å]çä·OôX a·Oô EõÝ? å]çä·OôX a·Oô ]çãX G_çãXç _[ýX* Xçã]Ì[ý ]ãWýî+ AÌ[ý Y×Ì[ý»JôÌ^ YçCÌ^ç ^çÌ^* å]çä·OôX a·Oô %×Tö YÒãÌ^çLXÝÌ^ [ýØ™öÇ ^ç XçXçX EõçãL _çãG* açWýçÌ[ýX Fç[ýçÌ[ý XÇX'åEõ ^×V FÇ[ý GÌ[ý] (804 ×QöGÐÝ åa×°OôäGÐQö [ýç 1474 ×QöGÐÝ ZõçãÌ[ýXc÷ç+»Oô'A =wøŠ) EõÌ[ýç c÷Ì^ Töçc÷ã_ XÇX Gã_ ^çÌ^* TöFX Lã_Ì[ý ]Tö+ AÌ[ý æ»Jôc÷çÌ[ýç A[ýe YÒEõÊ ×Tö c÷Ì^* £WýÇ ^ç TöZõçd Töç c÷_ - L_ Lã] [ýÌ[ýãZõÌ[ý ]Tö %çÌ^TöãX å[ýäQÍö ×GãÌ^ Pöç‰øç c÷[ýçÌ[ý YãÌ[ý Yç+ãYÌ[ý ]ãWýî Lã] åGã_C Yç+Y Zõç×»OôãÌ^ åVÌ^ Xç* AÌ[ý TöçY Y×Ì[ý[ýc÷X lù]TöçC Lã_Ì[ý ]Tö+* A+ lù]Töç [ý§ WýÌ[ýãXÌ[ý EõçãL _çGçãXç c÷Ì^* YÒEõÊ rô =Vçc÷Ì[ýX Fç[ýçÌ[ý XÇX, ^çãEõ +e×Ì[ýLÝãTö æ»Oô[ý_ a·Oô [ýã_* AÌ[ý Ì[ýçaçÌ^×XEõ Xç] - åaç×QöÌ^ç] æzõçÌ[ýç+Qö* açeãEõ×TöEõ \öçã[ý å[ýçMõçãTö - NaCl å_Fç c÷Ì^* _[ýãXÌ[ý Ì[ýçaçÌ^×XEõ %çX×[ýEõ GPöX açWýçÌ[ýXTö aÌ[ý_ A[ýe ×Øšö×Tö`Ý_* åaç×QöÌ^ç] A[ýe æzõç×Ì[ýX VÇ×»Oô [ýØ™öÇ + %ç_çVç %ç_çVç \öçã[ý açIHç×TöEõ %Uïçd AEõEõ %[ýØšöçÌ^ ×[ýyÔÝÌ^ç`Ý_* åaç×QöÌ^çã]Ì[ý é[ýVÇî×TöEõ %çWýçX [ýç "»JôçLÛ' WýXç±ÁEõ ]çãX "Y×L×»Oô\ö', a[ýïVç+ A+ %çX×[ýEõ EõXç Yç_çãTö »JôçÌ^* ×[ýYÌ[ýÝTö \öçã[ý æzõç×Ì[ýãXÌ[ý é[ýVÇî×TöEõ %çWýçX [ýç "»JôçLÛ' @Sç±ÁEõ ]çãX "åXãG×»Oô\ö', A %çX×[ýEõ EõXç GÐc÷X EõÌ[ýãTö aVç+ TödYÌ[ý* åLçÌ[ýçã_ç A+ %çX×[ýEõ [ýµùãXÌ[ý EõçÌ[ýãX YVçUï VÇ×»Oô YÌ[ý&Ì[ý LÇäQÍö UçEõçÌ[ý Zõã_ _[ýãXÌ[ý æ»Jôc÷çÌ[ýç aÇ×ØšöTö c÷Ì^* åEõ[ý_ =¬Jô TöçãY+ A+a[ý EõXç Gã_ ×GãÌ^ "å]çä·OôX a·Oô' c÷Ì^*
G_çãXç _[ýX (å]çä·OôX a·Oô) AÌ[ý é[ý×`œöî G_çãXç _[ýX \öçã_ç ×[ýVÇîTö Y×Ì[ý[ýçc÷Ý* %XîçXî é[ý×`œöîm×_Ì[ý ]ãWýî %XîTö] AÌ[ý ×[ýVÇîd Y×Ì[ý[ýçc÷Ý lù]Töç* A]×XãTö Eõ×PöX %[ýØšöçÌ^ åaç×QöÌ^ç] æzõçÌ[ýç+Qö (NaCl) [ýç açWýçÌ[ýX Fç[ýçÌ[ý XÇX ×[ýVÇîd %Y×Ì[ý[ýçc÷Ý, %Uïçd AÌ[ý å\öTöÌ[ý ×VãÌ^ ×[ýVÇîd »Jô_ç»Jô_ EõãÌ[ýXç* ×EõÜ™öÇ A+ XÇX ^×V L_ YçÌ^ Töçc÷ã_ åaç×QöÌ^ç] (Na) A[ýe æzõç×Ì[ýX (Cl) VÇ×»Oô YVçUï+ Lã_Ì[ý %XÇEõSç'Ì[ý (Molecules) Ø‘öç\öç×[ýEõ %çEõbïãX [ýµùX]ÇNþ c÷ãÌ^ å\öㆠ^çÌ^* A+ %[ýØšöçãEõ mã_ ^çCÌ^ç [ýã_* A+ %[ýØšöçÌ^ Lã_Ì[ý ]ãWýî YVçUïm×_ %ç_çVç c÷ãÌ^ %çã[ý`^ÇNþ YVçUïEõSç (Ions [ýç charged atoms or molecules) c÷Ì^* A+ %çã[ý`^ÇNþ EõSç ^×V ×[ýVÇîTö %×Wýãlùy (Electric field) YçÌ^ Töã[ý ×[ýVÇîTö a‡ûç_X EõÌ[ýãTö YçãÌ[ý*
A»Oôç YÌ[ýF EõÌÌ[ýç ^çÌ^* YÌ[ýF EõãÌ[ý åVFãTö ×Qö׺Oô·Qö CÌ^ç»OôçÌ[ý [ýç ×[ý£ˆù Lã_ VÇ×»Oô +ã_Eõä®ÏôçQö A[ýe EõTö»Oôç ×[ýVÇîTö a‡ûç×_Tö c÷ä¬K÷ åVFçÌ[ý LXî AEõ»Oôç "%îç׶ö‚»OôçÌ[ý' (%îç]ãYÌ^çÌ[ý ×]»OôçÌ[ý, ^ç×VãÌ^ å\öç·Oô ]çYç ^çÌ^) _çGã[ý* +ã_Eõä®ÏôçQö VÇ×»OôÌ[ý ]ãWýî ×[ýVÇîTö aeã^çG åVCÌ^çÌ[ý YãÌ[ý åVFç ^çã[ý Xç]]çy ×[ýVÇîTö ^çä¬K÷* EõçÌ[ýS ×[ýVÇîãTöÌ[ý Yãlù ×[ý£ˆù L_ ]ÊVYÇ ×Ì[ý[ýçc÷Ý* Lã_ %çã[ý`^ÇNþ EõSç c÷Ì^ A]X YVçUï ("electrolyte') å^çG EõÌ[ýã_, å^]X Fç[ýçÌ[ý XÇX, \öçã_ç\öçã[ý ×[ýVÇîTö YÒ[ýç×c÷Tö c÷ãTö åVFç ^çã[ý* %çÌ[ýC åVFç ^çã[ý EõSçm×_ ×XãLãVÌ[ý ]ãWýî %çWýçX ØšöçX Y×Ì[ý[ýTöÛX EõÌ[ýä»K÷ (movement of ion charge 'packets'), ALXî c÷Ì^ L_ %U[ýç XÇãXÌ[ý =YçVçXmã_ç å\öㆠ×GãÌ^ Gîçãa Ì[ýÖYçÜ™ö×Ì[ýTö c÷ã[ý, Töç-Xçc÷ã_ Lã_Ì[ý ]É_ =YçVçX å\öㆠ×GãÌ^ %×jãLX A[ýe c÷ç+äQÎöçãLX YçCÌ^ç ^çã[ý* XÇãXÌ[ý ]É_ =YçVçX åaç×QöÌ^ç] %çÌ[ý æzõç×Ì[ýX* %×jãLX A[ýe c÷ç+äQÎöçãLX %U[ýç åaç×QöÌ^ç] C æzõç×Ì[ýX, åEõçX VÇ×»Oô YçCÌ^ç ^çã[ý åa»Oôç Lã_ åGç_ç XÇX %Uïçd +ã_Eõä®Ïôç_ç+ä»OôÌ[ý Y×Ì[ý]çX EõTöFç×X TöçÌ[ý CYãÌ[ý ×X\öÛÌ[ý EõÌ[ýã[ý* æzõç×Ì[ýX Gîça YçCÌ^çÌ[ý LXî A+\öçã[ý »JôÇ QÍöçÜ™ö ]çyçÌ^ XÇX ×]×`ãÌ^ Lã_ ×[ýVÇîTö YÒ[ýç×c÷Tö EõÌ[ýç c÷Ì^* Lã_ åGç_ç XÇãXÌ[ý ]Tö+ å]çä·OôX a·OôC ×[ýVÇîd aÇY×Ì[ý[ýçc÷Ý c÷Ì^; _[ýãXÌ[ý ×Eõ»K÷Ç %XÇEõSç ×[ý׬K÷~\öçã[ý "%çÌ^×XTö' c÷Ì^, A+ EõSçm×_ ×[ýVÇîd Y×Ì[ý[ýc÷ãX a×yÔÌ^ c÷Ì^* AãEõ EõçãL _ç×GãÌ^ "Qöç=³a åa_' Yˆù×TöãTö ×`ã”Ì[ý YÒãÌ^çLX å]»OôçãXçÌ[ý LXî WýçTö[ý åaç×QöÌ^ç] ×X›õç`X EõÌ[ýç c÷Ì^* G_çãXç åaç×QöÌ^ç] æzõçÌ[ýç+ãQöÌ[ý G_Xçáø ]çyç Eõ]çãXçÌ[ý LXî %” Y×Ì[ý]çãX Eõîç_×aÌ^ç] æzõçÌ[ýç+Qö _[ýX ×]×`ãÌ^ ×[ýVÇîd a‡ûç_X EõÌ[ýç c÷Ì^* %îçãXçQö [Ì ýQö _çGçãXç YÒçÜ™ö ×VãÌ^ æzõç×Ì[ýS Gîça A[ýe %YÌ[ý ×VãEõÌ[ý EõîçUQö Ì[ýQö _çGçãXç YÒçãÜ™ö TöÌ[ý_ åaç×QöÌ^ç] YçCÌ^ç ^çÌ^* "Qöç=³a åa_' Yˆù×Tö [ýî[ýc÷çÌ[ý EõÌ[ýçÌ[ý YÀç³Oô éTöÌ[ýÝ EõÌ[ýãTö å^ ×\ö×wøÌ[ý CYÌ[ý Y×Ì[ýEõ”Xç EõÌ[ýç VÌ[ýEõçÌ[ý TöçÌ[ý åÌ[ýFç×»Jôy*
×[ý`V TöUî: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Downs_Cell