Shwekhamauk 96

pmapmif trSwpf Of (96)

2009 ckEpS /f rwfv (31) &uf?

= Ekid if aH &;tusO;f om;tm;vH;k v$waf y;a&;/ = jynfoŒl v$waf wmf ac:,lay;a&;/ = zGŒJ pnf;yHt k ajccHOya' jyefvnfo;kH oyfa&;aumfrwD zGŒJ pnf;a&;/ = awGŒqHak qG;aEG;a&;/ jrefrmEkid if [ H m vGwv f yfa&;&cJw h m[m tESpf (50) ausmo f mG ;yg_yD? tESpf (50) ausmcf ahJ omfvnf; wd;k wufoifo h avmuf rwd;k wufcyhJ gbl;? tJ'h t D a-umif;t&if;uawmh usrwd‹k Eidk if t H wGi;f rSm pnf;vH;k nD!w G rf r+ &Sv d ‹kd jzpfygw,f? 'gha-umifh usrwd‹k pnf;vH;k nD!w G rf + &atmifv‹kd tm;vH;k 0dik ;f _yD;awmh óud;pm;&rSmyg? pnf;vH;k nD!w G rf + &&Szd ‹kd qw kd m wzufowf óud;pm;vk‹d rjzpfygbl;? tzufzufu tm;vH;k vdv k m;rSom pnf;vH;k nD!w G rf &+ rSmjzpfygw,f? 'ga-umifrh ‹kd v‹kd usrwd‹k Ekid if u H jynfov l x l Ek iS hf wyfrawmfom;rsm;tm;vH;k [m pnf;vH;k nD!w G pf mG eJ‹ 'Dru kd a&pDjynfaxmifp}k uD;udk xlaxmifz‹dk óud;zrf;-uzd‹k usrtaeeJ‹ arwWm&yfccH siyf gw,f? a':atmifqef;pk-unfh ( 12 = 8 = 99 ) trsKd ;om;'Dru dk a&pDtzGŒJ csKyf a-unmcsut f rSwf 108 (8/ 99) rS a':atmifqef;pk-unf txde;f odr;f cHc&hJ o!fu h mvrsm; = yxrt}udrf txde;f odr;f cH&jcif; = 1989 ckEpS f Zlvidk v f (20) &ufae‹rS 1995 Zlvidk v f (10) &ufae‹txd? 'kw, d t}udrf txde;f odr;f cH&jcif; = 2000 ckEpS /f pufwifbmv (23) &ufae‹rS 2002 ckEpS /f arv (6) &ufae‹txd? wwd,t}udrf txde;f odr;f cH&jcif; = 2003 ckEpS /f arv (30) &ufae‹rS ,ae‹txd? trsKd ;om;'Dru kd a&pDtzGŒJ csKyf (vGwaf jrmufe,fajr) rS xkwaf 0jzef‹cso d nf?

tmZmenfy*k ~d KvfwŒkd . vkyif ef;udk qH;k cef;wdik f qufvufI aqmif&u G &f rnf?

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trsdK;om;'Drdkua&pDtzGJ@csKyf trSwf - 97§c taemufa&$*w kH ikd v f rf; A[ef;òrdŒe,f / &efuek òf rdŒ 2009 ckEpS f / rwfv ( 23 ) &uf 1370 ckEpS /f waygi;f vjynfah usmf (13) &uf? a=unmcsuftrSwf - 4 § 03 § 09

trsKd ;om;'Dru kd a&pDtzG@J csKyf A[dt k vkyt f r_aqmiftzG@J . 16 - 3 - 09 &ufae@wiG f usi;f yaom tpnf;ta0;qH;k jzwfcsut f & Ekid if aH wmfat;csr;f om,ma&;ESizhf @HG òzd;a&;aumifpD OuUÏ Adv k cf sKyfrLS ;}uD;oef;a&$xo H @kd trsKd ;om;'Dru dk a&pDtzG@J csKyf OuUÏ OD;atmifa&$u 19-309 ae@Y ay;yd@k cahJ om pmygta=umif;t&mrsm;udk odom&ef xkwjf yefvu kd yf gonf? “p” ta=umif;t&m? ? A[dt k vkyt f r_aqmiftzG@J 0ifrsm;tm;vH;k awGŒqHck iG hf &&Sda&;? &nf!e¸ ;f csu?f ? trsKd ;om;'Dru dk a&pDtzG@J csKyf. 2009 ckEpS /f Zefe0g&v D (20) &ufpyJG g pmtrSwf 008 (pnf;)§ 01§ 09 ? trsdK;om;'Drdkua&pDtzGJ@csKyfonf EkdifiHa&;ygwDrsm;rSwfyHkwifjcif;Oya'ESifhtnD w&m;0if&yfwnfvsu&f adS om Ekid if aH &;ygww D ckjzpfaoma=umifh tzG@J csKyf. rl0g'oabmxm; rsm;/ pnf;rsO;f rsm;/ &nf&, G cf surf sm;/ a&SŒvkyif ef;pOfrsm; udk csrw S Ef idk &f ef txl;vdt k yfygonf? TuJhodk@csrSwfEkdif&ef trsdK;om;'Drdkua&pDtzGJ@csKyf. 'kOuUÏ OD;wifOD;ESifh taxGaxG twGif;a&;rSL; a':atmifqef;pk=unftygt0if A[dktvkyftr_aqmiftzGJ@0ifrsm;tm;vHk; awGŒqHn k E‡d i_d ;f aqG;aEG;cGi&hf &Sad &;twGuf tjrefq;kH pDpOf aqmif&u G af y;yg&ef xyfrt H a=umif;=um; tyfygonf? 16- 3- 09 ae@wiG f usi;f yaom A[dt k vkyt f r_aqmiftzG@J . tpnf;ta0;qH;k jzwfcsut f & “(qH;k )” A[dt k vkyt f r_aqmiftzG@J trsKd ;om;'Dru kd a&pDtzG@J csKyf &efukefòrdŒ

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Ekid if aH &;tusO;f om;tm;vH;k csucf si;f v$wf trsdK;om;'Drdkua&pDtzGJ@csKyf trSwf 97§c / taemufa&$*w kH ikd v f rf; A[ef;òrdŒe,f/ &efuek òf rdŒ 2009 ckEpS /f rwfv (27) &uf? 137 ckEpS /f wefc;l vqef; (2) &uf? (64) ESpfajrmuf zufqpfawmfvSefa&;ae@ a=unmcsuftrSwf - 5§ 03§ 09 ,ae@onf (64)ESpfajrmuf zufqpfawmfvSefa&;ae@jzpfayonf? TawmfvSefa&;}uD; onf trsKd ;om;tmZmenfacgi;f aqmif}uD; Adv k cf sKyfatmifqef;ESiw hf uG ppfreS af om rsKd ;cspaf cgi;f aqmifrsm;u jynfov l x l w k &yfv;kH . pnf;vH;k nD!w G rf t _ iftm;jzifh jrefrmhvw G v f yfa&;óud; yrf;r_wiG f vufeufpu JG ikd I f tHºk uGawmfveS w f u kd cf u kd rf }_ uD;jzpfcahJ yonf? udv k ekd eD ,fcs@J w@kd onf (1885) ckEpS w f iG f u|Eyfk w f @kd jrefrmEkid if u H kd t+yD;wdu k cf u kd o f rd ;f ydu k f cJ=h uonf? xd@k a=umifh tcsKyftjcmtm%mykid f vGwv f yfa&;}uD; qH;k ±_;H oGm;cJ&h ayonf? ud, k x hf ;D ud, k ehf ef; ud, k =f uiSe;f jzifh tkycf sKyfvsuf txifu&wnf&cdS ahJ om vGwv f yfonfEh idk if aH wmftjzpfrS e,fcs@J w@kd . vufatmufcEH idk if w H cktjzpfo@kd usa&mufc&hJ ayonf?xdpk Ofuyif jrefrmwdik ;f &if; om;wd@k onf e,fcs@J w@kd .tkycf sKyfru _ kd vufcEH idk cf jhJ cif; vH;k 0r&Scd ahJ y? tcgtcGio hf ifw h ikd ;f e,fcsŒJ wd@k tm;awmfveS w f u kd cf u kd I f qH;k &_;H oGm;cJah omvGwv f yfa&;}uD; jyefvnf&&S&d ef vuf&;kH &nf/ ESv;kH &nf/ ud, k pf rG ;f / ^m%fprG ;f &So d r# enf;trsKd ;rsKd ;udu k sio hf ;kH vsuf tpOfwpdu k f óud;yrf;aqmif&u G f cJ=h uayonf? od@k aomfvnf; (1) e,fcsŒJ wd@k EiS hf vufeuftiftm; r,SOEf idk jf cif;? (2) ppfqifa&; qifEEJ$ idk &f ef avhusirhf r_ &Sjd cif;? (3) ppfa&;t& uGyu f rJ /_ }uD;=uyfrt _ wGuf wpfO;D wnf;aom acgi;f aqmifr_ r&Sjd cif;? (4) wpfpw k nf; pnf;&H;k Ekid rf r_ &Sjd cif;? (5) pnf;vH;k nD!w G o f nfh pepfusaomawmfveS af &;}u;D jzpfvmatmifraqmif&u G Ef idk jf cif;? wd@k a=umifh vufeufuikd af wmfveS af &;rsm;rSm atmifjrifjcif; r&Scd yhJ g? (1930) jynfEh pS w f iG f q&mpHacgi;f aqmifaom awmifov l ,form;xk}uD;onf e,fcsŒJ wd@k .zdEydS cf sKyfcs,rf _ trsKd ;rsKd ;rSvw G af jrmuf&ef awmfveS w f u kd cf u kd cf =hJ uonf? od@k aomf pepfus aompnf;±H;k a&;ESiahf qmif&u G cf surf sm;r[kwo f nft • jyi/f vufeufcsi;f r,SOEf idk jf cif;/ vlxw k &yf vH;k yl;aygi;f yg0ifrr_ &Sjd cif; wd@k a=umifh arS;rSed af ysmufu, G cf &hJ onf?

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a':atmifqef;pk-unf/ OD;wifO;D ESihf Edik if aH &;tusO;f om;rsm; csucf si;f v$w?f ‚if;jyif 1938 ckEpS w f iG f “1300 jynft h a&;awmfy”kH }uD;ay:aygucf o hJ nf? ‚if;ta&;awmf yHo k nf e,fcs@J w@kd tm; vlxek nf;jzifph epfwusawmfveS cf ahJ om óud;yrf;aqmif&u G rf _ jzpfco hJ nf? xdv k x l w k u kd yf aJG =umifh tvkyo f rm;ta&;/ awmifov l ,form;ta&;/ ausmif;om;ta&;wk@d rS wqifh trsKd ;om;vGwaf jrmufa&;/vH;k 0vGwv f yfa&;rkcOf ;D od@k y@kd aqmifO;D wnfapcJo h nf? rdrw d @kd wdik ;f jynfvw G v f yfa&;jyefvnf&&Sad &;twGuf +idr;f csr;f a&;v_y&f mS ;r_jzifah tmifjrifjcif;r&Scd o hJ nfh oifcef;pmrsm;ud&k ,lI ocifatmifqef;ESiw hf uG rsKd ;cspo f cifvil ,frsm;/ ausmif;om;vli,f rsm; yg0ifaom“wd@k Arm tpnf;t±H;k ”uvufeufuikd af wmfveS af &;tm; toH;k ðyjcif;jzifo h m vGwfvyfa&;udk&&SdEkdifrnf[ktqHk;tjzwfay;cJhonf? od@k a=umifh ppfynmoif,al &;/ vltiftm;pkaqmif;a&;/ vufeufc, J rf;rD;ausmuf&,l a&;/ Ekid if aH &;ygwrD sm;pnf;vH;k nD!w G af &;rStp jynfov l x l w k &yfv;kH aoG;pnf;nD!w G af &;wd@k onf txl;vdt k yfcsurf sm;jzpfvmonf? txl;ojzifh vufeufc, J rf;rD;ausmuf&&S&d efEiS hf vl tiftm; pkaqmif;+yD; ppfynmoif,al &;twGuf óud;yrf;aqmif&u G &f ef “Armhxu G &f yf*% kd ;f ” }uD;udk 1939 ckEpS /f atmufwb kd mvwGif zG@J pnf;cJo h nf? “Armhxu G &f yf*% kd ;f ”. twGi;f a&;rSL; tjzpf ocifatmifqef;u aqmif&u G cf o hJ nf? TtzG@J }u;D onf *syefppfacgi;f aqmiftcsKd @EiS hf tquftoG,&f &Scd o hJ nf? od@k ygojzifh ocif atmifqef;OD;aqmifonfh “wd@k Armtpnf;t±H;k ” 0if ocifvil ,frsm;/ ausmif;om;vli,frsm; yg0ifaom &Jabmfo;kH usyd w f @kd onf *syefppfwyfuoif=um;ay;onfh ppfynmudk &,lc=hJ u&onf? ocifatmifqef;ESihf e,fcs@J qef@usiaf &; ajratmufawmfveS af &;acgi;f aqmifrsm;onf e,fcsŒJ w@kd tm; vufeufjzifh awmfveS w f u kd cf u kd &f ef *syefppfwyf. tultnDukd &,lc=hJ u&onf? rdrw d ikd ;f jynf jyefvnfvw G af jrmufa&;twGuf Ekid if jH cm;tquftoG,Ef iS hf vufeufc, J rf;rD;ausmuf &&S&d ef vdt k yfojzifh *syefppfwyfrsm;ESihf yl;aygi;f cJ&h jcif;jzpfygonf? od@k EiS hf 1941ckEpS /f 'DZifbmv(27)&ufae@wiG /f xdik ;f Ekid if /H befaumufòrdŒY Adv k cf sKyf atmif qef; OD;pD;acgi;f aqmifaom Armhvw G v f yfa&;wyfrawmfukd zG@J pnf;chyJ gonf? Tod@k pwifz@JG pnf; cJo h nft h csed u f yif Adv k cf sKyfatmifqef;u“ æ &Jabmfw@kd igw@kd rmS ppfwu kd , f if; pm;aomuf=u&ef pm;a&&dumQ tpm;tpmqdv k @kd vH;k 0r&S/d 0wfqif=up&m t0wfqv kd @kd vJ wxnfwydik ;f r#r&S/d 'ga=umifrh @kd v@kd &Jabmfw@kd onf ppfyw JG av#mufrmS tdy=f u&zd@k ajr}uD;/ pm;aomuf=up&mqdv k @kd ausmufceJ @J ovJyJ &S=d ur,f? 'gyJ igwwfEidk w f ,f? 'DArmhvw G v f yfa&;wyfrawmftwGi;f 0ifa&muf ppfrx _ rf;=ujcif;jzifh &mxl; ponfh tcGit hf a&;&&S=d uvdrrhf nf? olaX;olºuG,}f uD;rsm; jzpf=u&vdrrhf nf[k rar#mv f ih=f uyge@J / t}uD;qH;k &vmbfuawmh aorif;yJ?” [k rde@f =um;cJah yonf? xd@k aemuf Armhvw G v f yfa&;wyfrawmfyifronf ppfa=umif;rsm;zG@J I rdrw d ikd ;f jynfxo J @kd 0ifa&muf=uum e,fcsŒJ wd@k tm;awmfveS w f u kd cf u kd cf =hJ uonf? jynfwiG ;f od@k yifrwyfrawmf r0if

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tusO;f uscH wdik ;f &if;om;acgif;aqmifrsm;tm; csucf si;f v$w?f a&mufru D yif Armhvw G v f yfa&;wyfrawmfrS &JabmftcsKd Œonf jynfwiG ;f &Sd Ekid if aH &;ygwD toD; oD;u zG@J pnf;xm;onfu h vyfpnf;rsm;ESihf ajratmufawmfveS af &;twGuf ajymufusm;rsm;zG@J I ppfynmrsm;oif=um;ay;um vlxpk nf;±H;k a&;vkyif ef;rsm;udk aqmif&u G cf =hJ uonf? Armhvw G f vyfa&;wyfrawmfonfrrd w d ikd ;f jynf.òrŒd awm/f &efuek òf rŒd udk 1942 ckEpS /f rwfvwGiv f nf;aumif; wpfwikd ;f jynfv;kH udk arv ukecf ef@wiG v f nf;aumif; atmifjrifpmG wdu k cf u kd o f rd ;f ,lEidk cf =hJ uonf? jynfolvlxku ‚if;wdk@. qENoabmxm;t& rnfolwOD;wa,muf. twif;t"rRwdkuf wGe;f jcif;r&Sb d J pnf;vH;k nD!w G pf mG yl;aygi;f yg0ifrt _ iftm;a=umifh atmifjrifcjhJ cif; jzpf onf? od@k aomf wdik ;f jynfvw G v f yfa&;u jyefvnfr&&Sad o;yg? rdrw d ikd ;f jynfonf e,fcsŒJ atmufrS ppf0g'zD ufqpfrsm;vufatmufo@kd wpfzefusa&mufc&hJ jyefonf? &efuek òf rdŒawmfukd odr;f ydu k +f yD; ygu Armjynfvw G v f yfa&;a=unmay;rnf[k uwdðycJah omfvnf; 1942 ckEpS /f rwfv(8)&uf ae@wiG f &efuek òf rŒd udo k rd ;f ydu k +f y;D onft h cg vGwv f yfa&;ay;&ef tcsed af pmao;onf[k ta=umif; jycJo h nf?xd@k tjyif jrefrmEkid if w H 0Sr;f vH;k 1942 ckEpS /f arvwGif odr;f ydu k +f y;D cJah omfvnf; wdik ;f jynf vGwv f yfa&;udk a=unmjcif;rðycJah y? zufqpfrsm;onf ‚if;wdk@ay;cJhaom uwdu0wfrsm;udkazmufzsuf±Hkomru &ufpuf =urf;wrf;r_/ rw&m;r_ajrmufjrm;pGmwd@k ukd vkyaf qmifvmcJ=h uonf? qd;k &Gm;vmaom zufqpf pepfuu kd sio hf ;kH um Ekid if u H kd ppftyk cf sKyfa&;jzifh tkycf sKyfco hJ nf? qefpyg; o,HZmwrsm;udk aoG;pkyf ,lc=hJ uonf? zufqpfaxmufvrS ;f a&;tzG@J uvnf; rsKd ;cspv f il ,fw@kd ukd zrf;qD;csKyfaESmif owf jzwfc=hJ uonf? 1943 ckEpS /f =o*kwv f (1)&ufae@wiG f ppfreS af om vGwv f yfa&;r[kwb f J twk ta,mifvGwfvyfa&;udkom zufqpfwdk@uay;cJhonf? ‚if;wdk@udk,fwdkifay;xm;onfh uwd u0wfrsm;udk odumQ rJph mG vpfvsL±_co hJ nf? ±kyaf o;tpd;k &wckukd zG@J pnf;ay;cJo h nf? Tonfrsm; udk jynfov l x l u k oabmrwl vufrcHEidk =f uyg? zufqpfqef@usiaf &; pdw"f mwfrsm; wzGm;zGm; ay:aygufvmcJhayonf? *syefuay;aom twkta,mif vGwfvyfa&;ESifhywfoufI AdkvfcsKyfatmifqef;u “»»»jrefrmjynfojl ynfom;rsm;onf vGwv f yfa&;t&omudk rcHpm;&ao;a=umif; ,ck&&Sd xm;aomvGwfvyfa&;onf pm&Gufay: Ya&;om;xm;aom vGwfvyfa&;r#omjzpfa=umif;/ vGwv f yfa&;tppftrSe&f &Sad &;twGuf a&SŒqufpcef;oGm;&efEiS hf pGe@f pm;&efvt kd yfa=umif;/»»»” [k 1944 ckEpS /f =o*kwv f (1) &ufae@wiG f rde@f =um;cJo h nf? od@k EiS hf Adv k cf sKyfatmifqef;ESiw hf uG rsKd ;cspaf cgi;f aqmif}uD;rsm;onf zufqpfawmfveS af &; twGuf tpDtpOfrsm;a&;qGJcJh=uonf? AdkvfcsKyfatmifqef; OD;pD;acgif;aqmifI wyfrawmf/ uGejf rLepfygwED iS hf jynfo@l ta&;awmfyykH gwD (aemifwiG f qd&k , S v f pfygw)D wd@k onf wpfpw d w f pf0rS ;f wnf; aoG;pnf;nD!w G pf mG yl;aygi;f =u+yD; zufqpfwu kd zf suaf &; jynfo@l vw G v f yfa&;tzG@J csKyfukd 1944 ckEpS /f =o*kwv f (4) &ufEiS hf (7) &uftwGi;f yJc;l òrdŒ&Sd pHjywyf&if;wGif zG@J pnf;cJ=h uonf?

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rSeu f efwhJ OD;aqmifre+ ‹J vlxu k kd OD;aqmif = etz 2010 ud±k u kd cf sKd ; TtzG@J csKyf}uD;. t"duwm0efrmS zufqpfawmfveS af &; atmifjrifpmG qifE&J$ eftwGuf jynfaxmifpt k wGi;f aexdik =f uaom wdik ;f &if;om;jynfow l pf&yfv;kH nDn! D w G ! f w G f axmufcrH /_ ud, k u f sKd ;pGe@f rE_ iS hf wufºuGpmG yl;aygi;f yg0ifaqmif&u G rf w _ @kd &&S&d efjzpfonf? od@k a=umifh 1945 ckEpS /f rwfv(27)&ufae@wiG f pwifawmfveS cf ahJ omzufqpfawmfveS af &;}uD;Y usm;§r ra&G;/ }uD; i,fr[l/ awmifay:ajrjyef@rusef vlxv k w l ef;pm; tv$mtoD;oD; yg0ifc=hJ uonf? zufqpfrsm; tay:atmifyrJG sm;qufwu kd /f qufwu dk &f &Scd +hJ yD; Ekid if . H òrdŒawmf &efuek òf rdŒukd {+yDv(30)&ufae@ wGif odr;f yku d Ef idk cf =hJ uonf? zufqpfwkdufzsufa&;/ jynfol@vGwfvyfa&;tzJG@csKyf}uD;. OD;aqmifr_atmufESifh tvH awmfatmufwiG f jynfov l x l w k pf&yfv;Hk u rdrw d @kd .vGwv f yfaomoabmqENjzifh yl;aygi;f yg 0ifI udk,fusdK;pGef@tepfemcH+yD;/ pnf;vHk;nD!GwfpGmOD;vnfrokef vkdufemaqmif&Guf cJ=h ujcif;a=umifh TzufqpfawmfveS af &;}uD;rSm atmifjrifr&_ &Scd jhJ cif;jzpfonf? jynfov l x l w k pf &yfv;Hk . pnf;vk;H nD!w G rf o _ nfvnf; txGËt f xdyo f @dk a&muf&cdS jhJ cif;jzpfayonf?rdrEd ikd if . H vGwfvyfa&;twGuf xGef;vif;awmufyaom a&mifjcnf}uD;ay:xGufvmcJhjcif;jzpfayonf? wdkif;jynfESifhjynfolvlxkwdk@. tusKd;pD;yGm;rsm;jzpfxGef;aprnfh vkyfaqmifcsufor#ukd jynfov l x l Ek iS hf twlwuG yl;aygi;f aqmif&u G rf o S m rkcsatmifjrifrnf[al om tzd;k wefvo S nfh oifcef;pm}uD;udk &&Scd ahJ yonf? TawmfveS af &;}uD;atmifjrifrr_ mS jynfov l x l u k rsK;d cspw f yfrawmfEiS hf vufwyGJ ;l aygi;f I wufnD vufnóD ud;yrf;aqmif&u G cf o hJ nfh &v'f}uD;wpfcjk zpfonf? ok@d a=umifh e,fcsŒJ qef@usif a&;/ zufqpfawmfveS af &;/ trsKd ;om;vGwaf jrmufa&; óud;yrf;v_y&f mS ;r_rsm;rS ,ae@wyfrawmf udk arG;zGm;ay;cJjh cif;jzpfonf? xd@k tjyif Twyfrawmfonf Adv k cf sKyfatmifqef;ESihf rsKd ;cspAf rmh wyfrawmfrS udk,fpm;vS,f}uD;rsm;/ zufqpfwdkufzsufa&;jynfol@tzJG@csKyfrS ukd,fpm;vS,f }uD;rsm;ESit hf a&SŒawmiftm&Sa'oqkid &f m r[mrdww f yfrsm;.ppfaoemywdcsKyf armifb h ufwef wd@k oD[Vdk u f |e;f (,ae@o&D d vuFmEkid if )H uENòD r@d Y !SEd id_ ;f aqG;aEG;=uI oabmwlncD surf sm;&&Su d m uENpD mcsKyfudk vufrw S af &;xk;d +yD; qufvuf wnfwv hH mjcif;jzpfonf? trsKd;om;tmZmenfacgif;aqmif}uD; AkdvfcsKyfatmifqef;u wyfrawmfonf rnfokd@ aom vufeufuikd t f zJ@G tpnf; jzpfoifo h nf/ rnfuo hJ @dk aom t&nftcsi;f rsm;ESijhf ynfph &Hk rnf/ jrifjh rwfonfph w d x f m;rsK;d rnfr#&&dS rnfw@dk udk atmufygtwkid ;f rde@f =um;cJah yonf? “»»» ArmEkdifiH[m wnfwnfwHhwHh vGwfvGwfvyfvyfjzpfatmif igwdk@ toufay; umuG,=f u&zd@k tvkyv f yk =f u&r,f? 'ga=umifh Armhwyfrawmf awmifw h if;ckid rf mzk@d ta&;}uD; w,f? Armhwyfrawmf awmifw h if;zd@k qw dk mvnf; &Jabmfw@kd acgi;f aqmifwv hJ al wGay:rSm wnf w,f? acgif;aqmifawG&JŒt&nftcsif;nhH&if 'DwyfvJnHhrSmyJ? 'DwyfnhH&if 'Dwkdif;jynf/

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ppftyk pf . k 2010 a&G;aumufyt JG m; qefŒusiw f u kd zf su-f u 'DEidk if n H rHh mS yJ/ 'DEikd if n H &Hh if 'Dvw G v f yfa&;[mvJ tvum;yJ?” (1944 ckEpS /f Zefe0g&v D (31) &ufwiG f usi;f ycJo h nfh t=uyfoifwef;qif;yJrG )S “»»» 'DEidk if rH mS yJjzpfjzpf/ 'djyifEidk if aH wGrmS jzpfjzpf ppfom;awGcsn;f Edik if cH spw f o hJ &l =dS uwm r[kwb f ;l ? wjcm;ppfom;r[kwaf yr,fh Ekid if t H wGuf trsK;d rsK;d tepfemcH/ trsK;d rsK;d pGe@f pm; vky=f u wJv h al wGv&J =dS uwmyJ? tJ'ga=umifh ppfom;rS ppfom; qkw d hJ pdw"f gwo f abmxm;udk ajymif;=u& r,f? ” (1944 ckEpS /f rwfv (13) ae@ rde@f ceG ;f rS) “ 'Dwyfrawmf[m vlwOD;wa,muftwGuf wnfaxmifxm;wmr[kwb f ;l / wEkid if v H ;Hk wrsK;d om;vk;H twGujf zpfw,f/ 'Dwyfrawmf[m wzJ@G wygwD vlwpktwGuf wnfaxmifxm; wmr[kw/f wEdik if v H ;Hk wrsK;d om;vk;H twGujf zpfw,f/” (Akv d cf sKyfatmifqef;. &Sm;yg;rde@f ceG ;f rsm;/ pm-102 rS) “ ppfbufu vuf0g;}uD;tky+f yD;/ wkid ;f jynfvw $ af wmfu bmrS tpk;d r&wJh ppftm%m &Si0f g'rsK;d r&S&d atmif ppfbufukd wkid ;f jynfvw $ af wmfu tkypf ;dk Ekid cf iG &hf &dS r,f?” (1945 ckEpS /f =o*kwv f wGif usi;f ycJah om Ekid if aH cgi;f aqmifrsm;tpnf;ta0; rde@f ceG ;f rS) TonfrmS wyfrawmftwGuf Adv k cf sKyfatmifqef;. orkid ;f 0ifvrf;!Gerf ed @f ceG ;f rsm;jzpf ayonf? ok@d rmS omv#if wyfrawmfonf jynfov l x l . k xm0pOftm;uk;d tm;xm;ðy&aom vufeufuikd t f zJ@G tpnf;jzpfayrnf? trsK;d om;tmZmenfacgi;f aqmif}uD; vGwv f yfa&;Adok um}uD;/ wyfrawmf.zcif}uD; Adv k cf sKyfatmifqef;.orD;jzpfaom trsK;d om;'Dru dk a&pDtzJ@G csKyf taxGaxGtwGi;f a&;r–; a':atmifqef;pk=unfuvnf; wyfrawmfEiS yhf wfoufI ±k;d om;yGihf vif;pGm atmufygtwkid ;f ajym=um;cJo h nf? “jrefrmEkid if v H w G v f yfa&;&zk@d twGuf óud;yrf;wJh jrefrmhacgi;f aqmif}uD;rsm;[m usrwk@d Ekid if u H kd 'Dru dk a&pDEikd if t H jzpfe@J xlaxmifcw hJ mjzpfygw,f?vGwv f yfa&;&zd@k twGuf vnf; jynfov l x l ek @J wyfrawmfom;rsm;tm;vk;H vufw+GJ yD;awmhóud;yrf;cJv h @dk &cJw h m jzpfygw,f?ckcsed rf mS 'Dru dk a&pD&&Sad &;twGuf jynfov l x l ek @J wyfrawmfvufw+GJ yD; vkyf zd@k [m vkyd gw,f?” “»»»tcktcsed rf mS qkv d @dk &&dS if wpfcsKŒd olawGu usrwd@k trsK;d om;'Dru dk a&pDtzJ@G csKyfe@J wyfrawmf=um;rSm pdw0f rf;uJaG tmiftrsK;d rsK;d ajym=uygw,f? trsK;d om;'Dru dk a&pDtzJ@G csKyf[mjrefrmEkid if &H ŒJ tusK;d pD;yGm;ukd rvdv k m;oa,mifa,mif wyfrawmf&ŒJ tusK;d pD;yGm; udyk J rvkv d m;oa,mifa,mifajymqk=d uygw,f? 'gayr,fh usrwd@k [mtpOfwpfpu dk f jrefrmEdik if eH @J jrefrmhwyfrawmfukd *k%o f u d mQ &S&d edS @J &yfwnfapcsiw f t hJ zJ@G jzpfygw,f?»»” “ Ekid if w H Ekid if t H wGi;f rSm jynfov l x l ek @J wyfrawmf/ wyfrawmfe@J jynfov l x l k wpfom; wnf;&Srd o S mv#i+f idr;f csr;f r_vnf;&SEd idk rf ,f/ wk;d wufrv _ nf;&SEd ikd rf mS jzpfygw,f?wu,f

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tm%m±l;ppftpd;k &. &ufpuf,w k rf mr+rsm;tm; &J0phH mG azmfxw k -f u? awmhvnf;/wyfrawmfqw kd m tjcm;Ekid if u H tzJ@G tpnf;rS r[kww f myJ/ 'DEidk if x H u J tzJ@G tpnf;yJ/ wcgwav wyfrawmfe@J jynfou l dk cJjG cm;+yD;ajymwm usrwk@d em;rvnfEidk f ygb;l / wyfrawmfom;rsm;qkw d m jynfov l x l x k u J ayguzf mG ;vmwmjzpfygw,f? jynf olvx l ek @J wyfrawmfuckd jGJ cm;csiw f phJ w d "f gw[ f mtifrwefrq S ;dk 0g;wJph w d "f gwjf zpfygw,f? wyfrawmfe@J Eidk if aH &;orm;rsm;=um;xJrmS vnf; pdw0f rf;uJaG tmifvyk w f ,fqw kd m[m rvkv d m;tyfwu hJ pd jP zpfygw,f/ Ekid if w H Ekid if rH mS Ekid if aH &;orm;rsm;&Srd o S mv#if Ekid if aH &; bufu yDyjD yifjyifvyk Ef idk rf mS yg?'ga=umifrh @kd v@dk Ekid if aH &;orm;rsm;eJ@Eidk if &H ŒJ tpk;d &ukd yDyD jyifjyifvyk Ef ikd rf ,fh Ekid if aH &;orm;rsm;eJ@ Ekid if &H ŒJ vkòH cHa&;ukw d m0ef,&l wJw h yfrawmf=um; xJrmS em;vnfrt _ rsm;}uD;&Szd @kd vykd gw,f?'Dvedk m;vnfr&_ zdS @kd usrwd@k tpOfwpku d óf ud;pm; aeygw,f?»»»” “ jrefrmEkid if [ H m vGwv f yfa&;&cJw h m tESp(f 50)ausmo f mG ;yg+yD? tESpf (50)ausmcf ahJ omf vnf; wk;d wufoifo h avmuf rwd;k wufcyhJ gb;l ? tJ't D a=umif;&if;uawmh usrwd@k Ekid if t H wGi;f rSmpnf;vk;H nD!w G rf r_ &Sv d @dk jzpfygw,f? 'ga=umifh usrwd@k pnf;vk;H nD!w G rf _ &atmifv@dk tm;vk;H 0kid ;f +yD;awmh óud;pm;=u&rSmyg? pnf;vk;H nD!w G rf &_ &Szd @kd qw kd m wpf zufowfóud;pm;vd@k rjzpfygb;l / tzufzufu tm;vk;H vkv d m;rSom pnf;vk;H nD!w G rf _ &rSmjzpfygw,f?'ga=umifrh @kd v@dk usrwd@k Eikd if u H jynfov l x l ek @J wyfrawmfom;rsm;tm; vk;H [m pnf;vk;H nD!w G pf mG eJ@'rD u dk a&pDjynfaxmifp}k uD;ukx d al xmifz@kd óud;yrf;=uzk@d usr taeeJ@ arwWm&yfccH siyf gw,f?” (12-8-1999 ae@wiG f xkwjf yefaom trsK;d om;'Dru dk a&pDtzJ@G csKyf.a=unmcsut f rSw-f 108(8§99)rS) trsK;d om;'Dru dk a&pDtzJ@G csKyftaxGaxGtwGi;f a&;r–; a':atmifqef;pk=unf. txufyg ajym=um;csurf sm;onf wyfrawmfEiS hf trsK;d om;'Dru dk a&pDtzJ@G csKyfw@dk t=um; &if=um;apha&;ESihf awG@qaHk qG;aEG;a&;twGuf vnf;aumif;/ wyfrawmfEiS jhf ynfol pnf;vk;H nD!w G af &;twGuf vnf;aumif;/ trsK;d om;jyefvnfoifjh rwfa&;twGuv f nf;aumif;/ vrf;cif;ay;vku d jf cif;jzpf ayonf? trsK;d om;'Dru dk a&pDtzJ@G csKyfonf trsK;d om;&if=um;apha&;/ 'Dru dk a&pDpepfo@dk +idr;f csr;f pGmul;ajymif;a&;/ Ekid if aH &;jy\emrsm;ukEd ikd if aH &;enf;jzifh awG@qaHk qG;aEG;tajz&Sma&; tajccH vrf;a=umif;ay:wGif &yfwnfI wkid ;f jynfEiS hf jynfov l x l . k tusK;d pD;yGm;rsm;udk OD;xdyyf efqif um tpOfóud;yrf;aqmif&u G v f #u&f adS yonf? Edik if w H umwGiv f nf; Edik if aH &;/ pD;yGm;a&;/ ppfa&; ponfjh y\emrsm;ukv d ufeuftiftm; jzifh rajz&Si;f =ubJ/ ,if;yÉdyuQrsm;wGif yg0ifot l m;vk;H awG@qaHk qG;aEG;jcif;jzifh !SEd id_ ;f ajz&Si;f ae =uonfcsn;f jzpfonf? xko d @dk aqG;aEG;=u&mwGif oufqidk o f t l m;vk;H onf t,ltqwpfcu k kd

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rwlwm c%z,f/ wlwmawGe‹J pkpnf;/ bH&k efou l kd rsuaf jcrjywfapeJ‹ taoqkyu f ikd I f wpfbufowf&yfwnfjcif;rðy=ubJ jyifomajymif;omaomenf;jzifh tavsmh twif;oabmudak qmifI vufawG@usus tajz&Sm=u&rnf jzpfygonf? awG@qaHk qG;aEG;jcif; onf trsK;d om;jyefvnfoifjh rwfa&;twGuf vkt d yfaeaomESpOf ;D ESpb f uftajccHoabmwl nDcsu(f common ground) ud&k &S&d ef tajctaezefw;D jcif;vnf; jzpfayonf? awG@qaHk qG;aEG; jcif;jzifh oHo,uif;&Si;f +yD; ,k=H unfrr_ sm;&&SI d *k%o f u d mQ &Sad omtem*wfudk wnfaqmuf Ekdifrnfjzpfonf? trsKd;om;tmZmenfacgif;aqmif}uD;/vGwfvyfa&;Adokum}uD;/ wyfrawmfzcif}uD; AdkvfcsKyfatmifqef;onf(u) ta&SŒawmiftm&Sa'oqkid &f m r[mrdww f yfrsm;. ppfaoemywdcsKyf armifb h uf wefEiS hf awG@qakH qG;aEG;jcif;jzifh (1945) ckEpS /f pufwifbmv (7)&ufae@wiG f uENpD m csKyfudk csKyfqEdk ikd u f m wyfrawmfz@GJ pnf;a&;udpt P m;ajz&Si;f Edik cf jhJ cif;/ (c) +Adwo d #tpk;d &ESihf awG@qaHk qG;aEG;jcif;jzifh (1947)ckEpS /f Zefe0g&v D (27)&ufae@wiG f “yifvpHk mcsKyf” }uD;ukd csKyfqEdk ikd cf jhJ cif;/ (*) ukv d edk t D yk cf sKyfa&;atmufrS vGwaf jrmuf&ef aemufq;Hk tqift h aejzifh awG@qaHk qG; aEG;=u+yD; (1948) ckEpS /f Zefe0g&v D (4)&ufae@wiG f tcsKyftjcmtm%mykid v f w G v f yf aom Ekid if aH wmftjzpf urBmt h v,fwiG f wifw h ,fpmG ay:xGe;f vmcJjh cif;/ ponf• atmifjrifaomom"ursm;&Scd yhJ gonf? xd@k a=umifh rdrw d @kd widk ;f oljynfom; tcsi;f csi;f ¹zlpifaompdwx f m;/ r#waom oabmxm;wd@k jzifh awG@qaHk qG;aEG;!SEd id_ ;f tajz&Sm=uygv#if rnfo@dk aomtcuftc/Jtusyt f wnf;rsm;ESijhf y\emrsm;udrk qdk ratmifjrifEidk pf &mta=umif; r&Sdygacs? xd@k a=umifh trsK;d om;'Dru dk a&pDtzJ@G csKyfonf (2008) ckEpS /f pufwifbmv (22)&uf ae@wiG f txl;a=unmcsut f rSw-f 18§09§08 udx k w k jf yefco hJ nf? ,if;a=unmcsuyf g t"du tcsufrsm;rSm“(1) tm%mykdifwkd@u ‚if;wkd@ukd,fwkdifjyXmef;xm;onfh jynfhol@v$wfawmfa±G; aumufyOGJ ya'yk'rf -3 ESit hf nD 1990 jynfEh pS f ygwpD 'Hk rD u dk a&pD taxGaxGa±G;aumufyw GJ iG f tEkid &f &Scd ahJ om Edik if aH &;ygwrD sm;rS jynfo@l vw $ af wmfu, kd pf m;vS,rf sm;jzifh jynfo@l vw $ af wmfukd tjrefqkH;ac:,lzJG@pnf;ay;&ef/ (2),if;jynfol@v$wfawmfu zJG@pnf;ykHtajccHOya'/ jyefvnfokH;oyfa&;aumfrwDudk 1990 jynfEh pS f a&G;aumufyw GJ iG f tEdik &f &Scd ahJ om Ekid if aH &;ygwrD sm;rSu, dk pf m;vS,rf sm;/ typf tcwf&yfpx J m;aomvufeufuikd t f zJ@G tpnf;rsm;rS ud, k pf m;vS,rf sm;/ zJ@G pnf;ykt H ajccHOya' qkid &f m u|r;f usio f yl nm&Sirf sm;jzifh zJ@G pnf;ay;&ef”wk@d jzpfonf?

9

awGŒqHak qG;aEG;a&; taumiftxnfazmfay; Ttxl;a=unmcsuw f iG f jrefrmhEikd if aH &;vkyif ef;pOfrsm;Y oufqidk o f rl sm; tm;vk;H yg0ifa&; (all inclusive) rludk &,lxm;+yD; awG@qaHk qG;aEG;a&;twGut f pDtpOfrsm;udk pdw&f if; apwemrSejf zifh t}uHðyvku d jf cif;jzpfonf? tqkyd g txl;a=unmcsut f m; Ekid if aH wmfat;csr;f om,ma&;ESizhf @HG òz;d a&;aumifpu D tav;teufpOf;pm;I qk;H jzwfay;&efjzpfa=umif; xyfrH tqkd ðyvkdufygonf? ok@d ygIEkid if aH wmfat;csr;f om,ma&;ESizhf @GH òz;d a&;aumifpo D nf trsK;d om;jyefvnf oifh jrwfa&;ESihf 'Dru dk a&pDpepfo@dk u;l ajymif;a&;wk@d twGuw f m0ef&o dS nfEiS t hf nD trsK;d om;'Dru dk a& pDtzJ@G csKyf/ tjcm;aomwkid ;f &if;om;uk, d pf m;vS,rf sm;ESihf Edik if aH &;tESpo f m&jynf0h onfh awG@qHk aqG;aEG;a&;udkaqmif&Gufay;&efESifh EkdifiHa&;ywf0ef;usiftajctaeaumif;rsm;udk zefwD;ay; onfh jy,k*t f jzpf(u) rdrEd ikd if w H iG f 'Dru dk a&pDEiS hf vl@tcGit hf a&;rsm;&&S&d ef tpOfwpfpu dk f óud;yrf; tm;xkwrf a_ =umifh aetdrfrsm;wGif xde;f odr;f jcif;cHae=u&aom trsK;d om; 'Dru dk a&pDtzJ@G csKyf/'kw, d OuUX OD;wifO;D ESihf taxGaxGtwGi;f a&;r;– a':atmiqef;pk=unfw@dk tm; Ekid if aH wmf.vdt k yfcsut f & ¹cGi;f csurf &Sd tjrefqkH;jyefvGwfay;&ef/ (c) wkid ;f &if;om;vlrsK;d pkrsm;ryg0ifbJ ppfreS af om 'Dru dk a&pDjynfaxmifpk jrefrm Ekid if aH wmfukd wnfaqmufEikd rf nf r[kwaf oma=umifh &Sr;f wdik ;f &if;om;rsm; 'Dru dk a&pDtzJ@G csKyfOuUX cGex f eG ;f OD;/ twGi;f a&;r–;pkid ;f !Ge@f viG Ef iS hf tjcm; wkid ;f &if;om;acgi;f aqmifrsm;tm; ESp&f n S v f rsm;jypf'%fuscaH e&jcif;rS ¹cGi;f csurf &Sd tjrefq;Hk v$waf y;&ef (*) rdrw d @kd . Ekid if aH &;,k=H unfcsuaf =umifh zrf;qD;xde;f odr;f xm;jcif;/ jypf'%f csjcif;cHae=u&aomq&mawmf/ oHCmawmft&Sio f jl rwfrsm;/ jynfo@l vw $ f awmfu, kd pf m;vS,rf sm;/ 'Dru dk a&pDtiftm;pkrsm;ponfEh ikd if aH &;tusO;f om; tm;vkH;wkd@udkuef@owfcsufrsm;r&SdbJ¹cGif;csufr&SdtjrefqkH;v$wfay;&ef/ (C) rdrw d @kd . Ekid if aH &;,k=H unfcsuaf =umifh jypf'%fusjcif;cHae=u&aom rif;udk Edik /f uku d }kd uD; ponfh (88) rsK;d qufausmif;om;acgi;f aqmifrsm; tm;vk;H udk ¹cGi;f csurf &Sd tjrefq;Hk v$waf y;&ef/ (i) Ekid if aH &;ygwrD sm;rSwyf w Hk ifjcif;Oya'ESit hf nD w&m;0if&yfwnfaeaom trsK;d om;'Dru dk a&pDtzJ@G csKyf.tqifq h ifah om pnf;±k;H a&;tzJ@G ±;Hk rsm;udk Oya'ESihf nD !Gwjf cif;r&Sb d aJ cwW[q k +dk yD;/ ,ae@txdig;ESpaf usmo f nfw h idk u f mv&Sn=f umpGm csw d f ydwx f m;jcif;rStjrefq;Hk jyefvnfziG v hf pS af y;&efEiS v hf w G v f yfpmG pnf;±k;H v_y&f mS ;cGiahf y;&ef/

10

zGŒJ pnf;yHt k ajccHOya' jyefvnfo;kH oyfa&;aumfrwD zGŒJ pnf;ay; (p) 1990 jynfEh pS f ygwpD 'Hk rD u dk a&pD taxGaxGa&G;aumufyw GJ iG f 0ifa&muf,OS òf yid f t Ekid f &&Scd +hJ y;D zsuo f rd ;f jcif;cHxm;=u&aom wkid ;f &if;om;Ekid if aH &;ygwrD sm;tygt0if Ekid f iHa&;ygwrD sm;ukd jyefvnfrw S yf w Hk ifciG ahf y;IvGwv f yfpmG pnf;±k;H v_y&f mS ;cGirhf sm;ay;&ef/ wk@d ukd Ekid if aH wmfat;csr;f om,ma&;ESihf zH@G òzd;a&;aumifpu D wkid ;f jynfEiS hf jynfov l x l k tusK;d ukd a&S;±_I vufawG@aqmif&u G af y;&ef jynfov l x l . k aoG;pnf;nD!w G rf t _ iftm;jzifh atmifjrifcahJ om Torkid ;f 0if zufqpfawmfveS af &;ae@}uD;wGif tav;teuf ckid rf mpGm awmif; qkad =umif; a=unmvku d o f nf? 11-3-09 ae@wiG f usi;f yaom A[kt d vkyt f r_aqmiftzJ@G .

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11

rSeu f efwhJ OD;aqmifre+ ‹J vlxu k kd OD;aqmif = etz 2010 ud±k u kd cf sKd ; ygwu D zkd @GJ pnf;xlaxmifciG ahf y;w,f? 'D Oya'rSm awmh 'DavmufyaJ yg/h 'DOya'rSm rSwyf w Hk ifa=u; (500)ayg/h tJ'ge@J Ekid if aH &;ygww D ckukd w&m;0if &yfwnfcGifh&w,f? 'DrmS óuHwek ;f ausmaf usmv f if;wk@d tr_ukd ta=umif;ðy+yD;awmheeJ &J iS ;f jycsiyf gw,f? 'gu bmvJqadk wmh rw&m;toif;tjzpfa=unmcH &xm;wJt h zJ@G tpnf;awGupd ?P 'D[meJ@ywfouf &ifb,fvydk aJ jymajymusaemfw@dk vil ,fawG t aeeJ@usawmhvnf;'DbufacwfrmS Ekid if aH &; avh vm tm;enf;r_/ avhvmr_vt dk yfcsuaf =umifh b,ftzJG@tpnf;awG[m rw&m;toif;vJ qkw d mrodEidk b f ;l / [kad cwf[t dk cgwek ;f uawmh Ekid if aH wmfjyefwrf;rSma=unmay;w,f? 'DtzJ@G 'DtzGJ@awGudk rw&m;toif;tjzpf a=unm w,f? Oyrm-vGwv f yfa&;r&cifumvwke;f u qk&d if ocifp;dk }uD;acgi;f aqmifwhJ tvHeu D eG ¹f rl epfygwu D dk rw&m;toif;tjzpf a=unmw,f? Ekid if aH wmfuZwfrmS xnf+h y;D owif;pmrSm azmf jyw,f? vGwv f yfa&;&+yD;aemufyidk ;f rSmvnf; wcsKŒd ygwaD wG[m vufeufuikd +f yD;awmh tpk;d &udk vufeufukdifwkdufyJGqifEJ$aewmawmif Ekid if aH &;t& ajyvnfE;dk / ajyvnfE;dk apmif+h yD; awmh csufjcif;ra=unmbl;/usaemfavhvm xm;wJh taxmuftxm;awGt& autef't D dk qk&d if 1949 rSmrSa=unmw,f? aemufwcg ocifoef;xGe;f acgi;f aqmifwhJ ArmjynfueG ¹f rl epfygwu D kd (53) ckEpS rf mS rS rw&m;toif;t jzpfa=unmw,f? tJ'gukd vlo&d iS =f um;xkwf jyefwJhtcgusawmh vlawGuydkodwmayhg? Oyrm - wcsKŒd udpaP wGrmS rw&m;toif;t

12

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13

ppftm%m&Sipf epf usq;kH a&;twGuf pnf;vH;k -u/ nD!w G -f u/ xºuG-u? Oya'awGe@J ay:ayguv f mw,f? aemufwcg usaemfw@dk Edik if aH &;ygwt D aeeJ@ rSwyf w Hk ifc±hJ Hk wif r ubl ; / (90)jynf • E S p f taxG a xG a &G ; aumufyJGrSm jynfolvlxkuae a&G;aumuf yJt G Ekid &f ygwt D jzpf xyfqif+h yD;awmh Ekid if aH &; t& rSwfykHwifcHxm;+yD;om; tzJG@tpnf; jzpfw,f? tJ't D zJ@G tpnf;twGi;f rSm usaemf wk@d wm0efxrf;aqmifciG &hf wm tifrwef rGef jrwfygw,f? tifrwef *k%, f pl &m aumif;yg w,f? tJ'=D um;xJu usaemfw@dk vyk af ewJt h cg rSm tzJG@csKyf&JŒtvHatmufrSm usaemfwkd@&J abmf awG pJpG +GJ rJ+rJ &yfwnfapcsiw f ,f? tzJ@G csKyfpnf;urf;t& tJ'v D dk pJpG +GJ rJ+rJ&yfwnfr,f qkd&if tckvkd(17)ESpfeJ@ axmifacsmufxJudk usaemfw@kd tzJ@G csKyv f il ,fawG a&mufomG ;p&m r&Syd gb;l / 'ga=umifh 'Dae@ 'Dae&mrSm usaemfw@kd vli,fawGukd arwWm&yfccH siw f mu Edik if aH &;eJ@ Oya'/ A[kow k awG&zdS @dk vo kd vkd ud, k t hf zJ@G csKyf &JŒ pnf;rsO;f pnf;urf;awGuv dk nf; odxm;zk@d vdk ygw,f? tzJ@G csKyfpnf;rsO;f / pnf;urf; qkw d mu usaemfw@kd u, kd w f idk /f usaemfw@kd 'DtzJ@G x0J ifvm &if 'DtzJ@G &ŒJ pnf;rsO;f / pnf;urf;udk vku d ef mzd@k vydk g w,f? tJ'aD wmh usaemfcek u[mukd jyefquf ygr,f? Ekid if aH &;ygwrD sm;rSwyf w Hk ifjcif; Oya' uk/d 'DOya't& usaemfw@dk a&G;aumufy0GJ ifw,f qdw k m jynfov l x l u k taysmw f rf;rJay;zk@d t wGuf a&G;aumufy0GJ ifwmr[kwb f ;l / jynfo@l vGwfawmfa&G;aumufyJGOya'/ Oya'trSwf 14§89 vk@d ac:ygw,f? 'DOya'u a&G;aumuf yJ+G yD;&if bmvky&f r,fqw dk t hJ csuu f kd jyXmef;yg

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w,f? tJ'guyk'fr-3/ v$wfawmfukdzJG@pnf; jcif;wJ/h v$waf wmfz@GJ pnf;jcif;eJ@ywfoufwhJ 'D Oya'rSm twdtvif;a&;xm;wm&Sw d ,f? 'g Ekid if aH &;ygwOD ya'+yD;&if 'kw, d oGm;r,fh ajc vSrf;uawmh v$wfawmfzJG@pnf;jcif;yg? v$wf awmfudk rJqENe,frsm;u TOya'ESifhtnD a&G;aumufwifajrSmufvu dk af om v$waf wmf ud, k pf m;vS,rf sm;jzifh zJ@G pnf;&rnfv@kd Oya' xJrmS a&;xm;w,f/ Oya'xJrmS ygwhJ pum;&yf udk t"dy`g,faumufwJhtcgrSmOya'twkdif; oGm;zk@d vydk gw,f? ck usaemfw@dk vli,f&aJ bmf awGow d t hJ wkid ;f yJ/ trnfrcHy/J trnf&if;eJ@ ra&;&JyJ uavmif&SifawG/ aqmif;yg;&SifawG cifAsm;wd@k awG@rmS yg? olw@dk a&;aewJh (90)ckEpS f &v'fu v$waf wmfz@GJ v@kd r&bl;? trwf 3 ykH 1 ykH r&Sv d @dk / trwfawG b,favmufyu J seyf g awmhw,f? 'g 'DOya'rSm ra&;xm;ygbl;/ aemuf w cg 'D O ya't& ouf w rf ; b,f avmuf=um&if v$wfawmfukd zsufodrf;Ekdif w,f qkw d mvnf; 'D Oya'rSmygw,f? tck (90)ckEpS af &G;aumufyu GJ ae ,ae@tcsed t f xd EkdifiHa&;c&D;vrf;udk csDwufaewJh v$waf wmf udk,fpm;vS,fawG[m ta&twGuf b,f avmufyJ usefusef/ olwdk@Oya'ykdifcGifht& v$waf wmfukd zJ@G pnf;cGi&hf w dS ,f? 'gOya't& ay;xm;wm? usaemf w k d @ Oya'ud k a vh v m w,fqw kd m usaemfw@kd ab;tE &W ,fudk wGuf zk@d csuzf @dk avhvmov/kd usaemfw@dk uk, d yhf ikd cf iG hf ud, k &f r,fh tcGit hf a&;udv k nf; odz@dk vw kd ,f? tJ'aD wmh 'DOya'yg tcGit hf a&;udk 1§90 qkd wJah =unmcsu/f 'guawmh vli,fawG,Ofyg;

xGuaf ygufurkd &SmbJ azmufxu G -f u ? aeyg+yD? tzJ@G csKyfa=unmcsurf mS t+rJwrf;yg w,f? tJ'rD mS xyftwnfðywJh 1§90 tyk'd f (12) rSm v$waf wmfac:,lz@GJ pnf;ay;zk@d ukd Ekid if H awmf+idrf0yfydjym;r_ wnfaqmufa&;tzJG@u aqmif&Gufay;r,f? EkdifiHawmf+idrf0yfydjym;r_ wnfaqmufa&;tzJG@&JŒwm0efudk 'Dae@ EkdifiH awmfat;csr;f om,ma&;ESihf zH@G òz;d a&;aumifpD uqufcx H m;w,f? 'kw, d tqifu h bmvJqdk awmh 'DtajccHOya'ukd a&;qJGwJhtcgrSm 1§90/tykd'f (20) t& v$wfawmfukd,fpm; vS,af wGuyJ a&;qJ&G r,f? 'g 'Dae@tcsed t f xd xkwjf yefxm;wJh Oya'awGe@J w&m;0iftrde@f awGyg? 'ga=umifh (2008)ckEpS w f ek ;f u usaemf wk@d tzJ@G csKyfu qENc, H yl rGJ vkycf ifuwnf;u axmufjycJyh gw,f? 'DtajccHOay'udk a&;&rJh wm0efu v$waf wmfu, kd pf m;vS,af wG/ v$wf awmf ud, k pf m;vS,f (13)OD; avmufygwhJ tzJ@G uae tajccHrcl srw S w f m Oya'eJ@tnD w&m; r0ifb;l ? 'gusaemfw@dk ww d v d if;vif; axmufjy w,f? Oya't& ajymudkajym&r,fh pum;? aemufwck bmudkaxmufjyvJqkd&if 'Dbuf ykid ;f rSm w&m;0ifre_ @J ywfouf&if wav#mufv;Hk usaemfwkd@ajymcJhw,f? tJvdk ckeuEkid if aH &;ygwrD w S yf w Hk if t& bmvkyzf @dk v/J a&G;aumufyv GJ yk zf @dk / a&G;aumuf yJu G vnf; bma=umifv h yk o f vJ/ 'DOya't& v$wfawmfzJG@pnf;zkd@/ v$wfawmfzJG@pnf;wmudk vnf; 1§90 a=unmcsuft& tm%mydkif rsm;u Oya't&udk vkyrf ,fv@kd 0efc+H yD;+yD/ tJ'D tajctaeawGa=umifh usaemfw@dk tzJ@G csKyfu awmufav#mufwifjycJw h ,f? 'Dae@ tqk;H pGef

aom tajctae a&mufvmwJt h cgrmS vnf; yu J saemfw@dk uawmh Oya'ukd ,k=H unfwhJ t wGuf Oya'eJ@nw D hJ tajymif;tvJjzpfatmif 'Dae@ tm;vkH;odwJhtwkdif;yJ txl;a=unm csuf (18) udk tzJ@G csKyfu xkwjf yefa=unmcJh w,f? tJ'gubmvJqadk wmh cifAsm;wd@k v$wf awmf ac:&r,f? v$wfawmfuae tajccH Oya' jyefvnfo;Hk oyfa&;aumfrwDukd v$wf awmfu, kd pf m;vS,af wG/ typftcwf&yfpx J m; wJh wkdif;&if;om;udk,fpm;vS,fawG/ wyfr awmf udk,fpm;vS,fawG/ Oya'u|rf;usifol awG/ wjcm;Ekid if aH &;tzJ@G tpnf;awG/ wkid ;f &if; om; acgi;f aqmifawGe@J 'DaumfrwDudk zJ@G &r,f/ 'DaumfrwDuvnf; (6)vtwGi;f 'gukd t+yD; a&;qJrG ,fv@kd usaemfw@dk wifjycsiw f m? usaemf wd@k widk ;f jynfrmS Oya'eJ@tnD/ tajymif;tvJG udk Oya'abmiftwGi;f ujzpfapcsiv f @dk usaemf wk@d wifjyaewmyg? tJ'[ D mawGudk tifrwef tav;teufxm;zkd@vkdw,f? bma=umifhvJ qdkawmh-cke Oya'qkd±kd;eDwdudk jyefaumuf ygr,f? t&ifjzpfwt hJ wGuf rawmf/ rw&m; vkyEf idk w f ,fq&dk if aemifwae@ orkid ;f rSm tifr wefrS ud, k t hf wGuv f nf;epfemr,f? ordik ;f rSm vnf; trJpufpeG ;f vdrrhf ,f? 'Dvrdk aumif;wJh om"uawGudk ordik ;f rSm rjzpfapcsib f ;l ? jzpf vnf; rjzpftyfb;l ? 'ga=umifh usaemfw@dk 'Dz@GJ pnf;ykH tajccHOya'jyefvnfo;Hk oyfa&; aumf rwDz@GJ yg qk+d yD;ajymwm/ vGwv f yfa&;ae@a=u nmcsurf mS vnf; orkid ;f a=umif;t& usaemf wdk@wifjycJhw,f? ck Oya'a=umif;t&vnf; wifjyrSmyg? aemufwcku usaemfa[majym

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'Dru kd a&pDpepfqw kd m vlwikd ;f wa,mufe‹J wa,muf av;pm;wJph epfygyJ? r,fh tzJG@csKyfvli,fawGudkaus;Zl;wif&r,f? 'gawGu wu,fa[mygqadk wmh Oya'qkw d m vufwef;ajymvkd@r&awmh av;&ufavmuf usaemf jyefzwfwt hJ cgrmS ordik ;f oifcef;pm& oGm;wJh Oya'wck&w dS ,f? 'g[w dk ek ;f u usaemf wk@d vnf;rodcb hJ ;l ? tck 'D[muko d v d u dk &f wm uawmh usaemfa[majymzd@k twGuf jyifqif &if;eJ@ odvu dk w f m? 'D Oya'uvnf; xl;xl;qef; qef;/ uae@tcsed t f xd bma=umifv h rJ odb;l / jyefvnf±yk o f rd ;f jcif; r&Sb d ;l ? tJ'aD wmh usaemf tH=h o+yD;awmh awmfawmfrsm;rsm; pmtkyjf yef &Sm =unfw • t hJ cgusawmh a&SŒaecsKyf±;Hk uxkwf xm;wJh pmtkyrf mS vnf; 'DOya'u r±kyo f rd ;f bl;? aemufwcg (99)ckEpS rf mS a&SŒaecsKyf±;Hk u jyefxw k w f hJ Oya'rSmvnf; 'DOya'ukd jyefvnf ±kyo f rd ;f xm;wm usaemfrawG@&bl;? 'D Oya' udk jyefvnfr±kyo f rd ;f wJt h wGuf Oya'oabm ajym&ifawmh ckcsdefxd wnf&SdaewmayghAsm? tJawmh wnf&adS ewJh 'DOya'rSm tifrwefrS oifcef;pm,lp&m aumif;ygw,f? tJ'gu ckrS usaemfjyefawG@vdkufwJh (1957)ckESp/f zJG@pnf; tkycf sKyfyHk umuG,af pmifah &Smufa&; tufOy a'/ 1959 qk d w mu Ak d v f c sKyf } uD ; ae0if ; tdraf pmift h pk;d &vufxufu jyXmef;wJOh ya'/ 'DOya'ukjd yXmef;cJw h hJ yk*Kd~ vfawGu tJ't D csed f wke;f uawmh tifrwefrS apwemeJ@ &nf&, G f csuaf wmfawmfaumif;ygw,f? tJ'rD mS b,f avmuf txdawmifjyXmef;xm;vJ qkd&if tajccHOya'jyXmef;xm;wJh rlvtcGifhta&;/ cke usaemfzwfjywJh toif;tzJ@G / zJ@G pnf;Ekid w f hJ tcGit hf a&;/ aemufwcku Ekid f iHa&; aqmif &Gurf _ vufeufuikd ef nf;jzifh usio hf ;Hk csufrsKd;/

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OD;cGefxGef;OD;/ OD;tkef;oef;zrf;qD;r+ w&m;r0if[k ukvajym VOA (25/ 3/ 09)

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18

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a':atmifqef;pkjunf t,lcH =um;emay;&ef xyfrHawmif;qkd cifESif;xuf DVB (17/ 3/ 2009)

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21

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at;Edkif/ 'DADGbD (17/ 3/ 09)

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22

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tzJ G ΠcsKyf 0 if w OD ; xyf r H tzrf ; cH & ol&defpkd;/ 'DADGbD (16/ 3/ 09)

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a&G;aumufyJGrwkdi frD tcsuf 4 csufukd ppftpkd;&vkdufemzkd@ tpD&ifcHpmrSm azmfjy tmtufzfat (16/ 3/ 09)

jrefrmEkid if q H idk &f m urBmu h v k or*~ txl; uk, d pf m;vS,f rpPwmawmrwfpu f if wmem; [m rwfv 16 &ufu qGpZf mvefEidk if H *seAD m òrŒd rSm jrefrmEkid if q H idk &f m vl@tcGit hf a&; tpD&if cHpmukd wifoiG ;f cJyh gw,f? zrf;qD; axmifcscH xm;&wJh touf&, G }f uD;&ifo h al wG/ emruse;f jzpfaeolawGe@J Ekid if aH &;acgi;f aqmifawG pwJh EdkifiHa&;tusOf;om;awGukd pwifv$wfay; oif+h yDv@dk vl@tcGit hf a&;aumifprD mS wifjyo vk/d jrefrmEkid if rH mS w&m;r#wwJh w&m;pD&ifa&; jzpfz@dk w&m;pD&ifa&;pepfawGukd jyefvnfðyjyif zd@k uv kd nf; azmfjywku d w f eG ;f xm;ygw,f? rpPwmuifwmem;u ol@tpD&ifcpH meJ@ywf ouf+y;D RFA ukad jymqk&d mrSm jrefrmEkid if u H vl@ tcGit hf a&;tajctaeawG aumif;rGev f ma&; twGuf vku d ef mvkyaf qmifz@kd t}uðH ywku d w f eG ;f xm;wJh tcsuf 4 csuu f kd 2010 a&G;aumuf yJrG wkid cf if ppftpk;d &taeeJ@ vku d ef m taumif txnfazmfoifyh gw,fv@dk ajymqkyd gw,f? olwifoiG ;f wJh tpD&ifcpH mxJrmS b,fvdk avhvmaqmif&GufcJhw,fqkdwJh tcsuft vufawGtygt0if jrefrmEkid if u H vl@tcGit hf a&;eJ@ywfouf+y;D t"duacgi;f pOf 5 ck cJ+G y;D azmf jyxm;ygw,f? 1? w&m;Oya'eJ@tnDw&m;pD&ifciG &hf a&;? 2? (2010) a&G;aumufyrGJ wdik rf D vGwf vyfpmG ajymqkyd idk cf iG /hf vGwv f yfpmG pnf;±k;H ykid cf iG /hf 3? trsm;jynf o l t =um;cJ G j cm;zd E S d y f

24

r_qikd &f m tumtuG,af y;a&; Ekid if w H um Oy a'rsm;? 4? jrefrmjynfoal wG&ŒJ aexdik pf m;aomuf r_qkdif&mtajctae/ pm;eyf&duQmeJ@ vlom; csi;f pmemaxmufxm;r_qikd &f mtajctae? 5? vl@tcGifhta&;qkdif&m pHowfrSwf csuaf wGtay:yl;aygi;f aqmif&u G rf t _ ajctae pwJah cgi;f pOf (5) ckc+GJ yD; tcsut f vuf aygi;f (108) csuu f dk pmrsuEf mS (40)yg tpD&if cHpmudk a&;om;wifoiG ;f wmjzpfygw,f? ol@&ŒJ tpD&ifcpH mxJrmS jrefrmEkid if rH mS Ekid f iHa&;/ vlr_a&;t& cJGjcm;zdESdyfwmawG&Sdae+yD; vl@tcGit hf a&;tajctaeawG[m pdeaf c:cHae &qJyv J @dk azmfjyxm;ygw,f? 'gt h jyif olomG ;a&mufcw hJ hJ tif;pdeaf xmif eJ@ zm;tHaxmifawGu tajctaeawGuakd zmf jyxm;ovkd EdkifiHa&;tusOf;om;awGeJ@ywf oufvkd@vnf; azmfjyxm;ygw,f? 'ghtjyif t"rR vkyftm;ay;apckdif;wmawGudk tqkH; owfz@kd vdk tyfa=umif;udv k nf; xnfo h iG ;f azmf jyxm;ygw,f ? ar;? jrefrmEdik if q H idk &f mtpD&ifcpH mxJrmS b,ftcsufawGudk t"duaZmif;ay; azmfjy xm;ygovJ? +yD;cJhwJhurBmhukvor*~ taxGaxG nDvmcH}uD;rwdik rf D vGecf w hJ hJ atmufwb kd mv xJwek ;f u jrefrmEkid if rH mS vkyaf qmifz@dk t}uHðy wku d w f eG ;f cJw h t hJ csuaf wGukd tckwcgrmS vnf;

rSeu f efwhJ OD;aqmifre+ ‹J vlxu k kd OD;aqmif = etz 2010 ud±k u kd cf sKd ; xyfrH wku d w f eG ;f xm;ygw,f? 1? Ekid if w H umOya'awGe@J ruku d n f D wJh jrefrmEkdifiHuOya'awGeJ@ zJG@pnf;ykHtajccH topfukdjyefvnfokH;oyfjyifqifay;zdk@ 2? EkdifiHa&;tusOf;om;awGukd v#if v#ijf refjref jyefvw G af y;zd@k 3? jref r mh p pf w yf e J @ jref r mEd k i f i H & J Œ wyfz@GJ awGudk pepfwusjyefvnfðyjyif zJ@G pnf;zd@k 4? jrefrmEkid if rH mS oD;jcm;vGwv f yf wJh w&m;pD&ifa&;pepf&zdS @kd / w&m;pD&ifa&;pepf ukd jyefvnfjyifqifwnfaqmufzdk@-pwJht csufawGyJjzpfygw,fvdk@ rpPwmuifwm;em; u ajzqkyd gw,f? 'Dv@l tcGit hf a&;qkid &f mtpD&ifcpH m wif +yD;aemufb,fvdk&v'fawGxGufay:vmr,f vk@d ar#mv f ifyh govJ/ jrefrmEkid if t H ay: b,fvdk oufa&mufr_awG&SdrSmvJvkd@ ar;jref;wmukd awmh +yD;cJw h hJ 2009 ckEpS f azazmf0g&v D xJu jrefrmEdik if u H w dk acguo f mG ;cJw h ek ;f u oufqidk f &mppf t pk d ; &wm0ef & S d o l a wG e J @ awG @ qk H c J h + yD ; usaemft}uHðy wku d w f eG ;f xm;csuaf wGtay: vkdufemtaumiftxnfaqmif&Gufr_eJ@ywf oufv@dk aqG;aEG;cJyh gw,f? 'D usaemf&ŒJ t}uHðywku d w f eG ;f csuaf wG ud(k 2010)a&G;aumufyrGJ wdik cf if taumift xnfazmfaqmif&Gufoifhygw,f? 'Dt}uHðy wkdufwGef;csufawGudk tjynfht0vkyfaqmif vmzk@d aemufqufwv GJ yk if ef;pOfawGukd usaemf qufvufaqmif&Gufaeygw,fvkd@ rpPwm uifwm;em;uajzygw,f?

aemufxyfar;cJw h hJ ar;cGe;f wcku 'DtpD &ifcpH mrdwLW xJrmS yxrqk;H tcsuaf eeJ@ w&m; Oya'eJ@tnDw&m;r#wpGmw&m;cGirf mS ajz&Si;f cGifh&a&;qkdwJhtcsufukdazmfjyxm;ygw,f? vuf&SdjrefrmEdkifiHu w&m;pD&ifa&;eJ@ywf oufvkd@b,fvkdtajctaeawGudk awG@&Sd ygovJv@kd rpPwmuifwm;em;ukd ar;=unfw h hJ tcg usaemft h pD&ifcpH mxJrmS azmfjyxm;ovkd ygy?J jrefrmEkid if rH mS w&m;Oya'eJ@tnDw&m;r# wwJw h &m;pD&ifa&;qkw d mukad v;pm;vku d ef m jcif;r&Sw d mukad wG@&ygw,f?txl;ojzifh tck aemufq;Hk Ekid if aH &;tusO;f om;awGukd jyif;xef wJah xmif'%fawGukd csrw S w f u hJ pd aP wGygyv J @dk oluajzygw,f? qufvufar;jref;cJw h muawmh tpD&if cHpmxJrSmvuf&SdEkdifiHa&;tusOf;om;awG&JŒ tajctaeawGudka&mxif[yfazmfjywmawG &Sdygovm;? usaemf&JŒtpD&ifcHpmxJrSmvuf&SdEkdifiH a&;tusO;f om;awG&@J tajctaeawGux kd nfh oGi;f azmfjyxm;ygw,f? Ekid if w H umOya'awG eJ@qef@usiaf ewJh vuf&w dS nf&dS Oya'awGt& tjypfay;ta&;,lcx H m;&+yD;axmifawGxrJ mS tusOf;cscHxm;&wJhEkdifiHa&;tusOf;om;awG eJ@ywfoufvkd@xnfhoGif;tpD&ifcHxm;ygw,f vk@d ajymoGm;wmyg? aemufq;Hk ar;cGe;f taeeJ@r=umao;rDu rSjrefrmEkid if u H o dk mG ;+y;D tajctaeawGuakd vhvm cJw h mqkad wmhjrefrmEkid if u H vl@tcGit hf a&; t ajctaeeJ@ywfoufv@dk b,fvo dk ;Hk oyfEidk yf gvJ usaemfajymcsiw f muawmhjrefrmEkid if u H

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a':atmifqef;pk-unf/ OD;wifO;D ESihf Edik if aH &;tusO;f om;rsm; csucf si;f v$w?f vl@tcGifhta&;tajctae[mpdefac:r_awGeJ@ udk(2010)a&G;aumufyJGrwdkifrDtaumift qufvuf&ifqkdifae&qJjzpfygw,f?t"du xnfazmfaqmif&u G zf @kd ygyv J @dk rpPwmuifwm; awmhusaemft}uHðywifjyxm;wJhtcsufawG em;u ajym=um;oGm;cJyh gw,f?

[kdEdkvlvl owif;pmq&mrsm;tzJGŒu OD;0if;wifudk *k%fxl;aqmiftodtrSwfðy RFA (16-3-2009)

owif;pmq&m}uD; [Hom0wDOD;0if; wifut dk ar&dueftajcpku d [ f Edk v dk v l l owif; pm q&mrsm;tzJ@G (Honolulu Community Media Council) uae+yD; rwfv (15)&uf u*k%fxl;aqmiftoif;0iftjzpftod t rSwf ðyvku d yf gw,f? q&mOD;0if;wif ukdRFA u ar;=unfw h hJ tcgrmS ckvadk jym=um;ygw,f? OD;0if;wif - reuf&Spfem&Du usaemfh ukzd ek ;f qufw,f? [kEd v dk v l rl 'D , D maumifpu D qk+d yD;awmhzek ;f qufw,f? usaemfu h dk [kEd v kd v l l rD'D,maumifpDrSm member qkd+yD;awmh vky+f yD;awmh usaemfu h dk owif;pmta=umif; ar;+y;D awmh/aemufusaemfah xmifxu J tawG@ tóuHawGar;csifw,fqkd+yD;awmhajymw,f? owif;pmorm;awGukd bmrsm;t}uHay;csif vJvkd@ar;w,fAsm/ ar;awmhusaemfuajym w,f/ owif;pmorm;awGukd t}uHay;p&m awmhr&Syd gb;l / usaemfw@dk owif;pmorm;awG [m trSew f &m;ukt d ajccH+yD;awmh vkyaf e=u ykeH @J trSew f &m;awGuw kd u dk zf suzf @dk tJ'gudk óud; pm;zk@d vydk gw,fv@dk / rw&m;r_awGukd wku d zf suf r,fqkdwm[mvkdygw,fvkd@ tJ'gudkajymwJh tcg jywfomG ;a&mhAs? w,fvzD ek ;f vkid ;f jywfomG ;+yD; aemufxyf zkef;xyfac:rvmbl;vkd@q&m}uD;uajymyg

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w,f? 'DtzJ@G e@J jrefrmowif;orm;awG txl; ojzif h q&mOD ; 0if ; wif e J @ b,f v k d q uf p yf ygovJv@dk jrefrmowif;or*~ OuUX OD;armif armifjrihu f dk RFAu ar;jref;=unfch yhJ gw,f? OD;armifarmifjrifh - tJ't D zJ@G u OuUXukd bDtrfat 2006 ckEpS f nDvmcHudk zdww f ,f? zdw+f yD;awmh q&mOD;0if;wif vGwaf jrmufa&; udu k saemfw@kd 0idk ;f +y;D awmh óu;d pm;=u w,fav? olutar&dueftajcpkdufaygh? tJ'DrSm [kdEkd vlvl owif;pmrsuEf mS zk;H wckrmS OD;aqmifae wmudk olw@dk tzJ@G u OD;0if;wifudk xdyw f ef;OD; pm;ay; tusOf ; us owif ; pmorm;w a,muftaeeJ@ todtrSwðf y+yD;awmh campaign awGvyk w f ,f? q&mOD;0if;wifudk tJ vkd todtrSwðf yzk@d vyk x f m;wm renf;awmif =umae+yDxifw,f? usaemfodwmav ckrS q&mOD;0if;wif qDa&mufwm? 'DtzJ@G rmS *k%x f ;l aqmiftoif;0if t jzpf todtrSwðf ycH&&if b,fvt dk usK;d aus; Zl;awG&Ekid rf vJv@dk ar;=unfw h t hJ cgrmS +yD;cJw h hJ ESpu f wnf;u'DtzJ@G &ŒJ óud;yrf;r_awGe@J tusK;d & v'fawGudk OD;armifarmifjrifu h &Si;f jyygw,f? OD;armifarmifjrifh- t"du usaemfjrif wmuawmh aoG;pnf;nDnw G af &;u t"du aygah emf/ aemuf+yD;awmh olw@dk tm&Se@J tmz

tusO;f uscH wdik ;f &if;om;acgif;aqmifrsm;tm; csucf si;f v$w?f &durSm wefZefe;D ,m;rSm? Ekid if w H um rD', D m uGezf &ifw h ck vkyw f ,f? tmz&duef y&uftef qkv d pf'&J mwD rSm arv 2 &ufe@J 3 &ufae@/ arv 3 &uf ae@u (Press freedom day) y&ufpfz&D;'ef;a';av/ OD;0if;wifeJ@ywfouf +yD;&Dqv dk &l iS ;f (resolution)wckusvmw,f? qk;H jzwfcsuw f ckusvmw,f? tmz&duefEidk if H acgi;f aqmifawGukd tJ'D ta=umif;=um;w,f ponfjzifh aygh/rsm;aomtm;jzifhawmhaoG;

pnf;nDnGwfr_yJ&vdrfhr,fav? jrefrmowif;or*~OuUÏ OD;armifarmif jrif&h iS ;f jycJw h myg? [kEd v dk v l o l wif;orm;rsm; tzJ@G udk 1970 ckEpS u f wnf;uwnfaxmifchJ wmjzpf+yD;/ 'DtzJG@[m tpkd;&tzJG@tpnf; r[kwyf J vGwv f yfaomowif;orm;awGe@J zJ@G pnf;xm;wm urBmw0ef;u owif;orm; awG zdEydS cf &H r_udk txl;tav;ay; aqmif&u G f wJt h zJ@G wzJ@G jzpfw,fv@dk od&ygw,f?

tm%mykdifrsm; aESmifh,SufI oHCmawmfrsm; vufrSwfa&;xdk; ta&;qkd_yD at;Edkif/ 'DADGbD(28/3/09)

tm%mykid af wGu omoemtay: aESmifh ,Sufr_awGeJ@ ywfouf+yD; oHCmawmfawG vufrw S af &;xk;d =u+yD; Ekid if aH wmfoC H r[m em,utzJG@ukd wifjyawmif;qkdzkd@ pwif aqmif&Gufaeygw,f? 2007 pufwifbm a&$0ga&mifawmfveS f a&;+yD;wunf;u/ oHCmhw&m;yJaG wGudk tm %mykid af wGucGiðhf yrS a[mcGi&hf w dS m/ a[m&m rSmvnf; tm%mykid af wGu apmif=h uyf=unfh ±_wm/ w&m;acGawGuo dk rd ;f wm pwmawG jzpf yGm;aevk@d rauG;wkid ;f oHCmawmfawGu 'Dvdk aqmif&Gufwmygvdk@ OD;pD;vkyfaqmifaewJh oHCmwpfyg;u rde@f =um;ygw,f? tJ'v D dk twif;t"rR ydwyf ifwm;qD;ae wmawGukd q&mawmf}uD;awGu rodvkd@yJ vm;/ od&ufom;eJ@ cGifhðyxm;vm;qkdwmukd odz@kd twGuf OD;Zif;wk@d wifjyjcif;jzpfygw,f? pavòrdŒ tb,vmbrke"d rRm±krH mS ESpf

pOfusi;f yaeus w&m;yJu G dk tm%mykid u f wm; jrpf&mu Tv_y&f mS ;r_ csujf cif;pwifvmwm vk@d vnf; rde@f ygw,f? pavwku d ef ,f OuUÏ oef;aX;atmifu wyd@k wv GJ qef;(12) &ufuae (13)&uf usi;f y avh&w dS hJ w&m;yJu G kd ydwyf ifvu dk w f ,f? vufrw S af &;xk;d cJw h hJ oHCmawmfwyg;u vnf;w&m;yJaG wG ydwyf ifru _ dk q&mawmf}uD; awGtaeeJ@ wm;jrpfay;zd@k twGuyf gv@dk rde@f yg w,f? rauG;wkid ;f òrdŒe,ftoD;oD;u pmcsq &mawmfawG/ ausmif;xkid q f &mawmfawGuyg vufrw S af &;xd;k cJ=h u+yD;/ pav/ ausmufyef; awmif;/ yckuLU / qdy¹f zl/ pvif;/ qifjzLu|e;f / puk/ rif;bl;/ yGi¹hf zl pwJeh ,fawG&dS oHCmawmf awGu/ 'Dawmif;qkpd mrSm vufrw S af &;xk;d ae =uygw,f? Ekid if t H ESŒH vkyaf qmifomG ;r,fv@dk OD;aqmif oHCmawmfawGu rde@f ygw,f? ÐÐÐ

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jynfwiG ;f jynfy trsdK;om;'Dru kd a&pDtzGŒJ csKyf . v+y&f mS ;r+ "mwfyrkH w S w f rf;