Salt
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Salt: Cradle to Grave Catarina Hinojos Race, Poverty and the Urban Environment Professor Raquel R. Pinderhughes Urban Studies Program San Francisco State University, spring 2003 Public has permission to use the material herein, but only if author, course, university and professor are credited.
This presentation focuses on the life cycle of Salt, cradle to grave, with emphasis on social, environmental and public health impacts associated with it. • The extraction process • Distribution of materials needed to produce salt
• Distribution of salt • Health Impacts • And the waste resulting from salt production
The Extraction Process of Salt There are four types of Extraction • • • •
Rock salt mining Solar salt mining Solution mining Vacuum Pan Salt Refining
Rock Salt Mining salt-cycle
image002
• Rock salt mining occurs naturally in underground deposits • Occasionally in surface deposits in arid areas, as the mineral halite • Salt is physically dug out of the ground in an operation involving drilling, blasting, exploding and crushing the rock salt image002
Rock salt mine Cargill.com
Rock salt mine Cargill.com
Rock salt mine dredge.com
Halite/rock salt Saltinstitute.com
Rock salt beds/layers one meter thick Saltinfo.com
salt-layers
merkers-startbild
A rock salt mine turned into a tourist attraction Americanrocksalt.com
Solar Salt Mining • Salt is produced by allowing the sun to evaporate sea water in shallow pools or ‘pans’. • Both temperature and salinity are important • The water evaporates in successive ponds until the brine is fully concentrated and salt crystallizes on the floor of the crystallizing ponds
dredge.com
OWENS7
Solar produced salt discolored by bacteria in the ponds nasalt.com
Solar salt pond with red brine Salt-mine.com
The Alberger® brand salt is produced with the evaporating process alberger.com
This is an aerial view of salt ponds Cargill.com
Great Salt Lake Minerals Ogden, Utah Solar Pond Facility Saltinfo.com
Solar salt mushrooms growing in the Dead Sea Salt.org
NATURAL SALT PRODUCTION OF SAN JACINTO
It is a realization of natural technical character practiced by dozens of residents of Charapoto community, in which the manual techniques of production of salt in the mineral sources of San Jacinto are shown to the tourists
Solution Salt Mining • When salt deposits are located fresh, recycled water is injected through a well drilled into an underground salt bed or salt dome • Dissolution of the salt forms a cavern in the salt deposit • Salt brine is withdrawn from the cavern and then transported by pipeline to an onsite evaporating plant to make dry salt, or to a chemical processing plant for chlor-alkali or other chemical production
Solution Salt scheme Mininglife.com
This solution mining cavern, is where water is injected into a salt formation and brine is withdrawn kgs.ukans.edu
brine well and cavity kgs.ukans.edu
Solution salt dome Saltinstitute.com
Solution-Mined Cavern Storage pbworld.com
Mineral Recovery pbworld.com
Solution Mining Wellhead Pbworld.com
Surface features at a West Texas disposal cavern npto.doe.gov
After salt is mined producers use caverns to store hydrocarbon substances, this is a map of them in Texas utexas.edu
Vacuum Pan Salt Refining • Vacuum Pan Salt Refining produces table salt • Prior to mechanical evaporation, the brine may be treated to remove minerals that can cause scaling in the evaporators and adversely affect salt purity • Chemical treatment of the brine, followed by settling, reduces levels of dissolved calcium, magnesium and sulfate • Sulfuric acid treatment or chlorination may be used to remove hydrogen sulfide, and hydrochloric acid will neutralize brine used in diaphragm cell production of chlorine and caustic soda
• Water is evaporated from purified brine using multiple-effect or vapor recompression evaporators • Steam from boilers supplies heat evaporators and is fed from one evaporator to the next • Vapor recompression forced-circulation evaporators consist of a crystallizer, compressor and vapor scrubber • Feed brine enters the crystallizer vessel where salt is precipitated • Vapor is withdrawn, scrubbed and compressed for reuse in the heater
Vacuum evaporator
Saltinstitute.com
Saltinstitute.com
Lyons, Kansas Vacuum Salt Facility Saltinfo.com
Distribution of Materials Needed to Produce Salt • Salt is produced naturally in the environment so the only tools needed are for movement of the mineral – This includes pipes, conveyor belts, trucks, roads, in some cases explosives
• And purifying agents for table salt – This includes boilers, chemicals and evaporation equipment
Conveyor belt that transport salt to vehicle Cargill.com
Underground vehicle that transports salt Cargill.com
Underground salt mine Cargill.com
Distribution of Salt • Packages containing salt usually get transported by trucks • Salt is used in three sectors – Deicing products • melt ice and snow on roads – Commercial and industry • manufacture chlorine, caustic soda and in paper making – Domestic (table salt)
Mortonsalt.com
Deicing rock salt for snow and ice control geo.msu.edu
Health Impacts • Workers environments vary on what type of salt production they are involved with – But all employees are exposed to heavy machinery – Some employees are exposed to explosives and chemicals
• Consumers are also exposed to health hazards too much salt can cause illness – high blood pressure – heart attack – stroke • When deicing salt is used on roads there tends to be a run off of water thus transporting salt into ground water – This causes a bitter taste in drinking water – The increase of salt in the soil isn’t good for crops and natural vegetation
Miner digging for salt Dredge.com
Saltinstitute.com
Waste Resulting from the Production of Salt • The main waste that seems to be visible in all salt mines is the impact of heavy machinery on the landscape • The waste from chemicals, explosives and trucks • Another factor is the destruction of natural habitats to build unnatural salt ponds
Rods and wires nailed into natural caverns Dredge.com
Web References • • • • • •
www.utexas.edu www.solutionmining.org www.salt-mine.org www.saltinstitute.com www.saltinfo.com www.mininglife.com
• • • • • •
www.mii.org www.geo.msu.edu www.cargill.com www.americanrocksalt.com www.npto.doe.gov www.nasalt.com
This presentation focuses on the life cycle of Salt, cradle to grave, with emphasis on social, environmental and public health impacts associated with it. • The extraction process • Distribution of materials needed to produce salt
• Distribution of salt • Health Impacts • And the waste resulting from salt production
The Extraction Process of Salt There are four types of Extraction • • • •
Rock salt mining Solar salt mining Solution mining Vacuum Pan Salt Refining
Rock Salt Mining salt-cycle
image002
• Rock salt mining occurs naturally in underground deposits • Occasionally in surface deposits in arid areas, as the mineral halite • Salt is physically dug out of the ground in an operation involving drilling, blasting, exploding and crushing the rock salt image002
Rock salt mine Cargill.com
Rock salt mine Cargill.com
Rock salt mine dredge.com
Halite/rock salt Saltinstitute.com
Rock salt beds/layers one meter thick Saltinfo.com
salt-layers
merkers-startbild
A rock salt mine turned into a tourist attraction Americanrocksalt.com
Solar Salt Mining • Salt is produced by allowing the sun to evaporate sea water in shallow pools or ‘pans’. • Both temperature and salinity are important • The water evaporates in successive ponds until the brine is fully concentrated and salt crystallizes on the floor of the crystallizing ponds
dredge.com
OWENS7
Solar produced salt discolored by bacteria in the ponds nasalt.com
Solar salt pond with red brine Salt-mine.com
The Alberger® brand salt is produced with the evaporating process alberger.com
This is an aerial view of salt ponds Cargill.com
Great Salt Lake Minerals Ogden, Utah Solar Pond Facility Saltinfo.com
Solar salt mushrooms growing in the Dead Sea Salt.org
NATURAL SALT PRODUCTION OF SAN JACINTO
It is a realization of natural technical character practiced by dozens of residents of Charapoto community, in which the manual techniques of production of salt in the mineral sources of San Jacinto are shown to the tourists
Solution Salt Mining • When salt deposits are located fresh, recycled water is injected through a well drilled into an underground salt bed or salt dome • Dissolution of the salt forms a cavern in the salt deposit • Salt brine is withdrawn from the cavern and then transported by pipeline to an onsite evaporating plant to make dry salt, or to a chemical processing plant for chlor-alkali or other chemical production
Solution Salt scheme Mininglife.com
This solution mining cavern, is where water is injected into a salt formation and brine is withdrawn kgs.ukans.edu
brine well and cavity kgs.ukans.edu
Solution salt dome Saltinstitute.com
Solution-Mined Cavern Storage pbworld.com
Mineral Recovery pbworld.com
Solution Mining Wellhead Pbworld.com
Surface features at a West Texas disposal cavern npto.doe.gov
After salt is mined producers use caverns to store hydrocarbon substances, this is a map of them in Texas utexas.edu
Vacuum Pan Salt Refining • Vacuum Pan Salt Refining produces table salt • Prior to mechanical evaporation, the brine may be treated to remove minerals that can cause scaling in the evaporators and adversely affect salt purity • Chemical treatment of the brine, followed by settling, reduces levels of dissolved calcium, magnesium and sulfate • Sulfuric acid treatment or chlorination may be used to remove hydrogen sulfide, and hydrochloric acid will neutralize brine used in diaphragm cell production of chlorine and caustic soda
• Water is evaporated from purified brine using multiple-effect or vapor recompression evaporators • Steam from boilers supplies heat evaporators and is fed from one evaporator to the next • Vapor recompression forced-circulation evaporators consist of a crystallizer, compressor and vapor scrubber • Feed brine enters the crystallizer vessel where salt is precipitated • Vapor is withdrawn, scrubbed and compressed for reuse in the heater
Vacuum evaporator
Saltinstitute.com
Saltinstitute.com
Lyons, Kansas Vacuum Salt Facility Saltinfo.com
Distribution of Materials Needed to Produce Salt • Salt is produced naturally in the environment so the only tools needed are for movement of the mineral – This includes pipes, conveyor belts, trucks, roads, in some cases explosives
• And purifying agents for table salt – This includes boilers, chemicals and evaporation equipment
Conveyor belt that transport salt to vehicle Cargill.com
Underground vehicle that transports salt Cargill.com
Underground salt mine Cargill.com
Distribution of Salt • Packages containing salt usually get transported by trucks • Salt is used in three sectors – Deicing products • melt ice and snow on roads – Commercial and industry • manufacture chlorine, caustic soda and in paper making – Domestic (table salt)
Mortonsalt.com
Deicing rock salt for snow and ice control geo.msu.edu
Health Impacts • Workers environments vary on what type of salt production they are involved with – But all employees are exposed to heavy machinery – Some employees are exposed to explosives and chemicals
• Consumers are also exposed to health hazards too much salt can cause illness – high blood pressure – heart attack – stroke • When deicing salt is used on roads there tends to be a run off of water thus transporting salt into ground water – This causes a bitter taste in drinking water – The increase of salt in the soil isn’t good for crops and natural vegetation
Miner digging for salt Dredge.com
Saltinstitute.com
Waste Resulting from the Production of Salt • The main waste that seems to be visible in all salt mines is the impact of heavy machinery on the landscape • The waste from chemicals, explosives and trucks • Another factor is the destruction of natural habitats to build unnatural salt ponds
Rods and wires nailed into natural caverns Dredge.com
Web References • • • • • •
www.utexas.edu www.solutionmining.org www.salt-mine.org www.saltinstitute.com www.saltinfo.com www.mininglife.com
• • • • • •
www.mii.org www.geo.msu.edu www.cargill.com www.americanrocksalt.com www.npto.doe.gov www.nasalt.com
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