The_effects_of_traffic_congestion_touris (1).doc

“THE EFFECTS OF TRAFFIC CONGESTION ON INTRAMUROS MANILA AS TOURIST DESTINATION”

Chapter 1 THE PROBLEM AND ITS BACKGROUND

Introduction In past few years tourist destinations here in the Philippines are being promoted widely. One of the most profitable sources of our country is the local and international tourist. Department of tourism is promoting different program to increase the tourism industry in our country. The Philippines have many tourist attractions that most Filipino people are being proud of. There is the Puerto Princesa Subterranean River National Park, which is a one of the seven (7) Wonders of the World; the chocolalate hills in Bohol is also one of the Wonders of the World; the Boracay white sand beaches; the Camsur Watersport complex and Caramoan Island wherein the French Survivor was held. And as the capital of the Philippines, Manila is the most visited place as for its historical well being. Metered Taxis go into Manila regularly, with amounts varying depending on where you are coming from. Always insist on using the meter, but if the driver persists and no other ride is available negotiate to add an amount on top of the metered fare instead. Taxis are affordable, comfortable and you can get where ever you want at any time, flag down rates cost P40 however if a taxi driver gives you a fixed price and doesn't follow the meter refuse it as this is illegal, you can contact local police for cases like this. Buses regularly ply the routes around Metro Manila and you will see their destinations written on their windshields. When in doubt, try larger terminals in shopping malls like SM and Cubao, or ask fellow passengers and/or MMDA officers (dressed in light blue).

By Rail Transit: The LRT yellow line serves the Manila area (stop at Carrideo, Central, or United Nations Ave. stations) and is connected to the MRT blue line (at Taft station on the MRT and EDSA station on the LRT) and soon to be connected to the MRT purple line. Ticket fees vary, but will usually cost less than 22 Pesos. Neither Rapid Transit line is at all user-friendly for visitors. There are no maps displayed and no directional signs. You just have to ask. The ticket system is also very antiquated as you have to buy a ticket for each journey and there are no daily or season tickets. Jeepneys are usually the cheapest and fastest way to get around the city with a trip costing not less than 7-8 Pesos however it is not suggested to use it at night as crimes have increased relating to jeepneys. Tricycles are also fast and affordable but for some people it might not be as comfortable as it seems, it is similar to Thailand's tuk-tuk; small and uncomfortable, and prices are based on the distance of your destination from your origin. Indeed, if one will eventually visit sites in Intramuros, he or she has to hassle the different massive transport obstruction and other perennial threat to smooth travel in a place of interest in Intramuros Manila. Tourists want to travel every now and then and this desire to relax and enjoy a trip benefitted much the Philippines especially the onset of 2000. In fact, the first quarter of 2007, the tourist arrival in the Philippines grew as much as 20% in same period last year. In the period of January to September 2009 alone, the government recorded 5.2 million tourists visiting the country Travellers on a leisure trip usually familiarize themselves with their destinations, both to get the most enjoyment out of the visit and to avoid known dangers and hassles in the place of destinations based on own standards of accessibility. These inconveniences in travel affected not only the

sustainability of a place to be a popular tourist destination but also create bad impression for future travellers to the place. Some of the inconveniences in travelling that maybe experience by a tourist are delays in their flights, re-routing, long distance travels, loss luggage, and some hair-pulling situations such as chaotic traffic jams and road chaos that will leave you feeling frustrated and disappointed that will leave you saying that traveling is not entirely rest and relaxation. As pointed earlier, one of the most disappointing experiences of a traveller in a place is traffic especially in the metropolis. Traffic is everywhere and it is a reality that one cannot hide and seems to be all around. It is also becoming a part of the Manileños everyday living and is always being encountered by local commuters, local and international tourists and residents of Intramuros Manila and nearby places; any of them riding either is utilizing a public or private transport. Manila, if it wanted, could issue a single traffic report on a single day for all roads for the entire year. And this report would only require three words - very very busy. With about sixteen million people inhabiting metro Manila, some of the traffic is unavoidable. People have to commute to and from work and school. And when sixteen million people have to commute, things naturally will get busy, no matter how good the infrastructure. However, despite of the congestive situation in Intramuros, visitors flocks there to visit and grab a chance to experience the grandeur of the famous and historic street of Manila. Indeed, one might ask, are visitors not affected by the conditions of the road, i.e. traffics on their way to a chosen destination? Does traffic on the vicinity of

their destination a hindrance for them to visit the place they wanted? These conditions served as the challenge for the researchers to illumine how traffic congestions affected the number of tourists visiting Intramuros’s tourist spots. This will also give an overview of the transportation problem in the area and how a possible solution can be proposed to serve the growing demands of tourist to visit a particular place in less time and more comfort.

Certainly, if one place is worth visiting in a hassle free

environment, more and more tourists will come and be enticed not only because of the place but the comfort and convenience it gives to the visitors. Lastly, the purpose of the study is to find how traffic congestion affects Intramuros Manila as Tourist Destination. The study will be conducted through interview and obseration. It also aims to have a proposed recommendation about the traffic congestion improvement plan as a result.

Background of the study Traffic in Intramuros Manila is really inevitable. A lot of elements contribute to traffic congestion in the area. Intramuros, busy as it is, is a district of Manila, Philippines located halfway between Intramuros (the old walled city) and Malate. Intramuros was founded in the late 16th century. The name was taken from La HIntramuros, the Spanish word for "hIntramurosge", after the fact that on this site was built a hIntramurosge housing an image of the Virgin Mary known as the Nuestra Seňora de Guia (Our Lady of Guidance). The hIntramurosge has since evolved into Intramuros Church, which has been rebuilt several times since the early 17th century. Intramuros gained renewed prominence during the American colonial period. It became known as the university district, containing the campuses of the University of the Philippines, the Ateneo de Manila, the Assumption College and the St. Paul College for girls. Dormitories for students also flourished in the area. The residential portion of Intramuros was populated by American residents, who set up such establishments as the Army and Navy Club, and the University Club. Intramuros started earning a reputation as the red-light district of Manila. During the term of Mayor Alfredo Lim, an effort was made to "clean up" Intramuros the establishment, on grounds of public morality, of motels, lodging houses and other similar establishments was later declared unconstitutional by the Supreme Court. As a result of the clean-up efforts, nightlife in the area dwindled though it has picked up of late with the help of the emergence of the nearby Malate district and the Roxas Blvd. Bay walk area in the nightlife scene. Intramuros was a fishing village prior to the arrival of the Spaniards. When the Spaniards moved out of Intramuros, they integrated with the Indios in Intramuros and

adjacent Malate and to a lesser extent, Paco. These became fashionable residential areas in the Spanish era to the American era. Today, Intramuros is the heart of the tourist belt area, with countless restaurants, bars, clubs, handicraft stores and art galleries. Several government institutions are housed in Intramuros, including the following: Supreme Court of the Philippines, Manila City Hall, Manila Central Post Office and other offices found along the old government center designed during the American era by architect and urban planner Daniel Burnham, such as the, Department of Tourism and the National Museum of the Philippines (including the Museum of the Filipino People), Rizal Park, the widest open urban public park in the country and location of the monument to the national hero José Rizal, is a prominent feature of Intramuros. This was the original site for Burnham's planned government center and capitol building. Other sites of interest in Intramuros includes: United States Embassy, National Library of the Philippines, Quirino Grandstand, Manila Ocean Park, Bonifacio's Wall, Metropolitan Theater, Manila Hotel, Masonic Temple, San Vicente de Paul Church, Philippine General Hospital, the country's largest hospital. China Airlines Philippines Branch Office. A number of educational institutions are also found in Intramuros, including: University of the Philippines Manila, Adamson University, Emilio Aguinaldo College, Santa Isabel College, Philippine Normal University, Technological University of the Philippines, Universidad de Manila (formerly the City College of Manila), Manila Science High School, which leads the city in offering specialized science and technology oriented curricula for secondary education. Intramuros also hosts a number of coin shops and antique shops.

Tourists Destinations near and within Intramuros Manila which the study will be focus about includes the Museo Pambata which is a children's interactive museum, the first of its kind in the Philippines. Opened in 1994, Museo Pambata is the dream comes true of Nina Lim-Yuson, who was inspired by the Boston Children’s Museum to open up a similar facility in Manila, Rizal Park is located right outside the walled city is Rizal Park more widely known as the Luneta. The Luneta is the venue for the best museums of the city, bayside restaurants, an open-air theater featuring free classical music concerts, a planetarium, early morning jogging and tai chi enthusiasts, and the Manila Hotel. It is a popular meeting spot for family picnics and was the site of the execution of Jose Rizal, the national hero of the Philippines, Manila Ocean Park is a much better maintained marine wildlife facility which was recently opened in 2008 and is located behind the Quirino Grandstand at Rizal Park. The 8,000 square meters (86,000 sq ft) oceanarium is larger than the Sentosa Underwater World oceanarium in Singapore, and features a 25 meters (82 ft) underwater acrylic tunnel. Mostly accessible by taxi, but can be walked if you are in the vicinity of Rizal Park, Bay walk is located at the south of the Luneta is the renovated Bay walk a linear park adjacent to Manila Bay. Restaurants formerly on the actual bay walk have been moved inwards to allow a clear view of Manila's legendary sunsets, Manila Hotel is just outside Intramuros and on the edge of Manila Bay is the beautiful and historic Manila Hotel, a legacy of the American colonial era and the place where General Douglas MacArthur made

his

home

before

World

War

II,

National

Museum

of

the

Philippines (Pambansang Museo) is located at P. Burgos Ave. Built and opened in the 1900s the museum showcases significant collections from archaeology, arts, cultural properties, zoology, botany and many more.

Quirino Grandstand is usually the venue of the oath taking of the Presidents of the Philippines. It is also the venue for most important events and ceremonies in the Philippines, whether cultural, political or religious. The Quirino Grandstand is basically a part of Rizal Park. The park itself is located in the heart of Manila, specifically the north of Roxas Blvd., and overlooking the beautiful Manila Bay. During sunset, you can just watch the sun disappear beautifully over Manila Bay and the Bataan Peninsular, Intramuros Church has Nuestra Señora de Guia the patron of Intramuros Church and the parish named after her. Her image is the oldest in the Philippines having been discovered on May 19, 1571 around the seashore which is now the site of the Intramuros Church by soldiers of Miguel Lopez de Legaspi after he took over possession of the city in honor of King Felipe II of Spain. The Government department and agencies near Intramuros Manila includes the Department of Tourism (DOT; Filipino: Kagawaran ng Turismo) is the executive department of the Philippine government responsible for the regulation of the Philippine tourism industry and the promotion of the Philippines as a tourist destination, The Supreme Court of the Philippines (Filipino: Kataas-taasang Hukuman ng Pilipinas or Korte Suprema) is the Philippines' highest judicial court, as well as the court of last resort, American Embassy since the Republic of the Philippines gained its independence in 1946, the United States government has been represented in the Philippines by the U.S. Embassy in Manila. The Embassy exercises many different functions in its official representation to the Philippine government. The universities, colleges, and schools near the area that contribute factor in traffic includes the Emilio Aguinaldo College, Adamson University, Philippine Normal University, University of the Philippines –Manila, Technological University of the

Philippines, Assumption College, Santa Isabel College, City College of Manila (UDM), University of Asia and the Pacific, De La Salle University of Saint Benilde, St. Scholastic College, Mapua Institute of Technology, Lyceum of the Philippines, Pamantasan ng Lungsod ng Maynila, M. Roxas De Ayala Elementary School, F. Ma. Guerrero Elementary School, J. Lukban Elementary School, R. Palma Elementary School, A. A. Quezon Elementary School, H. Atienza Elementary School, C. Salvador Elementary School, E. Delos Santos Elementary School, Silahis ng Katarungan Elementary School, M. Roxas High School, Manila High School, Manila Science High School, and I. Villamor High School Identifying the Intramuros Manila as Tourist Destination will help the propose study to find ways to ease or lessen the traffic congestion in Manila. Knowing the schools, Colleges and Universities near the area that could be a factor of traffic congestion will make analysis and sampling more easily. The most common example is the physical use of roads by vehicles. When traffic demand is great enough that the interaction between vehicles slows the speed of the traffic stream, congestion is incurred. As demand approaches the capacity of a road (or of the intersections along the road), extreme traffic congestion sets in.. Traffic congestion is one of the major problems that Intramuros is facing now. This problem has a lot of effects to the local community, economy, tourists, commuters and the local people. This study gives information and a solution or good a suggestion for the local government and eases the traffic congestion in Intramuros Manila.

Statement of the problem The researchers aim to discuss the Effects of Traffic Congestion on Intramuros Manila as Tourist Destination as perceived by its administrators and local tourists. This study aims to answer the following questions: 1. What is the current status of traffic situation around the Intramuros Manila as Tourist

Destination

as

perceived

by

local

tourist,

commuters,

and

administrators of the destination? 2. What are the “Most Probable Causes” of traffic in Intramuros Manila? 3. How frequently does the identified “Most Probable Causes” occur? 4. What are the effects of traffic as perceived by the managers of tourist destinations around Intramuros Manila 5. What kind of solution can help lessen the traffic congestion in Intramuros Manila?

Hypothesis To answer the research problem, the hypothesis that will be tested is: Null hypothesis: there is no significant difference on the effects of traffic congestion on Intramuros Manila as Tourist Destination after the proposed improvement plan.

SIGNIFICANCE OF THE STUDY Traffic Congestion is one big problem in Intramuros Manila and this research hopes to Proposed Traffic Congestion improvement plan in Intramuros

Manila

as

suggested

by

local

tourist

tourist

destination

administrator. The study aims to have a significant role to the following: Administrators of Intramuros Manila as Tourist Destination - The study will help the administrators in the business to invite tourists to come in the destination area with a no hassle on traveling without traffic. Tourists visiting their significant destination will increase. Commuters and Private Vehicle Owner/s. This proposed study aims to ease or lessen the traffic congestion in Intramuros Manila which most of students, workers and private vehicle owner problem about. With this proposed study they will benefit to save money, time and energy. Future Researcher/s. The study will aid them by giving them references if in the future they want to study anything that is connected with the Effects of Traffic Congestion in Intramuros Manila. Local Community of Intramuros. Aside from knowing the effects of traffic congestion, the community will now know which area is prone to traffic. The local community officers can also help site rules to be implemented for the betterment of their busy community. Local Government Units. Doing this proposed study, the government will be given a benefit or profit by increasing the tourist visiting the tourist

destination in Manila because tourist will not anymore experience moderate to heavy traffic on their way to these destination places. Local Tourists/ Visitors. The study will help them because traffic is one of the major problems in reaching their desired tourist spot. Once the group has come up with the proposed Traffic Congestion improvement plan in Intramuros

Manila

as

suggested

by

local

tourist

tourist

destination

administrator, the tourists will now have the privilege of getting into their destination easier. Potential Investors. The study will help them find sufficient information about what, where and how to invest in Intramuros with the help of the improvements on traffic congestion. Tourism Students. The study will help them because as we all know, Tourism students have too much interest in traveling. Intramuros is one of the spot they should not miss. Hopefully, in the years to come, traveling around Intramuros is traffic free.

SCOPE, LIMITATION OF THE STUDY The study specifically focused on the perceived effects of traffic congestion in Intramuros Manila. It will cover the period from July 2011 until October 2011. This place is selected because of its historic value at the same time the number of tourists it caters daily which can be assumed to be experiencing such a discomfort in their ingress/egress to the different places of interests in the area. Interviews will be generated from the administrators, commuters and tourists in Intramuros Manila. Observations will be made by the researchers to test travel time in reaching one destination to the other in Intramuros Manila. Lastly, the Ishikawa Fishbone Diagram is made to show cause and effect relationships resulting to traffic congestion in Intramuros Manila.

The respondents will be limited to tourists flocking the area on the day and time the study is set therefore the total population cannot be controlled due to the unpredictable number of tourists in the area. Nonetheless, it will be concentrating on the different parts of Intramuros Manila as well as to the place of interest were tourists are frequently visiting.

The proposed revised Proposed Revised Land Transportation Development Plan is not conclusive and may be subject to revisions based on the results of the research made.

DEFINITION OF TERMS The following are the basic concepts used in the study. They are defined conceptually (literature based) and operationally (as used in the current undertaking). Administrator of Tourist Destination-

one who administers, especially

one who works as a manager in a business, government agency, or school or any tourist destination. City of Manila (Filipino: Lungsod ng Maynila)-is the cosmopolitan capital of the Philippines located in the west coast of the island of Luzon. Manila composes of 16 teritorial district and all have their own churches Intramuros Manila- is a district of Manila, Philippines located halfway between Intramuros (the old walled city) and Malate. Government- refers to the legislators, administrators, and arbitrators in the administrative bureaucracy who control a state at a given time, and to the system of government by which they are organized. Government is the means by which state policy is enforced, as well as the mechanism for determining the policy of the state. Most Probable Cause- likely to happen or to be true, likely but uncertain; plausible. Theology Of or relating to opinions and actions in ethics and morals for whose lawfulness intrinsic reasons or extrinsic authority may be adduced. Proposed Traffic Congestion Improvement Plan - a plan of goals or activities for improvement of traffic congestion. Proposed Traffic Congestion Improvement Plan alternative RouteAnother path to destination. alternative describes something that is a possible selection. An alternative is an option.

Tourist- a person who travels for pleasure, usually sightseeing and staying in hotels Tourist Destination- is a city, town, or other area that is dependent to a significant extent on the revenues accruing from tourism. It may contain one or more tourist attractions and possibly some "tourist traps." Traffic Congestion- is a condition on road networks that occurs as use increases, and is characterized by slower speeds, longer trip times, and increased vehicular queuing. The most common example is the physical use of roads by vehicles. When traffic demand is great enough that the interaction between vehicles slows the speed of the traffic stream, congestion is incurred. As demand approaches the capacity of a road (or of the intersections along the road), extreme traffic congestion sets in. When vehicles are fully stopped for periods of time, this is colloquially known as a traffic jam or traffic snarl-up. Traffic Situation - is what happens to major areas in all places. Basically, it is based on the flow of vehicles passing along a certain area which is often congested.

Chapter 2 THE REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE

This Chapter highlights the Effects of Traffic Congestion on Intramuros Manila as Tourist Destination as perceived by its administrators and local tourists. The materials presented which includes the opinions, principles, and theories of experts are obtained to relate and be used in the study.

Traffic conditions in many areas are reaching an alarming state of chaos and confusion. The efficient and orderly movement of people and things play a major role in the social life and behavior of citizens and in the economic growth of all nations. Traffic engineering has a purpose, to design roadway facilities so as to lessen the frequency of accidents and amount of congestion and thus facilitate safe, rapid movement. Traffic Management. (Benjamin,Calderon, 1979).

According to the dissertation made by Asha Elizabeth Weinsten (2002) which is entitled as “The Congestion Evil: Perceptions of Traffic Congestion in Boston in the 1890s and 1920s in University of California, Berkeley, the study aims to examine how people understood the phenomenon of traffic congestion in Boston in the 1890s and 1920s. It stated in the study that in the study that most of the people today think of congestion as a “new” problem, while another common belief held is that traffic congestion is a problem that needs to be fixed. The attitude is prevalent among the public, transportation professionals, and elected politicians. However, despite broad acceptance that the United States has a “congestion problem”, it is possible to step back and consider congestion as a socially determined concept rather than objective

fact. While the number of vehicles traveling in a particular corridor, their speeds, and the difference between those speeds and the design speed of the road and vehicles are objective facts that can be observed, how one thinks about these conditions is purely subjective.

Strategies to reduce congestion and improve reliability-focus on operations: (1) First adding more base capacity- (Increasing the number and size of highways and providing more transit and freight rail service. This can include expanding the base capacity (by adding additional lanes or building new highways) as well as redesigning specific bottlenecks such as interchanges and intersections to increase their capacity. (2) Second, operating existing capacity more efficiently-(Getting more out of what we have).and lastly encouraging travelers to use the system in less congestion-producing ways. (Cambridge Systematic Inc., 2004) The Causes of Congestion & Unreliable Travel includes Traffic Influencing Activities like Traffic incidents, Work Zones, Weather, and Traffic Demand, are the Fluctuations in Normal Traffic, Specific Events and Physical Highway Features which are Traffic Control Devices, Physical Bottlenecks ("Capacity").

Metro Manila is the seat of the Government and the primary center of business and trade. Some 80% of domestic traffic and 60% of freight traffic currently use the road, and 75% of Government expenditures on transport infrastructure go to road systems. Due to heavy overloaded trucks, pavements are often damaged, a factor that contributes to traffic accidents. Due to traffic congestion, the average travel speed is estimated to be as low as 14kph. According to the 2000 study of the University of the

Philippine National Center for transportation Studies, traffic congestion in Metro Manila has aroused more than P101 billion in losses. (Ricardo G. Sigua, 2997

Effects of Traffic Congestion includes Negative Economic Impact is the following: (1) According to the NGO Citizens’ Traffic Watch, echoing a World Bankcommissioned study many years ago the losses amount to "more than P15-billion pesos yearly. (2) According to Professor Noriel Tiglao, who, together with Professor Ricardo Sigua, prepared a paper entitled "Economic Impact of Traffic Congestion in Metro Manila." Professors Sigua and Tiglao are from the University of the Philippines’ National Center for Transportation Studies (NCTS) the yearly economic cost is about 100 Billion Pesos (3) According to the Department of Transportation and Communication, counting direct and indirect economic losses due to traffic congestion. Others believe that the figure is much more than the DOTC’s P140-billion figure The annual figure is P140 billion. (Financial Losses from Metro Manila traffic, Pinoy Entrepreneurs, Pinoybusiness.com) Pinoy Entrepreneurs (2007),

According to Traffic in Manila by PinoyCARS.ph copyright@2008, MMDA-traffic reducing programs: Flyovers, interchanges, road widening, and construction of various loading bays and terminals for various public utility vehicles and buses; and color coding scheme. The causes are many cars and undeveloped infrastructure.

According to OyonOyon, Gerald P. Sudaria, Gerald, Yang, Philip Joseph (2009), improvement of vehicular flow, implement orderly and efficient use of road

space additional revenue for the local government. On-street proposal parking scheme for the Malate-Intramuros Area, City

According to Rico Mossegeld (June 17, 2010), Rapid Expansion, Rapid Benefits - About creating three new lines that can afford mass transit system that can promote accessibility. Proposed solutions to Metro Manila’s congestion, Rico Mossegeld,

According to Joshua A. Odeleye, PhD, CMILT School of Transport in Lagos State University, in this study “Road Users’ Perception of Time Used in Traffic Congestion in Metropolitan Lagos, Nigeria”, aims to examine the road users’ perception of time used in traffic as a result of road traffic congestion in metropolitan Lagos. In the course of this study, 400 questionnaires were administered randomly on selected commuters within the designated 8 Traffic Management Zones in the study area. The questionnaire focused on the commuters travel behavior, time used in traffic, identification of bottleneck points, socio-economic impacts of time used in traffic, among others. Moreover, Focus Group Discussion (FGD) was also organized among commercial vehicles operatives, who are regular users of the major corridors. This is with a view to documenting their perception of the phenomenon, as well as the impacts of time used in traffic on their operations. Furthermore, observatory survey method was deployed, to determining the contribution of the dearth of Traffic Management Infrastructure to time used in traffic in Lagos. Data acquired through these processes were presented in tables and percentages. However, land use reordering through the integration of traffic management plan with comprehensive

urban plan is recommended as one of the cost-effective ways of improving time used in traffic by goods and persons in metropolitan Lagos.

SYNTHESIS

The research is a collaboration of the literature and studies related to work, books, thesis, internet, journals, magazines, and periodicals. The theories and concepts cited will be useful and vital in this study for it support and guide the researcher towards the fulfilment of the desired output. The cited literature and research studies will give the researcher a comprehensive analysis, additional explanation and information about the research.

Similarities are that the current undertaking is similar to the above reviewed literature as it is trying to present a problem situation i.e., traffic congestion in historic Intramuros Manila and how this situation affected the tourists visiting the different area of interests in the said place. The differences is that it differs in its approach to studying the said situation as it involves more processes such as the objective qualification of traffic congestion through consultation with different agencies as well as the utilization of actual observation to be conducted by the researchers themselves. As pointed above, the current undertaking employed a deeper structure in finding out the cause of the problem in Intramuros Manila at the same time the proposal of an alternative scheme to give solution to the current situation is what makes our research unique.

Traffic conditions is alarming the right thing to do is efficient and orderly movement of people. Traffic engineering has a purpose to design roadway facilities to lessen the accidents and congestion. ( Major Benjamin N. Calderon ,1979)

Traffic congestion now a days is a “new” problem but some believe that traffic congestion must be fixed. (Elizabeth Weinstein, 2002).

According to Cambridge systematic Inc (2004), they had presented some strategies to reduce the traffic congestion and improve the reliability focus. They also identified the causes of traffic.

Manila is the center of everything such as business and government and because of that, traffic in the road is affected. Because of businesses shipments like the heavy loaded trucks some of the roads had been damage and contribute to some road accidents. A Road accident is a factor of traffic congestion. (Ricardo Sigua, 2007)

According to Pinoy Entrepreneurs (2007) they had researched the negative effect of traffic congestion in our economy. This statement are according from the NGO’s Citizen, Professor Noriel Tiglao and from the Department of Transportation and Communication

According to PinoyCARS MMDA had made some programs to reduce traffic such as color coding, flyovers. They had also identified the cause of traffic such as many cars and undeveloped infrastructure.

According to OyonOyon, P. Sudaria, Gerald, Yang, Philip Joseph (2009), they had recommend some improvement plan to ease or lessen the traffic congestion in Malate and Intramuros area

CONCEPTUAL FRAMEWORK “The effects of traffic congestion on Intramuros Manila as Tourist Destination

INPUTS

Profile of Tourist Attractions in Intramuros, Manila Perception of local tourists and administrators of tourists destination around Intramuros, Manila Current status of traffic congestion in Intramuros, Manila

PROCESS Observation Cause and Effect Diagram (Ishikawa Fishbone Diagram) Pareto Diagram Interview

FEEDBACK

OUTPUTS Proposed Traffic Congestion improvement plan in Ermita, Manila as suggested by local tourist and tourist destination administrator with the cooperation of local government.

Figure 1 explains all the needed inputs for the study. The group needs to gather these inputs as (1) Profile of Tourist Attractions in Intramuros Manila, (2) Perception of local tourists and administrators of tourists’ destination around Intramuros Manila, and (3) Current status of traffic congestion in Intramuros Manila. And then use them as basis in coming up with the needed processes as to further gather information about the study. After having the inputs then the processes, the group will be using (1) Cause and Effect Diagram (Ishikawa Fish- bone Diagram), (2) Observation, and (3) Interview. The group will now have a certain output as a tentative result of the study. The output of the study is the desired end-goal of the research work itself. After evaluating the results of the study, it is the primary aim of the researchers to propose improvement plan with the cooperation of the tourist attractions administrator/s and/ or manager/s and local government units.

Chapter 3 METHODOLOGY

This chapter describes the research design, research participants, research instruments, data gathering procedure and statistical measures that were applied in the investigation for the analysis and interpretation of data.

Research design The current undertaking a descriptive analysis of data as it tried to come up with a profile of the current status of the traffic congestion in Intramuros Manila. Being descriptive, it tries to describe how traffic situation is perceived by the tourists around the area.

The researchers used the descriptive method in this study. Descriptive method is concerned with the analysis of the relationship between non-manipulated variables, and the development of generalization. It is qualitative in nature. It describes with emphasis what actually exist such as current conditions, practices, situations, or phenomena.

Since the present study is concerned with the Effects of Traffic Congestion in Intramuros Manila, the descriptive method of research was the most appropriate to use. The significance of using this method is to gather, identify, analyze, and find out the cause-effect relationships and for the concise interpretation of this study.

Objective interpretation and scientific assessment of gathered information are the products of descriptive method that were used in the formulation of the researcher’s findings, conclusions, and recommendations. It was qualitative collected through the questionnaire, survey, observation and interview which serves as the primary tool used in this research.

PARTICIPANTS OF THE STUDY

The participants of the study were administrator/ managers and/or workers of Intramuros Manila as Tourist Destination. We prepare some question/s for them to be answered.

INSTRUMENTATION

The observation, Cause-and-effect diagram (Ishikawa Fishbone Diagram) and interview are the following instrument used to conduct a data gathering in the study. The interview was the researcher’s main instrument used in gathering data. This was used because it is most accurate methods.

On part 1, which is interview, it deals on how the managers/ administrator and/ or workers of tourist attraction will answer to their opinion the effect of the traffic congestion to them, to their workplace area which is the tourist attraction/destination and for the tourist visiting them. (See Appendix A)

On part 2, this is the Cause-and-effect diagram (Ishikawa Fishbone Diagram), deals on how an individual can think thoroughly on the causes of the problem. In this part, the researchers consider the following factors, man, machine, methods, material, and management, internal & external environment. (See Appendix B)

On part 3, observation, researchers will be the one to see personally and experience the traffic in Intramuros Manila by measuring the time from one destination to another. The specific time of observation to be done is on Monday morning, 6:009:00 a.m, Friday afternoon, 5:00-7:00 pm, and Sunday evening 7:00pm-8: oo pm which is considered as rush hours.

VALIDATION OF THE INSTRUMENT To further assure that the instrument can be made possible, the group will conduct a pilot testing to DLSU-D students, faculty and staff who has a history of travel in Intramuros Manila, This is just to ensure that the interview is presentable and answerable as to derive with improvements and changes later on before conducting the real interview dissemination to administrators and tourists of the Intramuros Manila as Tourist Destination.

DATA GATHERING PROCEDURES Figure 2 presents the schematic diagram on the process of conducting the research. Since this undertaking involved observation, interview with some participants, data collection and its analysis and interpretation .Standard operating procedure will be followed especially when securing permits to involve the selected

respondents in the study. Ethical consideration will also followed in presenting actual traffic situation especially based on the actual documents to be generated from government entities.

Request permission to the Manila City Hall, MMDA traffic Bureau, PNP and Barangay Officials to conduct the research

Observation

Interview with the respondents

Evaluation of Traffic Condition through resources

Interpretation, Analysis and Tabulation of Data

Figure 2: Flow of data gathering

DATA TREATMENT This study will utilize several statistical methods to answer the research problems. a.

Frequency distribution, percentages, and weighted mean will be used to describe the data. 1. Frequency counts will be used to present the respondents’ sociodemographic profile and the perceptions of the administrators and tourists when it comes to traffic congestion. 2. Percentage (%) will be used to present the respondents’ sociodemographic profile and the perceptions of the administrators and tourists when it comes to traffic congestion. % = f / n x 20 Where: f = class frequency n = sample size 3. Weighted Mean will be used to present the respondents’ perception of the administrators and tourists when it comes to traffic congestion.

Xw 

 wx w

Where: = weighted mean x

= values of the items in the distribution

w = weight of the items in the distribution

REFERENCES

Books, chapters in books, reports, etc.

Cloughherty, Jane E., Levy, Jonathan I., Barry Ryan, P., Suglia, Shakira Franco, Canner, Marina J., Wright, Rosalind J., (2007). Synergistic Effects of Traffic-Related Air Pollution and Exposure to Violence on Urban Asthma Etiology. Journal list of environmental health perspectives v.115 (8)

Sigua, Ricardo G. (2007). Fundamentals of Traffic Engineering. Quezon City: University of the Philippine Press, c2008

Tiglao, N., Sigua, R. (2009). "Economic Impact of Traffic Congestion in Metro Manila."

Mayor Benjamin N. Calderon (1979, December 05). Traffic Management. Manila: Philippine College of Criminology

Cambridge Systematics, Inc. (2004, July 19,). Traffic Congestion & Reliability.

Mossegeld, Rico (1010, June 17). Proposed solutions to Metro Manila’s congestion.

Bull, Alberto (2003). Traffic Congestion: The problem and how to deal with it. (1st edition). Santiago, Chile: Cuaderno de la Cepal87

Online journals, magazines, newspapers

Pinoy Entrepreneurs (2007). Financial Losses from Metro Manila traffic. Pinoy Business.com. Retrieved from www.pinoybusiness.com

OyonOyon, Sudaria, Gerald P., Gerald, Yang, Philip Joseph, (Feb 2009). Onstreet proposal parking scheme for the Malate-Intramuros Area, City. Retrieved from http://webache.googleusercontent.com/custom?q=

Odeleye, PhD, Joshua A. (2009). “Road Users’ Perception of Time Used in Traffic Congestion in Metropolitan Lagos, Nigeria”.

Retrieved from

http://www.sistemasdeingenieria.cl/seminarios/AbstractsTUO2/Odeleye_Joshu a_TUO2.pdf

Reference citations in text

Manila, if it wanted, could issue a single traffic report on a single day for all roads for the entire year. And this report would only require three words - very very busy (VanMcHeelen, 2007).

Rapid Expansion, Rapid Benefits (Rico Mossegeld, 2010).

Effects of Traffic Congestion: Negative Economic Impact Pinoy Entrepreneurs (2009).

Strategies to reduce congestion and improve reliability-focus on operations (Cambridge Systematics, Inc.,).

The Congestion Evil: Perceptions of Traffic Congestion (Weinstein, 2002).

Other online resources

Wiki Travel, online (n.d.). Retrieved from http://wikitravel.org/en/Manila#b

Google, online. Retrieved from http://webache.googleusercontent.com/custom?q=, Feb. 2009

Odeleye, Joshua A. Road User’s Perception of Time used in Traffic Congestion in Metropolitan Lagos, Nigeria. Retrieved from http://www.sistemasdeingenieria.cl/seminarios/AbstractsTUO2/Odeleye_Joshu a_TUO2.pdf

Spellerberg, Ian F. (1998) Ecological Effects of Roads and Traffic: A literature review. Global Ecology and Biogeography Letter, Blackwell Publishing. Retrieved from http://links.jstor.org/sici?sici=09607447%28199809%297%3A5%3C317%3AEEORAT%3E2.0.CO%3B2-S

Official website of the City of Manila, Philippines. Retrieved from http://www.manila.gov.ph/Index.htm

The Free Dictionary, online. (n.d.). Retrieved from http://www.thefreedictionary.com/

Wikipedia,online. (n.d.). Retrieved from http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Government

Official

website

of

Department

of

Tourism

(n.d.).

http://www.tourism.gov.ph/Pages/default.aspx

Google, online. (n.d.). Retrieved from http://maps.google.com/

Travel Guide Wikipilipinas, online. (n.d.). Retrieved from http://en.wikipilipinas.org/index.php? title=Travel_Guide:_Camarines_Sur_Tourist_Itinerary

Retrieved

from

Appendix A Interview questions Good day! We are Tourism students and we are currently undertaking a research entitled “THE EFFECTS OF TRAFFIC CONGESTION ON INTRAMUROS MANILA AS TOURIST DESTINATION. We wanted to present factual evidence on the current traffic situation in Intramuros and May we ask your help by answering some of the question we prepared. It would really help us achieving a realistic picture of the said road problem.

1. May we know your name Ma’am/ Sir? 2. What is your position here in the tourist attraction? 3. How long have you been working here as (position)? 4. Mr. / Mrs. / Ms. (name), May we know where you are staying? (optional) 5. How long is your estimated time of travel from your place to your workplace here in Intramuros? 6. In your way here, what seems to be the cause/s of your interruption/s? 7. Traffic had been a part of your everyday living since you had started working here in Intramuros, as you observe and/ or experience what are the causes of traffic? 8. For you Mr. / Mrs. / Ms. (name) traffic had been an interruption to you when going here in Intramuros and going to your home. So for as tourist going here it won’t make any difference. Did you experience that traffic affect the number of

tourist visiting your attractions? Did it increase or decrease the tourist going here? 9. What is the other possible effect of traffic congestion to your tourist attractions aside from the number of tourist visiting and going back here? 10. Does the management of this tourist attraction have made any plans before to ease or lessen the traffic congestion? If yes, please state the plan made. 11. Did the plan been executed? How does the management plan of the tourist attraction affect the traffic congestion? 12. Did the government made any move before to ease or lessen the traffic congestion? If yes, what is the move made? 13. Did

the

government

move

affect

the

traffic

congestion?

Did it made any significant difference to ease or lessen the traffic congestion? 14. Is there any non government organization/s, student/s, and/ or private individual that had proposed their own plan to ease or lessen the traffic congestion here in Intramuros Manila? 15. Did the plan been executed? If yes, how does it work to the traffic congestion? If no, why and what is the possible blockage?

THANK YOU VERY MUCH FOR YOUR TIME AND HELP.

RESEARCHERS

Appendix B ISHIKAWA DIAGRAM OR FISHBONE DIAGRAM

Cause Internal Environment

Not enough road funds

Man

Uncontrolled Tourist

Lack of road research

Flooding

Unforeseen Typhoon

External Environment

Effect Machine

Vehicle Errors

Undisciplined local people

,/.Not well trained traffic enforcer

Poor road management

Management/Method

Defective CCTV

Lack of Signage

Not responding Traffic lights

Material

The Effects of Traffic Congestion in Ermita, Manila