Salt Analysis

Salt Analysis Cations

-r---,

r----III Group Group IV Group Grcup IZero Group

Group l{cagcnt

--- - --

"

Radicals

--I

O.S. + NaOH + Heat

II Group

Pb

+ I-hS

O.S. + Hel

Cu

o

AF+,Fe:H O.S. + NH4Cl

+ NH;OH +I-hS

NiL+ ,MnL+ , ZI'?~C02+

\

Anions

[Group' ~~._--_. I

+ cone.

H2SO4

__

I ro .... ,.".

-

I

--

.

':'"

._~

.i

rI

\•..... :l>./lff-/.

" .....n.)L)~A 'r- U1J.

-.

I ... Cu KMn04 piece andso]n. heat 4)2 Mo04 ____ +IICone.HN03 + Heat Salt + Group

f

Group Reagent Radicals ---~---,--- -·'r-------~---_.----_ ,-, ),"".SO/'. S/... NO -

I __ ---L--

C2Ot;'2 .

)1.:111

.. '

-r

~

Add

I

[_._ .

/

1

Add

III Group .

I O.S. -+-

IV Group•

--L10S (NH

+-

BaCb

...

\....\ PO/NO]' S042• cr, Br - , r

-

_

_~.-

..

, CT,I3COO' "

-

Preliminary Tests ~--

T -·-----observ~;tion .

Test.

____

---, __

1. Physical

.

"~~

Appearance

__.

-;

~~.:_,-'----

.

~. __

'I~-.-------.-------------

:

Colour

·VhII.C 3111l' I

-.

~

+

_1

Ca~ ,

--::---J-

~fNI-!.l' ev+

!

-'--I'~N'

_Jr~'en

1

3ro\'·m

+

FeJ+

Rc.J

r --Light pink

SrndlofNH]

NH/

S:ll'~ll of vinegar

CH3COo-

I

Sm~l] of rotten c~g'·

filllyj

I~~til;g

Colourless

Violet

gas evolved

gas evolved

,

I

r

"

Crzlcklinr sound B'own 13.

red

ick red

Fbn;e Test

u_

residue

Gr'~enish ·blue

II II BaL+ C(1"<'- ---I Cu"+ ~1+

r-Light green

-~

--

I

~,

Test ~ for Cations (Basic Radicals) (1) Zero Group

+ NaOH + Heat 1-::--.----------.-

I~ O.S

_ Inference with HCI NH/ t------------.---~-~-~+

[C)bservation I "Ii/hite Fumes

L2:§_~_', ._N_Te_s_s_ie_r_·'_s_R __e_a_~g~e_n_t __ U)_·'r._o_v ..II.l .PP.t.__ ~ __ .

LN_H--'4'-

(2) Fkst Group --

\

O.S.-= Dil.HCI O.S -I- K2Cr04 Test I

O.S

-I-

KI

White ppt. Yellow ppt. fObserV
Inference Pb2+

_._J

.. PbL+ Pb2+

'-

(3) Second Group

I

O~ Test

O.S + Dil.HCl + I-I2S Nl-LIOH(excess)

Deep Blue Observation

O.S + K.jFe(CN;6

Brown ppt.

(4) Tjlircl

Black ppt.

Cu

-.-._-_-_-_-

Cu2+

.-

-

+

_-_J

GrouT)

:) bservation Test -------------j_. White gelatinou:-o ppt. Blue + ppts ppt. O.S NH.jCI +NH~OH

O.S

+

IN+ Inference l

NaOH

1-

Inference AIJ+ I

AIJ+

I

O.S +- NaOH +Di1.HCI + Blue Litmus + NH.jOH (Lake Test)

----Test

O.S O.S

'.

-I-

NH.jCI +NHjOH KCNS

-I-

K1Fe(CN)(~

-1-

-----O.S

'e --. ------> __ Brown ppt.. ~ nIooe! Observution Red

.~-

-1·------l_~)ark ppt., Blue

r Fe3+ 'c'

J

t

. Inference --------

r

\+

=J I

I

Fourth

Group

.

In ference L+

------1 Red ---r-;-:-

~~~

J

O.S. + DMG

----.-

+ NaOH

l~~-'-

-r

LLight green

---(if DIn. red) J3lueis etherial layer \ Test .Blue O.S + NH4C! H 2~c ppt

_ ..

+NH40H.

__ ~ +-

Co

2+

C-:.----z+

L+

=J_ il' L I

+ ethe~·---=.:I

O.S. + NH4CNS

\ Test O.S + Nl-L.CI +NH4.OH ---+ --TObservation I Buff ppt \ H2~:

.

-

MnTF

Mo

_1 =rSuff Brownppt ppt

'~-----T + -r Observation Dirty 'vhite

~Zn

ppt

I

G

2+

Inference

,NH40H

~Il~'

Inference Mn 1+

I

~.~. L9.S. + NaOH K3Fe(CN)6

Test a.s + NH4CI

IInference 0C

-

.0,servation

-O-.S.+ NaOH

\

-

L+ L+

I

1-11c

lck ppt

Ni

')oln. is green) pt ~~)s~rvati~~:.--r Ni

LTes~-

O.S.

.

+--

-J~~ ::

---------

g1~:-~~~~~~N-)6--------------1 ~-1~1-1~~e-hf-:I-~i-te-;)~t-I-~--'-e-I-Io "\~-'i L.............

i white

.

--1.

~

PDt. __ .. __ . __

.__ . __ ._

l

Observation [lest -~----a.s + NH4CI le+NH40H + Im'.1e lrne B 2+ S 2+ CWhite 2+ ppt

a

1

(NJ-l4)2C03

.

, r

__________________

--

,

-------Ba2+ Ca2+ Inference Sr2+

..J

.. '

Ca2+ BaLia Sr2+

\

-_II ..

(wbite ppt dissolves in CH1COOH O.S. + K2Cr04 Flame Test

--tI Light green n White ppt

O.S. + (NH4)2S04 Flame Test O.S. + (NH4)2C204 Flame Test

-_.

_If Crimson White pptred

Brick red ---- l------,

i_

flan

(7) ;,ixth Gro'up

I Tes. I

-

-r

Observation

Inference

------fJMg2+

Na2HP04 O,S -+ NH4CI +NI-L;OH

+

O.S Nessler's 9·S + NaOH (NH4)3 + ~04 reagent

Mg ---=T~ej)pt---------~~:----~~ White PPt.

-~

I White ppt

1

I

m

I

J

I

*~~**********************

_

US1 Tests for Anions

~Acid Radicals)

(1) First Group "st Group I Inference C03·C031-

Observatl -011 ime water milky vescence s,odourless Colourle~; gas t with effe!

Test

C03L-

--

Salt + Dil H2SO4

----------

Changes

_.'evolvedGasgas Pass the, evolved Through Lime waterlime water " ",gli O.S. MgSO4 __~~lgS04

o

-

Tests

~=

L IhSO"S2-

O.S.+(CH3COO)2Pb

Cl-bCOO)2Pb O.S+ Sodium nitroprusside ·odium nitropn

\

Tests

~->.--~-,~ ~-

In S2-fcrcncc -S2-- ----------

~)n

s gas withI--O~_~-r~~~: rotten-.-+,~.lourI Colourles egg smell ... "~~~--'

Salt + Dil H2SO4

White pp

._+~-

- -

-..~-

~ Black ppt sside I Purple c~

Inference

Observation

~~~•.,~

Salt+Dil H2SO4 'll:l~:L~9-=L _ O.S.+Dil H2SO4+FeSO4 , dil. I-bS04 +Fe~;04 O.S.+Starch Iodide

:tarch iodide

i

.

Blue colour

_

I

-I. Observation-----l.

Inference jC010l.Jlk.,s gas \-~it!1pl~ng-;;-l~t-Ts03z:------ --i smell

-.--- ---

--------

O.S.+Dil H2SO4+K2Cr2O7 '.' :\. idill-bS04 t- K;.~r20-; O.S.+Dil H2SO4+KMnO4

,):.:dJl }-bS0
,

N02N02-

13rown gas Brown colour

-----

Tests : l'St -------d. P::SO.; Salt+Dil H2SO4

0

Green colour Pink colour decolourisecl

so;:

sol

--

-

-1

==-d

(2) :)ccond GI-OUp

---

I--Observation White ppt Colourless g[lsdissolves "vith pungent White ppt

Tests

J

-

smell Salt+Conc H2SO4

ClInference

O.S.+AgNO3 White ppt +excess Of NH4OH

I

Tests

Il~-

--

Salt+Conc. H2SO4 O.S.+AgNO3

I0

\ ~N03

O.S.+CCl4+Cl2 ~:811 '(_-'O_l1_C_'Water _f-_Iz_S_O_'_1 _

(1).~., ~'CLI+ Ch

Observation

I Inference

Pale yellow ppt

_B_r_-

~::~~n watel~_~9n1J1ge

~

-------4

gas '-,/-:t-h--p-ll-n-ge-n-.t-l_B_f_layern_ =_B=_r=_-=_-_=_-_=_-_=_-_=~ __-_

I

. Salt + Cone. H2S04 ~;. + AgNOJ I, Te:;t O.S. + CCl, + CI, water

violet gas yellow pp~ ~~~ Observation -----__ L~Jayer '..

-[__

II

-

--

Te:;t Salt + Cone. H2S04+ piece & heat

pungclt I lh Observatiori-

Cu

---r-;--)ur

---<

I_I_-

1

- ---

.r

r

Inference

N03N03N03Inference

~

~

I

brown gas wi - I smell I

a.s. +FeS04

+eonc. H2S2i.~--! -B-~O-\-iVn-. -r-ill-_;;-',-LQJ;. + Diphenyl amine _ i Dark blue co:

--------------

Inference

C20/-

\

I ~'~;;( + Cone rrMn04 soln. O.~;. + CaCb

=: I ~i~~e~:~~:';\;_-d_ iSCharge~----

11280'+=

J

----jI C204~

__ -.l Whi~~

Salt + Cone. H2SQ,_1 Te~;t O.~:. + nell.FeCI]

I

J

__

1

Smell of vinegar Obs~rvation ~ Red colour

I Heat Red soll1. + exc~ss watcr_~-_.,-Brown ..I

lppt

_I

__

CH3COO-+

--- -

==-~_

Inference CI-hCOOC1-1;COO"

-._-1,

.

(3) No specific group

._.--------

I

O.~:. + BaCb

_1

Add ppt CI-IJCOQI-I to violet

S042-=-

sc5;1-

White

pp_t

SO,iL-

..

--,-- -------

Test -------------O.S. + cone. HNOJ +

a.s. + CO(NOJ)2

ppt

: Ppt does not~lis~)lve

O.S.:....+ (Cf--hCqO)2Pb

lvl01ybdatc

u

Inference

Observation

=:-~:White

--

Add ENOJ to white ppt

Ammonium hea:

-------~-----

---~'-r_:___----"-------

. Te~t

!

Observation

!

Yellow ppt

1·,,1t'crence P04 JJ

&

-nt YJolei..EP~_- __ i Violet ppt dissolves

.~

J- __

~ I eU4 .)_

~***********~~*********~*

---.

-"

-~-'-.- --,