Pathophysiology Of Tuberculosis

Pathophysiology of Koch’s Disease (Tuberculosis)

Predisposing Factors:

Precipitating Factors:

•

Age

- Occupation (e.g Health Workers)

•

Immunosuppression persons

- Repeated close contact w/ infected

o

•

Prolonged corticosteroid therapy

Systemic Infection:

- Indefinite substance abuse via IV - recurrence of infection

o

Diabetes Mellitus

o

End-stage Renal Disease

o

HIV or AIDS infection

Exposure or inhalation of infected Aerosol through droplet nuclei (exposure to infected clients by coughing, sneezing, talking)

Tubercle bacilli invasion in the apices of the Lungs or near the pleurae of the lower lobes

Bronchopneumonia develops in the lung tissue (Phagocytosed tubercle bacilli are ingested by macrophages)  

bacterial cell wall binds with macrophages

arrest of a phagosome which results to bacilli replication

Necrotic Degeneration occurs (production of cavities filled with cheese-like mass of tubercle bacilli, dead WBCs, necrotic lung tissue)

drainage of necrotic materials into the tracheobronchial tree (eruption of coughing, formation of lesions) PRIMARY INFECTION

Lesions may calcify (Ghon’s Complex) and form scars and may heal over a period of time

Tubercle bacilli immunity develops (2 to 6 weeks after infection) (maintains in the body as long as living bacilli remains in the body)

Acquired immunity leads to further growth Of bacilli and development of ACTIVE INFECTION

SIGNS AND SYMPTOMS

Pulmonary Symptoms:

General Symptoms:

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Dyspnea

•

Non-productive or productive cough

- anorexia

•

Hemoptysis (blood tinge sputum)

- Weight loss

•

Chest pain that may be pleuritic or dull chills and

- low grade fever with

•

Chest tightness

•

Crackles may be present on auscultation

With Medical Intervention

- Fatigue

sweats (often at night)

Without Medical intervention

•

Early detection/ diagnosis of the dse

•

Multi-antibacterial therapy

(Due to repeated exposure to infected

•

Fixed- dose therapy

Individuals, Immunosuppression)

•

TB DOTS (Direct Observed Therapy)

•

BCG vaccination

Reactivation of the tubercle bacilli

SECONDARY INFECTION

Severe occurrence of lesions in the lungs No Recurrence

Recurrence

Cavitation in the lungs occurs Good Prognosis

Bad Prognosis

Active infection is spread throughout the body systems (infiltration of tubercle bacilli in other organs)

INFECTION



TB of the Bones



Pott’s Disease



Renal TB

SEVERE OCCURRENCE OF Client becomes clinically ill

BAD PROGNOSIS

DEATH