced.

ECONOMIC

1. Dynastic Line of Sultan Hashim was guaranteed. 2. It prevented Brookes of the Dutch to gain territorial control over Brunei. 3. The Resident was responsible for Brunei’s foreign affairs.

POLITICS

DISADVANTAGE S OF THE RESIDENTIAL

1. The power of the Sultan was weakened. 2. The system disrupted the traditional responsibilities and rights of the Wazirs (they were forced to give up their land rights and privileges) 3. The Resident did not make effort to understand the feelings od the locals. 4. Lack of commitment and sincerity of the residents 5

SYSTEM

and British government towards Brunei. 5. Resident did not help to work for Brunei’s interests as stated in the Protectorate Agreement (e.g getting Limbang back) 6. Locals were not given opportunity to head any departments. ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT

THE COAL INDUSTRY

EARLY RIGHTS

 

ADVANTAGE S OF THE INDUSTRY

1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7.

DISADVANT AGES OF THE INDUSTRY THE MAIN LOCATIONS OF THE INDUSTRY



WILLIAM COWIE was the first to obtain a coal mining concession in Muara in 1883 from Sultan Abdul Momin. He later sold his rights to Charles Brooke in 1885. It provided employment opportunities for the local population (They were mostly Malays). It increased the economic activities in Muara Town. More shops were opened in Muara Town. Population in Muara Town increased. There were about 1400 people living in Muara by 1911. It provided a steady income for Brunei. It was one of the chief exports of Brunei. A Postal service was set up. A road was built. The production of the coal fluctuated due to the unstable prices of coal.

BROOKETO N (MUARA TOWN)

BUANG TAWAR COAL MINE (PULAU BERAMBAN G) REASONS FOR THE

1. Between 1888 and 1924, it produced more than 600 thousand tons of coal. 2. In 1908, it employed an average of 250 people. 3. Between 1913 and 1915, the production exceeded 30 thousand tons. 4. In 1924, the coal mine was closed due to: i. Mismanagement ii. Low world demand iii. Low coal prices iv. The use of oil as a better source of energy. 1. In 1908, it employed 72 people. 2. In 1917, the coal mine was closed because: i. Coal supplies ran out. ii. It was not profitable to mine for coal due to low coal demand and prices.

1. Widespread of usage of oil. 6

DOWNFALL OF THE INDUSTRY

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THE RUBBER INDUSTRY

WHO INTRODUCED THE FIRST RUBBER SEEDLINGS IN BRUNEI?

 A Johore Malay, Haji Mohammad Daud.

WHEN WAS THE RUBBER SEEDLINGS FIRST INTRODUCED?

 1908

WHAT WAS THE REASON FOR THE RISE OF THE RUBBER INDUSTRY?

 The invention of Motorcars in 1890s.  The rubber was needed to make the tires.

WHERE WAS THE RUBBER EXPORTED TO?

 United States of America  Britain

TYPES OF HOLDER

WHERE WERE THE RUBBER PLANTATIONS LOCATED?

Large holders

 Over 1, 000 acres.  Owned by European Companies.

Small holders

 About 1 acre.  Owned by the Malays.  This district was the chief rubber producer of Brunei before 1919.

Before 1919, Temburon g District

After 1919, Brunei District WHAT WAS THE REASON FOR THE

 Places: a) British (Borneo) rubber and Land Company, managing the Labu Estate. b) Liverpool (Brunei) Para Rubber Estates Limited owned the Batu Apoi Estates.

 By 1919, this district became the chied rubber producer in Brunei.  There were places: a) Kumbang Pasang Estate b) Gadong Estate

The demand of rubber decreased. 8

DOWNFALL OF RUBBER INDUSTRY?

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THE CUTCH INDUSTRY

WHAT IS CUTCH?

HOW CAN WE OBTAIN CUTCH?

THE USES OF CUTCH?

WHERE DID BRUNEI EXPORT CUTCH TO?

ADVANTAGES

It is called ‘UBAR’ by Brunei people. 2. It is a sticky substance obtained from the bark of Mangrove Trees. 1. 2. 3. 4.

Barks of the trees are cut into pieces Then it is crushed. Boiled in water. When the liquid evaporated, it produces a brownish-red sticky substance. The residue is cutch.

1. Dyeing fishermen’s nets (to make it stronger and last longer) 2. For coloring leather. 1. 2. 3. 4.

USA Britain Japan China

1. It brought a steady income to Brunei. 2. It was the main export of Brunei in the early 20th century. 3. It provided jobs for the Brunei Malays. It employed the largest number of workers, mainly from Kampong Ayer and around Brunei Town.

WHO WAS GIVEN THE RIGHT TO HAVE THE INDUSTRY IN BRUNEI?

1. In 1901, the Island Trading Syndicate opened in Subok.

REASONS FOR ITS DECLINE

1. 2. 3. 4. 5.

Inconsistent world demand for cutch. Insufficient supply of bark. Difficulties in transporting barks to factory. Shortage of labour. Government restriction on production.

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