October('05) 5 - Spoken English

I

-Ñ-Ø√-úø’ Anil:

Hi, Trishal, where were you last evening?

(E†o ≤ƒßª’çvûªç áéπ\-úø’-Ø√o´¤?) Trishal: Most of the time at home.

(E†o áèπ◊\´ÊÆ°æ¤ ÉçöxØË ÖØ√o) Why, what's the matter? But Sunil told me he had seen you going somewhere

(Å®·ûË îª÷¨»†E

†’-¢Áy-éπ\-úÕéÓ îÁ§ƒpúø’)

Éçé¬ îª÷úøçúÕ: b) By the time I reached the station, the train had left. station train Train station the train had left.

؈’ îËÍ®-Ææ-JéÀ, ¢ÁR}§Ú¢Á-R}-§Ú-´-úøç ´·çü¿÷, ؈’ ®·çC. îË®Ω-úøç ûª®√yûª, 鬕öÀd

c) My uncle too had waited for me for ten minutes -

(àçöÀ N≠æߪ’ç?) Anil:

¢Á∞¡Ÿhç-úø-úøç-

Sunil

Trishal: He seen me on my way to the station to receive my uncle. But by the time I reached the station the train had left. My uncle too had waited for me for 10 minutes. Seeing that I had not come, he started for home on his own.

(؈’ ´÷ uncle éÓÆæç station èπ◊ ¢Á∞¡Ÿh†o-°æ¤púø’ îª÷¨»úø’. Å®·ûË Øˆ’ station èπ◊ -¢Á-∞Ï}Ææ-JÍé train -´-*a -¢Á-R}-§Ú®·ç-C. ´÷ uncle èπÿú≈ Ø√ éÓÆæç 10 EN’-≥ƒ©’ îª÷Æœ ÉçöÀéÀ •ßª’-™‰l-®√úø’)

Ø√ éÓÆæç 10 EN’-≥ƒ©’ îª÷Æœ, ûª®√yûª ÉçöÀéÀ •ßª’-™‰l-®√úø’, had waited - had + pp d) Seeing that I had not come– ؈’ ®√™‰-ü¿E îª÷Æœ, he started for home. ؈’ ®√éπ-§Ú-´-úøç, earlier past action, 鬕öÀd had come - had + past participle.

Ééπ\úø èπÿú≈ ´·çü¿®Ω †’ ûÁ-L-ߪ’-ñ‰-≤Úhç-C éπü∆.ïJ-T† Ééπ\-úø ´’†ç ûÁ©’Ææ’-èπ◊†o ´·êu N≠æߪ’ç:

had + past participle always expresses the earlier of two past actions.

I wanted that book on computers from you.

(Ø√ ü¿í∫_®Ω ™‰C-°æ¤púø’, È®çvúÓ-V©’ Öçèπ◊E ¢Á·†oØË library ™ -ÉîËa¨».) °j Ææ綵«-≠æ-ù-™E verbs: had seen, had left, had waited, had come, had kept É´Fo èπÿú≈ had + past participle form ™ ÖØ√o®· éπü∆. Éçûª-´-®Ωèπ◊ Ñ form of verb †’ ´’†ç Ñ lessons ™ îª÷úø-™‰ü¿’. Ñ verb form: had + past participle. DØËo past perfect tense Åçö«®Ω’. DE Ö°æ-ßÁ÷-í∫ç- îª÷ü∆lç: a) Sunil told me he had seen you. Ééπ\úø two past actions (í∫ûªç™ ïJ-T† È®çúø’ °æ†’--©’– äéπöÀ Sunil E†’o îª÷úø-úøç, Ç N≠æߪ’ç Ø√ûÓ îÁ°æp-úøç) ÖØ√o®·. Ççü¿’™ äéπöÀ ´·çü¿’, ÉçéÓöÀ ûª®√yûªéπü∆. Sunil, Trishal †’ îª÷-úø-úøç ´·çü¿’, Ç N≠æߪ’ç Anil ûÓ îÁ°æpúøç ûª®√yûª éπü∆. Ééπ\úø ´·çü¿’ ïJ-T† °æE Sunil, Trishal †’ îª÷úø-úøç, had seen – had + past participle form ™ Öçúø-úøç í∫´’-Eç-î √L ´’†ç. Åçõ‰ È®çúø’ past actions ™ äéπöÀ ´·çü¿’, ÉçéÓöÀ ûª®√yûª ïJ-TûË, ´·çü¿’ ïJ-T† past action á°æ¤púø÷ had + past participle form ™ Öçô’çC.

¢√-Jéπç-õ„ -´·ç-ü¿’ -¢Á·í∫-©’-©’ ¶µ«®Ω-û˝†’ §ƒLç-î√®Ω’.

ÖçúË ´·çü¿’, Éçûª-´-®Ωèπÿ, Ñ

§ƒ©-†™ §ƒ©-†™ ÖçúËC). ™ ´’†ç ûÁ©’Ææ’èπ◊†o

verbs: had been (be form -

computer book

Trishal: I am sorry, I don't have it. I had kept it for only two days till the day before when I returned it to the library.

a) The Moghuls had ruled India before the British ruled it (British had ruled, ruled). b) India had been under Moghul rule before it was under British rule (British Moghul lesson

-Ççí∫x-¶µ«-≠æ-ù 58 a)

¢√úø’

pass

Åߪ÷u-úøE Ø√ûÓ îÁ§ƒpúø’.

He told me that he had passed. (pass

Å´-úøç ´·çü¿÷, îÁ°æp-úøç ûª®√yûª éπü∆. 鬕öÀd ´·çü¿J past action, had + passed (had + pp)

í∫ûªç™ Ö†o È®çúø’ N≠æ-ߪ÷-©™ ´·çü¿®Ω Ö†o N≠æ-ߪ÷Eo îÁ°æ¤ hçC), had + pp (action - í∫ûªç™ ïJT† È®çúø’ °æ†’™x ¢Á·ü¿öÀ °æEE ûÁ-LÊ°ç- M. SURESAN ü¿’èπ◊ ¢√úøû√ç) a) ¢√u§ƒ®Ωç v§ƒ®Ωç-Gµç-îË-´·çü¿’ Çߪ’† teacher í¬ ÖçúË-¢√úø’ = He had been a teacher before

éÀ Ææç•ç-Cµç-*† 'be' form had been. ´’†èπ◊ ûÁ©’-Ææ’-éπü∆, 'be' form á°æ¤púø÷ Öçúø-ú≈-Eo ûÁ©’°æ¤-ûª’çC. Ñ éÀçC È®ç-úø÷ §Ú©açúÕ:

he started business. b) Lawyer practice railways He had worked/ He had been in the railways before he started practising as a lawyer. c) sisters unmarried He had been unmarried until his sisters got married.

a) NTR had acted in movies before he

Now practise the following in English.

b)

Ç¢Á’ °R}éÀ ´·çü¿’

teacher

í¬ °æE-îË-ÆœçC.

She had worked as teacher before she got married. had + pp

entered politics (politics

-™  v°æ¢Ë-PçîË ´·çü¿’, ÆœE-´÷™x †öÀç-î√úø’. †öÀç-îª-úøç – -ÉC action (Ωu). ´·çü¿’ ïJ-T† past action 鬕öÀd, had acted - had + past participle) b) NTR had been an actor before he was a CM (CM

í¬ ÖçúË ´·çü¿’, actor í¬ ÖØ√oúø’). Ééπ\-úø verbs – had been, was. Ñ È®çúø÷ èπÿú≈ 'be' forms ü∆. Åçü¿’-éπØË, he was a CM (äéπ-°æ¤púø’) CM í¬ ÖçúË¢√®Ω’ (É°æ¤púø’ -™‰®Ω’). Åçûª-èπ◊-´·çü¿’ actor - 鬕öÀd had been an actor.

í¬ v§ƒ®Ωç-Gµç-îË -´·çü¿’ ™ °æEî˨»®Ω’ = (ÖØ√o®Ω’)

¢√∞¡x °R} ÅßË’uç-ûª-´-®Ωèπ◊ í¬ØË ÖØ√oúø’ =

a) Lakshmi: Hi Ajitha

á°æ¤púø’ AJ-íÌ-î√a´¤? O’ ÉçöÀéÀ ؈’ E†o phone îËÊÆh O’ Å´’t †’Nyçé¬ ®√™‰-ü¿E îÁ°œpçC. Ajitha: Å´¤†’. †’´¤y phone îËÆœ† Å®Ω-í∫çô ûª®√yûª ؈’ ÉçöÀéÀ îË®√†’. àçöÀ N≠æߪ’ç? Lakshmi: M© ´·ç¶„j †’ç* éÌEo <®Ω©’ ûÁî √a†E îÁ°œpçC E†o. ´’†ç ¢ÁRx îª÷ü∆l´÷? Ajitha: É°æp-öÀÍé î√-™« ÉîËa-¨»-†E ¢Á·†oØË îÁ°œpçC Ø√ûÓ.

-v°æ-¨¡o: 1) Would you come please?

tense

Ñ È®çúÕç-öÀéÀ ûËú≈ àN’öÀ? would - past tense of will éπ-ü∆. Ééπ\úø would, could áçü¿’èπ◊ Ö°æ-ßÁ÷-Tç-î√®Ω’?

2) Could

2) Sell this vehicle off (Active Voice), What does she want (Active Voice).

-O-öÀE Passive Voice ™ à N-üµ¿çí¬ ®√ߪ÷™ N´-Jç-îª-í∫-©®Ω’. 3) The function went off well Åçõ‰ Å®Ωnç ûÁL-ߪ’-ñ‰Ææ÷h, went off ™«çöÀ ¢√öÀéÀ Å®√n©’ áéπ\úø, ᙫçöÀ °æ¤Ææh-é¬--™-x -Öç-ö«-ßÁ÷ ûÁL-ߪ’ñ‰-ߪ’-í∫-©®Ω’. – ÅçûªöÀ °çîª-©ßª’u, ®√ïç-Ê°ô.

-ï-¢√-•’:

í∫’-Jç-* ûªy®Ω™ -ûÁ-©’Ææ’èπ◊ç-ö«®Ω’. could ÅØËC, 'would you come please' éπØ√o áèπ◊\´ ´’®√uü¿ Ææ÷*çîË request. Å®·ûË would you come,

Pratap: Pramod:

á´-JéÀ? ¢√úÕ §ƒûª exchange

bike †’ éÌûªh bike ûÓ îËÆæ’èπ◊Ø√o-†E îÁ§ƒpúø’.

Answers: a) Lakshmi: Hi Ajitha, when did you return? When I phoned yesterday your mother told me you had not returned yet. Ajitha: That's right. I arrived half an hour after you had phone. What's the matter? Lakshmi: Leela told me yesterday she had brought some sarees from Mumbai. How about seeing them? Ajitha: She told me the day before she had given away most of them. Lakshmi: Still some more are there. Let's go and see. b) Pratap: Prasanth told me that you had bought a bike. I think, the day before (yesterday). Pramod: Not yet. I think of buying one. Pratap: (Are you) buying your cousin's bike? Pramod: No. Only yesterday I came to know he had sold it off. Pratap: Who to? Pramod: He told me he had exchanged his old bike for a new one.

-v°æ-¨¡o: English Newspapers ™ Headlines Å-Fo simple present

Could you come please?

1) would, should, could you come please?

Éçé¬ éÌEo ÖØ√o®·. ´’†ç ¢Á-R} îª÷ü∆lç °æü¿. b) Pratap: Hi Pramod, †’´¤y bike éÌØ√o-´E Prasanth îÁ§ƒpúø’ Ø√ûÓ, ¢Á·†o-†’èπ◊çö«. Pramod: Éçé¬ é̆-™‰ü¿’. éÌØ√-©E ņ’-èπ◊ç-ô’Ø√o. Pratap: O’ cousin bike éÌçô’-Ø√o¢√? Pramod: ™‰ü¿’. E†oØË ûÁL-Æ œçC, ¢√úøC Ţ˒t-¨»-úøE.

He had been an actor

But why did you want to see me?

(F ü¿í∫_®Ω †’ç* Ç BÆæ’éÓ-¢√-©-†’-èπ◊Ø√o)

Lakshmi:

Ñ éÀçC È®çúø÷ §Ú©açúÕ:

e) I had kept it for two days... when I returned it to the library. had kept – had + past participle (pp) past action

(Å®·ûË †’´¤y †ØÁoç-ü¿’èπ◊ éπ©-¢√-©-†’-èπ◊Ø√o´¤?) Anil:

-Ç-C¢√®Ωç 16 -ÅéÓd-•®Ω’ 2005

please

? ÅØËC more formal (áèπ◊\´ ™«ç-†-v§ƒßª’ç, could éπçõ‰). Åçõ‰ ´’†-éπç-ûªí¬ °æJ-îªßª’ç ™‰E, ´’†ç íı®Ω-NçîË ´uèπ◊h-©†’ îËÊÆ request. 2) sell this vehicle off. DEéÀ passive voice – Let this vehicle be sold off. What does she want

èπ◊ passive – what is wanted by her. éÌEo Ææçü¿-®√s¥-™x-ØË ûª°æp Éô’-´çöÀ sentences active ™ Öçõ‰ØË natural í¬ Öçô’çC. 3) went off well - Åçõ‰ ¶«í¬ ïJ-TçC ÅE. Éô’-´çöÀ phrases èπ◊ Å®Ωnç oxford/ longman's ™«çöÀ ´’ç* dictionaries ™, 'go' éÀçü¿ îª÷úøçúÕ.

-ï-¢√-•’: 1)

™ ®√≤ƒhÈ®çü¿’-éπE?Å-´-Fo ïJ-T-§Ú-®·† N≠æ-ߪ÷©’ éπü∆! éÀ would éÀ difference -à-N’-öÀ? -¢√-öÀ-E -à-ßË’ Ææçü¿-®√s¥™x use îËߪ’-´îª’a? – °œ.í∫-ù‰-¨¸, é¬éÀ-Ø√-úø.

î√-™« -´’ç-* question. English èπ◊ -Ö†o v°æûËuéπ ©éπ~ùç, historic present. Åçõ‰ í∫ûªç™ ïJ-T-†-¢√-öÀéÀ èπÿú≈ present tense (simple) ¢√úø-úøç. ÉC newspaper headlines ™ áèπ◊\´.

Prime Minister Inaugurates the conference.

Ééπ\úø Inaugurates Åçõ‰ îËÆæ’h-Ø√o-®ΩF é¬ü¿÷, îËߪ’-¶-ûª’-Ø√o-®ΩF é¬ü¿’. îËÊÆ-¨»-®ΩE. ÉC English ™ ûª°æ¤p-é¬ü¿’. Here was I already late to the station. Just then my brother comes with the news that I have forgotten my ticket. comes

ûª°æ¤p-é¬ü¿’. effect éÓÆæç ¢√úø-û√®Ω’. 2) could, would í∫’-Jç-* ÆæN-´-®Ωçí¬ -ûÁ-©’Ææ’èπ◊ç-ö«®Ω’.

Ééπ\úø