Study Guide-industrial Revolution

Villalobos Period C

Eamon Barkhordarian 2/4/09

Learning Objectives 1. Britain was the first country to industrialize because of a few advantages they had over other countries. The British had many resources that were great for industrializing. Resources like coal for steam powered engines and iron. The British also had many people eager to work and had great mechanics that provided inventions that helped advance industrialization. Lastly, the British had a stable economic situation. Many of the businessmen were eager to invest in companies. Britain also had a high demand for goods as well as a stable and supporting government. 2. In the 1800s the industrial power of Belgium was the first to also start industrializing. Soon after France, Germany, and the US also started industrializing and at an even faster pace that Britain b/c they had more natural resources and they took advantage of flowing Britain’s lead. Japan lacked many resources but still was very successful. Canada, Australia, and New zeland also thrived. 3. The impact of the medical advances in the late 1800s was a massive population growth. This happened b/c less people were dying, not b/c of more births. The death rate changed b/c doctors were able to kill disease-carrying microbes. This helped stop a lot of deadly viruses from spreading. Also people began to have better hygiene and cut down on the spread of germs. In hospitals anesthetics allowed doctors to perform procedures that never before would have been possible. By the 1900s cities began to get much more crowded. People were mainly attracted by the jobs opportunities. Cities also went through architectural changes. They added sidewalks, making transportation easier, sewers, making cities healthier, streetlight and lamps for safety, and new building such as the Eiffel Tower and the emergence of skyscrapers. Cities overall layouts were drastically changed. 4. The middle class lived in large houses or new apartments houses. Rooms were crammed and photos and painting lined the walls. There was a strict code of etiquette that shaped how to dress at dinner parties, how to pay a social call, when to write letters, and how to mourn dead relatives. Parents supervised children closely, and servants and kids were thought to reflect on the family. Young people had more say in who they married. Men went to work and earned money for the family while the women stayed at home and watched over the children and servants. 5. Working-class struggled led to strikes and protests for higher wages and better hours. Although first unsuccessful, the workers slowly gained more rights. In the late 1800s most countries granted suffrage to all men and workers were allowed to organize unions. Soon pensions and disability insurance were established. Overall workers conditions got better. 6. No idea…we’ll go over it 7. Marxism was the economic and political theories of Karl Marx that hold that human actions and institutions are economically determined and that class struggle is needed to create historical change and that capitalism will ultimately be superseded by communism. Under Marxism, the economics was the driving force in history. Marx despised capitalism. He believed it created prosperity for only a few and poverty for many. He called for an international struggle to bring about its downfall.

Villalobos Period C

Eamon Barkhordarian 2/4/09

8. Doctors were able to kill disease-carrying microbes. This helped stop a lot of deadly viruses from spreading. Also people began to have better hygiene and cut down on the spread of germs. In hospitals anesthetics allowed doctors to perform procedures that never before would have been possible. 9. Around 1850s Elizabeth Cady Stanton and Susan B. Anthony organized a women’s rights movement. Many women went on to become scholars, doctors, lawyers, explorers, researchers, or inventors. Women later wanted the right the right to vote. Educators wanted governments to set up public school systems and require basic education for all children. 10.No idea…we’ll go over it 11.Too much info and detail. It’s on pages 256-257

Identifications 1. Enclosure a. The process of taking over and fencing off the land formerly shared by peasant farmers. 2. Factory system a. A system that brought manufacturing steps together in one place to increase efficiency. Increased production of goods made prices go down. The assembly line was fast and broke stuff up into its essential parts. It also introduced the concept of interchangeable parts. 3. Robert Fulton a. A person hired by Robert Livingston. He was hired to develop a steamboat with a powerful engine. Livingston wanted the boat to carry cargo and passengers up the Hudson River. 4. Child Labor a. Where places hired children to do the work. There were many problem with this, including health issues, paid less, and safety. It was accepted by parent because the children had already worked on farms, so why not factories? 5. “New Middle Class” a. The class that was growing the fastest during the industrial revolution. It was made up of businessmen, doctors, and lawyers. 6. Communism a. Introduced by Karl Marx. It argued that security was before freedom. It also stated that laborers created the wealth. America is not communist, but capitalist. 7. John Stuart Mills a. He was a utilitarian. He believed society’s goal was to make people happy. 8. Robert Owen

Villalobos Period C

Eamon Barkhordarian 2/4/09

a. The utopian Robert Owen set up a model community to put his ideas into practice. 9. Stock a. Shares in the companies. People would invest in these shares and benefit the company. 10. Guglielmo Marconi a. ??????????????????????????????? 11. Germ Theory a. the theory that all contagious diseases are caused by microorganisms 12. Louis Pasteur a. Louis Pasteur created vaccination against rabies and anthrax. Also the discovery of a process called pasteurization killed disease-carrying microbes in milk. 13. Cult of domesticality a. The Cult of Domesticity or Cult of True Womanhood (named such by its detractors) was a prevailing view among middle and upper class white women 14. Social gospel a. A movement that urged Christians to social service. The movement applied Christian ethics to social problems, especially poverty, inequality, liquor, crime, racial tensions, slums, bad hygiene, child labor, weak labor unions, poor schools, and the danger of war. Above all they opposed rampant individualism and called for a socially aware religion. 15. Social Darwinism a. It states that government, societies, and companies succeed because “because they are fit to succeed.” Also the term “survival of the fittest” branches off social Darwinism. 16. Charles Dickens a. An English novelist who vividly portrays the lives of slum dwellers and factory workers, including children. In Oliver Twist, he tells the story of a 9 year old orphan raised in a grim poor house. One day, young Oliver gets up the nerve to ask for extra food. 17. Charles Townsend a. In the 1700s British farmers expanded on Dutch experiments. One person that strived on improving farming methods was a lord that urged farmers to grow turnips. By growing turnips, you restored exhausted soil. 18. Abraham Darby a. Darby used coal to smelt iron. Darby found a way to remove the impurities from coal. Darby’s experiments led him to produce better quality and less expensive iron. 19. Urbanization

Villalobos Period C

Eamon Barkhordarian 2/4/09

a. Movement of people to cities. This happened most during the industrial revolution because a lot of new things pulled people into the cities. Jobs were more available, and times were much better. Population increased because more food was available. 20. Luddites a. The name in England referred to the rioters that smashed machines and burned factories. They were named Luddites after the mythical figure, Ned Ludd, who supposedly destroyed machines in the 1780s. 21. Utilitarianism a. The idea that the goal of society should be “the greatest happiness for the greatest number.” In Utilitarianism, all laws and actions should be judged by their utility. Did they provide more pleasure than pain? The Utalitarians wanted the government to step in to improve the hard lives of the working class. 22. Thomas Malthus a. His writings were like Adam Smith’s book, and his writings on population shaped economic thinking for generations. Malthus grimly predicted that population would outpace the food supply. The only check son population growth, he said, were war, disease, and famine. 23. Dynamo a. Created by Michael Faraday, and is a machine that generates electricity. Today, all electric generators and transformers work on the principle of Faraday’s dynamo. 24. Corporation a. Businesses that are owned by many investors who buy shares of a stock 25. Michael Faraday a. An English chemist and creator of the first simple electric motor. He also created the first dynamo, which is a machine that generates electricity. Today, all electric generators and transformers work on the principle of Faraday’s dynamo. 26. Joseph Lister a. The English surgeon that discovered how antiseptics prevented infection. He insisted that surgeons washed their hands before operating and sterilize their instruments. Eventually, the use of antiseptics drastically reduced deaths from infections. 27. Temperance Movement a. A campaign to limited or ban the use of alcohol beverages. This was because the ideas of pubs began to change during the industrial revolution and more people abused the use of alcohol. 28. Atomic theory

Villalobos Period C

Eamon Barkhordarian 2/4/09

a. Created by John Dalton. The ancient Greeks speculated that all matter was made up of tiny particles called atoms. Dalton showed how different kinds of atoms combined to make all chemical substances. 29. Charles Lyell a. The new science of geology opened disturbing avenues of debate. Charles Lyell offered evidence to show that the Earth had formed over millions of years. His successors concluded that the Earth was at least two billion years old and that life had not appeared until long after the Earth was formed. These ideas did not seem to agree with biblical accounts of creation 30. Gustave Courbet a. A French realist. He once said, “I cannot paint an angel for I have never seen one.” Instead, he painted works such as The Stone Breakers. Which shows two rough laborers on a country road. 31. Jethro Tull a. One person that strived on improving farming methods. He invented a new mechanical device, the seed drill, to aid farmers. It deposited seeds in rows rather than scattering them wastefully over the land. 32. John Kay a. Using John Kay’s flying shuttle, weavers worked so fast that they soon outpaced spinners. 33. Tenement a. Vast numbers of the poor however, struggled to survive in foul-smelling slums. They packed into tiny rooms in tenements. These buildings had no running water, only community pumps. There was no sewage or sanitation system. Cholera and other diseases spread rapidly. 34. John Wesley a. The founder of the Methodist Church. Wesley stressed the need for a personal sense of faith. He urged Christians to improve their lot by adopting sober, moral ways. Methodists helped channel workers’ anger away from revolution and toward social reform. 35. Socialism a. The people as a whole would own and operate the means of production. 36. Karl Marx a. Marxism was the economic and political theories of Karl Marx that hold that human actions and institutions are economically determined and that class struggle is needed to create historical change and that capitalism will ultimately be superseded by communism .Under Marxism, the economics was the driving force in history. Marx despised capitalism. He believed it created prosperity for only a few and poverty for many. He called for an international struggle to bring about its downfall. 37. Iron Law of Wages

Villalobos Period C

Eamon Barkhordarian 2/4/09 a. Introduced by David Ricardo. Ricardo agreed with Malthus that the poor

had too many children. In his “iron of wages,” Ricardo showed that when wages were too high, families had more children. But more children meant a greater supply of labor, which led to lower wages and higher unemployment. 38. Interchangeable parts a. Identical components that could be use in place of one another. This was brought about by the factory system. This helped heavily because if something broke in a machine, they didn’t have to replace the whole machine, but rather the specific part that was broken. 39. Urban Renewal a. Rebuilding the poor areas of a city. 40. Women’s suffrage a. Women’s right to vote. The Seneca Falls Convention demanded that women be granted the right to vote. In general, women’s suffrage faced intense opposition. 41. Natural Selection a. Natural forces selected those with physical traits best adapted to their environment. The process of natural selection became known as “survival of the fittest.” Natural selection was first brought up by Darwin. 42. Romanticism a. 19th century artistic movement that appealed to emotion rather than reason 43. Mutual-aid societies a. Created by the working class. They formed mutual-aid societies, which were self-help groups to aid sick or injured workers. 44. James Watt a. A Scottish engineer that improved on Newcomen’s engine. Watt’s engine would become a key power source of the Industrial Revolution. 45. Capital a. Wealth to invest in enterprises. Large scale companies needed so much capital that they sold hundreds of thousands of shares. These businesses formed giant corporations. With large amounts of capital, corporations could expand into many areas. 46. James Hargreaves a. As demand for cloth grew, people came up with a string of remarkable ideas to make production faster and more effective. One of those people was James Hargreaves. James Hargreaves solved the problem caused by John Kay by creating the spinning jenny in 1764, which spun many threads at the same time. 47. Labor Union a. Workers’ organizations.

Villalobos Period C

Eamon Barkhordarian 2/4/09

48. Methodism a. The religion founded by John Wesley. Methodism meetings featured hymns and sermons promising forgiveness of sin and a better life to come. Methodists tried to rekindle the hope among the working poor. Methodists helped channel workers’ anger away from revolution and toward social reform. 49. Means of production a. They include machines, tools, plant and equipment, infrastructure, and so on: "all those things with the aid of which man acts upon the subject of labor, and transforms it." The people as a whole would own and operate the means of production. 50. David Ricardo a. Introduced the iron law of wages. 51. Laissez-Faire a. The main prophet of laissez-faire economics was Adam Smith. Smith asserted that a free market would come to help everyone, not just the rich. The free market would produce more goods at lower prices making them affordable for everyone. A growing economy would also encourage capitalists to reinvest profits into new ventures. Individuals should be left to improve their lot through hard work and limiting the size of families. 52. Assembly Line a. Ford started using the assembly line to mass produce cars, making the U.S a leader in the automotive industry. It was a line that moved parts down the line and people would puts stuff on the thing as it passed by. 53. Monopolies a. market in which there are many buyers but only one seller. nd 54. 2 industrial revolution a. ??????????? 55. Standard of Living a. A level of material comfort in terms of goods and services available to someone or some group. During the industrial revolution, the standard of living changed. 56. New social order/middle class values a. Although middle-class families had a huge part in choosing who their children married, young people had more freedom to choose a marriage partner than ever before. Marriage contracts were set up to protect a daughter’s property right. The division of labor between husband and wife changed. Most husbands went to work in an office or shop, getting enough income to keep the wife at home. Women spent their hours raising children, directing servants, and perhaps doing religious or charitable services. Books magazines, and songs supported the idea of the women and the home. 57. Charles Darwin

Villalobos Period C

Eamon Barkhordarian 2/4/09 b. English natural scientist who formulated a theory of evolution by

natural selection. He invented social Darwinism: applying the ideas of survival of the fittest to war and economic competition. War brought progress by weeding out weak nations, victory was seen as proof of superiority, and industrial tycoons were more fit than those put out of business. Social Darwinism encourages racism. By late 1800, many Europeans and Americans claimed that the success of western civilization was due to the superiority of the white race. 58. Realism a. An artistic movement whose aim was to represent the world as it is. Realists also introduced realism in art and drama. In art, the painters focused on ordinary subjects, especially on working class men and women.