Nyeri Neuropatik.pdf

  • Uploaded by: wisnu pratama
  • 0
  • 0
  • October 2019
  • PDF

This document was uploaded by user and they confirmed that they have the permission to share it. If you are author or own the copyright of this book, please report to us by using this DMCA report form. Report DMCA


Overview

Download & View Nyeri Neuropatik.pdf as PDF for free.

More details

  • Words: 1,900
  • Pages: 54
NYERI NEUROPATIK Wijoyo Halim

PENDAHULUAN Mahluk hidup diperlengkapi Alat Perasa berupa, ujung-ujung serabut saraf aferen :  yg berakhir bebas dis nosiseptor Letak nosiseptor tersebar luas Kepadatan nosiseptor per inchi pangkat 2 ratarata 1300

NYERI Definisi : IASP (International Association Study of Pain) Pengalaman sensorik & emosional yang tidak menyenangkan baik aktual maupun potensial, atau yang digambarkan dalam bentuk tersebut. Sensorial Emosional / afek Kerusakan jaringan (nyeri akut) Jaringan yg berpotensi rusak (withdrawal Reflex) Tanpa kerusakan jaringan (nyeri kronik)

Nyeri

Nosiseptik - Somatik - Visceral - Referred

Neuropati - Perifer - Sentral

Psikogenik

NOCICEPTION 1. Transduksi : Noxious stimuli Tekanan Suhu Kimia

Aktivitas Listrik (Nerve Ending)

2. TRANSMISI : Perambatan rangsangan nyeri melalui serabut sensorik 3. MODULASI : Proses interaksi analgesik endogen (AE) dengan input nyeri masuk cornu posterior (proses descenden)  kontrol otak AE : - opiat endogen - serotonergik - noradrenergik

NYERI

MODULASI DIPENGARUHI :

Kepribadian Motivasi Pendidikan Status emosional Kultur

4. PERSEPSI : Hasil Akhir dari ke 3 sistem

PERASAAN NYERI

1. Cortex Lobus Frontalis 2. Cortex Lobus Post Parieto occipital 3. Girus Singulat Bagian Anterior

K+ Tekanan Suhu Kimiawi

PG

Nyeri terminal Cabang lain

Bradikinin

Sekresi Peptide (Subs P)

Medulla Spinalis

HIPERALGESIA PADA NOSISEPTOR

Sel a & b

Extra Sel

Medulla Spinalis

Histamin (H) Serotonin (5-HT)

Traktus Spino thalamikus Lateralis Thalami

Post Med & Lat Thalami

Vasodilatasi Edema Neurogenik

Korteks Serebri (PERSEPSI)

Nyeri  paling sering dijumpai dlm praktek menurut sifat/modalitasnya, dikenal :  Nyeri Tajam = SHARP PAIN : menusuk mengiris  Nyeri Tumpul = DULL PAIN : diffus menjemukan  Nyeri ~ Tembakan = SHOOTING PAIN  Nyeri Terbakar = BURNING PAIN  Nyeri Proyeksi = REFERRED PAIN

PLASTISITAS SUSUNAN SARAF Keadaan normal : rangsang kuat  nyeri rangsang lemah  bukan nyeri Kerusakan Jaringan (+) : rangsang lemah (rabaan)  Nyeri (+) ~ hyperalgesia primer (allodinia) rangsang kuat  Nyeri ++ ~ hyperalgesia sekunder PLASTISITAS SUSUNAN SARAF yang terjadi melalui proses sensitisasi di perifer dan sentral.

NEUROFISIOLOGI NYERI Pain

Medulation Descending modulation Ascending input

Dorsal Horn Dorsal root ganglion

Conduction Transduction

Spinothalamic tract

Peripheral nerve Trauma Peripheral nociceptors

Adapted from Gottschalk A et al. Am Fam Physician. 2001;63:1981, and Kehlet H et al. Anesth Analg. 1993;77:1049.

Modified by AHT

DETEKSI NYERI DI PERIFER Rangsang noxious dideteksi di perifer oleh NOCICEPTOR Nociceptor mencatat kead. yg berbahaya bagi tubuh; spt : luka bakar, luka sayat. Nociceptor = ujung 2 saraf afferen yg berakhir secara bebas; mbtk suatu jala periterminal di bawah kulit & alat 2 tubuh yg lebih dlm (+ 1300/inch 2 kulit)

DETEKSI NYERI DI PERIFER (CONTIN..)

Sinyalnya dirambatkan mm med.spinalis o/ 2 serabut kecil :  A delta : bermielin, Ø 1 - 5 mm  C : tak bermielin, Ø 0,5 - 1 mm •Serabut 2 afferent primer tsb bersinaps di subst. gelatinosa med. spinalis •Neuron ke 2  menyilang med.spinalis berjalan ke atas di Quadrant anterolat sisi yg berlawanan

SERABUT A DELTA ~ membawa nyeri tajam, tusuk, selintas  NYERI CEPAT ~ terutama menerima rgsg. mekanik & panas ~ reseptornya dis : HIGHTRESHOLD MECHANORECEPTORS THERMORECEPTORS

SERABUT A DELTA (CONT….)

Serabut C ~ membawa nyeri lambat, dgn ciri 2 serasa terbakar, berkepanjangan, aching pain

~

juga menghantar nyeri viseral

~ ujung terminalnya dis POLYMODAL RECEPTOR o.k. :  paling bertanggung jawab u/rgsg.kimia & thermal  sdkt berespons thd rgsg mekanik  sdkt berespons thd rgsg dingin

Peripheral fibre systems

SENSATIONS SP & CGRP

peripheral endings

dorsal root ganlgia

I NS IIo IIi III IV

low intensity non-noxious stimuli

high intensity noxious stimuli

heavily myelinated fast conducting thinly myelinated intermediate conducting unmyelinated slow conducting

Ab V WDR

VI

A

X

C VII

INPUTS VIII IX

KLASIFIKASI NYERI

NOCICEPTIVE PAIN Noxius Pheripheral Stimuli Heat Cold

Nosiseptif

Pain Autonomic Response Witdrawal Reflex Brain

Intense Mechanical Force

Nociceptor sensory neuron

Heat Spinal cord

Cold

Adaptif

INFLAMANTORY PAIN Spontaneous Pain Inflammation Pain Hypersensitivity Macrophage

Reduced Threshold : Aliodyna Increased Response : Hyperalgesia

Mast Cell Neutrophil Granulocyte

Inflamasi

Brain Nociceptor sensory neuron

Tissue Damage

Spinal cord

Nyeri NEUROPATHIC PAIN Spontaneous Pain Pain Hypersensitivity Brain

Neuropatik

Peripheral Nerve Damage Spinal cord Injury

Maladaptif

FUNCTIONAL PAIN NOCICPTOR

Fungsional

Spontaneous Pain Pain Hypersensitivity Brain

NOCICPTOR Normal Peripheral Tissue and Nerves NOCICPTOR

Abnormal Central Processing

PRESENTATION ACROSS PAIN STATES VARIES

Neuropathic Pain Pain initiated or caused by a primary lesion or dysfunction in the nervous system (either peripheral or central nervous system)1

Examples Peripheral • Postherpetic neuralgia • Trigeminal neuralgia • Diabetic peripheral neuropathy • Postsurgical neuropathy • Posttraumatic neuropathy Central • Poststroke pain Common descriptors2 • Burning • Tingling • Hypersensitivity to touch or cold

Mixed Pain Pain with neuropathic and nociceptive components

Nociceptive Pain Pain caused by injury to body tissues (musculoskeletal, cutaneous or visceral)2

Examples

• Low back pain with radiculopathy • Cervical radiculopathy • Cancer pain • Carpal tunnel syndrome

1. International Association for the Study of Pain. IASP Pain Terminology. 2. Raja et al. in Wall PD, Melzack R (Eds). Textbook of pain. 4th Ed. 1999.;11-57

Examples

• • • •

Pain due to inflammation Limb pain after a fracture Joint pain in osteoarthritis Postoperative visceral pain

Common descriptors2 • Aching • Sharp • Throbbing

NYERI NEUROPATIK ~ NYERI YG DIDAHULUI ATAU DISEBABKAN OLEH LESI ATAU DISFUNGSI PRIMER PD SISTEM SARAF.

HIPERALGESIA Respon yang berlebihan terhadap stimulus yang secara normal menimbulkan nyeri

Meliala, et.al, 2002, Pokdi Nyeri Perdossi

ALODINIA Nyeri yang disebabkan oleh stimulus yang secara normal tidak menimbulkan nyeri

Meliala, et.al, 2002, Pokdi Nyeri Perdossi

HIPERESTESIA Meningkatnya sensitivitas terhadap stimulasi, tidak termasuk di dalamnya sensasi khusus (indera lain)

Meliala, et.al, 2002, Pokdi Nyeri Perdossi

HIPERPATIA Sindroma dengan nyeri bercirikan reaksi nyeri abnormal, khususnya terhadap stimulus berulang, seperti pada peninggian nilai ambang

Meliala, et.al, 2002, Pokdi Nyeri Perdossi

ANALGESIA Tidak adanya respon nyeri terhadap stimulasi yang dalam keadaan normal menimbulkan nyeri

Meliala, et.al, 2002, Pokdi Nyeri Perdossi

HIPOESTESIA (HIPESTESIA) Menurunnya sensitivitas terhadap stimulasi, kecuali sensasi khusus (indera lain)

Meliala, et.al, 2002, Pokdi Nyeri Perdossi

ANESTESIA DOLOROSA Nyeri pada area atau regio yang semestinya bersifat anestetik

Meliala, et.al, 2002, Pokdi Nyeri Perdossi

KAUSALGIA Sindroma yang timbul pada lesi saraf pasca trauma yang ditandai nyeri seperti terbakar, alodinia, hiperpatia yang menetap, seringkali bercampur dengan disfungsi vasomotor, serta sudomotor, dan kemudian diikuti gangguan trofik

Meliala, et.al, 2002, Pokdi Nyeri Perdossi

NYERI SENTRAL Nyeri yang didahului atau disebabkan oleh lesi atau disfungsi primer pada sistem saraf pusat

Meliala, et.al, 2002, Pokdi Nyeri Perdossi

NYERI NEUROPATIK PERIFER Nyeri yang didahului atau disebabkan oleh lesi atau disfungsi primer pada sistem saraf perifer

Meliala, et.al, 2002, Pokdi Nyeri Perdossi

NILAI AMBANG NYERI Pengalaman nyeri terkecil yang dapat dikenali subyek

Meliala, et.al, 2002, Pokdi Nyeri Perdossi

NYERI NEUROPATIK (NN) • Kerusakan / lesi serabut saraf aferen (SSA)  menyebabkan berbagai perubahan • Satu mekanisme  beberapa gejala • Gejala yg sama  mekanisme blm tentu sama • Pd 1 pend  lebih dari 1 mekanisme • Mekanisme dpt berubah Pemahaman mekanisme NN sangat penting

KARAKTERISTIK KLINIK NYERI NEUROPATIK

Umumnya menunjukkan gejala : Continuous burning pain Paroxysmal (electric shock-like) pain Allodynia Radiating dysesthesias Paresthesias

Tanda-tanda umumnya : Sensory loss Weakness Autonomic changes

MEKANISME NYERI NEUROPATIK I. Mekanisme Perifer : 1. 2. 3. 4.

Aktivitas ektopik Sensitisasi nosiseptor Interaksi abnormal antar serabut saraf Sensitisasi terhadap katekolamin

II. Mekanisme Sentral : 1. Sensitisasi sentral 2. Disinhibisi 3. Reorganisasi struktural

AKTIFITAS EKTOPIK Dapat muncul di : 1. Neuroma 2. Serabut saraf yang lesi 3. Neuron di ganglion radiks dorsalis dari serabut saraf yang lesi

AKTIFITAS EKTOPIK Menimbulkan : 1. Rasa terbakar (burning pain)  berasal dari serabut saraf C 2. Aktifitas spontan yang intermiten diserabut A atau Ab menyebabkan rasa seperti ditikam (lancinating), diestesia atau parestesia.

NEUROPATHIC PAIN Spontaneous Pain Pain Hypersensitivity Brain

Peripheral Nerve Damage

Spinal cord Injury

EXAMPLE OF NEUROPATHIC PAIN: ULNAR NERVE LESION FOLLOWING BONE FRACTURE

Ulnar nerve

EXAMPLE OF NEUROPATHIC PAIN: ULNAR NERVE LESION FOLLOWING BONE FRACTURE Perceived pain

Trauma leading to nerve lesion

Ascending input

Descending modulation Impulses generated within ulnar nerve

Spinal cord

Lesion Peripheral nociceptors

ASPEK KLINIS NN 1.

Kerusakan jaringan (-)

2. Kualitas nyeri sukar dilukiskan 3. Onset : dpt segera, dpt lambat 4. NN : meluas, di luar akar saraf yg relevan 5. Stimulus evoked pain 6. Nyeri berbentuk serangan (ditikam, ditusuk) 7. Abnormalitas lokal (+)

PRINSIP PENGELOLAAN NN Lini pertama : MEDIKAMENTOSA 1.

TUJUAN TERAPI : meningkatkan kwalitas hidup

2.

Dosis : individual, mulai rendah

3.

Lakukan titrasi

4.

Di minum sampai kadar dlm serum stabil

5.

Dose-response relationship

6.

Poli farmasi

7.

Menerima nyeri

8.

Ajarkan penilaian reaksi pengobatan

ASSESSMENT OF PAIN

Pain History: 1. Location – “where is your pain?” 2. Intensity

3. Quality – “how does you pain feels like?” 4. Pattern – a) time of onset (“when did/does the pain start?); b) duration (“how long have you had it?, how long does it last?); c) constancy (“do you have pain free periods? when? for how long?) 5. Precipitating factors – what triggers the pain or makes it worst? 6. Alleviating factors – what measures or methods have you found helpful in lessening or relieving the pain? What pain medication do you use? 7. Associated symptoms – do you have other symptoms before, during, after pain?

8. Effects on ADL – How does it affect your daily life? 9. Past pain experiences – Tell me about your past pain experiences that you have had and the effectiveness of pain relief measures. 10. Meaning of pain – how do you interpret your pain? What outcomes do you expect from this pain? What do you fear most about this pain? 11. Coping resources – what do you usually do to help cope with pain? 12. Affective response – How does the pain make you feel? Anxious? Depressed? Frightened? Tired? Burdensome?

Mnemonics for Pain Assessment OLDCART O – onset

PQRST

L – location

P – provoked

D – duration

Q – quality

C – characteristic

R – region/radiation

A – aggravating factors S – severity

R – radiation T - treatment

T - timing

TERAPI FARMAKA PADA NYERI NEUROPATIK

Paling invasif

Kurang invasif

Terapi psikologik/psikik Terapi topikal Terapi oral Terapi injeksi Terapi intervensi

PRINSIP PENGELOLAAN (LANJUTAN)

A. Pengobatan farmakologik : berdasar EMPIRIS di izinkan FDA : - Anti konvulsan - Anti depresan trisiklik

Ajuvan Therapy for Neuropathic Pain  based on mechanisms Otak

Inhibisi desenden Lesi

TCA Tramadol Th/ Opioid dll

NE/5HT Reseptor opioid Medulla Spinalis

Sensitisasi perifer/ ion Na GABAPENTIN Karbamazepin Th/ Okskarbazepin FENITOIN Meksiletin Lidokain, dll Beydoun, 2002; modifikasi penulis

Sensitisasi sentral (NMDA, Calcium)

GABAPENTIN Okskarbazepin Lamotrigin Th/ Ketamin Dextromethorphan

Mechanism of action of Tricyclic anti depressant PAIN BRAIN NO NO PAIN PAIN PAIN Inhibisi Descenden Th/

NE/SHT

TCA Tramadol Opioid DLL

Reseptor Opoid

Medula Spinalis Sensitisasi perifer ion Na

Beydoun, 2002 Modifikasi Meliala, 2003

Mechanism of action of anti convulsant (1) PAIN NO NO BRAIN PAIN PAIN PAIN Inhibisi Descenden NE/SHT Reseptor Opoid

Sensitisasi perifer ion Na

Medula Spinalis

GABAPENTIN KARBAMAZEPIN OKSKARBAZEPIN

Th/

FENITOIN MEKSILETIN LIDOKAIN DLL

Beydoun, 2002 Modifikasi Meliala, 2003

Mechanism of action of anti convulsant (2) PAIN NO BRAIN PAIN Inhibisi descenden NE/SHT Reseptor Opoid

GABAPENTIN

Medula Spinalis Sensitisasi perifer ion Na

Beydoun, 2002 Modifikasi Meliala, 2003

Sensitisasi Sentral (NMDA, Calcium)

Okskarbazepin

Th/

Lamotrigin Ketamin Dextrometorphan Metorphan DLL

B. Pengobatan nonfarmakologik, rehabmedik : Tujuan : merangsang pengeluaran analgesik endogen.

C. Pengobatan invasif Pada kasus-kasus intractable  - anestesi - bedah saraf

KESIMPULAN 1.

Persepsi nyeri : Subjektif

2. Susunan saraf : PLASTISITAS 3. Berdasar mekanisme : nyeri sederhana nyeri inflamasi nyeri neuropatik

4. Pengobatan lini pertama : medikamentosa 5. Target pengurangan nyeri 50%

Related Documents

Nyeri
August 2019 75
Nyeri
April 2020 48
Nyeri Dan Manajemen Nyeri
August 2019 65
Nyeri Psikogenik
October 2019 36
Nyeri Orofacial.docx
December 2019 45
Manajemen Nyeri
October 2019 54

More Documents from "Oktavi Cahyani"