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NEWS LETTER OF ARMARC JULY -2009 Editorial Brain is the part of Central Nervous System which includes all the higher nervous centres. This is the part what makes a Homo sapiens as human being. Understanding of stages of brain journey (development to deterioration) would ceratinly help the physician, students and above all common man to give a better future to their patients, children and nation. The complete journey of brain in a human life can be divided in to five stages. By the time of first breath of a human life, the brain is already more than eight months old. It starts to develop within four weeks of conception, when one of three layers of cells in the embryo rolls up to form the neural tube. A week later the top of this tube bends over, creating the basic structure of fore, mid and hindbrain. From this point, brain growth and differentiation is controlled mainly by the genes. This is the reason, why the family background is asked before marriage in Indian society. The end of the brain-building process is all about putting the basic building blocks in place, growing neurons and connections and making sure each section of the brain grows properly and in the right area. This takes energy and a variety of nutrients (as folic acid, vitamin B12, iron, zinc etc.) in the right quantity at the right time. The second stage of development starts in third trimester after conception. Learning can first be detected experimentally at about 22 to 24 weeks of gestation, when fetuses respond to a noise or a touch but ignore the same stimulus if it occurs repeatedly. From around 32 weeks fetuses show conditioning, a more complex kind of memory in which an arbitrary stimulus can be learnt as a signal that something will happen, like a sound signalling a poke. Fetal memories for particular pieces of music and the mother’s voice and smell have all been shown to form sometime after 30 weeks’ gestation and to persist after birth; this might be the rational motive of claim in Mahabharat that Abhimanyu learned breaking of Chakrabhyue before his birth. By age 6, the brain is 95 per cent of its adult weight and at its peak of energy consumption then children start to apply logic and trust and to understand their own thought processes. Their brains continue to grow and make and break connections as they experience the world until, after a peak in grey matter volume at 11 in girls and 14 in boys, puberty kicks in and the brain changes all over again..

Vol 1.85 The third stage of brain journey starts in teens. Adolescence brings waves of grey-matter pruning, with teens losing about 1 per cent of their grey matter every year until their early 20s.The cerebral pruning trims unused neural connections. Then they mature, followed by regions involved in language and spatial orientation and lastly those involved in higher processing and executive functions. Among the last to mature is the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex at the very front of the frontal lobe. This area is involved in control of impulses, judgement and decision-making, which might explain some of the lessthan-stellar decisions made by average teen. This area also acts to control and process emotional information sent from the amygdale, the fight or flight centre of gut reactions, which may account for the mercurial tempers of adolescents. The fourth stage is in early 20s when brain has finally reached adulthood. The peak of brain’s powers comes at around age 22 and lasts for just half a decade, i.e. 27. From there it’s downhill all the way. This long, slow decline goes at different rates. By the time of retiring the fifth stage of brain journey is there. By 65 most people will start to notice the signsof forgetting. At this stage of life a steady loss of brain cells happens in critical areas such as the hippocampus, the area where memories are processed. This is not too much of a problem at first; even in old age the brain is flexible enough to compensate. Physical exercise helps in steady supply of blood glucose by resisting the dentations in gyrus, an area within the hippocampus that helps form memories. Coordination training also helps targeting motor control and balance improving cognitive function in 60 to 80-year-olds.

In This Issue 1) ARKA KALPANA (DISTILLATION) 2) PHARMACEUTICAL & ANALYTICAL STUDY ON PATOLADI GANA IN KWATHA, ARISHTA & GHANAVATI FORM. 3) COSMECEUTICALS 4) Formulation Profile (Series-A/8) Ashokarista 5) Herbal Drug Profile (Series-A/9) Karanja-beej

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ARKA KALPANA (DISTILLATION) Dr. Mahesh.M.Madalageri Fainal M.D. Guide: Prof.(Dr) D.K.Mishra M.D (Ay), H.O.D., Dept. of Bhaishajya Kalpana, Dr.Parshant kumar Jha, Dept. of Quality control Lab , A.L.N.Rao Memorial Ayurvedic Medical College,Koppa INTRODUCTION All dravya are said to be a medicine but some pharmaceutical procedures are needed to be done to change or potentiate its original properties. The basic idea behind the administration of drug is to make it more suitable to the body elements. To achieve this, many processes were invented in a sense of manufacturing process, these are termed as Kalpanas. Our ancient learned personalities have described elaborately all required properties of such Dravya i.e. Bhaishaja (Ausadha) for enormous effect in our classics. Arka-Kalpana is introduced in pharmacy of Ayurveda in later part of its development, which is very specific in its mode of preparation and due to this virtue of particularity, it may have all volatile active substances in effective form in its final product. Arka has been used in many meanings, in which two can be applied in this context as: (1) Kwath Vishesh (One type of decoction) (2) Surya (Sun) The simile of the sun in the process of Arka preparation can be seen. The water from the ocean is being evaporated by the heat of the sun-rays and these vapours are being condensed and on getting heavy, these come down on the earth in the form of rain. In the same way Arka is being collected from the drug. Thus, the word Arka denotes the overall aspect of this manufacturing process. Definition : The method by which the volatile oil and active principles of the drug are collected is called as Arkakalpana and the compound prepared through this procedure is called as Arka. It is obtained by the method of distillation. pparatus named Arkayantra or Bhabhka -yantra. These yantras were used for obtaining the Arkas, which a contained mostly volatile oils for example sandal wood, rose flowers etc. Even drugs like Dashamula, Triphala, Ajamoda, Madya etc. were also extracted by the same distillation method.

Historical Review : The word Arka is not mentioned in Vedic literature as well as in Samhita Granthas and Sangraha Granthas. First of all, Shodhal in 12th cent described the ‘Arka-Kalpana’. Later it was adopted by many workers and number of books were written on this process. The main reference book of Arka-Kalpana is ‘Arka- Prakash’ but there is no any explanation about the author of this text. This text is present in the form of conversation between Ravana and Mandodari, that’s why if we consider Ravana as the author of this text then there is many confusion about the time period of ‘Arka-prakash’. According to Ramayana, period of Ravana, the author of Arka-prakash was TretaYuga. Regarding this period of Treta Yuga, number of personalities have supported. However, the time period of Treta Yuga is thousands of years old, while compared to this, the references found (about Akras) in Unani system appears to be recent one. i) So a question arises as to how this Kalpana was migrated into Ayurveda from Unani Hakims? ii) One more question is arised that if this Grantha is of Treta Yuga then at least some description of Arka should be found in Ayurvedic texts what are written after this time? But contrary to this, we do not find any description in any text (Samhita granthas, Sangraha grahthas etc.) So, no conclusion can be drawn about the time-period of Arka Prakash and neither can be concluded about its author. In fact it is possible that Ravana was some another person and the time period could be around Bhava Prakash. Hence experts drawn the conclusion about time period of Arka-prakash that it may be around 14th century. No reference about Arka-Kalpana is found even in Rasa-Shastriya texts, only in Rasa-tarangini there is one shloka about it i.e., rÉl§ÉåhÉ lÉÉÌQûMüÉZrÉålÉ uÉÌWûlÉxÉÇiÉÉmÉ rÉÉåaÉiÉÈ | ÌoÉlSÒzÉÉå rÉixuÉÑiÉÇ lÉÏUÇ iÉÎimÉëx§ÉÑiÉqÉÑcrÉiÉå || (U. iÉ 2/59)

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The Arkas can be classified into following types: According to Arka Prakasha: A) Based on contents: 1) Stirarka - Arka patan from the drugs in which there is no volatile oil eg:-Triphala, Dashamoola etc. 2) Gandharka - Arka patan from the drugs with fragrance or volatile oil eg:- Jiraka, Ajamoda etc. 3) Dravarka - Arka extraction from the liquid drugs B) Based on duration of preparation: 1) Newna - Prepared in 1 prahara 2) Madyarka - Prepared in 2 prahara 3) Srestarka - Prepared in 3 prahara Agni in Arka prakasha are classifed according to the diseases and also according to actions. C) Based on part used: 1) Pushparka 2) Kshiraruksharka 3) Taila dhanyarka 4) Tandularka 5) Sattu Dhanyarka 6) Vishavrgarka 7) Sugandha ganarka According to Modern Science: 1. Simple distillation. 2. Vacuum distillation: It has been shown that evaporation takes place from the surface of liquids at any temperature; the rate depends mainly on the vapour pressure of the liquid at the existing temperature. It is apparent that the maximum rate of evaporation will be attained only when liquid is actively boiled. In vacuum distillation, a vacuum is created to cause more which results in less temperature requirement. 3. Fractional distillation: The object of the process of fractional distillation is to effect a more or less complete separation of two or more liquids that differ from one another in their degrees of volatility. But the types of mixtures of two or more liquids that are insoluble in each other. 4. Steam distillation : A liquid that is immiscible with water and that has a relatively high boiling point may be distilled at a temperature far below its normal boiling point by the simple expedient of boiling it with water or passing a current of steam through it. This process is of particular importance in the production of the volatile oils.

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JULY -2009 5. Destructive distillation (Dry distillation) : The process of destructive distillation is also known as dry distillation It consists of strong heat application to organic matter that is protected from air and resulting in formation of volatile decomposition products. Importance of the Arkas: SìurÉ MüsmÉÈ mÉÇcÉkÉÉxrÉÉiÉç YsYcÉÔhÉï UxÉxiÉjÉÉ | iÉæsÉqÉMïü ¢üqÉeÉårÉÇ rÉjÉÉå¨ÉUaÉÑhÉÇ ÌmÉërÉå || (A.mÉë. 1/46) According to the above reference the efficacy of Kalka, Churna, Swarasa, Taila and Arka is gradually increasing in descending order. This efficacy of individual formulation may be due to various degrees in the concentration of active principle. This implies that the author of Arka-Prakash has said this on the basis of concentration of drug in formulations. rÉxiÉæsÉMüUhÉå S£É¶ÉÉMïüÌlÉxxÉUhÉå mÉOÒûÈ | iÉxrÉ xÉåuÉÉ pÉuÉåͳÉirÉÇ UÉåaÉæ¶É lÉ xÉ oÉÉkrÉiÉå || A. mÉë 1/72 If the formulation is in liquid form then it is easily palatable to the patient than powder/ tablet form. In Ayurvedic formulations Swarasa, Kwath, Arka and Asava-Arishta are in liquid form (Sneha-Kalpana has oily base which is a different Kalpana). Swarasa and Kwath are not much practically preferable because of their short shelf life. So in Ayurvedic formulations Arka – Kalpana is main Kalpana which is in liquid form and more effective. Other specialities are: 1. It can be preserved for longer time than other Kalpanas like Swarasa, Kwath etc. 2. This Kalpana is easy to administer in the patients of Mridu Prakriti and one who hesitate to take medicines like Churna, Kwath etc. 3. Arka is prepared by the combination of Jala and with the help of Agni, hence Arkas is Laghupaki, Vyavayi and Vikasi & thus assimilates quickly in the body. 4. Arkas have good palatability. 5. Doses of the drugs can be reduced by using Arka. (Continued next edition..........)

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PHARMACEUTICAL & ANALYTICAL STUDY ON PATOLADI GANA IN KWATHA, ARISHTA & GHANAVATI FORM Dr. Vibhu Muraleedharan PG Scholar Guided by - Dr. B D Mishra MD(Ayu) Prof (Dr.) D K Mishra M.D(Ayu) H.O.D Dept of Bhaishajya kalpana, A.L.N.R.M.A.M.C. Koppa. (Continued from Jun.........) Observations in Different Stages of Fermentation Criteria Onset of Fermentation Initial stage Rupa Dark brown Rasa Tikta Gandha Madhu smell th Sound/effervescence day 5 Prakshepaka dravya Floating Burning candle test Lime water test + ve No: of days 4th day Temperature 24- 380c Results ƒ Fermentation successfully completed in 36 days. ƒ Total volume of Drava dravya (Kwatha+Guda+Madhu) - 8400 ml ƒ Yield of Patoladi Arishta - 5500 ml ƒ % of loss with respect to drava dravya - 34.52 %. ƒ Weight of solid residue (in wet stage) - 3050 g Purpose ƒ 500 ml of Patoladi Arishta subjected to Physicochemical analysis. NB - The Patoladi Ghanavati was prepared 2 more times with same quantity of drugs, but with 1:4 and 1:16 water ratio. This is for evaluating any change in the yield of Ghanavati apart from 1:8 water ratio. PRACTICAL NO. 5 Preparation of Patoladi Ghanavati Ingredients : Patoladi, Katurohini, Chandana, Madhusrava, Guduchi, Patha, each 500 g Water-12 liter Method of Preparation ƒ The drugs were separately reduced into yavakuta choorna with pounding machine. ƒ The yavakuta choorna was taken in a clean tin coated copper vessel and was filled with 6 ltr of water. It was kept as such for one night, and on next day after adding remaining 6 ltr. of water, it was boiled over

Completion of Fermentation Blackish brown Tikta Characteristic Alcoholic odour No sound Settled Burns - ve 36th day

low flame till volume of water reduced to 1/4th - 3 ltr. ƒ The container was taken out of fire and the content was filtered to another vessel through a fine cloth. ƒ Thus obtained Patoladi Kwatha was reheated in a low flame. ƒ After about 1/4th of water was evaporated the consistency of the liquid thickened slowly. ƒ The heating process was continued slowly by keeping the vessel in water bath, till Kwatha gained semisolid consistency. Then the mass obtained by the above process was rolled into pills with the help of pill cutting machine of 500 mg size & dried. Yield of Patoladi Ghanavati - 175 g. PRACTICAL NO. 6 Preparation of Patoladi Ghanavati Ingredients : Patola, Katurohini, Chandana, Madhusrava, Guduchi, Patha, each 500 g Water-48 ltr. Method of Preparation ƒ The drugs were separately and reduced into yavakuta choorna with pounding machine. ƒ The yavakuta choorna was taken in a clean tin coated copper vessel and was filled with 24 ltr of water. It was kept as such for one night, and on next day after adding remaining 24 ltr of water, it was boiled over low flame till volume of water reduced to 1/4th - 12 ltr.

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ƒ The container was taken out of fire and the content was filtered to another vessel through a fine cloth. ƒ Thus obtained Patoladi Kwatha was reheated in a low flame. ƒ After about 1/4th of water evaporation, the consistency of the liquid thickened slowly. ƒ The heating process was continued slowly by keeping the vessel in water bath, till kwatha gained semisolid consistency. Then the mass obtained by the above process was rolled into pills with the help of pill cutting machine of 500 mg size & dried. Yield of Patoladi Ghanavati - 410 g. Physico-Chemical Analysis of the prepared Compound drugs: Patoladi Kwatha Dark brown colour liquid, Odour - Characteristic, Taste – Bitter 1.0249 Specific gravity at 25 4.22 pH 6.41 Total solid content (%) 1.34 Refractive index No of spots – 3Rf values TLCExtraction : Colour0.10Violet0.13Dark ChloroformSolvent system violet0.58 Dark violet :Chloroform : Hexane : Methanol 7.0 : 2.8 : 0.2Detection at 254nm Parameters Organoleptic characters

************************** COSMECEUTICALS Dr. Pallavi Varshney Final year P.G.Scholar Guide Prof.(Dr.) H. R. Pradeep M.D (Ay) Dept. of Dravyaguna Dr. Prashant Kumar Jha Lecturer, Quality Control A.L.N.R. M. A. M. C, Koppa Cosmeceuticals are cosmetic products containing biologically active principles specifically ingredients of plant origin having effect on users. They are hybrid of cosmetics and pharmaceutics. The purpose is quite obvious to enhance the health and beauty. Looking to the taste of people worldwide towards the herbal products, cosmeceuticals industries are exploiting the herbs as major parts for their various products. The demands of these products have gone high in recent pasts. The annual market for cosmeceuticals in USA is estimated to be 2.5 US billion dollars, whereas 5 million dollars for the European countries. The word ‘cosma’ gives the birth to the word‘cosmeceuticals’ which means for topically applied substances/medicaments such as cream, lotion etc.

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JULY -2009 This remains more as marketing terminology and is said to be developed by cosmetic industries for advertisement purpose. Scientifically it is never found other than Drug. Even Food and Drug Administration (FDA) of United State does not recognize any such item. But it is reality, “cosmeceuticals” are very much in vogue. Its differentiation from the drug is on delivery method as the “cosmeceutical” label applies only to products applied topically, such as creams, lotions, and ointments. History The history of cosmaceuticals is as old as the conscious of beauty amongst the human being. In Ayurveda, Charak Samhita mentions these under ‘Varnya Dashemani’ including the drugs like Chandana, Tunga, Padmaka, Ushira, Madhuka, Manjistha, Sariva, Payasa, Sita and Lata. Other than Ayurveda, the recorded evidences of cosmaceuticals are found well developed among the people of 4000 old Egyptian civilization and civilizations of Babylon, Sumer, Hebrew etc. Classification Industries engaged with cosmeceuticals exploit the human psychology to be always youth and working on personal human care, cosmeceutical industries propose various products based on claims of enhancing of beauty of hair, skin etc. They can be classified on the basis of parts of their applications or name of chemicals or commerce. Based on uses/ parts of application 1. Skin cosmeceuticals 2. Hair cosmeceuticals 3. Other cosmeceuticals Based on name of chemicals or commerce 1. Retinoids 2. Hydroxy acids 3. Anti-oxidants 4. Other cosmeceuticals Skin cosmeceuticals: Preserving and protecting the skin is not only essential part of our day to day life, but important for good health also as skin comes to significant by separating the internal organs from external environment. Environmental elements such as pollutants and solar radiation may cause cumulative damage to the building blocks of skin like collagen, DNA and cell membrane. Claims of cosmeceuticals meant to save them and making skin more beautiful. Number of products is in market with claims of maintaining the keratin structure in good condition and making the skin healthier. Hair Cosmeceuticals: Hair is part of body which makes

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attraction and self-perception of human being by means of its size, style, colour etc. The use of mud and henna (leaves of Lawsonia inermis Linn.) is not new to the people of India for setting and making hair more beautiful. Looking to the prominent status of hair for anyone, a hair cosmeceutical product includes conditioning agents, special care ingredients, and hair growth stimulants. When conditioning agents are intended to impart softness and gloss, the special care ingredients are aimed to modify the specific problems relating to superficial scalp. Number of chemicals and herbals are being used for the purpose like fatty acids ingredients, hydrolyzed proteins, quaternized cationic derivatives, cationic polymers etc. Other cosmeceuticals: Other cosmeceuticals include the caring and providing of health to other parts of the body. The skin beneath the eye lacks subcutaneous fat and has virtually no oil glands. This delicate skin needs protection and plenty of moisture to replenish and repair, which helps to reduce the signs of premature aging. As the skin ages, it becomes thinner, drier, and rougher. Number of products which are used skin care make cause harm as this area needs gentle and special ingredients of cosmeceuticals that might work from the inside out by interacting with the cells under the skin’s surface without irritating the eyes. The eye lifting moisture cream should also have properties to treat puffiness, maintaining of elasticity etc. Dental care compositions are also available in market as cosmeceuticals providing the therapeutic, prophylactic and cosmetic benefits.

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JULY -2009 glycolic acid, lactic acid, citric acid, mandelic acid, malic acid etc. They have found to decrease the aging effect s by improving the quality of elastic fibres and increasing the density of collagen. BHAs are aromatic compound e.g., salicylic acid, 2-hydroxy-5-octanoyl benzoic acid etc. They have dermolytic properties helping in various xerotic disorders. Despite of different kinds of uses sideeffects are also there as sensitivity to UV radiation is found increased with using AHAs.

Antioxidants: The skin being in direct contact of environment is frequently exposed to a constant assault of endogenous and exogenous damaging agents like UV radiation, drugs, pollutants etc. To maintain its health, skin has to overcome the endogenous mitogens (especially Reactive Oxygen Species/ ROS) and free radicals. This overcoming capacity very much depends upon physiology of body and according to body physiology the quantity of pro-oxidants varies. In case of lacking to these, they are supplies to indivisual body by means of cosmeceuticals. Some of them are as: Vitamin C (L-ascorbic acid): Among the various roles of this vitamin, it is found necessary for the hydroxylation of procollagen, proline, and lysine and its deficiency results in purpura, keratotic follicles, and bleeding gums. It is a water-soluble antioxidant that clenches free radicals and regenerates vitamin E. It is an important regulator of collagen expression stimulating its synthesis. Studies have shown that vitamin C levels on the skin are severely depleted after UV irradiation and that, histologically, vitamin C improves and normalizes the changes caused Retinoids: Retinoids are Vitamin A (Retinol) derivatives by photodamage. present in all living organisms as needed for integrity of mucosal and epithelial surfaces, bone development etc. Vitamin E (alpha-tocopherol): It is a major lipophilic This cosmeceuticals claim to sort out the number of prob- antioxidant in plasma, membranes and tissues. It arrests lems related to Vitamin A deficiency. Industries use either the chain propagation in lipid peroxidation by scavenging synthetic or natural of Vitamin A in the treatment of skin lipid peroxyl radicals, hence protecting the cell membrane disorders including psoriasis, acne etc. It helps to avoid from destruction. It is topically applied before UV the follicular hyperkeratosis or phrynoderma also. It acts irradiation has been shown to reduce erythema, edema, antioxidants as well as activator of specific genes and sunburn cells, immunosuppression caused by sunlight, proteins. It also induces epidermal thickening by increas- and DNA adduct formation. ing mitosis, differentiating keratinocytes, and reducing the number of sebocytes. Ultimately deposition of new col- Panthenol: It is an alcohol analog of vitamin B and water 5 lagen, generation of new vessels etc. are followed. soluble. It is a humectant commonly found in various commercial skin creams, lipsticks, lotions, and hair Hydroxy Acids: They are organic carboxylic acids claspreparations. It is stable in the presence of oxygen and sified into á-hydroxy acids (AHAs) and â-hydroxy aclight but unstable in the presence of acids, bases, and ids (BHAs) according to the position of hydroxide groups. high temperatures. It is converted in the skin to pantothenic They are second most available cosmeceuticals and in acid, an important component on coenzyme A and low concentrations are found in mass-marketed cosmetic essential for normal cellular metabolism. formulation. Different AHAs are aliphatic compounds e.g.

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Formulation Profile (Series-A/8) Asokaritsa Prof. D.K.Mishra

Dr.Mahesh.M.Madaalageri Bhavya. D.C

Reference: Bhaishajya Ratnavali Ingredients: Main: Asoka twak – 4.8kg, Water – 9.152lts, Dhataki – 768gm Others: Ajaji : 48gm Musta : 48gm Sunti : 48gm Darvi : 48gm Utpala : 48gm Haritaki : 48gm Vibhitaki : 48gm Amalaki : 48gm Amrasthi : 48gm Jeeraka : 48gm Vasa : 48gm Chandana : 48gm Apparatus: Khalva Cloth, LADDLE Strainer, Angara kisti, Stinaless steel vessel, Clay. Procedure: • Ashoka twak is boiled in water and decoction is prepared by reducing it to 1/4th . on cooling the decoction is filtered in vessel • Jaggery is dissolved in the decoction • All praksepaka dravy are finely powdered and added to the decoction and stirred well • Vessel is closed with a lid and seal and with clay and kept aside for one month. • After one month supernatant liquid is stained and preserved. Indication: Rakta pradara, Artvasula, Raktapitta, Arsa, Jwara, Prameha etc. Anupana: Water Dose: - 15-30 ml Analytical Report: pH : 3.92 Sp. Gravity : 0.9869 Total solid : 25% Alchohol content : 9.64%

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Herbal Drug Profile (Series-A/9) Karanja-beej 1. Prof. M.Vidyasagar 2. Prof. K.S.Sanjay 3. Dr. Hari Venkatesh 4. Dr. Prashant Kumar Jha Botanical Source: The drug consists of seeds of Pongamia pinnata (Linn.) Merr. Syn. P. glabra Vent. From the family Papillionaceae. Geographical Source: This tree native to Western Ghat and is found throughout India along the rivers, streams or in forest etc.

Habit: It is a moderate sized almost evergreen tree with compound leaf. The leaflets are 5-7 in number and ovate to oblong in shape, with obtuse or shortly acuminate apex, subcoriaceous with prominent (beneath) midrib and lateral nerves. Flowers are simple, peduncled and in axillary racemes. The inflorescence is as long as the leaf. The colour of the flower is lilac or white with pink or violet. Pods are compressed, woody, indehiscent, yellowishgrey when ripe, varying in size and shape, elliptic to obliquely oblong with a short curved beak with usually one seed. Macroscopy of Seed: Seeds are elliptic or reniform, 1.5-2.0 x 1.0-1. 8 cm in size, broad, wrinkled with leathery testa. Micropylar ends of cotyledons are slightly depressed while other side semi-circular in shape. Microscopy of Seed: The transverse section of the seed shows palisade like epidermis forming the testa filled brown pigment. The epidermis is covered externally with cuticle. It is followed by few rows (2-3) of parenchyma cells having intercellular spaces and containing brown pigemnts. Oil globules are scattered in cotyledonary region of the seed.

New Reseacrhes In Medical Science

Risk for hepatocellular carcinoma, a primary malignancy of the liver, was statistically significantly higher among women with hepatitis B virus (HBV) infection than among women without the virus. • New research provides for the first time a solid scientific answer for the long-standing question of whether there is an association between preterm birth and brain (malformed). • Researchers have found the first evidence that female human embryos adjust the balance of X chromosome. For All Pharmacopoeial Analysis, Standardization of Single as well as Compound Drugs, with Spectrophotometer, Flame Photomeneter, Photomicrograph etc. at nominal charges Contact: Dr. Prashant Kumar Jha CIPR, DIM, PGDEE, M.Sc., Ph.D. Quality Control Laboratories, ALN Rao Memorial Medical College, Koppa Your Suggestions and Queries are invited.

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Chemical Constituents: The seed contains 19 % moisture, 27.5% fatty oil, 17.4 % protein, 6.6 % starch, 7.3 % crude fibre etc. The fatty acid contains 3.7 – 7.9 % palmitic acid, 2.4 – 8.9% stearic acid, 2.2 – 4.7% arachidic acid, 4.2 – 5.3% behemic acid, 1.1 – 3.5% lignoceric acid, 44.5 – 71.3 % oleic, 10.8 – 18.3 % linoleic acid and 9.5 – 12.5 % eicosenoic acid. The alkaloidal contents are karangin, glabrin, pinnatin etc. Uses: Seeds are used in external application for skin diseases. A thick yellow-orange to brown oil is extracted from the seeds. The oil has a bitter taste and disagreeable aroma, thus it is not considered edible. Medicinally the oil is used in cutaneous affections, herpes, scabies and in rheumatism. The oild is used in enhancing the pigmentation of skin affected by leucoderma or scabies. It is used as fuel for cooking and lamps. It is also used as a lubricant, water paint binder, pesticide, in soap making and tanning industries. •

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Membership fees, which includes an annual subscription to the newsletter, may be sent by MO, DD or Crossed Cheque addressed to Principal, ALN Rao Memorial Ayurvedic Medical College, Koppa, Chikmagalur Dt. Karnataka - 577 126. On receipt of the fees, each member will be issued a receipt and a membership card, both of which should be preserved carefully. The receipt number and the membership number should be referred to in all transactions. The membership is to be renewed each year and the new receipt number noted on the membership card by each member. On producing the card, special discount can be availed on ARMARC publications. Note: All the original scientific papers are invited from the works of scientific field. Mail (Post/Email) us. Aroor Ravi Memorial Ayurvedic Research Centre

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Editor: Prof (Dr.) M.Vidyasagar & Co-Editor: Dr.Prashant kumar Jha Research Co-ordinator Dr. Mahesh.M.Madalageri Printed and Published by ARMARC on behalf of Honourable A. Ramesh Rao, Koppa, Chikmagalur Dt., Karnataka - 577126, India

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