Project Code: NWB03 Client: Waterford Co. Council Date: May 2009
N25 Waterford Bypass, Contract 3. Final Report on archaeological Investigations at Site 34 in the townland of Newrath, Co Kilkenny Volume 1 By: Brendon Wilkins, Scott Timpany and Mick Drum. Excavated under Licence 04E0319 Director: Brendon Wilkins Chainage: 670 NGR: 25921 11446
Project Code: NWB03 Client: Waterford Co. Council Date: February 2009
N25 Waterford Bypass, Contract 3. Final Report on archaeological Investigations at Site 34 in the townland of Newrath, Co Kilkenny Volume 1 By: Brendon Wilkins, Scott Timpany and Mick Drum. Excavated under Licence 04E0319 Director: Brendon Wilkins Chainage: 670 NGR: 25921 11446
Headland Archaeology Ltd: N25 Waterford Bypass, Contract 3, Site 34 Final Report Volume 1
CONTENTS 1 Summary 2 Introduction 3 Site location and description 4 Archaeological Background 5 Aims and methodology 6 Summary of results by area 7 Stratigraphy 8 Description of archaeological and paleoenvironmental results by phase Later Mesolithic (5500 – 4000 cal. BC) The Neolithic period (4000 – 2200 cal. BC) The Bronze Age (2200‐600 cal. BC) The Iron Age period (600 – cal. AD 400) The Medieval period (AD 1169‐1540) The Early Modern period 9 Discussion 10 References
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Headland Archaeology Ltd: N25 Waterford Bypass, Contract 3, Site 34 Final Report Volume 1
LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS Figure 1 Figure 2 Figure 3 Figure 4 Figure 5 Figure 6 Figure 7 Figure 8 Figure 9 Figure 10a Figure 10b
Figure 11 Figure 12 Figure 13 Figure 14 Figure 15
Figure 16 Figure 17 Figure 18 Figure 19 Figure 20 Figure 21 Figure 22 Figure 23 Figure 24
Figure 25 Figure 26 Figure 27 Figure 28 Figure 29 LIST OF PLATES Plate 1 Plate 2 Plate 3 Plate 4 Plate 5 Plate 6 Plate 7 Plate 8 Plate 9 Plate 10 Plate 11
Site Location Extract from Register of Monuments and Places Area 1 features and structures Area 2 structures Area 3 features Area 4 structures Area 4b structures Brick kiln Position of Mesolithic features and finds in relation to overall site Position of Early and Middle Bronze Age structures in relation to overall site Position of Late Bronze Age structures in relation to overall site Position of Iron Age structures in relation to overall site Position of Iron Age structures in relation to overall site Archaeological zones, structures and section locations Area Sections Generalised stratigraphy derived from engineering borehole data cross referenced with site section from trench 19 Mesolithic reconstruction Neolithic reconstruction Early Bronze Age reconstruction Later Bronze Age reconstruction Iron Age reconstruction Medieval reconstruction Late Mesolithic artefact illustrations Partially modified stone, hour‐glass perforation Selection of Alder roundwoods, Area 4, Structure 341501 and 341512 Alder roundwood, Area 1, 34007 Felled ash log, Area 2 Notched timbers, Area 1 Rectangular edged jam curve, Area 2 Alder stake, Area 1
Area 1, Cutting A. View north of south facing section Area 1, Structure [34007] facing north Area 2, indicating cuttings G, H and I Area 2, Cutting I, indicating silt filled channel [341512] Area 2, Cutting I, north facing section Area 3, timber lined trough [341077] facing north Area 4, showing trackway [341501] in foreground Area 2, medieval structure under excavation Area 4, Bronze Age structure under excavation Area 1, Iron Age hurdle bridging tidal creek Area 1, Iron Age structure being drawn
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Headland Archaeology Ltd: N25 Waterford Bypass, Contract 3, Site 34 Final Report Volume 1
LIST OF TABLES Table 1 Table 2 Table 3 Table 4
Idealised stratigraphy for Area 1 Bronze Age Structures Iron Age Structures Medieval Structures
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Headland Archaeology Ltd: N25 Waterford Bypass, Contract 3, Site 34 Final Report Volume 1
Appendices 1.
Context registers • • • • • • • •
Site 34 ‐ Area 1 structure register Site 34 ‐ Area 1 Extension/Mesolithic context register Site 34 ‐ Area 2 structure register Site 34 ‐ Area 2 Extension context register Site 34 ‐ Area 3 context register Site 34 ‐ Area 4 structure register Site 34 ‐ Area 1,2 ,4 and 4B (wetland areas) deposit register Site 34 – Brick kiln context register
2. Finds registers Site 34 – all finds registers except the brick kiln. Site 34 – brick kiln finds register 3. Sample registers Site 34 – sample register for all areas except brick kiln areas. Site 34 – sample register for brick kiln area 4. Wood sample register Site 34 – Bulk and individual wood sample registers for all wetland areas (1, 2, 4 and 4B). 5. Deposit depths Deposit minimum, maximum and average depths for wetland areas 1, 2 and 4. 6. 7.
Archive quantities Radiocarbon dates
8.
Integrated Wood Report (Volume 2)
9.
Paleoenvironmental Report (Volume 3)
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Headland Archaeology Ltd: N25 Waterford Bypass, Contract 3, Site 34 Final Report Volume 1
1. Summary This report presents the final results of archaeological and paleoenvironmental investigations carried out on behalf of Waterford City Council as part of Contract 3 Archaeological Investigations prior to construction of the N25 Waterford Bypass. The work was undertaken under Excavation Licence number 04E0319, covering site 34 and 35, in the townland of Newrath, Co. Kilkenny. The licence to excavate Site 34 and 35 was issued by the Department of the Environment, Heritage and Local Government to Brendon Wilkins of Headland Archaeology Ltd. On this site testing identified a potential brushwood platform and trackway (licence no. 03E0435: Wren 2003) and as a result archaeological investigation was carried out from June to December 2004. Five separate areas were excavated at Site 34 containing 21 individual structures with distinct areas of activity ranging from the Mesolithic to the nineteenth century. Site 34 was located on the eastern edge of an area of deep Holocene sediments that accumulated in response to a progressive rise in relative sea level. The archaeological deposits were located in an area where these sediments are no more than 2‐3 m deep, on a probable shelving terrace now covered by estuarine deposits. They were grouped into five main phases of activity: later Mesolithic flint scatters on a dry land surface predating the accumulation of organic peat deposits; Bronze Age trackways and informal brushwood platforms accessing the main river channel from the dryland margin; Bronze Age burnt mound on the eastern shore of the wetland area; Iron Age hurdles intended to cross tidal creeks for salt marsh grazing; late medieval brushwood structures to aid access across the salt marsh; and a 19th century brick kiln making use of the abundant alluvial clays. A multi‐proxy investigation was undertaken on two monoliths collected from Area 1 of the site, including: pollen and non‐pollen palynomorphs, plant macrofossil, wood identification, foraminifera and diatom analyses. These results have been combined with the archaeological results to give an insight into the specific human response to the changing landscape at Site 34 and the surrounding area in general. The following report is structured to present this information in an integrated format. A summary of the archaeological material identified in each area is followed by a detailed description of the archaeological and paleoenvironmental results in a phased sequence. 2. Introduction Waterford Co. Council proposes to construct an 18 km bypass around Waterford City, with associated link roads. The route forms part of the N25 and runs from Kilmeaden in Co. Waterford to Slieverue in Co. Kilkenny. This report is preceded by a preliminary report of archaeological investigations at Site 34 and 35 in the townland of Newrath, Co. Kilkenny, undertaken as part of pre‐construction archaeological investigations of the N25 Waterford Bypass. The work followed the identification of several possible archaeological structures during Contract 2 Archaeological Testing in 2003 (Licence no. 03E0435; Wren 2003).
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Headland Archaeology Ltd: N25 Waterford Bypass, Contract 3, Site 34 Final Report Volume 1
3. Site Location and Description (Figure 1) Site 34 was located at NGR 25921/11446 and Chainage 600‐710. It was situated immediately east of the existing Newrath road in the townland of Newrath, Co. Kilkenny. All of the excavated areas were located between Ch. 600‐710, at the southern portion of the wetland area, within the CPO line (fig 2). The site was generally flat, with a slight rise towards the eastern boundary. It was poorly drained agricultural pasture, reclaimed in recent years as a result of significant landscape changes including the construction of the railway and canalised Strangsmill stream. 4. Archaeological Background The first clearly identifiable phase of archaeological activity was represented by 3 later Mesolithic Bann Flakes, struck flint and potential negative cut features. Extending from the high ground on the eastern shoreline out to the open channel of the river Suir, the gradient of the underlying terrace was the key factor influencing the location of these archaeological deposits. As mean sea levels rose, the Mesolithic land surface was colonised by reed swamp vegetation, creating the conditions for the steady accumulation of peat deposits. This was then colonised by Alder Carr, and probably because tree cover was impenetrable, no archaeological material dating to the Neolithic was recovered from Site 34 at this time. Significant Neolithic remains were identified at Site 35 and Site 37 (Site 35: NGR 259210, 114460; height 15 m OD; excavation licence no. 04E0319; Site 37: NGR 259260, 113500; height 18 m OD; excavation licence no. 04E288.). Two Neolithic plank‐built structures were excavated at Site 37, approximately 150 m south‐east of Site 35 (Wren 2005), and an axe hoard was excavated at Site 35, approximately 100m to the east of Site 34 (Wilkins 2005). In the Bronze Age, subsequent rising sea levels and the formation of a brackish zone resulted in the need for people to cross a peat bog in order to reach the water’s edge. Wooden trackways (Area 4) and brushwood platforms (Area 1 and 2) were constructed at considerable distance into the estuarine deposits, creating access routes from the eastern shore out towards the main river channel. The archaeology present in Area 3 was located at the wetland/dryland margin. A single burnt mound with a timber lined trough, burnt mound spread and arrangement of possible structural stakeholes were excavated on the eastern shoreline above the highest extent of the peat. In the Iron Age, the peat was inundated by estuarine silts, with the land becoming a salt marsh environment. This was both an erosional and depositional environment, with tidal creeks draining the rising and receding waters. Brushwood hurdles intended to cross tidal creeks for salt marsh grazing have been identified in this phase (Area 1), and in the medieval period (Area 2). In the early modern period, the marsh was drained and reclaimed, and the alluvial clays used as raw material for a brick kiln.
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Headland Archaeology Ltd: N25 Waterford Bypass, Contract 3, Site 34 Final Report Volume 1
5. Aims and Methodology Estuarine landscapes have been the focus of extensive research in the UK and mainland Europe, but this was one of the first times such a site had been excavated on a road scheme in Ireland. As a consequence of no major work having been undertaken previously in similar conditions, the starting assumption was that this type of landscape was archaeologically marginal and would not reward extensive investigation. Nonetheless, the wetland area was subject to extensive test trenching, revealing a potential brushwood structure in what would late be designated Area 1, and a possible trackway in what would become Area 4. The excavation of Area 1 was initially undertaken to investigate potential brushwood structures encountered during Contract 2 works. The objective of the work was to preserve by record any archaeological features or deposits that would be adversely affected by the proposed road construction. A programme of additional testing was also conducted across the rest of the wetland area. The subsequent discovery of more worked wood led to the excavation of three additional areas under an extended licence (Areas 2, 3 and 4). Area 1 was then extended still further when later Mesolithic finds, associated with negative cut features, were encountered below the accumulated alluvial and organic deposits. The excavation and recording strategy focussed on relating distinct cultural events, like the construction of a trackway, with natural changes in the depositional record, such as the onset of peat formation. Areas were divided into cuttings, with each cutting excavated in spits. Successive phases of superstructure and substructure were exposed, recorded and sampled, with individual worked wood specimens sampled for tool mark analysis, and bulk samples taken for species identification and dating. Section baulks were left in‐situ, and a consistent description of the appearance, composition and boundary distinctness of sediments obtained. Samples suitable for radiocarbon dating purposes were collected from all the main stratigraphic sequences, in addition to monolith samples for more detailed analysis. A multi‐ proxy investigation was undertaken on the two monoliths collected from Area 1 of the site, including: pollen and non‐pollen palynomorphs, plant macrofossil, wood identification, foraminifera and diatom analyses. 6. Summary of results by Area Estuarine landscapes have traditionally been conceived as neutral environments ripe for exploitation, with archaeological remains explained in terms of cultural adaptation to a rich wetland resource. These perspectives have been challenged by recent moves to consider the ways that aspects of social identity such as status, kinship, ethnicity or gender, may have influenced and been influenced by living and working in wetlands (Van de Noort and O’Sullivan 2006). If people define their sense of self by what they do, then the movement into estuarine salt marshes and fens would have had a powerful structuring influence. Daily life would have been governed by cultural convention relating to the types of work that could be undertaken by individuals or groups and the specific places it could be done. Taking this approach at Newrath has enabled us to emphasise the practical, lived experience of people’s knowledge of the wetland and to situate this within specific cultural and historical contexts (Figure 8). The structures have provided insights into the choices and decisions that people made to create route ways for short‐term access to the wetland. Wood species and tree‐ring studies have demonstrated how people have used materials local to the site, and the
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Headland Archaeology Ltd: N25 Waterford Bypass, Contract 3, Site 34 Final Report Volume 1
multi‐proxy paleoenvironmental study has allowed us to understand the biographies of these structures in their changing environments. By constructing an onsite history of the human inhabitation of the landscape from the Mesolithic to the present day, and recording the long‐ term formation processes as the landscape changed over time, we can conceive of Newrath as a dynamic social stage. Area 1 An area of 322 square metres was topsoil striped by machine, exposing a series of brushwood hurdles and trackways associated with natural silt filled channels. These structures were excavated in 6 cuttings (A‐F) down to the level of the glacial till. In total, 8 brushwood structures were excavated in Area 1, some of which extended into multiple cuttings. Structure [34005] was located in cutting B, and was composed of horizontal brushwood, roundwood and upright pegs with a Bronze Age date of 1680‐1500 cal BC (UB‐6900). It extended in a north‐south direction for approximately 5 metres, before continuing beyond the limit of excavation. The more substantial structural elements, consisting of large timbers laid horizontally in association with upright pegs, were concentrated to the north. The southern extent of the structure was defined by less substantial sharpened pegs. Structure [34017] was located in the north of cutting E, consisting of an arc of upright stakes adjacent to the dump of stony material. All of these stakes were quite small in diameter with an average width of 2 cm, and returned a date of 2112 – 1884 cal BC (UB‐6902). Structure [34007] was primarily located in cutting A and was composed of both horizontal and vertical roundwood elements, returning an Iron Age date of 173 cal BC to 4 cal AD (UB‐ 6903). It extended north‐south for 4.5 metres before changing direction at its northernmost point. A small brushwood structure [34006] was excavated in cutting E. it was 2 metres in length and was dated to 344‐48 cal BC ((UB‐6901). Adjacent to this structure in cutting F, [34015] was constructed from small horizontally laid brushwood dating to 256 – 414 cal AD (UB‐6904). Small fragments of animal bone were recovered from between the timbers of this structure. Structure [34014], [34018] and [34029] were similar in character to the Iron Age structures and recovered from a similar depth. Area 1 Extension Mesolithic artefacts encountered at the base of the reed peat deposits led to the extension of the excavation area. An additional 189 square metres was excavated alongside the north and western limit of Area 1 and carefully machined down to the depth of the Mesolithic ground surface. Baulks separating cuttings A‐F were removed by hand and any negative archaeological features excavated and recorded. Three features cut into the surface of the glacial till were excavated in this area. Two later Mesolithic Bann flakes and a piece of struck flint were found at the base of the reed peat deposits in this area, and further investigation identified four cut features and an upcast mound on the surface of the glacial till. The morphology of these features made them difficult to interpret; they may have been the result of human activity, however, they may also have been the result of natural phenomena such as a tree blowing over. Area 2 An area of 558 square metres was topsoil stripped by machine, then divided into three cuttings (G, H & I) to expose 4 substantial wooden structures with distinct platform and trackway elements. Unlike the wooden hurdles associated with silt filled channels in Area 1, two of these structures dated to the medieval period and were laid down over a wider area of
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Headland Archaeology Ltd: N25 Waterford Bypass, Contract 3, Site 34 Final Report Volume 1
former reed‐peat beds, and the Bronze Age part distinct substructure of posts and pegs. Structure [34505] was excavated in cutting G and was the easternmost structure excavated in Area 2 returning a date of 1488‐1309 cal BC and 2034‐1780 cal BC (UB‐6464). It adjacent to structure [34519] composed of substantial upright pegs and posts that had been driven through the peat into the glacial till. Structure [34504] was excavated in cutting H and extended in a north‐south direction for 10 metres, before continuing south beyond the limit of excavation. It was composed of horizontally laid timbers and brushwood and returned dates of 1324‐1441 cal AD (UB‐6906) and1298‐1421 cal AD (UB‐6465). Structure [34507] was 8 metres in length and located in the eastern quadrants of cutting I and was dated to 1316‐1436 cal AD (UB‐6907). A total of 18 bulk samples were taken from these structures to assess for species identification and dating purposes, and 43 individual worked wood samples. Area 3 An area measuring 445 square metres was machine stripped to determine the limits and extent of the burnt mound deposits identified in the additional testing. A timber lined trough, burnt mound spread and possible structural features were identified, situated on a distinct rise of higher land on the eastern margin of the site. Alluvial silt and re‐deposited gravels partially covered some of the site, explained by the presence of a relict streambed identified along the southern boundary. This stream flowed from the higher dry land area into the former wetland and was closely related to the location of the trough. Area 4 An open area measuring 636 square metres was machine stripped around a timber trackway identified during Contract 2 testing. Two related round wood trackways were identified, extending from brushwood platforms on the eastern shoreline. Each trackway was recorded in full and lifted timber by timber, with the same process repeated for the substructure. Bulk samples were taken across brushwood structures and sections drawn. Worked wood was seen to continue to the south beyond the excavation area, truncated by a modern drainage ditch. An area measuring 187m square m was machined on the southern side of the ditch (Area 4B) but no significant structures were encountered. The main timber trackway, [341501], was orientated in an east‐west direction and was dated to 2133‐1901 cal BC (UB‐6466). The central section was 3 metres in length and composed of parallel roundwood timbers laid side by side. At the western end, the structure changed direction and continued beyond the limit of excavation to the south. Upright posts had been constructed in this area in marked contrast to the other portions of the trackway. Structure [341512] was orientated east‐west and was 4 metres in length and dated to 2200‐1980 cal BC (UB‐6908). It was constructed of thin round wood rods laid side‐by‐side and secured by a number of upright pegs. It was considerably wider than [341501] and possibly represented a platform accessed by a designated trackway. Structure [311514] was composed of a superstructure of small brushwood fragments laid on top of a single round wood timber, orientated north south and dated to 2855‐2488 cal BC (UB‐6909). It extended for 2.5 metres and continued beyond the limit of excavation to the south and was truncated by the modern drainage ditch. A number of structures were also excavated in the eastern part of Area 4 in what was likely to have been a contemporary shoreline. These included structures [341507], [341508], [341509],
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Headland Archaeology Ltd: N25 Waterford Bypass, Contract 3, Site 34 Final Report Volume 1
[341510] and [341511]. These structures were constructed to consolidate the shoreline and enable access to the main trackways. They were of similar dimensions and character, aapproximately 3 m long, composed of small brushwood pieces assembled into a ‘birds nest’ structure. 11 bulk samples were recovered from Area 4 for species identification and dating. 66 individual samples were recovered for tool mark analysis. 7. Stratigraphy During the excavation section baulks were left in‐situ, and a consistent description of the appearance, composition and boundary distinctness of all sediments obtained (see Appendix 1 for extensive description). Further analysis of stratigraphy was undertaken during the palaeoenvironmental assessment of material collected from two monoliths in Area 1. Material was sub‐sampled from the monoliths for pollen, foraminifera and diatom analysis, together with plant macrofossils to be used as radiocarbon dating material. The stratigraphic sequence from each monolith was also recorded. The results of this investigation are presented below (Section 8) and discussed in terms of the general palaeoenvironmental history of the site and how this relates to the archaeological finds. On examining and recording the cores during sub‐sampling, within laboratory conditions it was observed that they contained more stratigraphic boundaries than were originally recorded in the field. This was particularly the case for Monolith 2, which was found to have 16 stratigraphic boundaries compared to the section drawing for the site, which contained 7. It has been possible to cross‐match the monolith stratigraphy to the section drawings and produce an idealised stratigraphy for Area 1, which is given in Table 1. Unit Stratigraphy description Context Dates Depth (cm) numbers IX Top soil 34008 Modern 0‐10 VIII Series of estuarine silts – 34001 10‐100 base of which is probable 34002 erosion surface 34003 34045 34035 1870±35 BP (GU- 100‐125/150 VII Estuarine silt/reed peat 34034 13996; 60-240 transition 34013 Cal. AD) 34038 VI
Reed peat
V
Reed/wood peat 34004 B transition (possible non‐ 34031 sequence here) Wood peat – with 34004 A intercalated silts* 34003 A 34021* 34046
IV
34033 B
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2360±35 BP (GU‐ 125/150‐165 13999; 540‐370 Cal. BC) 165‐175
4150±35 BP (GU‐ 175‐230 13997; 2880‐2620 Cal. BC) 4765±35 BP (GU‐ 14000; 3430‐3380 Cal. BC)
Headland Archaeology Ltd: N25 Waterford Bypass, Contract 3, Site 34 Final Report Volume 1
III
Fen peat
34046
II
Glacial till with clay/silt 34021 matrix Bedrock? ?
4850±35 BP (GU‐ 230‐235 13998; 3710‐3620 Cal. BC) 235‐?
I ? Table 1 Idealised stratigraphy for Area 1. The stratigraphic sequence shows that [fen] peat (Unit III) initially developed on glacial till within a clay/silt matrix (Unit II) at approximately 4850±35 BP (GU‐13998; 3710‐3620 Cal. BC). This suggests that a rise in ground water occurred at this time, possibly caused by rising sea‐ level and marks the beginning of fen development and expansion of wetland. At around 4765±35 BP (GU‐14000; 3430‐3380 Cal. BC) the fen peat is colonised by carr‐woodland, which is shown by the change to wood peat (Unit IV). The carr‐woodland period lasts for c. 600 years to approximately 4150±35 BP (GU‐13997; 2880‐2620 Cal. BC). During this period there is evidence for a possible marine incursion with a band of silt within Monolith 2 (see Figure B). A retrogressive succession back to reedswamp then occurs ending at approximately 2360±35 BP (GU‐13999; 540‐370 Cal. BC), shown by a reed peat layer (Unit V). It is possible that there is a hiatus in peat development between the wood to reed peat phase (Unit IV to Unit V) where dating shows a gap of c. 1790 years, suggesting that the record for the early Bronze Age is absent for the site. Above this reed peat (Unit V) is a transition layer of reed peat to silt (Unit VI), which ends at around 1870±35 BP (GU‐13996; 60‐240 Cal. AD) with the deposition of silts (Unit VIII) signalling a marine transgression of the site. The base of the silt layer can be seen within stratigraphic drawings to undulate through the sequence as a series of peaks and troughs, suggesting active erosion of the reed peat/silt layer (Unit VII) occurred during the initial transgression of the site. The uppermost layer of top soil (Unit IX) reflects modern soil development of the reclaimed wetland. 8. Description of archaeological and paleoenvironmental results by phase Later Mesolithic 5500 – 4000 cal BC. The lowest stratigraphic unit encountered in all excavation areas at Site 34 and first archaeological phase was glacial till (34021) with inclusions of well‐rounded rocks and boulders. It sloped gradually from east to west and formed a terrace shelf beneath the soft sediments. Phase 1 was also represented by glacial till (34021) in Area 4, and an alluvial clay deposit (34060) possibly related to traces of a relict watercourse was identified in the eastern past of this area. Three Bann flakes were recovered from section cuttings in Area 4 but the presence of associated cut features in the contemporary ground surface could not be determined. These artefacts were contained within deposits (34060) and (34021) and were approximately 1.35 m below the present ground surface. No Mesolithic artefacts were recovered from Area 2 suggesting that it was either too far out into wetland area to have provided a useable surface or considerable variation in the morphology of the contemporary shoreline. Directly above the glacial till in Area 1, a thin layer of sandy loam (34042) was deposited as a result of surface water runoff eroding material upslope. Two later Mesolithic flakes and a piece of struck flint were found at the base of the accumulated organic deposits in Area 1.
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Headland Archaeology Ltd: N25 Waterford Bypass, Contract 3, Site 34 Final Report Volume 1
Two of the three pieces are characteristic of the Later Mesolithic. Find 04E0319:34100:106 is a classic example of a piece that had been obliquely retouched across its distal end while 04E0319:34100:103 is a typical example from the later part of the Later Mesolithic. A Bann Flake/ Butt Trimmed Form (04E0319:34100:103) and a distally trimmed flake (04E0319:34100:106) were also recovered. Mixed silt and clay deposit (34043) was also recorded above the glacial till. These deposits could have been the result of alluvial deposition by freshwater runoff and were associated with the first archaeological evidence for later Mesolithic activity. Four cut features and an upcast mound were recorded on the surface of the glacial till associated with these artefacts. The morphology of these features made them difficult to interpret; they may have been the result of human activity, however, they may also have been the result of natural phenomena such as a tree blowing over. An irregular, oval shaped pit [34115] measured 1.7 m north/south by 1.2 m east/west and was 0.26 m deep. It was steep sided and had a sharp break of slope at the top becoming more gradual towards the base. It was interpreted as a tree bole on account of the irregular dimensions and fill. The basal fill was a mid brown grey mix of fine sandy silt and peat (34114), moderately compact containing occasional small round pieces of limestone. This was interpreted as a mixture of peat and redeposited glacial till, with peat accumulating in‐situ as a result of increasing wetter conditions. Above this deposit was mid brown grey fine silty clay (34113) containing very occasional flecks of charcoal and occasional small rounded limestone pebbles. It was 0.2 m deep and was interpreted as redeposited natural glacial till to take account of the high proportion of silt in this deposit. A small shallow pit feature [34102] contained two fills and was 0.6 m long, 0.5 m wide and 0.10 m deep. It had slightly concave sides and an irregular, but predominantly flat base, and was filled by grey brown firm sandy clay (34104). This included flecks of organic material and was 0.05 m deep. Above this was a blackish brown loose peat (34103) with frequent charcoal inclusions. It was 0.04 m deep and small stones were lodged into the natural. It continued under the balk and was visible in section. Linear feature [34111] was defined by a shallow cut grading out into a shallow bowl in the north‐west, where the break of slope was barely identifiable. It was broadly orientated north/south but this was slightly curved towards the east. Along the eastern edge of the feature there was an under cut, which was less pronounced in the west. The sides were steepest in the east, below the undercut and barely recognisable towards the north. It measured 4.0 m in length, 0.75 m in width and 0.25 m deep and had a rounded base to the south and a flat base in the north. A dark grey brown silty clay loam deposit (34117) containing frequent charcoal inclusions, both flecks and small fragments. It was 4 m long, 0.50 m and 0.08‐0.16 m deep. There were also inclusions of small rounded pebbles in the southern end and large rounded stones in the north. Potentially, this deposit was the same as layer light grey brown silty clay (34100) with some organic content below the peat and above the natural. This relationship was particularly observed around the northern edge of the feature. Above this a mid to pale grey brown deposit (34118) with a pinkish hue was observed. It was 0.5 ‐0.10 m deep, 2‐5 m long and 0.75 m wide and was a compact silty loam and contained a large number of stone inclusions. These inclusions varied between 0.05 m and 0.20 m and increased towards the north.
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Above this deposit a dark brown moderately loose peat silt loam deposit (34125) contained moderately frequent inclusions of decayed bluish stone, becoming much more frequent in the south. A concentration of charcoal was localised towards the centre of the feature and was 0.30 m in diameter, 2‐5 m in length, 0.90 m wide, and 0.10 m deep. This deposit was formed in‐situ and represents the earliest phases of peat formation contemporary with similar peat deposits in adjacent features. Linear feature [34111] was complicated and difficult to interpret as either natural or anthropomorphic. The south end of the feature clearly looked like a deliberate cut, but the northern end was less defined. This could have been the result of a water channel, and the well‐rounded stones at the base of the feature are indicative of a shallow stream. Wood remains were also clearly visible and the potential for root action should not be discounted. This could have been the result of a natural cut feature being eroded by later water action. A subcircular pit [34101] with an irregular shape in plan and steep concave irregular sides was identified adjacent to this linear feature, associated with an upstanding mound of upcast material. It was 1.7 m north/west and 1.5 m east/west and it had a flat base. The primary deposit was grey light brown peat and silt mix (34110) moderately well compacted, 0.25‐0.10 m deep and 1.3 m in diameter. It had most likely formed as a result of the sides of the feature collapsing. Immediately above this deposit was peat layer (34110), 0.10‐15 m in depth and 1.4 m in diameter, which contained occasional stones and was full of tree roots. Above this was mid brown clay peat mix (34108) which contained occasional stones, 0.5‐0.10 m deep and 1.3 m wide. A mid greyish brown deposit (34107) localised around the southern edge of the feature, was moderately compacted silty clay with a small quantity of peat. It contained occasional pebbles and medium angular stones; it was 0.40‐0.02 m deep and 1.65 m in diameter. A layer of peat (34109) had accumulated adjacent to this and was 0.15 m deep, 0.70 m wide. It was moderately well compacted and contained occasional pebbles. A mid brown, moderately well compacted slump deposit (34105) contained frequent fine angular pebbles. The depth was 0.37 m in the middle of the feature. It was 1.45 m north/south and 1.37 m east/west and it abutted deposit (34108). Deposit (34116) was on the eastern side of the feature. It was more precisely part of the mound material, [34124]. It was a brownish grey, moderate compaction, silty clay 0.10‐0.40 m in depth and 1.15 m north/south and 0.3 m east/west. A mound of redeposited natural was excavated adjacent to pit [34101]. It was composed of deposit layers (34119), (34121), (34120), (34122) and (34123), and was possibly the result of upcast material from both pit [34101] and linear feature [34111]. The primary deposit was light grey, loosely compacted deposit (34119) composed of fine sand clay. It contained no significant inclusions and frequent roots and looked to have been colonised by vegetation. It was 0.5 m in length east/west and was 0.06 m deep. Above this was a light brown grey mix of sandy silty clay (34121) that contained very few inclusions other than roots. It was 0.5 m long and 0.07 m deep and was so similar to deposit (34119) that the interface between these two deposits was difficult to determine. A light brown grey mix deposit (34120) was above this. It was 0.15m deep, and 0.60m east/west and was very mixed sandy silt and contained root inclusions. A dark brown loosely compacted deposit (34122) consisting of peat mixed with sand followed this. It was 0.15 m wide and 0.80 m deep and roots could be seen throughout. The final deposit capping the bank of upcast mound material was a light grey mix of very hard, compact, fine sandy clay (34123) 0.35 m deep and 2.4 m long. It was the final and uppermost deposit in the sequence.
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The two rhyolite pieces (04E0319:341513:14 and 04E0319:341512:21) can, in spite of their weathered condition, be attributed to the Later Mesolithic indeed find 04E0319:341513:14 may be quite early. It is probable that the flint blade is of the same age. The three retouched artefacts are an elongated Butt Trimmed Form (04E0319:341513:14), and the large rhyolite blade (04E0319:1043:4) could date to either the Later Mesolithic or Neolithic. Paleoenvironmental data is not available from the Site 34 pollen core for this period, but has been reconstructed from cores taken from Woodstown approximately 0.5 km away on the adjacent shore of the river Suir (Farrell and Coxton 2004). The assemblage was dated using the presence of alder (Alnus glutinosa) which, based on the alder rise, an event witnessed in pollen diagrams from across Ireland, provides an earliest possible date of c. 7500 BP (ibid). This suggests that woodland containing both oak and hazel was present within the Waterford area. Although the oak‐hazel woodland is likely to have been the dominant dryland vegetation community, the pollen data from Woodstown also shows that other tree types such as pine (Pinus sp), ash (Faxinus excelsior), elm (Ulmus sp) and yew (Taxus baccata) were also components of this woodland. Evidence that the area was wet locally is also reflected in the herbaceous taxa present with high values of sedge (Cyperaceae) pollen. This carr‐woodland would have been more open that the oak woodland described above, with alder trees generally growing in clumps on and around sedge tussocks. The pollen evidence shows that there was a mosaic of woodland types across Waterford during the Mesolithic. The Neolithic period (4000 – 2200 cal. BC) No archaeological finds or features were identified on Site 34 relating to this period. It is associated with stratigraphic Unit III (34046) recorded in Area 1, 2 and 4, 2.30 – 22.35 m below the present surface, and pollen zones NWB1a‐c, and NWB2a‐c. The palaeoenvironmental results from the Area 1 monoliths (Quercus dominated pollen) indicate that the landscape was originally dryland woodland. At around 4850±35 BP (GU‐13998; 3710‐3620 Cal. BC) a change in the hydrology of the area took place, related to rising sea level causing the area to become wetter and the initialization of peat. This led to the development of carr‐woodland on the wetland largely comprised of Alnus with Quercus, Betula, Crataegus and Salix also present. Pollen and plant macrofossil evidence indicates that this woodland would have had a field layer of tall‐herb fen communities with Rubus fruticosus also prominent. This period of woodland lasted for a period of around 850 years until c. 3995±35 BP (GU‐15498; 2620‐2450 Cal. BC). The initiation of peat development during this time at Newrath highlights an increase in wetter conditions which were probably taking place as a result of a change in hydrology, with the River Suir swelling in size to resemble the current water system, and increasing the areas of wetland at the river margins. The pollen data and waterlogged plant macrofossil data from Newrath indicate that this carr‐woodland although dominated by alder also contained other trees including birch, willow and hawthorn (Crataegus monogyna). No archaeological material dating to the Neolithic was recorded from Site 34 during this phase, although significant remains were identified from adjacent sites 35 and 37, including three Neolithic structures
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and an axe hoard. The lack of archaeological material on Site 34 may be due to the extensive tree cover on the site at this time. The floor of this woodland would have been very boggy, as is indicated by the presence of plants such as sedges, meadowsweet (Filipendula sp), ciniquefoils (Potentilla sp), ivy campanula (Wahlenbergia hederaceae) and birds‐foot trefoils (Lotus sp) which are suggestive of tall‐herb fen vegetation (Rodwell 1995). High numbers of bramble fruits (Rubus fructicosus) at Newrath indicates it was frequent within the field layer of the woodland. Occasional pooling of water on the ground of the woodland is also signalled by the presence of species such as pondweed (Potomogeton sp), water sedge (Carex aquatilis) and green algae (Zygnemataceae sp). Within Unit III there is evidence for a possible marine incursion with a band of silt within Monolith 2 at 190‐200 cm. This band has been radiocarbon dated to have been deposited between 4540±40 BP (SUERC‐14690; 3370‐3090 cal BC) and 4580±40 BP (SUERC‐14691; 3380‐ 3260 cal BC). This narrow date range suggests a rapid period of deposition likely to have been caused by a short‐lived event such as a tidal surge. Following this initial deposition of silts in Monolith 2 cereal pollen of Hordeum‐group begins to appear at 198 cm (Zone NWB2b). The appearance of cereal pollen in Monolith 2 at this level follows a sharp decline in Quercus pollen at 200 cm when silts begin to be deposited. It is noticeable that cereal pollen of Hordeum‐group and Avena‐Triticum‐group appears consistently during the phase of silt deposition but disappear as [wood] peat again begins to accumulate. This transgression phase has been interpreted as a period of increased storminess, causing storm surge, high winds and leading to tree fall. The increase in micro‐charcoal following the dip in arboreal pollen is suggested to represent the burning of deadwood on the ground. This would have removed dead standing trees and assisted in maintaining the clearing for arable planting. Charred grain excavated from a ritual pit at Site 35 was radiocarbon dated to 4827±39 BP (UB‐ 6639; 3695‐3523 cal BC), while charred nutshell fragments, also from the pit produced a near identical date of 4821±38 BP (UB‐6640; 3694‐3521 cal BC) indicating the material is contemporaneous (Wilkins 2006). This charred grain from adjacent to Site 34 puts the monolith cereal grains into context. From approximately 4150±35 BP (SUERC‐10125; 2880‐ 2620 cal BC) to 3935±35 BP (SUERC‐14689; 2500‐2290 cal BC) a retrogressive succession begins to take place with the stratigraphic evidence from wood peat (Unit IV) to a wood‐reed peat transition (Unit V). With the initiation of wood peat at the site, the indicators for agricultural activity are brought to an end. The steady increase in arboreal pollen at this point is likely to indicate the regeneration of woodland and abandonment of this part of the Newrath area for arable use. The Bronze Age (2200‐600 cal. BC) In the Early Bronze Age a change in the local environment then takes place from carr‐ woodland to a reed swamp environment, shown by falling Alnus pollen and a rise in Poaceae pollen. This change can also be seen in the plant macrofossils with a decline in arboreal species and increase in aquatic species such as Ranunculus sceleratus. It is during this period that archaeological evidence for people in the landscape increases with the appearance of trackways and structures indicating a resource‐rich environment. Pollen evidence also indicates agricultural activity taking place in this period around 2210±40 BP (GU‐15497; 390‐ 180 Cal. BC) with the presence of cereal‐type pollen grains.
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Pollen evidence from Woodstown and Newrath (Site 34) show a significant change started to take place in the wetland during the Early Bronze Age, with reed swamp communities beginning to develop on the fringes of the carr‐woodland as the River Suir began to expand. This swelling of the river is likely to be due to an increase in marine waters caused by rising sea‐levels. This is witnessed in the foraminifera and diatom data from Newrath which start to indicate that the wetland was within the inter‐tidal zone. Foraminifera such as Jadammina macrescensi, together with diatoms such as Paralia sulcata and Dipploneis interrupta, indicate that the site inhabited the lower part of the inter‐tidal zone between MHWT (Mean High Water Tide) and HAT (Highest Astronomical Tides) (Dawson 2008; Haslett 2008). The rise in sea‐level that drove the vegetational succession in the wetland would have made this area more open through the loss of areas of carr‐woodland, signalled in the pollen and plant macrofossil records where species such as alder and birch, together with bramble, begin to decline. This would have made these areas more accessible to people who no longer had a sprawling mass of trees and bramble to contend with, however, conditions would still have been treacherous underfoot. That people were moving through and did utilise the wetland is particularly evident at Newrath. Bronze Age structures were identified in all the excavation areas and worked wood specimens were recorded in all the test trenches in this area. This material was generally associated with (34035) and was 0.68 m below the present ground surface. Timber structures were excavated in Areas 1, 2 and 4 which continued beyond the limit of excavation. Wood identifications from the structures and trackways indicate the use of trees from the local carr‐ woodland, mostly being Alnus, for construction rather than the dryland resource (Lyons, 2006; O’Donnell, 2006).
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Headland Archaeology Ltd: N25 Waterford Bypass, Contract 3, Site 34 Final Report Volume 1 Area/ Structure/ Cutting 1 [34005] C and D 1 [34017] E 2 [34505] G 2 [34519] G 3 [341077]
Radiocarbon
4 [341501] 4 [341512] 4 [341514]
Associated Interpretation Deposits
D 0.5 W 0.85 L 15 W 0.02
(34035) (34013)
Linear brushwood structure
(34029) (34013)
Linear brushwood structure
W 0.4 L 1.25
(34012)
Substructure – upright posts and pegs
D W up to 0.14 dia L D 0.3 W 0.82 L 1.65
(34505) (34021)
Substructure – large upright posts
(341051) (341024) (341059) (341971) (341021) (34057) (34063) (34062) (34063)
Timber lined trough – burnt mound
(341516)
Timber platform/trackway
W 0.6 L 1.9
Fibrous peat
Timber and brushwood trackway ‐ partial
Fibrous peat
Brushwood structure, bank consolidation.
Fibrous peat
Brushwood platform
date 1680‐1500 cal BC (UB‐6900) 2112‐1884 cal BC (UB‐6902) 2034‐1780 cal BC (UB‐6464) N/A N/A
4 [341513]
Dimensions (m)
2855‐2488 cal
W 0.4+
BC (UB6909) 2133‐1901 cal D 10 BC (UB‐6466) W 0.75 L 0.2 220‐1980 cal D 5.6 BC (UB‐6908) W 3.4 L 5.6 2855‐2488 cal
Possible trackway
Large timber trackway
4 [341507]
BC (UB‐6909) N/A
4 [341508]
N/A
D 0.1 W 0.9 L 1.1 D 1.6 W 1.5
4 [341509]
N/A
W 1 L 3.5
Fibrous peat
Brushwood structure to aid access to (341501)
4 [341510]
N/A
W 5 L 6.5
Fibrous peat
Brushwood structure, bank consolidation.
4 [341511]
N/A
W 1.5 L 2
Fibrous peat
Brushwood platform.
Table 2 Bronze Age Structures Bronze Area Structures in Area 1 These include structures [34005] and [34007] in Area 1, which continued north and west of the excavation area respectively. They comprised informal, linear brushwood structures and were constructed to cross boggy ground.
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Structure [34005] Structure [34005] was located in the east of Area 1 within cuttings C and D. It was approximately 15 m long, 0.85 m wide, 0.50 m deep and was encountered at 0.65 m from the surface. The structure was primarily composed of brushwood elements laid horizontally on top of organic deposit, with upright posts and stakes that appeared to secure the horizontal elements in position and returned a date of 1680‐1500 cal BC (UB‐6900). The main body of the structure was set within deposit (34035), a silt and peat mixture, with the lower structural elements set within (34013), also a silt and peat mixture. It was linear in form and its long axis was orientated north/south. At the northernmost excavated extent of the trackway large roundwoods were placed horizontally on the ground surface, with upright posts located to either side. At the southern terminus of the structure there were a number of large irregular shaped timbers, initially thought to be stakes, but on further examination these turned out to be natural tree roots. As the excavated area was extended to the north during the investigation of the Mesolithic level the structure was indeed seen to extend to the north for a further 7 metres. Bulk sample number 12 was taken from the southern part of the structure at spit level three. The material recovered was primarily composed of alder, followed by ash and birch. Hazel, willow oak and dogwood were also identified. Metal tool marks were identified on the worked ends of many of the timbers from this structure. Three end types were recorded; the main one was chisel, followed by wedge and pencil, all cut at very shallow angles. The largest facet was 55 mm long and 50 mm wide. An ash pencil ended stake from here was blunted at one end, indicating where it was hammered into the ground. Structure [34017] Structure [34017] was located in cutting E and consisted of an arrangement of stakes radiocarbon dated to 2112 – 1884 cal BC (UB‐6902). It was not as substantial as other structures and was located to the north of the cutting. It was visible as an arc of stakes adjacent to a dump of stony material [34029] situated to the south of this cutting. All of these stakes were quite small in diameter with an average width of 0.02 m, and were set within peat and silt deposit (34013). From the elements sampled for wood identification, alder, ash and yew were present. Only three worked pieces were recorded with mixed end types. The largest facet was flat measuring 40 mm wide, 53 mm long and blunted at one end, indicating where it was hammered into the ground. Bronze Age Structures in Area 2 In Area 2 structure [34504] continued to the south and was also identified in trench 19 and [34507] which extended both north and south of the excavation area. This structure was associated with deposit (34004), organic reed peat deposits with a mixed silt and clay lens (34034). These structures were composed of substantial substructural elements, with upright roudwood elements driven into the glacial till. It is likely that the superstructural elements have been substantially damaged by tidal surge making interpretation problematic. Structure [34505] This structure was located in the eastern part of cutting G and consisted of a series of upright vertical posts and pegs, with concentrations of brushwood and occasional larger roundwood elements. Two dates were recovered from this structure, 1488‐1309 cal BC, from substructural elements, and 2034‐1780 cal BC (UB6464), from the upper part of the structure. A lighter
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coloured grey deposit was located in the west and south of the cutting and a small amount of this deposit was also localised in the north‐east quadrant. The structure appeared to respect the edge of this lighter coloured deposit and almost no timbers were found within it. The lighter deposit contained a much higher percentage of silt in its composition than the darker peat deposits. The uppermost elements of the structure were located approx 0.55 ‐ 1.00 m beneath the modern ground surface and there were three distinct concentrations of brushwood in this structure. One was located in the northeast quadrant and appeared as a linear structure that extended beyond the area of excavation to the north. It was approx 0.40 m in width and it extended south from the baulk for approx 1.25 m before it joined up with the main part of the structure of upright posts and large roundwoods. The second brushwood concentration, consisting of approx 20 individual elements, was located in the northeast quadrant adjacent to the eastern edge of the site. These were all brushwood pieces of equal length of approximately 0.30 m to 0.10 m in diameter. This concentration was located in a small pocket of the lighter coloured silt that was present in the north east quadrant and brush wood elements were laid parallel to and abutting each other. The third concentration of brushwood was located adjacent to the site edge in the south east quadrant. It consisted of 35 to 40 individual brushwood elements and appeared to extend into the baulk. It was approx 2.15 m in length and extended into the cutting for a maximum of 0.50 m to the north. No trace of the brushwood structure was recorded in test trench 19 adjacent to the cutting. There were a number of upright stakes that were located between this brushwood concentration and the central part of structure. Alder, oak and ash were mainly used for construction, although hazel, willow and pomaceous fruitwood were also identified. The predominant end type was chisel, all cut at shallow angles. Facets were flat, the largest of which was 35 mm wide and 76 mm long. Structure [34519] This structure was located in cutting G beneath the structure [34505] and formed a definite substructure. It was composed of large upright posts that were driven into the glacial till (34021), some of which were up to 0.14 m in diameter. Alder was the main wood used, with some hazel. Metal tool marks were identified on several of these pieces, and a variety of facet types were recorded. These were concave, slightly concave and flat. Some of these were quite long, one being 82 mm long by 21 mm in width. Pollen data from Site 34 indicates the continued prominence of hazel and oak across the dryland suggesting no large clearances of the woodland took place in the vicinity of this site. The increase in such wild grass types during this period coupled with an increase in grass pollen at both Woodstown and Newrath. This may hold the key as to why there appears to have been a general abandonment of the area by people during this period. The rise in grass pollen is likely to signal a further expanse of reed swamp across the wetland on the margins of the River Suir. This increase is thought to have occurred as a result of a further rise in sea‐level taking place. Confirmation of the site being affected by marine waters is given by the foraminifera and diatom data, which show the site to now be firmly within the lower part of the upper salt marsh zone. It is unknown whether this hike in sea‐level occurred gradually or rapidly. Bronze Age structures in Area 3
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An area measuring 445m² was topsoil stripped by machine to determine the limits and extent of the burnt mound deposits identified in the additional testing. A timber‐lined trough, burnt mound spread and possible structural features were identified, situated on a distinct rise of higher land on the eastern margin of the site. Alluvial silt and re‐deposited gravels partially covered some of the site, explained by the presence of a relict streambed identified along the southern boundary. This stream flowed from the higher dry land area into the former wetland and was a significant factor in the location of the trough. A small charcoal pit, identified in additional testing, was also recorded adjacent to this area. Feature [341077] was the principle feature in Area 3. It was a rectangular cut of a timber‐lined trough, 1.65 m in length, extending into the edge of an east/west running paleochannel. The natural in this area comprised the glacial till, a yellow clay deposit, and light grey silty sand in the area of the paleochannel. The trough was 0.95 m at its eastern end and 0.70 m at the western end. It was quite shallow and at most the timbers survived to a height of 0.17m above the base of the cut. The base of the trough consisted of two well made large planks, the larger of which, located to the north, was doweled into position. This trough was quite shallow and the fill consisted of a compact mass of small burnt stone fragments, charcoal and silt and sand that appeared to have been washed in. Bronze Age structures in Area 4 Area 4 comprised a lower area of silty peat in the west, and a raised area of woody, fibrous peat in the east. Six brushwood structures were identified in the east of the area on what was interpreted as a paleo‐shoreline, leading to two substantial timber trackways in the east. A further structure [341513] was visible in the southern baulk of the area, and potentially continued to the south. It was not possible to extend the excavation area in this direction due to the presence of the modern drain. Other worked wood was identified but not properly investigated to the south of this excavation area. Area 4B was exposed and planned but not excavated beyond the first spit level. This material was significantly higher than the other wooden structures and was on average 0.70m below the present ground surface. A small quantity of worked wood was sampled for tool mark but no significant any variation was observed between this material and the other excavated structures in Area 4. A large, circular artefact was recovered from the section adjacent to this structure and was likely to have been associated with its primary function. The shape of the modified stone (04E0319:341513:13A) was created by pecking. It was too small to be have functioned as a quern stone and one quarter of the artefact had broken off in antiquity. Only one of the faces showed extensive signs of being worked to a regular smooth surface and the other sides were quite coarse and irregular. One lateral surface had a limited area which was flat. It retained most of an hour‐glass perforation which was very narrow at the point where the perforations from either surface met, and it may have been unfinished. If the shape of the object is any indication of its purpose, then it is possible that this is a discarded unfinished rough out for something such as an axe hammer or large stone mace head, although it could also have been reused as a fishing weight. Structure [341501] Structure [341501] was a large timber trackway approximately 10 m long, 0.75 m wide and 0.2 m deep, and was radiocarbon dated to 2133‐1901 cal BC (UB‐6466). The central part was composed of 8 large roundwoods that were laid parallel to each other, between 3.4 m and 4.65 m in length and 0.10 m and 0.20 m in diameter. The average overall width of this part of the
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structure was 0.95 m and it was orientated NNE/SSW. The superstructure was placed on top of a number of smaller transverse roundwood timbers located under the western end of the trackway. At the western end of the large parallel timbers the structure changed direction and extended south for a further 2.4 m, though it was less well defined in this area. Smaller roundwood elements were used in this part of the trackway with more emphasis on upright timbers used to secure horizontal elements in position. The trackway was constructed on top of a silty peat deposit. This deposit appears to have continued to form after the construction of the trackway and was subsequently burried by continued accumulation. To the north of the trackway there was a coarse sand and mixed peat deposit (34063). A freshwater steam was identified directly to the east in Area 3 and may account for the deposition of coarse sand under high water energy conditions. There were a number of timbers situated to the east of the trackway, which appeared to be disturbed from their original position and were scattered over an area of approx 1.5 by 2 m. These could have been disturbed by repeated flood events that the sandy peat deposit indicates occurred in this area. A large number of upright stakes and posts were identified to the east of the structure, and a line of posts also extended to the south and terminated adjacent to structure [341523]. This indicated a possible relationship between both structures, although evidence of a direct relationship could not be determined. Bulk sample number 8 was taken from this structure and it was primarily constructed of alder, with much lesser evidence for ash, willow and birch. All of these timbers exhibit toolmarks made by metal axes/ adzes. The worked ends of all of the timbers were sampled, and were wedge, pencil and chisel. Concave, slightly concave and flat facets were evident and ranged in length from 93 to 37 mm. Structure [341512] Structure [341512] was either a platform located in the west of the cutting adjacent to a large light coloured silt deposit that may have indicated a channel. The structure was radiocarbon dated to 2200‐1980 cal BC (UB‐6908) and composed of brushwood and some larger roundwood elements laid parallel and adjacent to each other, with several upright stakes driven through the structure to anchor these into position. It was 5.6 m long, 3.4 m wide and a concentration of upright elements was recorded towards the north side of the structure. The larger branches and pieces of brushwood had their laterally projecting twigs removed, and the majority of the elements had at least one clear axe facet. There was no differentiation between the upper and lower parts of the structure, and it was constructed by placing layer upon layer of roundwoods on top of each other. It was set within deposit (341516) a peat and silt layer. To the east of the structure there were several stakes and some larger timbers including a large irregularly shaped tree stump. There were a number of other small stakes located between this structure and structure [341501] located approx 4.5 m to the east. There were also a number of other small upright posts and stakes located to the north and northeast of the structure, although they had no apparent pattern and were mostly present as isolated entities. Worked wood samples were taken from this structure and it was dominated by alder with some pomaceous fruitwood, ash, oak and yew. All of the end types were wedge and chisel. Flat facets were present, the largest of which was 60 mm wide and 75 mm long. Structure [341514] Structure [341514] was a linear arrangement of parallel roundwood elements that extended in a north/south orientation from the south edge baulk of the site for a distance of
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approximately 1.40 m. It was 0.6 m wide, 1.9 m long and extended beyond the limit of excavation and was radiocarbon dated to 2855‐2488 cal BC (UB‐6909). In addition to the parallel round woods there was a scatter of brushwood elements that extended to the north in the direction of the structure for a distance of approx 1.3 m. An arc of four substantial upright posts was positioned between the north and south limit of the structure. Structure [341507] Structure [341507] was located on the raised eastern part of Area 4 and consisted of a small concentration of brushwood and a small number of upright stakes and pegs. It was a shallow, oval shaped structure 1.1 m long, 0.9 m wide and 0.10 m deep. Structure [341508] Structure [341508] was located in the raised area to the east of the excavated area of Area 4. The upper part consisted of a dense concentration of small brushwood elements and formed a platform roughly oval in shape that measured 1.5 m in width and 1.6 m in length. A number of large sub‐structural roundwoods were excavated beneath this. The largest element was partially exposed and found to be approx 0.2 m in diameter and 1.75 m of it was visible in the area excavated. Numerous small upright stakes were found within and adjacent to the structure. Structure [341509] This concentration of brushwood was located approx 1.5 m to the west of brushwood platform [341511] and consisted of upright posts and a concentration of brushwood and larger round wood elements. This structure was approx 1 m in width and extended in an east west direction for approx 3.5 m. The structure consisted of roundwood timbers laid parallel to each other and extending in a linear manner from east to west in the direction of the trackway [341501] Structure [341509] This concentration of brushwood was located approx 1.5 m to the west of brushwood platform [341511] and consisted of upright posts and a concentration of brushwood and larger round wood elements. This structure was approx 1 m in width and extended in an east west direction for approx 3.5 m. The structure consisted of roundwood timbers laid parallel to each other and extending in a linear manner from east to west in the direction of the trackway [341501] Structure [341510] This structure primarily composed of a brushwood concentration located in the northern part of the raised area at the east of the excavated area. A box section was excavated across this structure that showed that it consisted of a small spread of surface material with no substructural elements. Structure [341511] This was a brushwood platform located in the north eastern part of the site approx 1.5 m in width and 2 m in length. A less dense concentration of brushwood and upright posts extended to the west and was truncated during the excavation of an access ramp onto the lower portion of the site. The structures [341508], [341509], [341510] and [341511] were situated on a raised area of peat approximately 0.45 m higher than the structures located in the lower western part of the site e.g. [341501], [341512] and [341513]. The structure was present primarily on one spit level and the brushwood was present to a depth of 0.10 m.
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Beneath this there were only occasional pieces of timber and no evidence for a substantial substructure. Several upright stakes were present in and near this structure, the main concentration appearing towards the south west in the direction of the structure [341501]. The Iron Age period (600 – cal. AD 400) The sea‐level driven changes in vegetation witnessed during the Bronze Age with the expanse of reed swamp continue into the Iron Age. It is during this period that sea‐level rise changes the morphology of the River Suir to the extent that land begins to be swallowed up along the river margins. The whole area was inundated due to rising sea level at approximately 1870±35 BP (GU‐13996; 60‐240 Cal. AD) with diatom and foraminifera evidence indicating an inter‐tidal environment by this time (Dawson and Haslett, Paleoenvironmental Analyses, Appendix 1 and 2 ). This increase in sea level led to the abandonment of the area in the Iron Age. Diatom and foraminifera evidence from Site 34 indicates that this site was completely submerged during this period with species indicative of brackish and marine waters both present. In addition, the site now occupies the MHWST (Mean High Water Spring Tide) to HAT (Highest Astronomical Tide) tidal zone. This data indicates that Newrath was now very much an estuarine site and the presence of tidal creeks running through the site into the river can be seen in the stratigraphy of the site. Such channels are frequent in today’s estuarine environments (Allen 2000). This estuarine environment which developed in the Iron Age lasted until relatively recent times, when land reclamation took place in the nineteenth century to provide pasture land for cattle. This submergence of areas of Waterford along the river margins, as it developed into an estuarine environment, would have had a marked impact on the vegetational communities. This can be seen in the pollen and plant macrofossil diagrams from Newrath where local plant communities are now dominated with aquatic species such as celery leaved buttercup (Ranunculus sceleratus), common water crowfoot (Ranunculus aquatilis) and common clubrush (Schoenoplectus lacustris). Salt marsh vegetation indicators such as goosefoots (Chenopodiaceous sp), Michaela’s daisies (Aster‐type) and sea plantain (Plant ago maritime) are present in the pollen record and show the development of these communities at the water’s edge. Pollen values of grasses remain high throughout both at Newrath and Woodstown, indicating that reed swamp communities continued to fringe the salt marsh areas.
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C 14
Dimensions (m)
Associated Interpretation Deposits
1 344‐48 cal BC D 0.15 (34035) Brushwood platform (34006) (UB‐6901) W 0.75 E L 4 1 173‐4 cal BC D 0.65 (34039) Brushwood hurdle (34007) (UB‐6903) W 2.5 (34003) bridging tidal creek E L 6 (34039) 1 N/A D 0.55 (34003) Brushwood linear (34014) W 3.75 (34013) structure B L 10 (34035) 1 256‐414 cal D 0.15 (34039) Brushwood structure, (34015) AD (UB‐6904) W 0.5 (34003) some roundwood F L 5.75 (34035) elements 1 N/A D 0.35 (34039) Brushwood hurdle (34018) W 1.5 F L 5.8 1 N/A W 1.25 ‐ Stone dump (34029) L 1.5 E H 0.4 Table 3 Iron Age Structures Iron Age Structures in Area 1 This period corresponds to depositional Phase 3 and was represented by (34033), a light grey silt and peat mix. As it was predominantly a silt deposit it was likely to have been the result of widespread flooding in the Suir basin, perhaps as a result of a significant change in the drainage pattern of the main channel. The accumulation of silt in the main channel of the Suir could have increased tidal pressure on the main drainage system. This would have been exacerbated by rising sea levels causing estuarine water to inundate areas that had previously been freshwater wetlands and reed swamps. This resulted in the successive inundation of the organic deposits by alluvial sediments. The majority of the archaeological structures in this area were associated with deposit (34037), a predominantly clay deposit containing less than 5% peat. Creeks and dendritic channels aided the drainage of tidal water, gradually silting up over time. A number of small dendritic drainage channels were recorded: [34009], [34010] and [34011]. These tidal creeks would have drained the rising and receding waters and were filled by a peat and silt mixture, (34036). Structure [34006] Structure [34006] was located to the east of the excavated area within cutting E, and appeared to be an irregular shaped platform 4 m long, 0.75 m wide and 0.15 m deep. It was primarily composed of brushwood that was laid horizontally with some larger roundwood elements and was radiocarbon dated to 1 – 344‐48 cal BC (UB‐6901). These were not laid in any discernable pattern but appeared to have been randomly placed throughout the structure. It appeared to extend beyond the cutting towards the east and it may have joined up beneath the baulk with the similar structure [34005] in adjacent cuttings. Both these structures extended beneath the baulk that separated the cuttings E, C and D. The structure was set within deposit (34035), a grey coloured silt and peat mixture, which appeared to have been accumulated around the structure.
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Metal tool marks were identified on a large number of the worked wood elements. The worked ends were chisel, and two flat facets were recorded, the largest of which was 25mm wide and 35mm long. Alder, ash and willow were the main woods used for this structure. Structure [34007] Structure [34007] was located within cutting A and was visible as a linear arrangement of brushwood and larger roundwood elements with its long axis oriented north/south. The structure appeared to extend beyond the cutting to both the west and the south. To the west the channel appeared to extend further in this direction and the timber structure within it continued to respect this channel and this was confirmed by further excavation of the area to the west. It was 6 m long north/south, 2.5 m east/west, and 0.65 m deep, and was dated to 173 cal BC to 4 cal AD (UB‐6903). The brushwood appeared to be located within the fill of a channel filled by deposit (34039) and (34003). This structure was present within a number of deposits at a number of different levels. In addition to the main body of the structure there were a number of other outlying elements associated with the structure e.g. upright stakes and pegs. These were located adjacent to the main structure with an increase in frequency the north. Towards the base of the structure a roundwood was placed on to the silt surface at the base of the tidal channel (34039) and secured with nine pegs, far more than was functionally necessary to stabilise it. Why it needed so many pegs was unclear; it was oriented north/south, approximately 0.8 m in length and was not in direct physical contact with any other element. Bulk samples number 1 and 3 were recovered from the structure, and the assemblage was composed of alder, oak and pomaceous fruitwood, with hazel, willow, ash and elder also recorded. A number of individual worked pieces were recorded from here and comprised of pencil, chisel and wedge ended. Cutting angles were shallow, and facets were flat and slightly concave, the largest of which was 62 mm wide and 71 mm long. Structure [34014] Structure [34014] was primarily located within Cutting B and was characterised by a linear arrangement of brushwood and roundwood with the long axis oriented north‐east/south‐ west. The structure appeared to extend beyond the cutting both to the north and to the south, and it was 10 m long, 3.75 m wide and extended to a depth of 0.55 m. The uppermost elements of this structure were located within a peat and silt mixed deposit (34003). The main body of this structure was located within deposits (34013) and (34035), both peat and silt mixtures. There were two distinct phases to the construction of this structure, suggesting that there were two separate phases of construction. The upper part was related to the mixed peat and silt deposits while the lower part was entirely contained within the homogenous peat deposit (34004). The lower phase was very similar in terms of orientation and construction with the upper phase. It was composed of large roundwood elements with smaller roundwood and brushwood placed on top. Bulk samples number 7 and 8 were taken from the upper spits of this structure, and alder, willow and ash were the main wood types identified. Hazel, yew, pomaceous fruitwood and oak were also present. A large quantity of worked wood was analysed from here; the roundwoods were mainly chisel ended, with flat facets. Nineteen facets were recorded, the largest of which was 36 mm wide and 75 mm long. An alder half split with a notch was identified.
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Structure [34015] Area 1 Structure [34015] was present within Cutting F and visible as a spread of brushwood adjacent to and running parallel with the west facing baulk of the cutting. It was 5.75 m long, 0.5 m wide and 0.15 m deep and dated to 256 – 414 cal AD (UB6904). It was constructed primarily of small brushwood elements although there was a concentration of larger roundwood elements located to the south of the cutting. It extended to the east under the baulk and may have been related to structure [34006] recorded in the west of Cutting E, and structure [34018] in Cutting F. Structure [34015] was located within the grey silt and peat deposit (34039), and was relatively shallow in depth. There were two clearly defined deposits present; (34003) in the western half of the cutting and (34035) in the eastern half of the cutting. Bulk samples were recovered from this structure; bulk sample #4 was located in the north of the structure at spit level 1 and was composed almost exclusively of small pieces of brushwood. Bulk sample # 9 was inserted into the southernmost part of the structure at spit level 2 and was primarily composed of large roundwood timbers. This structure was defined as a spread of brushwood and composed of mainly alder, ash, oak, pomaceous fruitwood and willow. Worked wood was composed of mainly half split ashes and oaks, and a radially cleft ash with a rectangular shaped notch was recovered from here. Structure [34018] Structure [34018] was a curvilinear arrangement of timbers located in the northwest of cutting F. It was 5.8 m long, 1.5 m wide and 0.35 m deep. It could have been related to structures [34007] in cutting A to the north and to [34015] in cutting F. It was set within deposit (34039), a grey coloured silt and peat mixture. It was composed of brushwood and some larger roundwood elements. It extended beyond the excavated area to the west and was only visible in spit level 2. The structure was seen to extend to the west for an unknown distance, and encountered during the stepping back of the edges of the site prior to the investigation of the late Mesolithic levels. During monitoring of this strip the structure was seen to extend to the west for a further 2 m, and bulk sample number 11 was taken from this structure at spit level 2. Structure [34029] This feature consisted of a dump of stones located in spit level 3 of Cutting E, although a number of upright stakes, pegs and posts may also have been related to this structure. The stones were located on what appeared to be a small area of a very fibrous brown peat. This was surrounded by a pure silt deposit to the west and by a silt and peat mixture to the east. The peat deposit containing structure [34029] appeared in section to be the result of a dome of vegetation raised above the surrounding deposits. This mound was approximately 1.50 m north/south and 1.25 m from east/west and 0.40 m in high. There were 40 stones recorded and appeared to have been brought deposited through human agency. They varied in shape and size from 5‐15 cm, with one large flat stone measuring 0.15 m long and 0.12 m wide. They were too large and localised to have been transported by a tidal channel and traces of charcoal were identified adhered to the surface of some stones, and others were found to be heat shattered.
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The Medieval period (AD 1169‐1540) This activity was followed by depositional Phase 4 and could indicate a temporary lull in the cycle of inundation enabling access to the rich wetland resource. Informal brushwood platforms, trackways and wooden structures could have been in use over a number of generations or just a few years, but the process of inundation soon resumed to cover the archaeological structures. At least 2 contexts were deposited by estuarine floodwater in this phase: (34035), pure silt deposit and (34045), a brownish grey marl mixture containing 20% organic content, likely to be the result of erosional deposition. Associated Interpretation Area/ Radiocarbon Dimensions (m) Deposits Structure/ dates Cutting 2 1324‐1441 cal D 0.25 (34035) Brushwood platform (34504) AD (UB‐6906 W 3 (34045) H L13.5 2 1316‐1436 cal D 0.3 (34035) Brushwood platform (34507) AD (UB‐ W 0.35 (34045) I 6907) L 1.2 Table 4 Medieval Structures Structure [34504] This structure was in the centre of cutting H and was characterised by a continuous linear spread of brushwood, with few larger roundwoods. It was 13.5 m long (also identified in test trench 19 to the south of Area 2), 3 m wide and 0.25 m deep. This was laid horizontally on a layer of silt and peat and occasionally pegs were used to secure elements it in position although not in a systematic fashion, and were dated to 1324‐1441 cal AD (UB6906) and 1298‐ 1421 cal AD (UB6465). It was largely confined to spit level 1 and the structural elements excavated in spit level 2 were not significantly different from those above. Its long axis was oriented north south. It extended beyond the cutting both to the south and may have also extended under the baulk to the west, joining up with the structure [34507] in cutting I. The structure was present in two main deposits. A dark brownish grey peat and silt in the northern half of the cutting and a light grey silt and peat located in the west of the cutting. The centre of the structure appeared to have been expanded into a type of platform constructed of the same type of brushwood as the main body of the trackway and numerous stones were found adjacent to the south of the structure. A number of disassociated pieces of brushwood were recorded adjacent to the structure and were likely to have become dislodged from their original location. A single bulk sample was taken from the northern part of the structure in spit level 1. Alder was the main component, while other wood such as oak, pomaceous fruitwood, willow, ash, dogwood and birch were also used. A high number of chisel ended pieces (46) were recorded from this structure, with a small percentage of wedge and pencil ends. Facets were predominantly flat, the largest of which was 71 x 62 mm. A large rectangular shaped jam curve was lifted from an oak roundwood, which was 83 mm in width. Structure [34507] This structure was located in the westernmost cutting, primarily in the northwest and northeast quadrants of cutting I, in an area that appeared to have been an active channel prior to the structure being built. This channel was located to the south and to the west of the area
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and may have been one of the main drainage channels between the estuary and the back swamp. It appeared to have partly silted up prior to the construction of the structure. The structure was radiocarbon dated to 1316‐1436 cal AD (UB6907). The main part of the structure appeared to have a northeast to southwest orientation. It was mostly composed of brushwood branches laid parallel and adjacent to each other, with the addition of some brushwood pieces that ran parallel with the orientation of the structure. The structure consisted of brushwood elements for the most part between 0.35 m and 1.25 m in length and between 0.75 and 2.5 cm in diameter. Numerous smaller brushwood pieces and fragments were incorporated into the structure. There were very few upright pegs or stakes used in a systematic manner. The structure was present to a max depth of approx 0.40 m though a depth of 0.30 m was the average. The lower parts of the structure were identical in composition to the upper parts. This would imply that they were from the same construction phase and that brushwood was deposited until a structure that was adequately raised above the ground surface was achieved. There was a small concentration of parallel brushwood pieces located in the northwest corner of the cutting, but no direct physical association between this concentration and the main structure was recognised. It was approx 1.20 m in length and extended in a northwest/south east direction. It was approx 0.35 m in width and extended beyond the excavated area to the northwest for an unknown distance. A much less well defined section of the structure was recorded to the southeast of the main body of the structure. There was much more of a general spread of brushwood material and occasional larger roundwood elements. This spread may represent a possible platform as it would have represented an area of 3 square metres raised above the ground surface. Of particular interest is that at the northern edge of this spread of material was located a large tree stump 34W4001 that was lying on its side. It survived for a height of approx 0.50 m and was approx 0.30 m in width. The upper portion of the trunk had been removed by metal tools and the stump was wedge shaped. The medullary rays were noticeably prominent from the surrounding tissue. The lower part of the stump had had the roots removed. The stump was lying on its side with the upper trunk pointing towards the south east. Neither the roots nor the upper portion of the trunk was located nearby, this would imply that the trunk stump grew and was processed elsewhere and just this portion was deposited in this cutting. Alder was the dominant wood selected, with lesser amounts of hazel, willow and pomaceous fruitwood. The worked ends were mainly chisel, cut at shallow angles. Three flat facets were recorded, the largest of which was 50 mm long and 48 mm wide. Early Modern Period An area of 330 square metres was topsoil stripped by machine to identify the limits and extent of a brick kiln structure [34509] identified in Contract 2 testing (Wren 2003). This was predominantly composed of orange brown brick dust. No upstanding structure could be determined but the kiln was interpreted as a clamp kiln on the basis of firing and scorch marks and dumps of hand‐made brick wasters. These were temporary rectangular structures constructed from unfired bricks interleaved with fuel (often peat), then dismantled following firing. As with other excavation areas in Site 34, the deposit sequence included a vegetation layer (34008) overlying oxidised clay layers (34001 and 34002) that formed as consequence of reclaimed wetland. The entire structure was accounted for by a use phase of scorched clay and an abandonment phase of dumped brick and debris. The main deposit of orange brown
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brick dust [34509] formed the principle evidence for in situ burning, and this overlies a black layer of burnt clay mixed with orange brick dust (34510). The surrounding clay (34511) was scorched and revealed the stacked pattern of bricks laid in rows side by side, with a small gap between each row to assist air circulation. The possibility remains that these bricks were stacked in this position once fired in an adjacent kiln. The location adjacent to the canalised Strangsmill stream was intended to aid export of finished product whilst also taking advantage of the clay raw material. A charred black clay deposit (34516) resulted from in situ burning during the firing of the kiln. Deposit (34519) was 1 m wide and 7.5 m long and was a subretangular layer of orange colour clay and brick dust. This was fairly loose, and extended to a depth of 0.01 m. Deposit (34520) was similar to the above deposits, and consisted mainly of burnt and scorched clay as a result of in‐situ burning. It was 0.02 m in depth and was fairly loose. A black deposit (34528) was the result of in situ burning and 0.2 m deep. Deposit (24517) was the result of bricks being fired in situ, and although no direct evidence for structure survives, the outline of bricks stacked symmetrically was clearly recorded in plan. It was irregular in plan but was 7.5 m b y 7.5 m at its widest points and 5 mm in depth. The surface was a bright yellow and orange colour as a result of its main inclusion of brick dust. It overlay (34518) which were black in colour and very compact with a maximum depth of 0.02 m. A line of orange and bright yellow stripes (34529) was above this, 1 m wide and 5 m long. A black grey layer of in‐ situ burning (34530) 0.02 m deep was above this. Deposit (34531) was square in plan and located at the eastern end of the main body of the brick kiln. It was visible as scorch marked lines in the surface NNE/SSW 0.25 m wide. This was above a grey black charred deposit (34532) 0.4 m deep, 0.45 m long and 0.5 m wide. An irregular shaped deposit (34515) comprised a mix of brick dust and brick rubble. It was approximately 0.01 m in depth, barely extending beyond the depth of the surface. It had an irregular shape in plan and was 4 m long and 2.5 m wide. A sub‐rectangular layer consisting of broken brick and dust (34527) was 2.5 m wide by 6 m long though less so than the areas thus far mentioned. A dump of broken brick (34505) extended towards the west end of the area consisting of 80% broken brick and 20% clay. It was 0.20 m deep and 2.10 m wide and was overlay by scorched grey clay deposit (34506) that was 0.03 m deep, and the likely result of hot bricks dumped. Above this a grey layer of clay (34537) was recorded, mixed with less than 15% broken bricks. It is clearly visible in section running beyond the limit of excavation. It was 2 m wide and between 0.10‐0.15 m deep and was interpreted as a levelling deposit. A brick dump (34521) in the eastern corner of the structure was 5 m in length, 6 m wide and approximately 0.2 m deep. A series of interleaving dump layers (34532), (34522) 34533) and (34534) were also recorded here and were the result of successive dumping events. Natural Deposits A thin layer of topsoil (34501) covered the area of the brick kiln varying in thickness between 0.5‐0.10 m. It was composed of the same kind of oxidised material covering the rest of the bog, and supported grass vegetation. Immediately below this deposit a grey clay layer (34502) and (34503) was recorded, extending to a similar depth to the rest of the wetland area. A drain feature (34513) was 2.5 m wide and 7.5 m long and was related to modern agricultural drainage post dating the use of the kiln.
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9. Discussion Estuarine archaeology remains poorly understood in Ireland, despite significant results generated by a range of projects worldwide, and a wealth of archaeological information from similar landscapes in Britain and mainland Europe (Bell and Neumann 1997; 1998). The North Munster Project of the Discovery Programme carried out several seasons of inter‐tidal and archaeological work on the Shannon estuary between 1992‐7 (O’Sullivan 2001), but the excavation of Site 34 was one of the first times such a site had been excavated in response to development‐led archaeology in Ireland (but see Carter 2007 for NRA‐funded work on alluvial sediments). As a consequence of no major work having been undertaken in similar conditions, the starting assumption was that this type of landscape was archaeologically marginal and would not reward extensive investigation. The burial environment of wet sites has long been recognised as empirically valuable and potentially more informative than equivalent dryland sites (Gowan 2005). As the majority of artefacts in the past were organic, the optimum preservation of wet sites contains significant evidence of the human presence. And in addition to the artefactual evidence, past ecological habitats and economic practices can be reconstructed through the exceptional preservation of ecofactual evidence. At Newrath a combination of techniques were used in a multi‐proxy investigation undertaken on two monoliths collected from Area 1. These included pollen and non‐pollen palynomorphs, plant macrofossil, wood identification, foraminifera and diatom analyses. This has enabled a detailed reconstruction of the environmental context of the structures at Site 34. The application of techniques derived from archaeological science to wet sites has resulted in detailed empirical and paleoenvironmental studies, but the reliance on over deterministic models of change and human interaction has come under criticism (O’Sullivan and Van de Noort 2007). Estuarine landscapes have traditionally been conceived as neutral environments ripe for exploitation, with archaeological remains explained in terms of cultural adaptation to a rich wetland resource. These perspectives have been challenged by recent moves to consider the ways that aspects of social identity such as status, kinship, ethnicity or gender, may have influenced and been influenced by living and working in wetlands (Van de Noort and O’Sullivan 2006). If people define their sense of self by what they do, then the movement into estuarine salt marshes and fens would have had a powerful structuring influence. Daily life would have been governed by cultural convention relating to the types of work that could be undertaken by individuals or groups and the specific places it could be done. Taking this approach at Newrath has enabled us to emphasise the practical, lived experience of people’s knowledge of the wetland and to situate this within specific cultural and historical contexts. The structures have provided insights into the choices and decisions that people made to create route ways for short‐term access to the wetland. Wood species and tree‐ring studies have demonstrated how people have used materials local to the site, and the multi‐ proxy paleoenvironmental study has allowed us to understand the biographies of these structures in their changing environments. By constructing an onsite history of the human inhabitation of the landscape from the Mesolithic to the present day, and recording the long‐ term formation processes as the landscape changed over time, Newrath can be conceived as a dynamic social stage. Late Mesolithic Mobility
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Mesolithic hunter gathers clearly inhabited wetlands in a range of different ways, but despite this variation the distribution of both excavated sites and stray finds in Ireland indicates a strong emphasis on coastal, alluvial and estuarine sites (Little 2005). This may have been a consequence of restricted movement, with people more likely to travel via the coast of river valleys than through the wooded landscape (Woodman 2006). The artefacts recovered from Site 34 are located at the current fringe of the River Suir and support this interpretation, although during the Mesolithic period the morphology of the river is likely to have been much different than today and probably resembled more of a stream (Carter 2007). It has been suggested by Mitchell (2005) that a dense woodland covered Ireland during the Mesolithic. This would have constrained activities and could be a factor influencing the location of Mesolithic activity at Site 34. Later Mesolithic sites are usually located adjacent to water, reflecting a preference for utilising the rich wetland resource for hunting, fishing and fowling or gathering starch rich roots. As an essentially dryland site at the water’s edge, we can confidently predict that the earliest material will be further out into the wetland area, with later activity moving progressively eastwards in response to rising water levels or encroaching vegetation. As a corollary to this argument, the contemporary active channel of the Strangsmill stream precludes finding later Mesolithic activity beyond a certain point west as this land surface was under considerable depth of water. Given the relatively small area of contemporary ground surface exposed in Areas 1, 3 and 4, and the difficult excavation conditions, the recovery of 5 Later Mesolithic artefacts from the base of the peat cuttings (including two butt‐trimmed forms and one distally‐trimmed example) indicates a significant phase of activity on Site 34 during this period. Although 5 other chipped stone artefacts were recovered, these could not be attributed with certainty to the Later Mesolithic. The varied composition of raw material from which these artefacts were constructed (including high quality flint, landscape. Carboniferous limestone deposits are located to the north of the road scheme and chert could have been sourced from these. Flint may have been traded, or collected from the nearby coast. Rhyolite is known to outcrop at Monvoy, near to Tramore on the Waterford coast, comprising part of the Ordovician/Silurian dated Paratectonic Volcanics of the South East (Green and Zvelebil 1990, cited in Woodman 2006). One of the butt‐trimmed flakes was constructed from mudstone (04E0319:34100:103), and may have been brought from further north. If this were the case it would parallel similar sites in the Bann Valley where this type of raw material was imported in small quantities from adjacent areas (Woodman 2006) The significance of this activity at Site 34 is thrown into relief by the paucity of finds from other sites excavated on the N25. Radiocarbon dated paleoenvironmental evidence from this period is also relatively scarce with information coming from only five sites with an age range spanning from 4997‐4792 cal BC (UB‐6630) to 4492‐4349 cal BC (UB‐6642). These include Rathpatrick (Site 17) and Mullinabro (Site 4) Granny (Site 22) and Newrath (sites 35 and 37), (Gleeson 2006; Wilkins 2006; Wren 2006). Evidence that people were moving through this woodland environment is shown by the charcoal and charred hazel nutshell recovered from the sites mentioned above. Although more ephemeral in nature than some of the archaeology recovered from later periods around Waterford, these features show that people were able to utilise the wild plant resources available both for food and fuel.
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The small‐scale Mesolithic activity recorded at Site 34 fits with this picture. Perhaps taking advantage of local channelling, pools and stream eddies, hunter‐gather groups would have used the dryland/wetland margin for hunting, fishing and fowling or gathering starch‐rich roots. But this activity cannot just be reduced to economic exploitation, as these activities were embedded in many different social practices. Mobility throughout the landscape was bound up with ‘persistent places’ – well known camp or hunting sites revisited episodically, with pre‐agreed rendezvous to meet other social groups and exchange raw materials amidst that years stories. Site 34 was clearly not a ‘persistent place’, though the low level activity could indicate that it was a pathway on the journey up and down valley. Woodman notes that at this point the Suir valley is reminiscent of some of the wider stretches of flood plain in between key points on the River Bann, where similar scatters have been recorded in between key sites. Neolithic Opportunism During the Mesolithic period, this was an open‐water environment, but it was in the process of changing, being steadily colonised by freshwater reed swamp. This created the favourable conditions for a much more established colonisation by Carr woodland —a change recognised in stratigraphic sections at around 3710–3620 BC (GU‐13998) with an associated steady accumulation of sediment that lasted for approximately 600 years. Pollen diagrams indicate that this was at first an oak‐dominated woodland giving way to alder, hazel and other water‐tolerant species (see Appendix 9). Perhaps because tree‐cover at Site 34 was too dense at this time, we have no evidence for human activity during this phase or immediately before it. However, significant Neolithic activity was recorded on two adjacent sites to the east—Sites 35 and 37, which include three structures and a series of three pits with deliberately placed objects of ritual significance (Site 35: NGR 259210 114460, 15 m OD, excavation licence no. 04E0319, approximately 100 m to the east of Site 34; Site 37: NGR 259260 113500, 18 m OD, excavation licence no. 04E288, approximately 150 m to the south‐ east of Site 34). Despite the lack of direct evidence for Neolithic activity at Site 34, evidence from adjacent sites supports the Monolith data for agricultural intensification. This was a significant departure from the Mesolithic life‐way, with small communities dependent on a narrow range of intensively managed food sources. Stable isotopic analysis of Neolithic human remains indicates a general shift in this period from marine to terrestrial diet, shifting from a diet of fish to that dominated by meat, bread and dairy products (see Timpany, Appendix 8). Evidence from sites adjacent to Site 34 corresponds with this picture. Charred cereal grain of emmer wheat has also been found at Newrath (Site 35) with grain here being radiocarbon dated to 3695‐3523 cal BC (UB‐6639). The dated grain was recovered from the fill of a small sub‐circular pit, which also contained charred hazel nutshell and charcoal fragments (unidentified) suggesting the pit was used for the disposal of domestic food waste. Radiocarbon dating of hazel nutshell fragments from the pit produced a near identical date of 3694‐3521 cal BC (UB‐6640) indicating the contemporaneity of the material. Further emmer grain was identified from other pits investigated at the site. Cereal pollen grains have also been identified at Newrath (Site 34) and identified as barley‐type (Hordeum group) and oat/wheat‐type (Avena/Triticum group). On the basis of the identified charred grain it is likely these pollen types represent the cultivation of emmer wheat and naked barley. This episode of cultivation takes place between 3500‐3100 cal BC (SUERC‐14691) and 3370‐3090 cal BC (SUERC‐15499), thus placing it just after the date of the charred grain from Site 35. However,
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the close proximity of the two sites in location and date suggests this agricultural activity may represent a continuous phase of cultivation at Newrath during the Neolithic. However, pollen evidence at Woodstown does indicate that woodland clearance was taking place elsewhere in the Waterford area. Here a decline can be seen in the pollen of both oak and hazel, where oak in particular becomes near absent in the pollen record. This change has been dated as taking place at 1890‐1680 cal BC (Beta‐195833). LOI data shows an increase in mineral sediments during this phase which is thought to indicate the removal of trees on the valley slopes, thus increasing the amount of hillwash (colluvium) entering the valley basin. Prior to this clearance of woodland, cereal pollen types begin to appear in the pollen record together with an increased representation of herbaceous taxa associated with meadow vegetation such as grasses (Poaceae sp), plantains (Plantago sp) and buttercups (Ranunculaceae.sp). Together this assemblage indicates clearance was taking place to obtain land for the cultivation of cereals (Farell and Coxon 2004). Evidence for a marine incursion is the most significant event during this phase, with implications for our understanding of human agency. It is following the initial deposition of silts in Monolith 2 (see results section) that cereal pollen of Hordeum‐group begins to appear at 198 cm (Zone NWB2b). The appearance of cereal pollen in Monolith 2 at this level follows a sharp decline in Quercus pollen at 200 cm when silts begin to be deposited. It is noticeable that cereal pollen of Hordeum‐group and Avena‐Triticum‐group appears consistently during the phase of silt deposition but disappear as [wood] peat begins to accumulate. Timpany (Appendix 9) suggests that this period of agricultural activity and marine transgression are linked. The role of storms in paleoenvironmental records is often underplayed but as Allen (1996, 1998) observes, high winds can have a significant impact on woodlands causing the natural felling of trees and those around it (Blackburn et al, 1988; Denslow et al, 1998). The decline in arboreal taxa identified in the monoliths during this period is likely to be consequence of just such events, with a concomitant impact on the archaeological record as witnessed at Site 35. By opening up the woodland directly adjacent to Site 34, Neolithic people could take advantage of cleared space for agricultural activity. Much less activity was needed to maintain clearings than to create them in the first place, even though experimental work has shown that stone axes could be very effective in felling trees. As tree growth re‐ established, agricultural activity is seen to decrease adjacent to Site 34, indicating that this was an essentially opportunistic endeavour. Bronze Age taskscapes Throughout this period the landscape at Site 34 was in the process of changing, with a gradual replacement of alder‐dominated fen carr with a phragmites‐dominated reed swamp that lasted from 2880–2620 BC (GU‐13997) to 540–370 BC (GU‐13999). A similar environmental change has been identified at other estuarine sites in Britain and Ireland, and is the result of much wetter conditions—both groundwater rise and rising sea levels (Bell 2002). As tree‐cover diminished, the landscape became more accessible, and not surprisingly, we find trackways and platforms at Newrath to aid people’s access across the reed swamp to the water’s edge. In Area 4 evidence for brushwood structures was identified on an old shoreline leading to two substantial timber trackways. The first gave us a date range between of 2200‐1980 BC (UB‐ 6908) and was 3 metres in length and composed of parallel round wood timbers laid side by side. The second structure was 4 meters in length and constructed of thin round woods laid
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Headland Archaeology Ltd: N25 Waterford Bypass, Contract 3, Site 34 Final Report Volume 1
side‐by‐side and secured by upright pegs. Whereas the first trackway was narrow and appeared to cross a small pool, this was considerably wider. It could have functioned as a platform, perhaps for launching boats and we actually found a possible fishing weight nearby. Moving into the Later Bronze Age, the fresh water reed swamp was becoming much more established on Site 34. In Area 3 a burnt mound was situated on a distinct rise of higher, dryer land on the eastern margin of the site. The Area 4 wooden trackways and brushwood platforms were constructed by people to ensure access to and egress from the abundant resources offered by the inter‐tidal wetland. Additionally they would have also worked to enable access to the open water of the river channel. Resources such as fishing and fowling are often mentioned in relation to wetland sites and indeed would have been important resources, but wetlands can also offer a range of plant resources that can also be used to fulfil dietary and construction requirements. The common reed (Phragmites australis) can provide both a dietary and construction resource (i.e. its rhizomes (below ground root) is edible and it may also be used as thatch). That local carr‐ woodland resources were used is evident from the wood used in the construction of the trackways. Wood identifications show alder to have been the main wood type used, with other elements including birch, hazel, willow, ash, oak and dogwood (Cornus sanguinea). Radiocarbon dates from the trackways show they were constructed and used between 2200‐ 1980 cal BC (UB‐6908) and 1488‐1309 cal BC (UB‐6905). These dates correspond well with the cereal dates from Newrath thus highlighting the varied resources that were used by Early Bronze Age people. The structures were constructed in the wetland using local, easily obtained resources. Wood analysis and species identification indicates that dominates the assemblage. Other arboreal taxa utilised for construction include Betula, Corylus avellana, Salix, Fraxinus excelsior, Quercus and Corus sanguine (dogwood), which is absent in the pollen and plant macrofosil assemblages (see Lyons and O’Donnell Appendix 8). The trackways were constructed from small roundwoods, the majority of which were Alder aged between 6‐15 years. The narrow age range may be indicative of woodland management through coppicing, and a small number of coppice heels were identified. Rather than fell the larger trees of the adjacent dryland, it is likely that much smaller wetland species were selected, also explaining the low numbers of Quercus (and Corylus) timbers recorded in trackway construction. Together with wild plant, fish and bird food resources there is also evidence that large grazing animals were present on the wetland during this period. Fungal spores linked to animal dung such as Types 16, 112 (Cercophera sp) and 170 (Rivularia sp) have been identified and linked to this period (van Geel and Aptroot, 2006). These spores could also originate from wild animals so are not necessarily indicative of a domesticated presence. The appearance of Trichuris‐type (whipworm) eggs is of intrinsic significance, but also has social implications. These were identified in Zone NWB2d. They infect a variety of mammals including cattle, sheep, pigs and dogs, but are also one of the commonest human intestinal parasites that inhabit the large intestine, the eggs of which are passed into the faeces of the host (Dark 2004). Dark (2004) has suggested that Trichus‐type eggs from prehistoric wetlands may represent the contamination of food or water from areas where animals and humans congregated. Parasitic eggs identified at the Mesolithic site of Goldcliff East were interpreted as originating from a peripheral area of the site used for defecation. Within Monolith 2 Trichuris‐type eggs occur at approximately 2500‐2290 cal BC (SUERC‐14689), indicating its deposition prior to the main phase of trackway construction when this area could well has been peripheral to other activities.
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Headland Archaeology Ltd: N25 Waterford Bypass, Contract 3, Site 34 Final Report Volume 1
Burnt Mounds are usually located near springs, streams or in marshy areas to fulfil their primary function of boiling water. The burnt mound in Area 3 was no exception to the rule and a relict streambed was identified along the southern boundary, flowing from the higher dry land to the east into the former wetland. It has been established that the function of burnt mound troughs was to boil water but how this water was subsequently utilised is difficult to ascertain. So far no specific evidence has been identified from this excavation to indicate how the hot water was used, and none of the possibilities i.e. cooking, washing, tanning or brewing can be ruled out. The depth of the trough in Area 3 was too shallow for cooking and the stake‐holes made no structural pattern that would indicate a sweat‐lodge, but they may have been used for pegging out textiles after processing, which might explain the shallowness of the trough. No trackways or platforms have been dated to the Late Bronze Age. The rise in grass pollen mentioned above is likely to signal a further expanse of reed swamp across the wetland on the margins of the River Suir. This increase is thought to have occurred as a result of a further rise in sea‐level taking place. Confirmation of the site being affected by marine waters is given by the foraminifera and diatom data, which show the site to now be firmly within the lower part of the upper salt marsh zone. It is unknown whether this hike in sea‐level occurred gradually or rapidly. Either way, it certainly must have affected the lives of the people who inhabited these wetland areas. Rising waters would have made some of the trackways redundant as they were impacted by increased tidal levels and access to the wetland would have become more restricted. This loss of a resource would have had a knock on effect to the communities in the area and may help to explain the apparent near abandonment of the region. Salt marsh grazing in the Iron Age and Medieval Period From the Iron Age onwards, the dynamic changes recognised in the vegetation records for Site 34 are largely driven by sea‐level change. The sea‐level curve (Appendix 9) indicated that during this period a rapid rise in sea level took place resulting in regular inundation. The decline in archaeological structures during the Late Bronze Age may be a response to this. Foraminifera and diatom evidence that Site 34 was becoming increasingly intertidal, and by the Iron Age it had developed into an estuarine salt marsh environment. Tidal influence may have increased, but far from becoming an inaccessible landscape the structures identified in this period indicate that it was a rich and highly valued resource. As in the Bronze Age, Site 34 would have provided resources for fishing, fowling and edible plants. It is also likely the salt marsh area would have been used for the grazing of cattle and sheep, a practice still carried out in similar landscapes today. Saltmarshes provide highly nutritious grazing, particularly for sheep, as the salt helps to prevent the foot rot and liver fluke that normally exclude these animals from damp pastures. The presence of Trichuris‐type eggs in the Monoliths during this period indicate dung at the site, probably representing animals grazing on the reedswamp of the wetland or within the reedswamp/saltmarsh area. The main barrier to access in salt marsh environments is that they are criss‐crossed by a network of steep‐sided creeks that drain the rising tidal waters. To aid movement of livestock trackways and hurdles were required to bridge active and semi‐active creeks, as recorded in Area 1. Wood identifications from the trackways indicate that local carr‐woodland resources continued to be used for construction materials with alder still the main wood species utilised. Other species used include willow, ash, hazel, elder (Sambucus sp) and dog wood, together with oak. The presence of oak and hazel in the construction of the wooden structures
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Headland Archaeology Ltd: N25 Waterford Bypass, Contract 3, Site 34 Final Report Volume 1
across the salt marsh of Newrath indicates the continued presence of oak‐hazel woodland in parts of the landscape. Indeed the pollen evidence from Newrath suggests this woodland remained in the landscape into the medieval period suggesting that in some areas woodland, which may have formed during the Mesolithic, continued to exist in areas on the dryland up until relatively recent times. Evidence that the dryland woodland continued to remain a valuable resource particularly for fuel wood is seen in the charcoal record across eleven sites where either oak and/or hazel charcoal fragments have been identified across a period spanning from 397‐207 cal BC (UB‐6317) to cal AD 1188‐1278 (UB‐6648). Industrial archaeology and reclaimed wetland Evidence for the first use of bricks in Ireland as a fashionable building material can be traced back to the 16th century, when it was used in buildings such as the Ormond manor house at Carrick‐on‐Suir, Co. Tipperary and Bunratty Castle, Co. Clare (Rynne 2006, 166). Over the following centuries brick production grew from a small, limited, and exclusive industry to production on an industrialised scale. This development began in the early modern period, when single‐use structures called ‘clamp kilns’ were used. These were temporary rectangular structures constructed from unfired bricks interleaved with fuel (often peat), then dismantled following firing. Clamp kilns were often located near a source of suitable clay, and a large irregular shaped pond 25 m to the south of the brick kiln is likely to have been the original clay pit. The clay would have been processed on site by removing all stones and worked to a suitable consistency by adding water and trampling under foot (Rynne 2006, 167). The kiln at Newrath was consistent with a pattern of small‐scale use. It was estimated to have been able to fire 20,000 bricks at once, requiring 24 cubic m of clay. Bricks were then formed to set sizes and allowed to dry before the brick clamps were constructed. By stacking unfired bricks in rows (known as benches) with alternate short and long facing sides, or header and stretcher, layers could be built up to 5 m high before firing (Hull 2005, 31). The gaps between the bottom rows of bricks were filled with fuel, including peat and wood, and ignited. The clamps were often covered with peat and allowed to burn for a number of days or weeks resulting in the finished product (ibid). The kiln product could easily have been exported by river, utilising the canalised Strangsmill stream. Site 34 is adjacent to the grounds of Mullinabro house, an estate owned by the Jones family and highly active from the eighteenth to the early twentieth century. This estate was well established by the late eighteenth century when the house and grounds were depicted on Richards and Scale’s map (1764) of Waterford City and environs. In the valley of the Strangsmill Stream to the west there are the remains of a narrow gauge railway, built by the Jones family to service their limestone quarries. It is entirely possible that the kiln product was intended for estate buildings, a further example of the small‐scale use of the wetland that began in the Mesolithic. Conclusion New road developments in southern Ireland are not only improving the infrastructure of the country, improving road safety and meeting the demands of increasing traffic volume; they are also providing a rare opportunity for archaeological and palaeoenvironmental investigations. If wetlands are defined as “any area of land covered by water for part of each
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Headland Archaeology Ltd: N25 Waterford Bypass, Contract 3, Site 34 Final Report Volume 1
year, or each day, or which has been drowned by water at any time of its existence” (Coles 1984) then the likelihood of encountering such landscapes in Ireland is extremely high. But although estuarine landscapes have been the subject of major investigation in Britain and Europe, these landscapes are rarely encountered in the course of development‐led archaeology in Ireland and so have been subject to much less scrutiny. Site 34 demonstrates the potential wetland archaeology that can be encountered by a transect drawn across the landscape – in this case from Kilmeaden in Co. Waterford in the west to Slieverue in Co. Kilkenny to the east. The starting assumption at project design‐stage was that Site 34 was archaeologically marginal and would not reward extensive investigation. The results reported here have directly challenged this assumption. Whilst the overall road scheme strategy for archaeological mitigation must be focussed on dryland environments, the strategy for wet sites should be to assess the potential of the archaeology encountered on the site itself (such as wooden structures) whilst recovering evidence that can put the other sites excavated on the scheme into a broader environmental context (NRA 2006). Adopting this principle from the outset, the recording strategy and paleoenvironmental approach at Site 34 have directly influenced guidelines for all future road schemes, in addition to greatly enhancing our understanding of the Suir estuary and its surrounding environs.
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10. References Bell, M. and Neumann, H. 1998. Intertidal survey in the Welsh Severn estuary. Archaeology in the Severn Estuary 1997. 8: 13‐28. Bell, M. and Neumann, H. 1997. Prehistoric intertidal archaeology and environments in the Severn estuary, Wales. World Archaeology 29(1): 95‐113. Bell, M., Allen J. R.L., Buckley, S., Dark, P. and Haslett, S. K. 2002. Mesolithic to Neolithic coastal environmental change: excavations at Goldcliff East, 2002. Archaeology in the Severn Estuary 12 27‐53. Bennett K.D. (1989) A provisional map of forest types for the British Isles 5000 years ago. Journal of Quaternary Science 4, 2 141‐144. Bradley, R. 2002. The Past in Prehistoric Societies. London and New York: Routledge. Blackburn, P., Petty J. A. and Miller F. 1988. An assessment of the static and dynamic factors involved in withdraw. Forestry 61, 1 29‐43. Bradley, R. and Williams, H. 2005. The Past in the Past: The Reuse of Ancient Monuments Brown, A. G. 2007. Dating the onset of cereal cultivation in Britain and Ireland: the evidence from cereal grains. Antiquity. 81 1042‐1052. Carter, S. C. 2007. Environmental archaeology: two examples from the N25 Waterford City Bypass and the N7 Limerick Southern Ring Road (Phase II). New Routes to the Past, Archaeology and the National Roads Authority Monograph Series 4 47‐60. Coles, J. M. 1984. The Archaeology of Wetlands. Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press. Coles, B. J. and Coles, J. M. 1989. People of the wetlands: bogs, bodies and lake dwellers. London: Thames and Hudson. Cooney, G. 2000. Landscapes of the Neolithic. London: Routledge. Cooney, G. and Eogan G, E. 1994. Irish Prehistory: a social perspective. Dublin: Wordwell. Dark, P. 2004. New evidence for the antiquity of the intestinal parasite Trichuris (whipworm) in Europe. Antiquity. 78 676‐681. Denslow, J. S., Ellison, A. M. and Sanford, R. E. 1988. Treefall gap size effects on above and below ground processes in tropical wet forrest. Journal of Ecology. 86 597‐609. Farrell A. and Coxon P. (2004) N25 Waterford Bypass: Sedimentological and Palaeoenvironmental Investigation of Wetland Area adjacent to Woodstown. Unpublished assessment report, Trinity College Dublin.
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Gowen, M., OʹNeill, J. and Phillips, M (eds.) 2005. The Lisheen Mine Archaeological Project 1996‐ 8. Bray: Wordwell. Hull, G. 2005. Brick kilns. Archaeology Ireland 19 (4) Issue 74. Little, A. 2005. Reconstructing the social topography of an Irish Mesolithic lakescape. In H. L. Cobbs, F. Coward, L. Grimshaw and S. Price (eds.) Investigating prehistoric hunter‐gatherer identities: case studies from Palaeolithic and Mesolithic Europe. Oxford: Archaeopress. Mitchell, F.J.G. 2005. How open were European primeval forests? Hypothesis testing using palaeoecological data. Journal of Ecology 93 168‐177. NRA. 2006. Guidlines for the Testing and Mitigation of the Wetland Archaeological Heritage. Environment Series On Construction Impacts. Dublin. OʹNeill, J. and Plunkett, G. 2007. A Middle Bronze Age occupation site at Ballyarnet Lake, County Derry: the site in its wider context. In J. Barber, C. Clarke, M. Cressey, A. Crone, A. Hale, J. Henderson, R. Housley, R. Sands and A. Sheridan (eds). Archaeology from the wetlands: recent perspectives: Proceedings of the eleventh WARP conference, Edinburgh. Edinburgh, Society of Antiquaries of Scotland. Warp Occasional Paper 18: 175‐82. OʹSullivan, A. 1990. Wood in Archaeology. Archaeology Ireland. 14: 68‐77. OʹSullivan, A. 2001. Foragers, farmers and fishers in a coastal landscape; an intertidal archaeological survey of the Shannon estuary. Dublin: Royal Irish Academy. OʹSullivan, A. and Van de Noort, R. 2007. Temporality, cultural biography and seasonality. In J. Barber, C. Clarke, M. Cressey, A. Crone, A. Hale, J. Henderson, R. Housley, R. Sands and A. Sheridan (eds). Archaeology from the wetlands: recent perspectives: Proceedings of the eleventh Rynne, C. 2006. Industrial Ireland 1750‐1930: An Archaeology. Cork: The Collins Press. van de Noort, R and OʹSullivan, A. 2006. Rethinking Wetland Archaeology. London: Duckworth van Geel B., Hallewas, D. P. and Pals, J. P. 1983. A late Holocene deposit under the Westfriest Zeedjik, near Enkhuizen (Prov. of N‐Holland, The Netherlands): paleoecology and archaeological aspects. Review of Paleobotany and Palynology. 31 269‐335. WARP conference, Edinburgh. Edinburgh: Society of Antiquaries of Scotland. Warp Occasional Paper 18: 67‐77. Woodman, P. 2006. Report on lithics from Site 34 in the Townland of Newrath, Co. Kilkenny. Unpublished Report for Headland Archaeology Ltd. Wren, J. 2003. Report on the Archaeological Assessment of Newrath Townland, N25 Waterford Bypass, Contract 2, Co. Kilkenny. Unpublished Report of Archaeological Development Services Ltd. Wilkins, B. 2005. Summary Report on Archaeological Investigations at Site 34 and 35 in the Townland of Newrath, Co. Kilkenny. Unpublished Report of Headland Archaeology Ltd. Wilkins, B. 2005. Preliminary Report on Archaeological Investigations at Site 34 and 35 in the Townland of Newrath, Co. Kilkenny. Unpublished Report of Headland Archaeology Ltd.
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41
SITE
Waterford
Reproduced from 1996 Ordnance Survey of Ireland 1:50,000 Discovery Series no 76, C Government of Ireland. Licence No. EN 0008102
Brick kiln
Site 35 1
2 Site 34
4
3
4b
0
100 m Headland Archaeology trenches ADS previous trenches CPO Large modern field drains
N
Site 34 Area 1 = 511 m 2 Area 2 = 558 m 2 Area 3 = 445 m 2 Area 4 = 636 m 2 Area 4b = 187 m 2 Brick kiln = 330 m 2 Additional testing Linear trenching = 1195 m
Figure 1 - N25, Waterford Bypass, Contract 3: Site 34, 04E0319, location
Reproduced from 1950 Ordnance Survey of Ireland, Second Edition, Six Inch to One Mile map, Co Kilkenny Sheet 43, C Ordnance Survey of Ireland and Government of Ireland. Licence No. EN 0008108 0008105
SITE
N
0
1000 m
Red box marks the extent of the third panel from Figure 1
Figure 2 - N25 Waterford Bypass, Contract 3: Site 34, 04E0319, Extract from Record of Monuments and Places map
Area 1 structures listed by phase site step (in section)
Mesolithic 34101 34102 34111 34115 34124
34124 mound 34101
A
site step
Bronze Age
34102
34005 34017
B
34111 34115
C 173-174 cal AD (UB-6903) 34014 34005
1680-1500 cal BC (UB-6900)
Iron Age 34006 34007 34014 34015 34018 34029
34007
timber structures seen to continue
2112-1884 cal BC (UB-6902)
34017
E 344-348 cal BC (UB-6903)
F 34029
34006
timber structures seen to continue
34018
D Mesolithic features cut into glacial till 34015 256-414 cal AD (UB-6904)
Area 1
Mesolithic chipped stone findspots Structures Stones Section reproduced for Area 1 in Figure 9
SUMP N
0
10 m
Figure 3 - N25, Waterford Bypass, Contract 3: Site 34, 04E319, Area 1 features and structures
Area 2 structures listed by phase
Area 2
Bronze Age
Medieval
34505 34519
34507 34504
Cutting H Cutting G Cutting I 34504 1324-1441 cal AD (UB6906) 1298-1421 cal AD (UB6465)
34507 1316-1436 cal AD (UB6907)
sump
34505 1488-1309 cal BC (UB6905)
34519 2034-1780 cal BC (UB6464)
sump
sump
Section reproduced 9 for Area 2 in Figure 14
sump
sump sump
rench 19 line of T
sump
sump rench 19 line of T
Section reproduced for Area 2 in Figure 14
Location of bulk samples 34504 timbers continue here (unrecorded) N
0
5m
Figure 4 - N25 Waterford Bypass, Contract 3: Site 34, 04E0319, Area 2 features and structures
341097 341092 341111 341112 341107 341108 341101 341085 341088 341089 341090 341091
341114 341115 341113 341094 341102
Area 3
341117 341116 341100 341086 341087
0
2m
341071
341032
341021
area of cobbles and compacted clay
fulacht material 341051 projected edges of paleochannel 341059
341077 341048
341024 Burnt mound material 341043
N
0
5m
Figure 5 - N25 Waterford Bypass, Contract 3: Site 34, 04E0319, Area 3 featues
drain
341511
Lower area of silty peat
Raised area of woody, fibrous peat 341509
341510
341501 2133-1901 cal BC (UB-6466)
341512 2200-1880 cal BC (UB-6908)
341508
341507
sump 341513
sump
341514 2855-2488 cal BC (UB-6905) Section reproduced for Area 4 in Figure 9 N
0
5m
Location of bulk sample
Figure 6 - N25, Waterford Bypass, Contract 3: Site 34, 04E319, Area 4 structures
flooded
sump
flooded
sump
341522
sump
large timber
341521
sump
Location of bulk sample N
0
5m
Figure 7 - N25, Waterford Bypass, Contract 3: Site 34, 04E319, Area 4b structures
smill
g Stran
m
Strea
34529 34525
dark
t
ligh ker
dar
row n
34509
pink
light
34513
dark
South trench
pink
bricks
34519
North trench
34531
34521
light
light
34505
ge b
34511
light
pink
North trench
dark t ligh
pink
34517
oran
orange brown burnt clay and brick dust
South trench
34523
34515
Test trench
brick dump
34507
34527
34502
34503 exposed peat
N
0
5m
Figure 8 - N25, Waterford Bypass, Contract 3: Site 34, 04E319, Brick Kiln plan
Area 1
Mesolithic Early - Middle Bronze Age Late Bronze Age Iron Age Medieval Dry zone Intermediate zone Deep channel, wet zone
Area 2
Area 3
Area 4
N
Area 4b 0
25 m
Figure 9 - N25 Waterford Bypass, Contract 3: Site 34, 04E0319, Structures, features and deposits by phase
Brick kiln CPO Area
deep
rain
ern d
mod
Area 1
Area 2
ern drain
deep mod
Area 4
odern
deep m
Area 3
drain
Area 4b
0
50 m
N
N2
4
Dry zone Intermediate zone Deep channel, wet zone Headland Trenches Testing Trenches Sample sections (fig 11, 12) Structures Projected continuation of structures
Figure 10 - N25, Waterford Bypass, Contract 3: Site 34, archaeological zones, structures and section locations
Area 1
Area 2
South facing section from Cutting B
From Trench 19, opposite Cutting I
W
E
Area 4
E
W
34008
SE
NW
34008
34001
34001 34002
34071
34002
34062
34074
34070
34045 34037 34065 34035 34037 34013 34033
34063 34035
34036
34039
34009
34069
34004
stone 34045
34004
34043
34057
34060
34042 34021 lower portion of section from Cutting I in Area 2, red level is consistent 34039
the sections used are located on Figure 8, as red triangles and also on the idividual Area Plans, as
34033
34032 0
1m
34004
34034
34004
Figure 11 - N25, Waterford Bypass, Contract 3: Sample sections through deposits from Site 34
A Representational line of channel section
BH301,R301 BH302,R302
‘Prongs’ used to align bore holes accurately into a simulated straight line
BH304 BH306 BH305
Bore-hole locations
BH308 BHCH280
BH307
Location of site section
BH308A
BH310A BH310B BH311
BH311B BHS312 BH311A
D
C B BHS313
BHS314
314 BHS
313
point at which channel deposits rise above present sea level
BHS
BHS 31 BH3 2 11B
11A BH3
BH3
11
10B
BH3
BH3
10A
08A BH3
08 BH3
05 BH3
BH3 06 BH3 BHC07 H2
80
302 02,R
01,R
A
BH3
200 m
BH3
0
301
Channel section
B 0 m OD Present ground surface
dry land in prehistoric eras
Alluvial sediments Glacial till
0 20 40 60 80 100
200
300
400
500
horizontal and vertical scale is consistent
600
700
800
900 900m
Position of Area 2 in plan, relative to bore-hole data in section wetland in prehistoric eras
Trench 19
Site section, vertical axis exagerrated 200%
C
oxidised clay and sod
grey marl
top of trackway
D
accumulated organic sediment
0 m OD Alluvial sediments
Glacial till till
0
25 m
Figure 12 - N25, Waterford Bypass, Contract 3: Site 34, 04E0319, Generalised stratigraphy derived from engineering bore-hole data compared with site section from Trench 19, to show location of archaeology in relation to underlying shelving terrace, accumulated organic sediments and alluvial sediments
Figure 13 - N25, Waterford Bypass, Contract 3: Site 34, 04E319, Mesolithic reconstruction
Figure 14 - N25, Waterford Bypass, Contract 3: Site 34, 04E319, Neolithic reconstruction
Figure 15 - N25, Waterford Bypass, Contract 3: Site 34, 04E319, Early Bronze Age reconstruction
Figure 16 - N25, Waterford Bypass, Contract 3: Site 34, 04E319, Later Bronze Age reconstruction
Figure 17 - N25, Waterford Bypass, Contract 3: Site 34, 04E319, Iron Age reconstruction
Figure 18 - N25, Waterford Bypass, Contract 3: Site 34, 04E319, Medieval reconstruction
Find number: 14 Area 4, Rhyolite blade, weathered
Find number: 106 Area 1, Flint, Obliquely retouched on distal end
Find number: 4 Area 3, Large Rhyolite blade
Find number: 21 Area 4, Rhyolite flake, weathered
Find number: 103 Area 1, Bann flake/ Butt trimmed form
0
5 cm
Figure 19 - N25 Waterford Bypass, Contract 3: Site 34, 04E0319, Late Mesolithic artefacts
0
5 cm
Figure 20 - N25 Waterford Bypass, Contract 3: Site 34, 04E0319, Artefact Find number 13, partially modified stone with hour-glass perforation, broken in antiquity, possibly re-used as a fishing weight
Figure 21 - N25 Waterford Bypass, Contract 3: Site 34, 04E319, Selection of Alder roundwoods, Area 4, Structure 341501 and 341512
Figure 22 - N25 Waterford Bypass, Contract 3: Site 34, 04E319, Alder roundwood, chisel end, Area 1, Structure 34007
Figure 23 - N25 Waterford Bypass, Contract 3: Site 34, 04E319, Felled Ash log 34W4001, Area 2, indicating felling techniques with two opposing notches cut at least 40cm from the ground
Notched ash piece 34W2010, Area 1, structure 34015. Re-used timber from radially cleft, fast grown ash
Notched alder piece 34W1595, Area 1, structure 34014. Re-used timber from log-split alder piece
Figure 24 - N25 Waterford Bypass, Contract 3: Site 34, 04E319, worked wood
Figure 25 - N25 Waterford Bypass, Contract 3: Site 34, 04E319, Rectangular edged jam curve from 34W3524, Area 2, Structure 34504
Figure 26 - N25 Waterford Bypass, Contract 3: Site 34, 04E319, Alder stake, pencil end, structure 34007, Area 1
Plate 1 - Area 1 Cutting A, section, facing north
Plate 2 - Area 1 Cutting A, Structure [34007] in (34039) facing north
Plate 3 - Area 2, showing cuttings I, H and J, facing east
Plate 4 - Area 2 Cutting I, showing marl filled channel [34512] over peat [34004], facing east
Plate 5 - Area 2 Cutting I, showing from base; peat deposit, brown silt, bands of peat interspersed with estuarine silt, facing north
Plate 6 - Area 3, timber lined trough [341077], facing east
Plate 7 - Area 4, showing trackway [341501] in foreground, facing north
Plate 8 - Excavation team cleaning peat from an early medieval platform in Area 2 prior to recording and sampling
Plate 9 - Bronze Age platform in Area 4 being cleaned prior to recording
Plate 10 - Brushwood structure, Area 1, Cutting A, looking west
Plate 11 - Iron Age trackway in Area 1 being drawn to ensure that the exact location of all worked wood was fully recorded
Headland Archaeology Ltd: N25 Waterford Bypass, Contract 3, Site 34 Final Report Volume 1
Context Registers Site 34 Context Register – Area 1 Structures and Cuts Context Area Type Description Number 34005 1 Structure Wooden structure located within cuttings C/D. This was composed of a superstructure of small branches which were on top of larger round‐wood timbers which were laid longitudinal to the structures orientation (north‐ south). Upright pegs were driven in on either side and through the structure to anchor it in position. Metal tool marks have been identified on the worked ends of many of the timbers. The more substantial elements of this structure were located to the north 34006 1 Structure Wooden structure. This was present in the upper level of cutting E. Constructed on a marl deposit (34035), it was composed of substantial amounts of brushwood. This was spread over several square metres, with a noticeable concentration towards the south of the cutting. Metal tool marks have been identified on the worked ends of many of the timbers.
34007
1
Structure
Wooden structure located in cutting A, constructed within the fill of channel [34048]. It was visible as a linear arrangement of brushwood and longer roundwood elements with its long axis oriented north‐south. In addition to the main body of the structure there were a number of other outlying elements associated with the structure, e.g. upright stakes and pegs. Metal tool marks have been identified on the worked ends of many of the timbers.
42
Interpretation This appeared to be a rudimentary togher or track way. The area that was raised above the surface of the peat appeared to have been colonised by shrubby tree growth. There was a definite slope discernible from top at north to base and the end of the structure at south.
This possibly represents an irregular shaped dump/platform of brushwood and some larger roundwood element. Extending north east from this concentration, there was a line of timbers that seemed to have the same orientation as the structure present at the same level in cutting B. Not all of this structure was visible as some was under the baulk. This structure appeared to extend beyond the cutting to both the west and the south, along the orientation of the channel filled by (34039), (34032) and (34026). The structure was substantial enough to have served as a track way or possibly as a platform.
Headland Archaeology Ltd: N25 Waterford Bypass, Contract 3, Site 34 Final Report Volume 1
Context Area Number 34009 1, Cut B
Type
Description
Interpretation
Cut
Cut of small dendritic channel. One of a number of such small channels that were all filled by the same silty fill. These channels display evidence of gradually silting up.
34010
1, Cut B
Cut
Cut of small dendritic channel. See [34009]
34011
1, Cut B
Cut
Cut of small dendritic channel. See [34009]
34014
1
Structure
Wooden structure, initially identified in cutting B. It was present as a linear arrangement of brushwood and roundwoods with its long axis oriented northeast to southwest. There were two distinct phases of this structure, a lower element within the peat (34004) and an upper element that was not directly physically associated it which was situated in peat and marl deposits (34035) and (34013)
34015
1
Structure
Wooden structure identified in cutting F. The structure was visible primarily as a spread of brushwood elements running adjacent and parallel to the west facing baulk of the cutting. There was also a concentration of larger roundwood elements located to the south of the cutting. All elements were in association with the deposit (34035). This structure was relatively shallow in depth and may be related to structure [34006] present in the west of cutting E at a similar level. Metal tool marks were identified on a number of worked wood elements.
Filled by (34036). These small channels appear to have eroded their course out of the deposits (34013) and (34033). Filled by (34036). These small channels appear to have carved their course into the deposits (34013) and (34033). Filled by (34036). These small channels appear to have carved their course into these deposits (34013) and (34033). This structure was constructed well enough to have functioned as a track way. It has a superstructure of loosely interwoven small branches and a substructure of larger roundwood branches. Possible brushwood platform. The relationship with the other structures in the area was unclear as only a small portion of this structure was exposed
43
Headland Archaeology Ltd: N25 Waterford Bypass, Contract 3, Site 34 Final Report Volume 1
Context Area Number 34017 1
34018
1
34029
1
Type
Description
Interpretation
Possible structure may be related to the dump of stony material (34029), which occurs south of the arc of stakes. Structure This was a curvilinear arrangement of Curvilinear arrangement of timbers. Could have timbers located in the northwest of been associated with cutting F. It may have been related to possible track way [34007] the structures [34007] in cutting A to in cutting A and/or the north and to structure [34015] in cutting F. The structure was composed possible brushwood platform [34015] in of brushwood and some larger roundwood elements and was present cutting F. at spit 2 only. Phase 3, (On‐Site Structure? This feature consisted of a dump of stones located in spit level 3 of cutting Stratigraphy) Possible E, specifically on a small area of very hearth. fibrous brown peat, which appears to have had the appearance of a dome of vegetation raised above the surrounding deposits. These stones were too large to have been carried in by water action and formed too discrete a structure so must have been brought here through human agency. There were traces of charcoal present on these stones and they appeared to have been shattered as a result of exposure to intense heat. Structure
This was a possible structure located in Cutting E. It was an arrangement of stakes and may be related to the dump of stone [34029]. It appeared to the north of the cutting and was visible as an arc of stakes. All of these stakes are quite small in diameter (2cm). Metal toolmarks were identified on a number of worked wood elements. A linear arrangement of upright stakes was also located immediately to the south east of the stone dump and extended for two metres to the east into the baulk. It was similar in form to the stakes located to the north of the cutting.
44
Headland Archaeology Ltd: N25 Waterford Bypass, Contract 3, Site 34 Final Report Volume 1
Context Area Number
Type
34048
1
Cut
34072
1
Possible feature
34073
1
Cut
Description
Interpretation
Cut of a large channel filled by (34032) Phase 3, (On‐Site Stratigraphy) in its northern section and by (34026) This channel was in its southern area. This large north identified both in cuttings south running channel was approx 2.20m wide at the top and 0.55m wide A and F. It was also identified in the north at the base. The channel was approx facing baulk of the site 0.65m deep. The measurements were taken from the baulk at the southern edge south. This large channel appeared to have edge of the site. Overall length of channel approx 15m. Extended beyond been silted up prior to the construction of any the excavated area in either direction timber structures Timber concentration in south of Non structural timbers, cutting E. This was indicated on the this was evidence of tree plan as [34017]. This is incorrect, and it growth on the peat. It was probably natural tree growth that appears that the tree died had died in situ. in situ and was covered by peat growth. Cut of channel visible in section # 9, Small dendritic channel filled by (34036), area 1 cut A similar to [34009]
Site 34 – Area 1 Extension/Mesolithic Context Area Type Description Number 34100 1‐Ext Deposit Pale grey/brown silty clay with organic inclusions. 34101 1‐Ext Cut Sub circular/irregular shape in plan with concave sides and flat base.
34102
1‐Ext
Cut
34103
1‐Ext
Fill
34104
1‐Ext
Fill
34105
1‐Ext
Fill
34106
1‐Ext
Fill
34107
1‐Ext
Fill
Irregular shape with irregular sides and base.
Interpretation Cut of possible pit or tree bole. Filled by (34105) to (34110)
Cut of a shallow burnt pit/spread. Filled by (34103) and (34104). Blackish brown peat with frequent Upper fill of small charcoal inclusions. Loose compaction. shallow pit [34102]. Grey/brown sandy clay. Firm Lower fill of small compaction. shallow pit [34102]. Mid brown peat with occasional fine Fill of possible pit or tree pebble and angular stone inclusions. bole [34102] Moderate compaction. Dark brown peat with occasional fine Fill of possible pit or tree pebble inclusions. Moderate bole [34102] compaction. Mid brown/grey silty clay with Fill of possible pit or tree occasional pebble and medium angular bole [34102]
45
Headland Archaeology Ltd: N25 Waterford Bypass, Contract 3, Site 34 Final Report Volume 1
Context Area Number
Type
34108
1‐Ext
Fill
34109
1‐Ext
Fill
34110
1‐Ext
Fill
34111
1‐Ext
Cut
34112
1‐Ext
Deposit
34113
1‐Ext
Deposit
34114
1‐Ext
Deposit
34115
1‐Ext
Cut
34116
1‐Ext
Deposit
34117
1‐Ext
Fill
34118
1‐Ext
Fill
34119
1‐Ext
Deposit
34120
1‐Ext
Deposit
34121
1‐Ext
Deposit
Description
Interpretation
stone inclusions. Mid brown /grey silty sandy clay with moderate inclusions of large stones. Moderate compaction. Mid brown peat with very occasional large stone inclusions. Moderate compaction. Grey/light brown silty clay/peat with frequent medium and large stone inclusions. Moderate to firm compaction. Linear shape in plan with steep sides and rounded base.
Dark brown sandy loam. Firm compaction. Light to mid brown/grey fine sandy silty with very occasional flecks of charcoal and occasional small rounded fragments of limestone and root material inclusions. Firm compaction. Mid brown/grey fine sandy silt with occasional small rounded fragments of limestone and moderate root material inclusions. Moderate compaction. Irregular shape in plan. Steep sides at northeast and south and becoming more gradual elsewhere. Uneven base. Brownish grey silty clay. Moderate compaction. Deposit was originally part of [34124], later slumping into the [34101]. Dark grey/brown silty clay loam with occasional charcoal inclusions. Firm compaction. Pinkish mid to pale grey/brown silty clay loam with frequent stone inclusions of various sizes. Firm compaction. Light grey fine sand with no inclusions. Very loose compaction. Light grey/brown sandy silt. Friable. Occasional stone (3cm) inclusions. Very loose compaction. Light grey fine sandy silty clay with frequent root material inclusions. Very
46
Fill of possible pit or tree bole [34102] Fill of possible pit or tree bole [34102] Fill of possible pit or tree bole [34102]
Cut of possible pit. Could be naturally formed by water flow. Filled by (34117), (34118) and (34125) Deposit fill of [34111], same as [34117]. Possibly upcast redeposited natural which formerly occupied the space within a tree bole. Mixture of peat and redeposited glacial till.
Cut of tree bole. Filled by (34113) and (34114). Deposit containing a mixture of peat from cut [34101] and mound [34124]. Fill of [34111]
Primary fill of [34111].
Lowest deposit of mound 34124. Deposit in mound 34124. Above (34119). Deposit in mound 34124. Above (34121).
Headland Archaeology Ltd: N25 Waterford Bypass, Contract 3, Site 34 Final Report Volume 1
Context Area Number
Type
34122
1‐Ext
Deposit
34123
1‐Ext
Deposit
34124 34125
1‐Ext 1‐Ext
Deposit Deposit
Description
Interpretation
loose compaction. Dark brown medium sand with very frequent root material inclusions. Very loose compaction. Light grey gritty, sandy silt with frequent root inclusions and occasional small stone inclusions. Mound 3m x 0.70m. 0.60m depth. Dark brown silty loam with occasional decayed, bluish stone inclusions. It contained frequent charcoal. Moderately loose compaction.
Site 34 Context Register –Area 2 Structures Context Area Type Description Number 34504 2 Structure This structure was located in the central cutting H. In the main part it was a continuous linear spread of brushwood with its long axis orientated north‐south. It extended beyond the cutting to the south and may extend under the baulk to the west to join up with the structure [34507] in cutting I. The centre of the structure appeared to have been expanded into a type of platform constructed of the same type of brushwood as the main body of the track way. Metal toolmarks were identified on worked wood elements found throughout the structure.
34505
2
Structure
Deposit in mound 34124.
Deposit in mound 34124.
A mound of redeposit. Charcoal rich fill of possible pit [34111].
Interpretation
Possibly a wooden togher or track way which expanded in the middle to form a possible platform. Possible brushwood track This structure was located in the eastern part of cutting G. It consisted way or platform. of a series of upright vertical posts and pegs, concentrations of brushwood and less dense concentrations of larger roundwood elements. There were three distinct concentrations of brushwood in this structure. Metal toolmarks were identified on worked wood elements found throughout the structure
47
Headland Archaeology Ltd: N25 Waterford Bypass, Contract 3, Site 34 Final Report Volume 1
Interpretation
Context Area Number 34507 2
Type
Description
Structure
34512
2
Cut
This structure was located in the westernmost cutting, cutting I. The main part of the structure appeared to have a northeast to southwest orientation and was mostly composed of brushwood branches laid parallel and adjacent to each other. Metal toolmarks were identified on worked wood elements found throughout the structure Cut of channel in cutting I
34519
2
Structure
This structure was located in cutting G, beneath the structure [34505] and may be a part of its substructure. It is composed of large upright posts that were driven into the glacial till (34021). Metal toolmarks were identified on several of these pieces.
Site 34 – Area 2 Extension Context Register Context Area Type Description Number 34601 2‐Ext Cut Rectangular shape in plan. Irregular profile with gentle break of slope at base and a flat base. 34602 2‐Ext Fill Blue/grey clay. Moderate compaction with frequent charcoal flecks throughout. 34603 2‐Ext Fill Black, charcoal rich fill of [34601]. Loose compaction. 34604
2‐Ext
Fill
34605
2‐Ext
Deposit
34606
2‐Ext
Deposit
34607
2‐Ext
Deposit
34608
2‐Ext
Deposit
Possible brushwood platform and or Track way
Channel contained a light to mid grey pure marl deposit Possibly a substructure of structure [34505].
Interpretation
Cut of burnt pit. Filled by (34602), (34603), (34604), (34608) Fill of a shallow pit [34601] that had burning in situ. Fill of a shallow pit [34601] that had burning in situ. Black, brown, pinkish brown (due to in Fill of a shallow pit situ burning) sandy loam. Moderate [34601] that had burning compaction. Very occasional large in situ. stone inclusions (5%). Light brown silt deposit. Probably just a variation of the sandy loam natural. An orange streaked grey clay deposit ‐ Probably just a variation occurs as a circular shape in plan. of the sandy loam natural. A light brown sandy loam. Probably just a variation of the sandy loam natural Light brown sandy, clayey silt with Lens in a shallow pit, yellow tints. Loose compaction. No [34601], that had burning inclusions. in situ.
48
Headland Archaeology Ltd: N25 Waterford Bypass, Contract 3, Site 34 Final Report Volume 1
34609
2‐Ext
Deposit
A concentration of small cylindrical finds/samples. Find #’s 34601‐34604. Site 34 Context Register – Area 3 Context Area Type Description Number 34008 3 Deposit Topsoil layer composed of topsoil vegetation. 341002 3 Deposit Yellow white clay with orange flecking, below (31008) 341003 3 Deposit Light grey silty clay with 20% orange flecking, below (341002) 341004 3 Deposit Black slag/mineral deposit over charcoal rich burnt stone deposit
341005
3
Deposit
Very compact mid grey/white clay (ash?) immediately above (341006)
341006
3
Deposit
Charcoal rich burnt stone
341007
3
Fill
Dark brown silty clay.
341008
3
Cut
341009
3
Fill
Curvilinear feature in plan with an irregular profile. Top fill of possible trough in the SE quadrant
341010
3
Deposit
Irregular in plan. Light yellow brown sandy clay.
341012
3
Fill
Dark grey sandy silt
341013
3
Cut
341014
3
Fill
Oval shape in plan with steeply sloping sides (75 degrees). Concave base. Grey sandy silt, medium compaction
341015
3
Cut
341017
3
Cut
341018
3
Fill
Probably natural but maybe anthropogenic.
Interpretation Topsoil Subsoil Subsoil Mineralised deposit that post dates the deposition of charcoal rich burnt stone. Possibly manganese. Ash deposit. This may be evidence for the in situ burning heating of the stones on the mound of discarded burnt stone fragments Fragmentary heat shattered stone mixed with charcoal clay and ash. Fill of [341008] Cut of curvilinear feature, filled by (341007) This is the top deposit in the burnt mound spread Deposit, including slag, mineral rock and some quartz. Fill of possible stakehole [341013] Cut of possible stakehole. Filled by (341012)
Fill of possible stakehole [341015] Oval/sub circular in Very gradual slope Cut of possible stakehole. on sides. Very shallow. Filled by (341014) Sub circular in plan. Steep slope (75 Cut of possible stakehole. degrees). Concave base. Filled by (341018) Grey sandy silt with charcoal Fill of possible stakehole
49
Headland Archaeology Ltd: N25 Waterford Bypass, Contract 3, Site 34 Final Report Volume 1
Context Area Number
Type
Description
Interpretation
inclusions. Medium compaction. Dark grey silty clay with wood and charcoal inclusions. Medium compaction.
[341017] Possible redeposit, overlapping wood, charcoal and wood lined pit. Wood most likely invasive roots etc Deposit or possible shallow pit Cut of possible pit.
341019
3
Deposit
341020
3
Deposit
Medium grey sandy silty clay.
341021
3
Cut
341022
3
Fill
341023
3
Cut
341024
3
Cut
341025
3
Deposit
341026
3
Deposit
Linear feature with irregular edges. Stone lined base. Mid grey sandy silty clay with some charcoal flecking. Very loosely compacted. Linear shape in plan. Gradually sloping sides with flat base. Sub circular in plan with gradually sloping sides with concave base. Dark grey clayey sand with burnt and heat shattered stone inclusions. Loosely compacted. Yellow with orange and grey mottling, sandy silt with charcoal and burnt stone inclusions. Fairly loose compaction.
341027
3
Deposit
341028
3
Deposit
341029
3
Cut
341030
3
Deposit
341031
3
Deposit
341032
3
Cut
341033
3
Deposit
341034
3
Deposit
Orange/brown sandy silt with charcoal inclusions. Medium compaction. Orange/brown clayey silt. Fairly loose compaction. Almost oval shape in plan. Gradual to steep slope at sides with flat base. Yellow/black sandy clay with charcoal inclusions. Hard compaction. Irregular in plan. Grey silty clay with charcoal, brushwood and gravel inclusions. Firm compaction. Irregular/oval shape in plan. Gradual slope on sides with flat base. Located on raised area to north of paleochannel. Area consisted of well compacted clay and sub rounded stones set into a slight natural depression Light grey with yellow mottling with charcoal and frequent stone inclusions. Light grey silty clay with charcoal and ash inclusions. Very loosely
50
Fill of [341023]
Cut of linear feature. Filled by (341022) Cut of possible pit. Fill of pit [341024]
Fill of [341059] These may not be a separate feature. They may be part of the burnt mound that has filled a natural hollow Same as above Same as above Possible posthole. Filled by (341030) Fill of possible posthole [341029] Irregular shaped spread of silty clay. Possible metalled/cobbled area. This may be a work area related possibly to the wood lined trough located to the south west Related to (341032) Secondary fill of linear cut [341023]
Headland Archaeology Ltd: N25 Waterford Bypass, Contract 3, Site 34 Final Report Volume 1
Context Area Number
Type
341035
3
Cut
341036
3
Fill
341037
3
Cut
341038
3
Fill
341039
3
Cut
341040
3
Fill
341041
3
Cut
341042
3
Fill
341045
3
Fill
341046
3
Fill
341047
3
Cut
341049
3
Deposit
341050
3
Cut
341051
3
Cut
341052
3
Fill
341053
3
Fill
341054
3
Fill
341055
3
Fill
341057
3
Fill
341059
3
Cut
Description
Interpretation
compacted. Small, oval shape in plan. Gradually sloping sides with flat base. Grey/pink sandy clay with charcoal and small stone inclusions. Small, oval shape in plan with concave base. Black/grey sandy clay with charcoal inclusions. Hard compaction. Small, oval shape in plan. Gradually sloping sides with concave base. Black/grey sandy clay with charcoal inclusions. Hard compaction. Small, oval shape in plan. Gradually sloping sides with flat base. Grey/yellow/pink sandy clay with charcoal and heat effected stone inclusions. Hard compaction. Dark brown/black sandy clay with charcoal and heat shattered stone inclusions. Grey sandy silt with charcoal and burnt stone inclusions. Oval shape in plan with gradually sloping sides. Flat base, sloping gently towards south west. Black sandy silt with charcoal, ash and burnt stone inclusions. Medium compaction. Rectangular shape in plan with steep sides and flat base. Shallow. Oval shape in plan. Gradually sloping sides with irregular base. Black/grey silty clay with charcoal and burnt stone inclusions. Loosely compacted. Grey with orange/yellow mottling. Clayey silt. Moderately compacted. Grey sandy silt. Loose compaction. Yellow/light brown with burnt stone inclusions. Loose compaction. Grey, coloured by iron oxidation. Sandy clay. Moderate to hard compaction. Sub circular shape in plan. Gradually sloping sides with regular flat base.
51
Cut of possible posthole. Filled by (341036) Fill of possible posthole [341035] Cut of possible posthole. Filled by (341038) Fill of possible posthole [341037] Cut of possible posthole. Filled by (341040) Fill of possible posthole [341039]. Cut of possible posthole. Filled by (341042) Fill of possible posthole [341041] Fill of pit [341047]
Fill of [341047] Cut of pit. Filled by (341046) and (341045). Related to the heating of the burnt stones, possible hearth Cut of trench. Filled by (341062) and (341070). Cut of possible pit. Filled by (341052) Charcoal rich fill of possible pit [341051] Fill of pit [341047] Fill of pit [341047]. Possible redeposit wash. Fill of pit [341047]. Possible redeposit wash. Fill of pit [341047]
Cut of possible pit containing charcoal and burnt stone. Filled by
Headland Archaeology Ltd: N25 Waterford Bypass, Contract 3, Site 34 Final Report Volume 1
Context Area Number
Type
341060
3
Fill
341061
3
Fill
341062
3
Deposit
341063
3
Deposit
341064
3
Deposit
341065
3
Deposit
341066
3
Deposit
341067
3
Deposit
341068
3
Deposit
341069
3
Deposit
341070
3
Fill
341071
3
Cut
Description
Interpretation
(341060) Very light grey silty clay. Loosely Fill of possible pit compacted. [341059] Light grey sand with orange mottling Fill of possible pit and charcoal inclusions. Very loosely [341059] compacted. Mid grey with orange mottling (caused Uppermost deposit in the by oxidation). Silty clay with very north east side of the occasional inclusions of brushwood paleochannel in the and charcoal flecking. Mid to firm southwest quadrant. compaction. Orange brown silty sandy gravel. Deposit related to Medium compaction. paleochannel Mid grey clayey sand with very Deposit related to occasional charcoal flecking, paleochannel brushwood and roots and small sub angular stone inclusions. Medium compaction. Mid yellowish brown with very Deposit related to occasional charcoal inclusions. Loose paleochannel compaction. Mid brownish grey silty sand with Deposit related to very occasional charcoal flecking and paleochannel undecayed organic material. Mid brownish grey silty sand with Deposit related to paleochannel very frequent undecayed organic material and very occasional charcoal flecking and coarse sand. Medium compaction Mid grey brown silty sand with very Deposit related to frequent coarse gravel. Loose paleochannel ompaction. Mid grey brown silty sand with Deposit related to frequent undecayed organic remains paleochannel and very occasional charcoal flecking. Medium compaction. Mid yellowish grey sandy clay with Deposit relating to orange mottling due to oxidation, paleochannel containing very occasional undecayed organic material and very occasional charcoal flecking. Mid to firm compaction. Sub circular shape in plan with Cut of possible pit/trough irregular, gradually sloping sides. Flat, containing charcoal and slightly irregular base. wood. Filled by (341072)
52
Headland Archaeology Ltd: N25 Waterford Bypass, Contract 3, Site 34 Final Report Volume 1
Context Area Number
Type
341072
3
Fill
341073
3
Fill
341074
3
Fill
341075
3
Deposit
341076
3
Cut
341077
3
Cut
341078
3
Fill
341079
3
Fill
341080
3
Fill
341081
3
Fill
341082
3
Fill
Description
Interpretation
Light grey silty clay with charcoal and burnt stone inclusions. Loose compaction. Very dark grey clay with brown mottling and burnt/heat shattered stone inclusions. Loosely compacted. Dark grey silty clay with 5% sand inclusions, occasional burnt stone and frequent charcoal inclusions. Very loosely compacted. Black, charcoal rich sandy clay with burnt stone inclusions. Loose compaction. Circular shape in plan with gradually sloping sides. Flat even base. Rectangular cut of timber lined trough. Cut into edge of east west running paleochannel at south of area 3. Trough at south was cut into natural yellowish clay deposit and at north it was cut into silty sand most likely deposited by the paleochannel. Roughly half of the trough was in each deposit. Dimension of cut for trough, east west 1.65.m approx. The trough was wider at its eastern end 0.95m than its western 0.70m. The base of the trough consisted of a two well made large planks. The larger of which, located to the north, was doweled into position. Dark brown/black sandy clay with very frequent charcoal and stone inclusions. Very loosely compacted. Dark brown/black sticky sandy clay with inclusions of charcoal chunks. Very loosely compacted. Dark brown/black sticky sandy clay with very frequent charcoal inclusions. Very loosely compacted. Dark brown/black sandy clay with very frequent charcoal inclusions and occasional burnt stone inclusions. Very loose compaction. Dark brown/black sandy, silty clay with very frequent charcoal inclusions and occasional small stone inclusions.
53
and (341073). Fill of possible pit/trough [341071] Fill of possible pit/trough [341071] Fill of pit [341059]. Burnt deposit west of possible trough [341032] and above wood lined trough, [341077]. Pit This trough was quite shallow. At most the timbers survived to a height of 0.17m above the base of the cut. The fill of the trough consisted of a compact mass of small burnt stone fragments, charcoal and washed in silt and sand. It was unclear as to whether the trough had originally been deeper and had been truncated of eroded by later activity Fill of possible posthole [341085] Charcoal rich fill of possible posthole [341086]. Charcoal rich fill of possible posthole [341087] Charcoal rich fill of possible posthole [341088]
Charcoal rich fill of possible posthole [341089]
Headland Archaeology Ltd: N25 Waterford Bypass, Contract 3, Site 34 Final Report Volume 1
Context Area Number
Type
341083
3
Fill
341084
3
Fill
341085
3
Cut
341086
3
Cut
341087
3
Cut
341088
3
Cut
341089
3
Cut
341090
3
Cut
341091
3
Cut
340192
3
Cut
341093
3
Fill
341094
3
Cut
341095
3
Fill
341096
3
Fill
341097
3
Cut
341099
3
Deposit
Description
Interpretation
Very loose compaction. Dark brown/black sandy silty clay with very frequent charcoal inclusions and occasional small stone inclusions. Very loosely compacted. Dark brown/black silty sandy clay with moderate charcoal inclusions and occasional small stone inclusions. Very loosely compacted. Sub circular in plan with steeply sloping sides (80 degrees) and concave base. Circular shape in plan with steeply sloping sides and concave but uneven base. Sub circular to oval in plan with steeply sloping sides and a flat uneven base. Oval shape in plan with steeply sloping sides and uneven, concave base Circular shape in plan with steeply sloping sides and a concave base. Very irregular shape in plan and irregular profile – steep slope on all sides. Flat base. Circular shape in plan with steeply sloping sides. Concave base. Circular shape in plan, steep sides and concave base. Packing stone at base. Black silty sandy clay with very frequent charcoal, occasional burnt stone inclusions. Loosely compacted. Circular shape in plan. Steep slope on sides with concave base. Black silty sandy clay with very frequent charcoal inclusions and occasional burnt stone inclusions. Black/dark grey sandy clay with very frequent charcoal inclusions and occasional heat effected stone inclusions. Loosely compacted. Circular to oval shape in plan with irregular profile. Flat base. Dark brown sandy silty clay with occasional charcoal inclusions. Loosely compacted.
54
Charcoal rich fill of possible posthole [341090]
Charcoal rich fill of possible posthole [341091] Cut of possible posthole. Filled by (341078) Cut of possible posthole. Filled by (341079). Cut of possible posthole. Filled by (341087) Cut of possible stake hole. Filled by (341081) Cut of possible stakehole. Filled by (341082) Cut of possible posthole. Filled by (341083) Cut of possible stakehole. Filled by (341084) Cut of possible posthole. Filled by [341093]. Charcoal rich fill of possible stake hole [341092] Cut of possible posthole. Filled by (341095) Charcoal rich fill of possible posthole [341094] Charcoal rich fill of possible posthole [341097]
Cut of possible posthole. Filled by(341096) This material was adjacent to the trough and a fill within the paleochannel.
Headland Archaeology Ltd: N25 Waterford Bypass, Contract 3, Site 34 Final Report Volume 1
Context Area Number 341100 3
Type
Description
Interpretation
Cut
341101
3
Cut
341102
3
Cut
341103
3
Fill
Cut of possible stake hole. Filled by (341103) Cut of possible stake hole. Filled by (341104) Cut of possible stake hole. Filled by (341105) Charcoal rich fill of possible stake hole [341100]
341104
3
Fill
341105
3
Fill
341107
3
Cut
Circular shape in plan with steep sides. Round tapered. Circular shape in plan with steep sides. Round tapered. Circular shape in plan. Steep sides. Round tapered. Black/grey/brown/yellow mix. Sandy silty clay with very frequent charcoal and packing stone inclusions. Loosely compacted. Black/grey/brown/yellow mix. Silty sandy clay with charcoal inclusions (30%) and burnt stone inclusions (30%). Black/very dark grey/brown/yellowish mix. Silty clay with charcoal (20%), burnt stone (5%) and small stone inclusions (5%). Circular shape in plan. Round tapered.
341108
3
Cut
Circular shape in plan. Round tapered.
341109
3
Fill
341110
3
Fill
341111
3
Cut
Grey/black silty clay with moderate charcoal inclusions (30%). Loosely compacted. Yellow/black silty clay with charcoal (40%) and burnt stone (30%) inclusions. Loosely compacted. Oval shape in plan. V‐tapered.
341112
3
Cut
Circular shape in plan. Round tapered.
341113
3
Cut
Circular shape in plan. Round tapered.
341114
3
Cut
Circular shape in plan. V‐tapered.
341115
3
Cut
Circular shape in plan. Round tapered.
341116
3
Cut
341117
3
Cut
Oval shape in plan. Steep side. U‐ shaped profile. Oval shape in plan. Irregular profile.
341118
3
Fill
341119
3
Fill
Grey silty clay with charcoal inclusions (20%). Hard compaction. Black/grey silty clay with charcoal
55
Charcoal rich fill of possible stake hole [341101] Charcoal rich fill of possible stake hole [341102] Cut of possible stake hole. Filled by (341109) Cut of possible stake hole. Filled by (341110) Charcoal rich fill of possible stake hole [341107] Charcoal rich fill of possible stake hole [341108]. Cut of possible stake hole. Filled by (341118) Cut of possible stake hole. Filled by (341119) Cut of possible stake hole, Filled by (341120) Cut of possible stake hole. Filled by (341121) Cut of possible stake hole. Filled by (341122) Cut of possible stake hole. Filled by (341123). Cut of possible stake hole. Filled by (341124) Fill of possible stake hole [341111} Charcoal rich fill of
Headland Archaeology Ltd: N25 Waterford Bypass, Contract 3, Site 34 Final Report Volume 1
Context Area Number
Type
341120
3
Fill
341121
3
Fill
341122
3
Fill
341123
3
Fill
341124
3
Fill
Description
Interpretation
(40%) and very small burnt/heat effected (30%) inclusions. Black/grey silty clay with charcoal (40%) and very small burnt/heat effected stone inclusions. Loosely compacted. Black/grey silty clay with charcoal (50%) and very small burnt/heat shattered stone (40%) inclusions. Black/grey silty clay with charcoal (60%) and very small burnt stone (30%) inclusions. Loosely compacted. Black/grey/yellow silty clay with charcoal (40%) inclusions. Loosely compacted. Black/grey/yellow silty clay with charcoal inclusions (30%). Loosely compacted
possible stake hole [341112]. Charcoal rich fill of possible stake hole [341113]
Site 34 – Area 4 and 4B Structures Context Type Type Description Number 341501 4 Structure This structure was a large timber track way comprised of 8 large roundwoods that were laid parallel to each other. The superstructure as described was placed on top of a smaller transverse roundwood timber located under the western end of the track way. The structures long axis was oriented north, northeast to south, southwest. To either end of this section of parallel roundwoods were smaller parallel timbers and some upright elements that secured them in position. To the west of the central section the structures direction veers towards the south. All of these timbers exhibited toolmarks made by metal axes/adzes. 341507
4
Structure
Charcoal rich fill of possible stake hole [341114] Charcoal rich fill of possible stake hole [341115] Charcoal rich fill of possible stake hole [341116] Charcoal rich fill of possible stake hole [341117]
Interpretation
A large timber track way comprised of 8 large roundwoods. This structure also contained two less well constructed portions, one at the west and one at the east. The eastern element may be connected to the structure [34009] located on the raised peat area to the east of the site. To the west of the parallel timber section, the structure was comprised of smaller less well put together elements This structure was located on the Possible brushwood raised eastern part of the area and platform. consists mainly of a small brushwood concentration and a small number of upright stakes and pegs. It was a shallow structure, roughly ovate/circular in shape. Several timbers
56
Headland Archaeology Ltd: N25 Waterford Bypass, Contract 3, Site 34 Final Report Volume 1
Context Type Type Number
Description
Interpretation
exhibit metal toolmarks
341508
4
Structure
341509
4
Structure
341510
4
Structure
341511
4
Structure
341512
4
Structure
A small platform This structure was located on the measuring 1.5m in width raised eastern part of the area. The and 1.6m in length. upper part of this structure consisted of a dense concentration of small brushwood elements which formed a roughly oval shape. Beneath this upper brushwood concentration were located a number of large sub structural roundwoods. Numerous small upright stakes were found within and adjacent to the structure. several elements bore evidence of metal toolmarks This structure consisted of upright Possible platform/small posts and a concentration of track way running in the brushwood and larger roundwood direction of track way elements. [341501]. This structure was located in the Possible platform/small northern part of the raised area at the track way. east of the excavated area and was composed mainly of a brushwood concentration visible only at spit 1. This structure was located in the north Possible brushwood eastern part of the site. It consisted of a platform. possible brushwood platform with a less dense concentration of brushwood and upright posts extended to the west. This was a shallow structure, 0.10m deep approximately. Several upright stakes were present in and near this structure. This structure was either This structure was located in the west a small track way or a of the cutting. It was composed of platform. brushwood and some larger roundwood elements laid parallel and adjacent to each other and there were several upright stakes driven through the structure to anchor these into position. Metal tool marks were identified on a number of worked wood elements.
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Headland Archaeology Ltd: N25 Waterford Bypass, Contract 3, Site 34 Final Report Volume 1
Context Type Type Number
341513
4
Structure
341514
4
Structure
341521
4B
Structure
341522
4B
Structure
Description
Interpretation
This structure was situated adjacent to This structure was a potential small togher or and extending beyond the southern track way. limit of excavation of the site. It was composed of 2 main parts, a lower substructure, which comprised of a large dark coloured timber laid horizontally, and an upper superstructure which consisted of light coloured branches and brushwood that were loosely interwoven together and placed on top of the substructure. Possible togher extending This structure was a linear beyond the limit of arrangement of parallel roundwood excavation to the south. elements which extend in a north‐ Although only a small south orientation form the site edge amount of this structure baulk in a southerly direction. In was uncovered, its addition to the parallel roundwoods there was also a scatter of brushwood stratigraphic location and elements extending to the north in the the manner of its direction of structure [341501]. Of construction all indicate that it was contemporary particular interest is the arc of four with the other trackway upright posts that extended from the northern edge of [341514] towards the and platform elements in this area. southern edge of the large trackway [341501]. This structure was located to the south Possible brushwood/roundwood excavated area 4. It consisted of a platform or track way. linear structure composed of This structure was not brushwood and larger roundwood excavated in its entirety. elements laid together horizontally with their long axis respecting the structures orientation. A number of upright pegs and stakes were located within the linear structure and others were located nearby. Possible brushwood This structure was located in the platform/track way. northern part of area 4B. It was composed of both horizontal and upright elements. The horizontal elements consisted of discontinuous parallel roundwoods which extended in a north south direction. There were also a number of associated roundwood and brushwood elements as well as numerous upright stakes and posts. Metal toolmarks were
58
Headland Archaeology Ltd: N25 Waterford Bypass, Contract 3, Site 34 Final Report Volume 1
Context Type Type Number
Description
Interpretation
evident on a number of worked wood elements. Site 34 context registers – Wetland deposit registers Context Area Type Description Number Colour: Light/mid grey with 34001 1, 2 Deposit and 4 orange/brown mottling and also black mottling. Mottling : Orange brown mottling: • Abundance = many 20‐40% • Size = very fine, 1‐2 mm • Contrast = distinct • Sharpness = diffuse, >2mm transition Consistence: Resistance to soil rupture is strong/moderately strong. Structure: Strongly developed, sub angular, blocky (mixed rounded, flattened faces with many rounded vestrues). Boundary : of (34001), (34008) • Distinctness = gradual • Zone of uncertainty = 50‐150mm • Form = irregular Pores and voids: Very fine fissures, very fine macropores. Root and plant remains : Moderate amount of intrusive living roots from topsoil layer, becoming less frequent in the lower part of the deposit
34002
1, 2 Deposit and 4
Colour: Predominantly blue/grey with orange mottling. Mottling : Orange rust coloured • Abundance = Very many >40% • Size = medium to coarse >5cm • Contrast = prominent • Sharpness = clear <2mm transition Texture : Silty clay loam (very adhesive) Fibre content = <5%. No stones. Consistence: Resistance to soil rupture = very firm. Structure: Apedal – massive (no discernable structure). Boundary : Not known Pores and Voids : None
59
Interpretation Phase 5 (On‐Site Stratigraphy) This deposit was found directly beneath the topsoil throughout the site. It had the appearance of very compact orangey grey clay. It is believed that the formation of this deposit was caused by the lowering of the water table in this area related to the east west running field drains. The water loss from the sediments caused the compact, sterile fine particled clay to form. The orange colour is evidence of redox phenomena associated with oxidation of the deposit (34001). Phase 5. (on‐site stratigraphy) Oxidised peat and marl. Due to water loss and drying out after early modern drainage in the area, the deposit became more compact as described above. This process does not appear to have been uniform throughout the site.
Headland Archaeology Ltd: N25 Waterford Bypass, Contract 3, Site 34 Final Report Volume 1
Context Area Number
Type
Description
Interpretation
Root/plant remains : None
34003
1,2 Deposit and 4
34004
1,2 Deposit and 4
34004B
1,2 Deposit and 4
Colour: Light to mid grey colour. Phase 3 and 4. (on‐site Mottling: a light orange brown tint was stratigraphy) recorded; this may be due to the presence Estuarine mud deposited of fine grass roots. during flooding events. Texture: Silt/very fine marl. Very low Formed a layer over much of fibre content <5%. the excavation area. Boundary : Flat/ horizontal boundary This deposit was the latest inundation event that we can identify. Above this the deposits have been subject to water loss, oxidation and compaction. Colour: A very uniform mid brown. Phase 3 and 2 (on‐site Mottling: No indication of the presence stratigraphy) This deposit is a freshwater of the oxidisation of iron. Texture: An organic horizon. Fibre peat. The upper levels of content = > 25% Consistence : Very weak which have produced some Structure: Very weakly developed. cultural material. The peat Boundary: Not known. whilst appearing to be a deep Pores and Voids : Fissures : 1‐3mm = fine homogenous deposit was Root/plant remains: No live roots/plants. sampled in two separate locations. Macrofossil analysis has identified two distinct phases of vegetation from the samples. The cultural material can be associated with the uppermost of the two samples (34004A) Colour: Very dark brown with occasional Phase2 (on‐site stratigraphy) This deposit was a freshwater black inclusions. Texture: Organic horizon. H6 – well peat. This sample was taken decomposed (plant structure indistinct). from the lower levels of a seemingly deep homogenous Most remains unidentifiable. Fibre deposit. Macrofossil analysis content <2%. Stones: has identified that there was a • Size = Very small (2‐6mm) sub change in the vegetation that angular. • Abundance = very slightly stony formed the peat between the (<5%) upper and lower parts of the Consistence: Resistance to soil rupture = deposit. very weak. Force applied between thumb and forefinger. Adhesive when wet (crumbles when dry).
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Headland Archaeology Ltd: N25 Waterford Bypass, Contract 3, Site 34 Final Report Volume 1
Context Area Number
34008 34012
Type
1,2,3 Deposit and 4 1 Deposit
34013
1 and Deposit 2
34016
1 (secti on 7, sheet 3)
Deposit
34019
1
Deposit
Description
Interpretation
Structure: Weakly developed. Boundary: Not known. Pores and Voids : Fissures = medium Macropores = very fine Root/plant remains : None
Phase 6 (on‐site stratigraphy) Phase 3 and 4, (on‐site stratigraphy). This deposit of soft fine silt had almost certainly an estuarine/marine origin. This was visible as an arc of material set into the deposit (34013). This may be evidence for a dendritic channel albeit quite a small one
Topsoil, consisting of topsoil vegetation. Colour : light grey, colour uniform throughout deposit, no evidence for mottling Texture: very soft silt deposit Structure : very weakly developed Consistence : adhesive when wet Boundary : sharp and clear between the deposit (34013) Colour: Original colour = light to mid brown, goes very dark brown/black on extended exposure. Mottling : Unidentified Texture: Organic horizon. H5 (moderately decomposed). Fibre content = <2%. No stones. Small pieces of timber. Consistence: Very weak. Structure: Weakly developed. Pores and Voids: Fissures = medium to coarse. Macropores = very fine <0.5 Root/plant remains : None Colour : Grey Texture: Silt/marl. Contains a high percentage of reeds, a low percentage of brushwood and low fibre content.
Phase 3 (on‐site stratigraphy) Peat/marl mixture. Evidence for gradual inundation of reed peat with gradual deposition of sediment. The majority of the structures in Area 1 were found to have a direct physical relationship with this deposit.
Phase 2 and 3 (on‐site stratigraphy) This deposit appeared as a lens of material within the peat deposit (34004). It appeared as a band of material in section within the eastern edge of the site. This may be related to an inundation event. Colour : Dark black Phase 3 and 4 (on‐site Texture: Organic horizon Peat rich stratigraphy) pocket with timber. Contains a high Lens of wood rich material percentage of reed and brushwood. within (34004). Possible tree Several large timbers were located here throw. This tree may indicate also. Deposit contains more than 50% a localised colonisation of a brushwood and timber in its composition dryer raised area of vegetation
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Headland Archaeology Ltd: N25 Waterford Bypass, Contract 3, Site 34 Final Report Volume 1
Context Area Number
Type
Description
Interpretation
34020
1
Deposit
Colour : Grey Texture : Fine particles silt Consistence : Structure: Apedal Boundary : Marl and peat mixture below (34004) and within (34022)
34021
1, 2 Deposit and 4
Colour: Whitish/grey, no mottles present. Texture: Loamy sand. Moderately stony, sub rounded stones. Consistence : Weak Structure : Apedal massive Boundary : Sharp/smooth Pores and voids: Very fine fissures and very fine macropores. Roots and plant remains : None
34022
1
Deposit
Colour: Mid brown with orange tint. Texture: Peat. Contained a high percentage of fibres and a moderate percentage of reeds. This was an organic horizon.
34023
1
Deposit
Colour : uniform Light brown
62
rather than being indicative of a marine regression event where we would see greater evidence for colonisation by less water tolerant species. This appears to represent an individual tree. That has died in situ. Phase 2 and 3 (on‐site stratigraphy) This deposit may be indicative of a transgression event. (34020) was located above a number of peat deposits (34023) and (34022) and it was located below (34004) another widespread peat deposit. The grey colour and fine particle size of the deposit (34020) show the marine/ estuarine origin of this deposit. This transgression event appeared to have been a short lived phenomena, as the formation of peat (34004) continued after (34020) has been deposited. Phase 1 (on‐site stratigraphy) Till formed by glacial activity during the last stadial event in the region. This land surface has produced material of a late Mesolithic date. The land surface was then covered by the encroachment of freshwater peat (34004) Phase 2 (on‐site stratigraphy) Peat whose differences from (34004) may result from micro ecological changes in the character of the reed swamp. This peat was formed prior to any marine transgression events. Phase 2 (on‐site stratigraphy)
Headland Archaeology Ltd: N25 Waterford Bypass, Contract 3, Site 34 Final Report Volume 1
Context Area Number
Type
34024
1
Deposit
34025
1
Deposit
34026
1
Deposit
Description
Interpretation
Mottling : none Texture: Peat. H5 on von post scale Consistence : very weakly developed Boundary : diffuse Pores and voids : none Roots and plant remains: Contained a high percentage of reeds, a low percentage of brushwood and low fibre content. None of which were intrusive Colour : Rich dark brown Mottling : none Texture: Peat with <10% reed and high percentage of wood. Moderately fibrous Consistence : very weakly developed Boundary : diffuse Pores and voids : none Roots and plant remains : none Colour : Brownish grey Texture: Peat, organic horizon, H5 on von post scale. Contains moderate amount of rounded, sub rounded and angular stones, at 5%. These vary in size from 0.2cm p to 4‐5cm in diameter. These stones are very similar to those present within the till deposit (34021) Consistence : weakly developed Structure : Apedal Boundary : diffuse,> 2mm. Difficult to discern from the deposit above Pores and voids: none Roots and plant remains : none Colour : Dark grey marl Mottling : none present Texture: Silty peat, H5 on von post scale. 35% peat/ 75% silt Consistence : weakly developed Boundary : diffuse Pores and voids : none Roots and plant remains : none
Almost identical to (34004)
63
Phase 2 (on‐site stratigraphy) Peat almost identical to (34004).
Phase 1 and 2 (on‐site stratigraphy) This was probably an interface layer. It was located immediately above the glacial till (34021) and beneath a thick deposit of peat (34004). (34025) was almost identical to (34046) which has the same stratigraphic position. It contained moderate amounts of reed and brushwood. Moderately fibrous
Phase 2 and 3, (on‐site stratigraphy) This deposit was located at the south of cutting 1. It appeared to be the fill of a channel measuring 0.40m across at the base and 2m wide at the top. The channel was approximately 0.60m deep. Immediately above the channel but still within the context was located a concentration of timber and brushwood mixture with more peat than in (34003). It was above (34004).
Headland Archaeology Ltd: N25 Waterford Bypass, Contract 3, Site 34 Final Report Volume 1
Context Area Number
Type
34027
1
Deposit
34028
1
Deposit
34030
1
Deposit
34031
1
Deposit
34032
1
Deposit
Description
Interpretation
Colour : light brown grey Mottling : none Texture: silty peat Consistence : weakly developed Boundary : diffuse Pores and voids : none Roots and plant remains : none Colour : Brown with a grey tint Mottling : None Texture : organic horizon 70% peat Consistence : very weakly developed Boundary: diffuse Pores and voids : none Roots and plant remains: none Colour : Grey marl with a blue tint Mottling: Some small patches of dark blue. These occurred at less than 10% of total Texture: Silt marl. Inorganic deposit. Very fine particle size some small sand particles present at < 1% Consistence : weakly developed Boundary : diffuse Pores and voids : none Roots and plant remains : none Colour : Black Mottling : mid grey flecking caused by gritty sand within the context Texture: organic horizon but with a large quantity of sand and grit < 10%. This deposit contains a large amount of brushwood and fragmentary pieces of larger timbers at < 25%. Charcoal present at < 1% Consistence : weakly developed Boundary : diffuse Pores and voids : some , small at < 1% Roots and plant remains : none charcoal rich silty lens within (34013) Colour : Blue/green marl Mottling: The entire deposit consisted of various shades and tones of blue and green. They were present at approx 50% of each
64
Phase 3, (on‐site stratigraphy) recorded as being an interface between (34003) and (34004), this deposit exhibited characteristics of both deposits Phase 3, (on‐site stratigraphy) A predominantly peat, peat and marl mixture. This deposit was present only as a lens and was not recorded anywhere else in the excavation. Phase 3, (on‐site stratigraphy) Fill of channel within (34026) This deposit appears to be the fill of a paleochannel, that has cut its course into the deposit (34026) and through it to cut a channel into the peat deposit (34004)
Phase 3, (on‐site stratigraphy) This lens of material was very rich in timber material and charcoal. This may be related to the deposition of burnt or charred timbers in deposit (34013). The presence of the gritty sand is enigmatic. Was this a dump of material relating to the possible hearth feature [34029] located in cutting E, spit 3 which was found in association with the deposit (34013) also?
Phase 3, (on‐site stratigraphy) The deposit was present within paleochannel [34048]. It contained a significant amount of timber in its upper
Headland Archaeology Ltd: N25 Waterford Bypass, Contract 3, Site 34 Final Report Volume 1
Context Area Number
Type
Description
Interpretation
Texture : silt marl Consistence : weakly developed Pores and voids : none Roots and plant material : none
34033
1, 2 Deposit and 4
34034
1 and Deposit 2
34035
1 and Deposit 2
34036
1
Deposit
levels where it has expanded beyond the confines of the channel [34048]. These timbers may be related to the cultural activity identified further to the north. This deposit was very similar to the deposit (34026) which was also a fill of the paleochannel [34048]. Colour: Light greyish brown. Phase 3 (on‐site stratigraphy) Mottling: Some mid brown”staining” – probably caused by decomposing vegetation. Texture: H5 = moderately decomposed. Fibre content = 30‐35%. No stone s evident. Consistence : Resistance to soil rupture = weak Structure: Grade = weakly developed. Boundary: Not known. Pores and Voids: Fissures = fine (1‐3mm). Macropores = very fine <0.5mm Root/plant remains : None Colour: Greyish brown. Phase 2 and 3 (on‐site Mottling: Some mid brown”staining” – stratigraphy) probably caused by decomposing vegetation. Texture: Fibre content = 30‐35%. No stone s evident. H5 on the von Post scale. Consistence : Resistance to soil rupture = weak Structure: Grade = weakly developed. Boundary: Not known. Pores and Voids: Fissures = fine (1‐3mm). Macropores = very fine <0.5mm Root/plant remains : None Colour : Dark blue/grey marl Phase 3 (on‐site stratigraphy) Texture: Silt – almost an organic horizon. This deposit was very similar Structure: Weakly developed, possibly in terms of its composition to because of high organic content. (34039). In Area 2 it was above (34039) and below (34037) Colour: Dark greyish blue with a Phase 3 (on‐site stratigraphy) greenish tint Channels within the area Texture: silty marl affected by tidal? Inundation. Consistence: moderately well developed, These would be the result of has a sticky feel the rising and falling water
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Headland Archaeology Ltd: N25 Waterford Bypass, Contract 3, Site 34 Final Report Volume 1
Context Area Number
Type
Description
Interpretation
34037
1 and Deposit 2
34038
1
34039
1 and Deposit 2
34040
1
Deposit
Deposit
carving out dendritic channels for the drainage of the wetland. Colour : greyish brown Phase 3, (on‐site stratigraphy) Mottling : none Intercalated peat and marl Texture : peat and marl deposit,organic deposit. This deposit may indicate deposition of eroded deposit with a very silty feel Structure : very fine particle size with peat with fine particled marl almost no grit or sand in the deposit< 1% or it may be indicative of Consistence : moderately well developed regenerating vegetation that Boundary : diffuse continues to be inundated by Pores and voids : none rising estuarine waters. Both Roots and plant remains : living none, of these processes may have been active in the formation of some amount of undecomposed this deposit vegetation Colour : light grey Phase 3, (on‐site stratigraphy) Texture: silt. A deposit purely composed of Structure: very fine particle size contains sediment of marine/estuarine a small amount of small sand/ grit origin particles. / Particle size was consistent Consistence: weakly developed with deposition under low Boundary: somewhat wavy with deposit water energy conditions. beneath. Indicative of slight turbidity during deposition. Pores and voids: none Root/ plant remains: none Colour : Brownish grey Phase 3, (on‐site stratigraphy) Texture: Silt. H4 on the von Post scale. A deposit purely composed of Fibre content = >25%. sediment of marine/estuarine This is an organic horizon. origin Consistence : Moderately weak Structure : Weakly developed Boundary : Unknown Pores and voids : None Root/plant remains : None Colour : Reddish brown Phase 2 and 3, (on‐site
66
Headland Archaeology Ltd: N25 Waterford Bypass, Contract 3, Site 34 Final Report Volume 1
Context Area Number
Type
34041
1
Deposit
34042
1
Deposit
34043
1
Deposit
Description
Interpretation
Texture: an organic horizon H5 on van post scale Consistence: Structure: weakly developed Boundary: boundary visible only as a colour change Pores and voids: none Root/ plant remains: none Colour: greyish brown Texture: organic horizon H4/5 on van post scale Consistence: Structure: weakly developed Boundary: boundary clear as a colour change, difficult to recognise otherwise Pores and voids: none Root/ plant remains: none
stratigraphy) Pure peat deposit, this formed prior to the inundation event. The difference with it and (34004) is primarily one of colour. The difference may be superficial. Over (34046) and under (34004) and (34041)
Phase 2, (on‐site stratigraphy) This appears to be a peat deposit within (34004) and very similar to it in composition. Colour: Mid grey with bluish tint. Phase 2, (on‐site stratigraphy) Mottling: Some paler grey patches. This deposit appears to • Abundance = few <2% contain some amount of • Size = very fine, 1‐2mm organic matter. • Contrast = faint This deposit was a lens of • Sharpness – diffuse >2mm material within deposit transition (34004). This is representative Texture: Sandy loam. Stoniness: of an inundation event. As • Size = very small there were numerous small • Abundance = 15‐20% stones within the deposit, this Fibre content = 5‐8%. Contains pieces may be evidence of deposition under high energy water of brushwood <5%. Consistence: Resistance to soil rupture = conditions. It is unclear whether a freshwater or firm. Structure : Grade =apedal massive saltwater process was Boundary : Not known responsible Pores and Voids : Fissures = fine 1‐3mm Macropores = very fine <0.5mm Root/plant remains : None Colour : pale whitish creamy colour Phase 2, (on‐site stratigraphy) Mottling : none The deposit was entirely Texture: sandy loam. Moderately stony composed of inorganic
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Headland Archaeology Ltd: N25 Waterford Bypass, Contract 3, Site 34 Final Report Volume 1
Context Area Number
Type
34044
1
Deposit
34045
1 and Deposit 2
34046
1
Deposit
34047
1
Deposit
Description
Interpretation
Very small stones at 10%. Fibre content at 5%, contains small fragments of brushwood and larger timbers at 5% Structure : apedal massive Consistence : moderately firm Boundary : diffuse Pores and voids : none recognisable Root and plant remains : no living intrusive material Colour : cream white Mottling : none Texture : loamy sand Boundary : diffuse with both the deposit above (34043) and beneath (34021) Colour : Greyish brown Mottling : Orange brown • Abundance = common (2‐20%) • Size = fine to medium (2‐15mm) • Contrast = faint (evident on close inspection) • Sharpness = diffuse Texture: Silty clay loam. Fibre content = c.15‐20%, close to being an organic horizon. Consistence: resistance to soil rupture = weak (crumbles when crushed). Structure: Weakly developed (breaks easily). Boundary : Not known Pores and Voids : Fissures = very fine Macropores = very fine. Root/plant remains : None Colour : cream white with a brown tint Texture : gritty/ sandy silt, several small stones present Consistence : weakly developed Boundary : sharp and distinct with (34021), diffuse >2mm with (34004) Peat mixing into the mineral clay. Classic interface deposit
sediments. It is unclear whether the sediment was deposited under a freshwater or brackish/ saltwater regime. The large particles of sand and the stoniness suggest high water energy.
Colour: Light brown with a grey (and orange tint). Mottling: A mixture of orange and brown. • Abundance = many (20‐40%) • Size = medium to coarse • Contrast = prominent
68
Phase 2, (on‐site stratigraphy) Possible interface layer or its origin may be similar to that of (34025) as discussed above Phase 4 (on‐site stratigraphy) Marl deposit that contained a large amount of organic matter, notably mostly remains of phragmites australis.
Phase 1 and 2, (on‐site stratigraphy) This deposit was located directly above the glacial till (34021). It appeared to be a mixture of organic freshwater peat and inorganic very fine light coloured silt. It is unclear if this deposit had an estuarine or freshwater origin Phase 4, (on‐site stratigraphy) This deposit seems to have a negligible organic component and can be explained as another inundation event. This deposit was located above (34045) and below
Headland Archaeology Ltd: N25 Waterford Bypass, Contract 3, Site 34 Final Report Volume 1
Context Area Number
Type
Description
Interpretation
•
Sharpness = clear <2mm transition. Texture: Silty clay loam. Fibre content = <10%. No stones. Consistence: Resistance to soil rupture – moderately firm. Structure: Apedal massive (no discernible structure). Boundary : Not known Root/plant remains: None identified. Colour : Mid to dark brown Mottling: No mottling. Texture: Organic matter > 25% so is an organic horizon. No stones. Consistence: Moderately firm. Structure: No discernible structure. Boundary: Not known. Pores and Voids: Fissures = <1mm, very fine. Macropores = <0.5mm, very fine Root/plant remains : None
34049
2 Deposit (Cut G and H). and 4
34050
2 (Cut G)
Deposit
Colour: Light brown with dark grey/bluish tint. Mottling : None Texture: Silt. Fibre content is >25%. An organic layer. H5 on the von Post scale. No stones present. Consistence: Moderately firm. Structure: Apedal massive. Boundary: Not known. Pores and Voids: A dense layer where the fine silt has no pores or voids. Some fine (1‐3mm) fissures but only around plant remains. Root/plant remains: No live remains.
34051
2
Deposit
Colour: Light brown with a very slight greyish tint. Mottling : No evidence Texture: Fibre content > 25% so is an organic deposit. H4‐H5 on von Post scale. Contains occasional very small, sub angular stones, <2%. Consistence: Very weak.
69
(34002) Phase 3, (on‐site stratigraphy) This deposit was located and beneath (34013). This was the deposit located directly beneath the platform [341512] Phase 3, (on‐site stratigraphy) An organic layer, very high in silt content, giving a very muddy look and feel. No inclusions. Located beneath (34051) and above (34049) Phase 3, (on‐site stratigraphy) A mixture of peat and silt with very occasional small stones. Located above the deposits (34039),(34050) and (34052)
Headland Archaeology Ltd: N25 Waterford Bypass, Contract 3, Site 34 Final Report Volume 1
Context Area Number
Type
Description
Interpretation
Structure: Apedal massive. Boundary: Not known. Pores and Voids: Fissures = fine, 1‐3mm wide. Macropores = Occasional, very fine, <0.5mm Root/plant remains: No live root or plant remains.
34052
2 (Cut G)
Deposit
34053
2 (Cut H)
Deposit
34054
2 (cut Deposit H)
34055
2
Deposit
Colour: Very dark grey with a brownish Phase 3, (on‐site stratigraphy) An organic peat layer, high in tint. Mottling : None silt content with no other Texture: Fibre content = >25% so is an inclusions other than the occasional nodule of grey organic layer with a high percentage of silt/clay. silt. H4‐H5 on the von Post scale. Consistence : Moderate to firm This was located above Structure: No discernible structure. (34049) and beneath (34051) Apedal massive. Boundary: Not known. Pores and Voids: None, very dense, probably due to high silt content. Root/plant remains: No live remains. Colour : light greyish brown Phase 3, (on‐site stratigraphy) Mottling : none This was located beneath Texture : organic horizon but with a (34049) and above (34004) substantial amount of inorganic sediment Light grey/brown peat lens with a high percentage of marl in its composition Consistence : moderate to weakly in its composition developed Structure : not recorded Boundary : diffuse Pores and voids : none Root and plant remains : none . Colour : brownish grey Phase 3, (on‐site stratigraphy) Mottling : none recognisable This deposit was located Texture : organic horizon 70% mar, 30 % beneath (34055) and above peat (34013). It was related to a Consistence : weakly developed number of the structures Structure : apedal including Boundary : diffuse Peat/marl mixture. The Pores and voids : none structure [34504] was partially Root and plant remains : none contained within this deposit Colour : dark brown Phase 3, (on‐site stratigraphy) Mottling : none Contained elements of timber Texture: organic horizon > 20%. and brushwood togher [34504] contained a significant amount of located in cutting H. This
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Headland Archaeology Ltd: N25 Waterford Bypass, Contract 3, Site 34 Final Report Volume 1
Context Area Number
Type
Description
Interpretation
brushwood and timber fragments Consistence : silty peat, almost no sandy grit inclusions at < 1% Structure : apedal Boundary : diffuse Pores and voids : none Roots and plant remains : none
deposit was fairly widespread in area 2 and was found in all the cuttings and also in association with the structure [34507]. The amount of brushwood fragments may indicate that some degree of timber processing as well as deposition took place in this area Phase 3 and 2, (on‐site stratigraphy) This was a very small lens of material within the deposit (34058) Phase 3, (on‐site stratigraphy) This deposit contained a considerable amount of cultural material in the form of brushwood and timber. This deposit was located above (34004) and was located below (34062) and (34063)
34056
4
Deposit
Colour: Very dark grey and black giving it a purple tint. Some lighter grey nodules also giving it a mottled effect. The overall effect is black. Mottling: No evidence of any iron oxides. Texture: Silty clay. The fibre content is <25%, but the organic material is discernible. H6 on von Post scale. No stones present. Consistence: Moderately firm. Structure: Moderately developed. Peds were evident but not distinct due to stickiness of the silty clay content. Boundary : Crystals etc: Contains soft aggregations of light grey and black nodules. • Sizes = varies from <1mm (very fine) to 5‐15mm (medium). • Abundance = common. Pores and Voids : Fissures = fine, 1‐3mm Root/plant remains : None
34057
4
Deposit
Colour: Mid brown with slight tints of dark grey Mottling : None evident (no iron oxides) Texture: Silty clay loam. Contains > 25% organic material. H4‐H5 on von Post scale. Consistence: Moderately firm. Structure: Weakly developed. Peds are evident but not distinct. Boundary: Wavy. Pores and Voids: Fissures = very few and very fine, <1mm. Macropores = fine (0.5‐2mm) Root/plant remains : None
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Headland Archaeology Ltd: N25 Waterford Bypass, Contract 3, Site 34 Final Report Volume 1
Context Area Number
Type
34058
4
Deposit
34059
4
Deposit
34060
4
Deposit
Description
Interpretation
Colour: Mid grey with a slight brownish tint probably caused by presence of organic material. Mottling: None apparent. Texture: Silty clay loam. Fibre content > 25%so is an organic horizon. H5 on the von Post scale. Consistence: Moderately weak. Structure : Apedal massive Boundary : Wavy Crystals, nodules etc: Contains soft aggregations of grey/white clay like material. • Size = fine, 2‐5mm • Abundance =few, <2% by volume • Shape = irregular. Pores and Voids: Fissures = very fine, <1mm. Macropores + fine (0.5‐2mm) and few in number. Root/plant remains : None
Phase 3, (on‐site stratigraphy) Taken from section through [341512]. The deposit was located directly above the glacial till in this area Colour: A rich dark brown. Phase 3, (on‐site stratigraphy) Mottling: None evident. Taken from section through Texture: Fibre content >25% so this is an [341512] this appears to be a small pocket of material organic horizon. Consistence: Moderately weak. located above (34057) and Structure: Weakly developed, peds are (34058) and beneath (34039) and (34049) barely visible. Boundary : Wavy Pores and Voids: Fissures = very fine, <1mm. Macropores = barely visible/fine, 0.5‐2mm Root/plant remains : None Colour: Grey with an orange inclusion Phase 1, (on‐site stratigraphy) This deposit was clay that had with occasional very dark/black patches been deposited prior to the of organic material. The overall effect gives the sample a light brown/orange formation of the peat deposits. colour. The clay either formed later Mottling: A mottled effect which appears than or was deposited to be due to the presence of organic contemporary with the glacial material rather than the presence of iron till (34021). It had certainly oxides. formed by the late Mesolithic Texture: Clay. <25% organic matter so is period as a stone tool from this period was found resting a mineral deposit. H5‐H6 on the von on the surface of (34060) Post scale. Contains angular and sub angular very small (2‐5mm approx) and small (6‐20mm approx) stones. Consistence : Firm
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Headland Archaeology Ltd: N25 Waterford Bypass, Contract 3, Site 34 Final Report Volume 1
Context Area Number
34061
4
Type
Deposit
34062
4
Deposit
34063
4
Deposit
Description
Interpretation
Structure: Apedal massive. Boundary : Wavy Pores and Voids : None Root/plant remains : None Colour: Very dark grey/blue with a rich brown inclusion and lighter grey patches. Overall effect is a very dark brown. . Mottling: None evident. Texture : >25% organic material present so is an organic horizon. H6 on the von Post scale. Consistence: Very weak. Structure: Weakly developed. Boundary : Wavy Crystals/nodules etc.: Unidentified soft aggregations of grey/white material, 5‐ 15mm. Abundance is few, < 2% by volume. Irregular in shape. Pores and Voids: Fissures = very fine, <1mm. Macropores = /fine, 0.5‐2mm Root/plant remains : None
Colour: Very dark rich brown/black. Mottling: None evident. Texture: > 25% organic matter so is an organic horizon. H7 on the von Post scale. No stones, sand or grit. Consistence: Moderately weak. Structure: No discernible structure. Boundary : Wavy Crystals/nodules etc.: Unidentified soft aggregations of dark grey clay like material. • Size = small (up to 15mm) • Shape = irregular Pores and Voids: Fissures = very fine, < 1mm wide. Macropores = fine, 0.5‐2mm Root/plant remains : None Colour: Mid to dark brown with patches of blue/grey tints. Mottling: None visible. Texture : >25% organic matter so is an organic horizon. H6‐H7 on the von Post scale. Consistence: Moderately weak.
73
Phase 1 and 2 on‐site stratigraphy This deposit was related to a number of the structures located in the lower western part of the area. Phase 3 (on‐site stratigraphy) This deposit was located above (34057), (34063) and (34070). It was situated beneath (34071)
Phase 3 (on‐site stratigraphy) This deposit was related to a number of the structures. It was located above (34004), (34069), and (34057) and was located below (34070) and (34062). A possible stone tool
Headland Archaeology Ltd: N25 Waterford Bypass, Contract 3, Site 34 Final Report Volume 1
Context Area Number
Type
Description
Interpretation
Structure: No discernible structure. Boundary: Wavy. Crystals/nodules etc.: Very few (<1%). Unidentified clay like soft aggregations of a very dark blue/grey colour. Pores and Voids: Fissures = very fine, <1mm. Macropores = very fine, <0.5mm Root/plant remains: None
34064
4
Deposit
34065
4
Deposit
34066
4
Deposit
was situated in this deposit, Find #15 Colour: Blue/grey with a brownish tint. Phase 1 and 2, (on‐site Mottling: None evident. stratigraphy) Texture: Silty clay. < 25% organic matter This was an interface deposit between the clays and tills and so is a mineral deposit. No stones. Consistence: Moderately firm. the organic peat deposits that Structure: Apedal massive, no discernible overlay them. In no instances was this deposit thicker than a structure. Boundary : Wavy few centimetres Pores and Voids: Fissures = very fine, <1mm wide. Macropores = fine, 0.5‐2mm Root/plant remains: None Colour: Very dark grey with a bluish tint. Phase 3, (on‐site stratigraphy) Mottling: None visible. This deposit is representative Texture : <25% organic matter so is a of the inundation events that mineral deposit. deposited inorganic silt Consistence : Loose deposits in this area. Structure: Apedal‐single grain. Boundary : Wavy Pores and Voids : Macropores = very fine, <0.5mm Root/plant remains: None Colour: Very light brown with a greyish Phase 1 and 2, (on‐site stratigraphy) tint. Mottling: Orange coloured glaebules caused by the presence of organic matter. No iron oxides evident. Texture: Sandy clay. < 25% organic
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Headland Archaeology Ltd: N25 Waterford Bypass, Contract 3, Site 34 Final Report Volume 1
Context Area Number
34067
4
Type
Deposit
Description
Interpretation
matter present so is a mineral deposit. Stoniness: • Size = very small, <1mm • Abundance = stoneless, <1% by volume • Shape = undetermined. Consistence : Very firm Structure: No discernible structure. Boundary : Wavy Pores and Voids: Fissures = fine, 1‐3mm wide. Macropores = fine, 0.5‐2mm Root/plant remains: None
Phase 1 and2, (on‐site stratigraphy) This was a peat deposit that contained a significant amount of large grits and sand particles. This was evidence of a flooding event under high water energy conditions. As this deposit was found to be more concentrated to the east (dryland) and more diffuse to the west (wetland), the origin of this deposit is freshwater runoff/ discharge from the dryland. This could have taken the form of surface runoff. The sand deposit was encountered as a discrete lens of material about 0.75m in width and 0.15m in depth in the raised area in the lower area it was present as a diffuse deposit that tapered off a bout 2m from the edge of the higher area. This would be consistent with a flow with sand in suspension running as a channel through the peat falling into an area of standing water where the flow would rapidly lose energy and deposit any matter in suspension
Colour: Mid brown with a greyish tint. Mottling: None evident. Texture: Sandy loam. >25% organic matter so is an organic horizon. A high percentage of mineral content is present. H7 on the von Post scale. Consistence : Weak Structure: Weakly developed. Boundary: Unknown. Crystals, nodules etc.: Contains soft aggregation of grey clay like material. • Size = fine, 2‐5mm • Irregular shape • Abundance = common, 2‐20% by volume Pores and Voids : Macrospores = very fine, <0.5mm Root/plant remains: None
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Headland Archaeology Ltd: N25 Waterford Bypass, Contract 3, Site 34 Final Report Volume 1
Context Area Number
Type
34068
4
Deposit
34069
4
Deposit
34070
4
Deposit
Description
Interpretation
Colour: Dark ochre grey with an orange/brown tint caused by organic matter. Mottling: None evident. Texture: sandy clay loam. H6 on the von Post scale. Stoniness: • Size = very small, 2‐6mm • Abundance = stoneless (by definition) <1% • Shape = sub angular Consistence : Moderately weak Structure : Weakly developed Crystals, nodules etc: Contains soft aggregations of light to medium grey glaebules. • Size = fine, 2‐5mm • Abundance = common, 2‐20% • Shape = irregular Boundary : Not known Pores and Voids : Macropores = very fine, <0.5mm Root/plant remains: None Colour: Mid brown on initial exposure. Rapidly oxidised to dark brown/black. Texture: Silt with < 1% sand. H4 on the von Post scale. Fibre content = >25%. This is an organic horizon. Stoniness: • Size = very small sub angular and singular stones (2mm) • Abundance = 2% Consistence: Very weak. Structure : Apedal massive Boundary : Not known Pores and Voids : Macropores = very fine, <0.5mm Root/plant remains: None
Colour : Dark greyish brown Mottling: Mid brown mottles (15%), possibly caused by oxidisation post ex. Texture: Silt with <1% sand. H4 on the von Post scale. Fibre content = >25%. This is an organic horizon.
76
Phase 1 and 2, (on‐site stratigraphy) Very similar to (34004)
Phase 3, (on‐site stratigraphy) This deposit was located beneath the deposit (34063) and above (34004) it was related to cultural activity Phase 3 (on‐site stratigraphy) This deposit was related to some of the cultural activity in this area. The deposit was located beneath the deposit (34071) and above the deposit
Headland Archaeology Ltd: N25 Waterford Bypass, Contract 3, Site 34 Final Report Volume 1
Context Area Number
Type
34071
4
Deposit
34074
2 and Deposit 4
34080
4b
Deposit
34508
2
Deposit
Description
Interpretation
Stoniness: • Size = 2mm, angular and sub angular. • Abundance = <1% Consistence : Very weak Structure : Apedal massive Boundary : Not known Pores and Voids : Very fine micropores = 1% Root/plant remains: None
(34063) Phase 3 and 4 (on‐site stratigraphy) This deposit was located high in the stratigraphic succession. It was located beneath (34001) and above (34070) and (34062). It was a very fibrous woody type deposit
Colour : Dark brownish grey Mottling: Mid brown mottles between 0.5‐1cm in diameter. Texture: Silt <1% sand. Fibre content = >25%. This is an organic horizon. H4 on the von Post scale. No stones. Consistence : Very weak Structure: Apedal massive. Boundary : Not known Pores and Voids : Micropores = <1% Root/plant remains: None Number added in post excavation. This deposit was visible as a dark band within the deposit(34002)
Phase 5, (on‐site stratigraphy) This was visible as a thin band of vegetation that was present as a lens within (34002). Colour : light to mid grey Phase 3, (on‐site stratigraphy) Mottling : none The structures [34020] and Texture : silt [34021] were located in this Consistence : weak to moderately well deposit. It appeared to be mostly estuarine in origin, developed Structure : apedal although there was a small Boundary : not known percentage of peat in its composition at < 20% Colour: Mid grey – oxidised to mid This number was allocated to the material located directly brown after exposure post ex. Texture: Silt. Too dry to perform von beneath the structure [34507] located in cutting I, area 2. Post. Consistence : Moderately firm Structure : Apedal massive Boundary : Not known Pores and Voids: Micropores = very fine, <0.5mm. No fissures. Root/plant remains: None
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Headland Archaeology Ltd: N25 Waterford Bypass, Contract 3, Site 34 Final Report Volume 1
Context Area Number
34509
2
Type
Description
Deposit
Interpretation
Colour : Dark greyish brown .Texture: Silt. H4 on von Post scale. Fibre content = >25%. This was an organic horizon. No stones. Consistence : Very weak Structure : Weakly developed Boundary : Not known Pores and Voids : Micropores = 2% Root/plant remains: None
Site 34 – Brick Kiln context register Context Area Type Description Number 34501BK Kiln Deposit This topsoil layer varied in thickness to a maximum of c.10cm deep. 34502BK Kiln Deposit Redeposited marl after peat extraction. It is c. 60cm deep. 34503BK Kiln Deposit Peat lying below the Redeposited marl and was never encountered during the excavation. 34504BK Kiln Deposit Natural lying below the peat. 34505BK Kiln Cut Irregular shape in plan with steep sides (not well defined) and uneven base. 34506BK Kiln Deposit This deposit consists mainly of broken brick (80%) and marl (20%) 34507BK
Kiln
Cut
34508BK
Kiln
Deposit
34509BK
Kiln
Cut
This deposit was the material that was located directly beneath spit 1 and above spit 2 of the structure [34504] in area 2, cutting H
Interpretation Topsoil
Subsoil Peat below (34502).
Natural Cut of broken brick spread.
Primary deposit of broken brick spread [34505] Deposit of broken brick spread [34505].
Irregular shape in plan. Orange/grey brick and marl mix. 70% marl with large brick Deposit of broken brick spread inclusions. Contains more peat [34505]. and dark brown clay (30%) at extremities of deposit. Sub circular shape in plan. Pit Surface is an orange/brown colour consisting of burnt clay and brick dust. The burnt clay surrounds the area of brick dust
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Headland Archaeology Ltd: N25 Waterford Bypass, Contract 3, Site 34 Final Report Volume 1
Context Number
Area
Type
34510BK
Kiln
Deposit
34511BK
Kiln
Cut
34512BK
Kiln
Deposit
34513BK
Kiln
Cut
34514BK
Kiln
Deposit
34515BK
Kiln
Cut
34516BK
Kiln
Deposit
34517BK
Kiln
Cut
34518BK
Kiln
Deposit
34519BK
Kiln
Cut
34520BK
Kiln
Deposit
34521BK
Kiln
Cut
34522BK
Kiln
Deposit
Description and c.30cm in width. Black with traces of orange/brown brick dust on the surface, c.2cm deep with no inclusions. Firmly compacted scorched clay. This “feature” surrounds [34509] and consists of natural scorched clay. Marl only, no other signs of activity. Marl, no other signs of activity
Interpretation
A mix of dust and brick rubble, c.10% volume.
Sterile area of natural marl with no archaeological significance. No individual deposit detected. Natural marl. Possible line of drain.
Layer Irregular shape in plan. Surface Pit consists of a brick dust/brick rubble mix c.1cm thick. Black charred marl with light Layer showing evidence of brick dust on the surface firing/ burning in situ (barely visible in section). Irregular shape in plan. Surface Brick stacking area of bright yellow and orange (brick dust) with darker lines that appear to be areas of brick stacking. Black scorched marl with a thin Deposit of [34517] layer of yellow/orange brick dust on the top. Firm compaction. No inclusions. Sub rectangular shape in plan. A spread of brick dust between Set between 2 areas where brick 2 areas where brick stacking stacking occurred. occurred. Area of waste material. Loosely compacted, some Deposit of spread [34519] scorching and staining of the underlying marl has taken place Rectangular shape in plan with Extensive broken brick spread. no definite edges, spread Possible dumping area for merges with adjoining waste material and broken “features”. Very smooth but bricks from nearby kiln. undulating base of marl. Orange in colour with grey Deposit of extensive broken marl and jet black coal. Very brick spread [34521]. Possible firm compaction. Brick rubble, dumping area for waste brick dust, marl and coal material and broken bricks composition. No other from nearby kiln.
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Headland Archaeology Ltd: N25 Waterford Bypass, Contract 3, Site 34 Final Report Volume 1
Context Number
Area
Type
Description inclusions. Irregular shape in plan. Composed of a brick dust/marl mix (50%/50%).
34523BK
Kiln
Cut
34525BK
Kiln
Cut
Irregular shape in plan. Composed of a spread mix of brick dust and marl.
345626BK
Kiln
Deposit
34527BK
Kiln
Cut
34528BK
Kiln
Deposit
34529BK
Kiln
Cut
34530BK
Kiln
Deposit
34531BK
Kiln
Cut
34532BK
Kiln
Deposit
Orange/brown marl (50%) and brick (50%) mix. Loosely compacted. Sub rectangular shape in plan. An area of “natural” marl containing patches of dark areas that appears to be charring. Black charred marl. Very firmly compacted. No other inclusions. Rectangular shape in plan. A spread of orange and bright yellow similar to [34517]. Black and grey scorched marl. Very firmly compacted. Square shape in plan. There are a series of different coloured “segments” on the surface ranging from pink. Orange/brown to black/grey. Brick marks lie in 2 separate segments lying on a pink and an orange base. There are dark marks indication scorching. Grey to black charred marl with no inclusions. Very firm compaction.
34533BK
Kiln
Deposit
34534BK
Kiln
Deposit
Orange and grey mix with occasional flecks of black, brick and marl mix with occasional coal inclusions. More loosely compacted than the rest of the spread. Black coal. Solidly compacted with no inclusions.
80
Interpretation
This area lies to the south of the areas where brick stacking occurs and is probably an intermediate area where waste material has over spilt. No archaeological significance. A loose brick dust/marl mix. Probably the result of a spillage overflow from [34509] and [34511]. Deposit of [34525]
An area outside of main activity, no evidence of brick stacking evident.
Heart, shows evidence for heating Brick stacking area.
Deposit of brick stacking area [34529] Probable brick stacking area.
Deposit of extensive broken brick spread [34521]. Possible dumping area for waste material and broken bricks from nearby kiln Deposit of extensive broken brick spread [34521]. Possible dumping area for waste material and broken bricks from nearby kiln Deposit of extensive broken brick spread [34521]. Possible
Headland Archaeology Ltd: N25 Waterford Bypass, Contract 3, Site 34 Final Report Volume 1
Context Number
Area
Type
34536BK
Kiln
Deposit
34537BK
Kiln
Deposit
34538BK
Kiln
Deposit
Description
Interpretation
dumping area for waste material and broken bricks from nearby kiln Black/charcoal grey brick/marl Burnt marl created when hot mix. Firm compaction. brick was dumped. Grey marl /brick mix (85%/15%) Burnt brick and marl deposit with broken powdered brick over (34506). inclusions. Black at surface, fading to grey. Deposit of possible brick Scorched marl with no stacking area [34531] inclusions. Very firm compaction.
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Headland Archaeology Ltd: N25 Waterford Bypass, Contract 3, Site 34 Final Report Volume 1
Finds Register STONE Area 1 ‐ STONE Excavation Context No. No. 04E0319 34001
Find No. 3
Material
Type
Identification
Description
Habitat
Quantity
Stone
Granite?
34002
8
Stone
Quartz
Pebble
04E0319
15
Stone
Igneous rock
Angular igneous rock
Headland Offices Headland Offices Headland Offices
60g
04E0319
04E0319
34013
20
Stone
Igneous rock
Angular igneous rock
04E0319
34003
22
Stone
Chert
04E0319
34013
23
Stone
Igneous rock
Angular igneous rock
04E0319
24
Stone
Igneous rock
04E0319
25
Stone
Igneous rock
Angular grey igneous rock Angular grey igneous rock
Excavation
Context
Find
Material
Type
Round granite like stone (natural) Rounded white quartz pebble‐water rolled Heat effected angular igneous rock‐possibly associated with find # 47 and sample # 1G****** Surface weathered by interaction with bog chemicals Small piece of chert‐ unworked Heat/chemical effected igneous rock******* Heat effected igneous rock******* Heat/chemical effected igneous rock****** Description
Identification
82
10g 560g
Headland Offices
44g
Headland Offices Headland Offices Headland Offices Headland Offices
12g
Habitat
56g 20g 94g
Quantity
Headland Archaeology Ltd: N25 Waterford Bypass, Contract 3, Site 34 Final Report Volume 1
No. 04E0319
No.
No. 26
Stone
Igneous rock
Flat slab‐possible grinding stone*******
04E0319
34
Stone
Possible hammer stone
04E0319
35
Stone
Unknown hard igneous rock Igneous rock
04E0319
37
Stone
Granite
04E0319
45
Stone
Limestone
04E0319
46
Stone
Igneous rock
04E0319
47
Stone
Quartz
04E0319
48
Stone
Igneous rock
04E0319
49
Stone
Igneous rock
04E0319
70
Stone
04E0319
73
Stone
Possible limestone/mu dstone Igneous rock
Excavation
Context
Find
Material
Type
Possible rubbing stone Possible scraper?(unlikely) Possible rubbing stone/whetstone****** Multiple stones‐some May be associated with heat shattered******** sample # 1G from possible hearth. Possible heat effected Possibly associated with find stones******* # 47 Possible heat effected Fragment of possible heat stone***** effected stone Possibly naturally struck and possible wear on some surfaces Possible heat Possible heat shattered shattered stone**** stone**** Identification Description
Pebble
83
Grey thick slab***** Rounded stone‐very infrequent small mica crystalline inclusions Heat effected pebble****** Grey, 1 side rounded the other flat Possible limestone scraper? (unlikely) 2 x flat, smoothed surfaces
Headland Offices
Too heavy
Headland Offices
658g
Headland Offices
46g
Headland Offices Headland Offices Headland Offices Headland Offices
38g 360g 176g
Headland Offices Headland Offices Headland Offices
740g
Headland Offices Habitat
94g
14g 146g
Quantity
Headland Archaeology Ltd: N25 Waterford Bypass, Contract 3, Site 34 Final Report Volume 1
No. 04E0319
No.
No. 76
Stone
Igneous rock
04E0319
81
Stone
Igneous rock
04E0319
34021
97
Stone
Chert?
04E0319
99
Stone
04E0319
83
Stone
Quartz and chert Chert
04E0319
92
Stone
Igneous rock
Context No.
Find No. 503
Material
Type
Identification
Stone
Igneous rock
504
Stone
Chert?
Angular igneous rock Possible iron oxide effected stone Small piece chert
04E0319
505
Stone
Igneous rock
Excavation
Context
Find
Material
Type
Possible rubbing stone
1 smooth surface Very angular igneous Very angular igneous rock rock Fragment Unworked Fragments Unworked
2 fragments
Pebble
Small water rolled pebble
Headland Offices
386g
Headland Offices
94g
Headland Offices Headland Offices Headland Offices Headland Offices
32g 46g 36g 12g
Area 2 – STONE Excavation No. 04E0319 04E0319
Description
Angular igneous rock Chemical/heat effected stone Identification Description
84
Habitat
Quantity
Headland Offices Headland Offices Headland Offices
308g
Habitat
42g 100g
Quantity
Headland Archaeology Ltd: N25 Waterford Bypass, Contract 3, Site 34 Final Report Volume 1
No. 04E0319
No.
No. 506
Stone
Sandstone
Flat stone
Chemical effected?
04E0319
509
Stone
Igneous rock
Rubbing stone*******
Rubbing stone******
04E0319
520
Stone
Igneous rock
Angular igneous rock Unworked
4E0319
521
Stone
Quartz
04E0319
522
Stone
Igneous rock
Angular igneous rock Unworked
04E0319
34504
525
Stone
Igneous rock
Angular igneous rock Unworked
04E0319
527
Stone
Igneous rock
Angular igneous rock Very large angular stone
04E0319
34505
529
Stone
Igneous rock
Angular igneous rock Angular stone
04E0319
534
Stone
Limestone
Natural
04E0319
535
Stone
Igneous rock
04E0319
536
Stone
04E0319
537
Stone
Various lithologies Igneous rock
Possible heat shattered igneous rock******* Various angular stones Sub rounded stone
04E0319
549
Stone
Igneous rock
Possible rubbing stone******
Fragment
Excavation
Context
Find
Material
Type
Identification
Description
Small piece of quartz
85
Natural Natural
Headland Offices Headland Offices Headland Offices Headland Offices Headland Offices Headland Offices Headland Offices Headland Offices Headland Offices Headland Offices Headland Offices Headland Offices Headland Offices Habitat
138g 369g 60g 94g 72g 92g Too heavy 30g 64g 34g
270g 206g 208g
Quantity
Headland Archaeology Ltd: N25 Waterford Bypass, Contract 3, Site 34 Final Report Volume 1
No. 04E0319
No.
No. 550
Stone
Igneous rock
04E0319
551
Stone
Igneous rock
04E0319
552
Stone
Igneous rock
04E0319
553
Stone
Igneous rock
04E0319
555
Stone
Igneous rock
04E0319
34504
557
Stone
Igneous rock
04E0319
566
Stone
04E0319
567
Stone
Sedimentary ‐ limestone Rhyolite
04E0319
577
Stone
Igneous rock
04E0319
34507
579
Stone
Igneous rock
Possible rubbing stone** Possible rubbing stone/whetstone**** Hollowed stone
04E0319
34507
581
Stone
Sedimentary
04E0319
34507
582
Stone
Igneous rock
Possible whetstone******
Excavation
Context
Find
Material
Type
Identification
Possible rubbing stone****** Possible rubbing stone – (dubious) Possible stone lid for a pot***** Possible heat shattered stone***** Possible surface for breaking hazelnuts**
86
Sub angular Very flat, partially smooth on both surfaces 2 x natural small angular stones Large flat stone with a number of dents on the surfaces Angular stone‐smooth Flat, smooth 1 side Stone with hollow but not very smooth Very large with acidic bog staining
Description
Headland Offices Headland Offices
404g
Headland Offices Headland Offices Headland Offices Headland Offices
252g
308g
184g 202g 1395g
Headland Offices Headland Offices Headland Offices Headland Offices
270g
Headland Offices Headland Offices Habitat
>1 kg
244g 662g >1 kg
410g
Quantity
Headland Archaeology Ltd: N25 Waterford Bypass, Contract 3, Site 34 Final Report Volume 1
No. 04E0319
No.
No. 584
Stone
Igneous rock
04E0319
34507
591
Stone
?
04E0319
34507
592
Stone
Igneous rock
04E0319
34507
595
Stone
Sedimentary
04E0319
34507
596
Stone
Sedimentary
04E0319
598
Stone
Conglomerate stone – quartz and other minerals
Area 3 ‐ STONE Excavation Context No. No. 04E0319 341010
Find No. 1
Material
04E0319
341099
Excavation
Context
Possible hammer stone******
Probably natural with mineral staining
Angular stone from BS#7
Possible rubbing stone****
Very large water rolled stone Very smooth cobble, water rolled
Type
Identification
Description
Stone
Igneous
Sub angular stone‐broken
7 + 8
Stone
Quartz
Possible hammer stone
Find
Material
Type
Identification
87
Headland Offices Headland Offices Headland Offices Headland Offices Headland Offices Headland Offices
Habitat
Headland Offices 2 x rounded quartz cobbles. Headland Offices Show pronounced pink colour on external surface, internal surface is white Description Habitat
484g 508g 1035g >1 kg 822g 68g
Quantity
804g
Quantity
Headland Archaeology Ltd: N25 Waterford Bypass, Contract 3, Site 34 Final Report Volume 1
No. 04E0319
No. 341077
No. 9
Stone
Limestone
04E0319
341099
6
Stone
Limestone
Possible blade (dubious)
Heat shattered Probably heat shattered fragment but visually and morphologically similar to tools
Headland Offices Headland Offices
18g 16g
Area 4‐ STONE Excavation No. 04E0319
Context No. 341508
Find No. 10
Material
Type
Identification
Description
Habitat
Quantity
Stone
Sedimentary
341507
11
Stone
04E0319
341513
13
Stone
Various lithologies Conglomerate
04E0319
Beneath 341512
15
Stone
Blade chip
Broken, but possible hole through centre. It could have functioned as an anchor. 0.75 approx remains. Possibly struck stone
Headland Offices Headland Offices Headland Offices
56g
04E0319
Possible bulb on surface of stone (natural?) Natural
04E0319
341512
16
Stone
Large stone
Excavation
Context
Find
Material
Type
Identification
Description
Possible net fishing weight/anchor******
88
Headland Offices Headland Offices Habitat
1465g >1 kg
8g
135g
Quantity
Headland Archaeology Ltd: N25 Waterford Bypass, Contract 3, Site 34 Final Report Volume 1
No. 04E0319
No. 341512
No. 20
Stone
Igneous rock
04E0319
28
Stone
Rounded possible hammer stone fragment***** Very hard. Light grey/white in colour
Headland Offices Headland Offices
296g
Igneous rock
Possible hammer stone fragment*****
Material
Type
Identification
Description
Habitat
Quantity
Tooth
BOS/cow
Molar/premolar
Tooth from cow – older animal 7cm long
344g
BONES AND TEETH Area 1 – BONES AND TEETH Excavation Context Find No. No. No. 04E0319 34003 11 04E0319
17
Bone
Mammal
Small rib
04E0319
34003
18
Bone
Sheep
Tibia
04E0319
30
Tooth
BOS/Cow
Young
04E0319
34013
36
Tooth
BOS/Cow
Old
04E0319
38
Bone
Mammal
Split
Excavation No.
Context No.
Find No.
Material
Type
Identification
89
Headland Offices Headland Offices Possibly sliced bone Headland Offices Young cows tooth Headland Offices Possible cows tooth – older Headland animal Offices Split bone (possibly worked Headland end tool). Similar to find # Offices 39 Description Habitat
10g 22g 24g 20g 28g 8g
Quantity
Headland Archaeology Ltd: N25 Waterford Bypass, Contract 3, Site 34 Final Report Volume 1
04E0319
39
Bone
Mammal
Split
Split (similar to find # 38)
04E0319
40
Bone
Bird
Leg bone
Small fragment, avian leg
04E0319
41
Bone
Bird
Leg bone
04E0319
58
Bone
Mammal
Metallic properties
04E0319
59
Bone
Tibia
Larger and more robust than find # 40 Possible small mammal bone but appears to have metallic properties Small tibia
04E0319
60
Bone
Femur
Femur?
04E0319
68
Bone
Sheep?
Scapula
04E0319
74
Bone
Sheep?
Long bone
Possible fragment of scapula
04E0319
78
Bone
Sheep?
Scapula?
Possible sheep scapula
Area 2 – BONES AND TEETH
90
Headland Offices Headland Offices Headland Offices Headland Offices Headland Offices Headland Offices Headland Offices Headland Offices Headland Offices
10g 2g 6g <1g
4g 10g 10g 60g 160g
Headland Archaeology Ltd: N25 Waterford Bypass, Contract 3, Site 34 Final Report Volume 1
Excavation No. 04E0319
Find No. 508
Material
Type
Identification
Description
Habitat
Quantity
Bone
Bone splinter
510
Bone
Cow
Unfused radius
511
Bone
Cow
Mandible
Cut marks,/gnaw marks evident Young animal
512
Bone
Horse
Tibia
513
Bone
Horse
Radius
514
Bone
Horse
Mandible
04E0319
34501
515
Bone
Horse
Rib
04E0319
34501
518
Bone
Cow
Rib
04E0319
34505
530
Tooth
Horse
04E0319
34505
531
Bone
Horse
Tibia
04E0319
34505
533
Bone
Splinter
04E0319
538
Bone
Splinter
Excavation No. 04E0319
Context No.
Find No. 541
Material
Type
Identification
Description
Headland Offices Headland Offices Headland Offices Headland Offices Headland Offices Headland Offices Headland Offices Headland Offices Headland Offices Headland Offices Headland Offices Headland Offices Habitat
14g
04E0319
Context No. Surface find Surface find Surface find Surface find Surface find 34501
Tooth
Cow
04E0319 04E0319 04E0319 04E0319
91
Headland Offices
100g 172g 546g 508g 676g 36g 52g 6g 208g 4g 4g Quantity 22g
Headland Archaeology Ltd: N25 Waterford Bypass, Contract 3, Site 34 Final Report Volume 1
04E0319
542
Tooth
Horse
04E0319
543
Tooth
Horse
04E0319
546
Bone
Horse
Tibia
04E0319
547
Bone
Vertebra??
04E0319
548
Bone
Ribs
04E0319
561
Bone
Horse
Vertebra?
04E0319
34507
563
Bone
Horse
Rib
04E0319
34504
565
Bone
Horse
Scapula
04E0319
34507
568
Bone
Rib
04E0319
34507
569
Bone
Rib
04E0319
34507
570
Bone
Rib
4E0319
34504
575
Tooth
Horse
04E0319
577
Bone
Horse
Excavation No. 04E0319
Context No. 34507
Find No. 580
Material
Type
Identification
Distal and proximal ends non‐existent Description
Bone
Horse
Rib
92
Headland Offices Headland Offices Headland Offices Headland Offices Headland Offices Headland Offices Headland Offices Headland Offices Headland Offices Headland Offices Headland Offices Headland Offices Headland Offices Habitat Headland Offices
10g 16g 26g 32g 10g 40g 38g 208g 8g 10g 28g 24g 246 Quantity 20g
Headland Archaeology Ltd: N25 Waterford Bypass, Contract 3, Site 34 Final Report Volume 1
04E0319
34504
585
Bone
Animal
Skull
04E0319
34504
586
Bone
Horse
Skull
04E0319
34504
588
Bone
Horse
Skull
04E0319
34507
589
Bone
Cow
04E0319
34507
594
Bone
Animal
Rib
04E0319
595
Bone
Rib
Found with find # 548
Description
Headland Offices Headland Offices Headland Offices Headland Offices Headland Offices Headland Offices
18g 106g 14g 52g 48g 2g
Area 4 – BONES AND TEETH Excavation No. 04E0319
Context No. 341513
Find No. 4
Material
Type
Identification
Bone
04E0319
Beneath 341512
22
Bone
Cattle/deer
Excavation No. 04E0319
Context No. Beneath 341512
Find No. 25
Material
Type
Fragments of unfused Black in appearance on epiphysis excavation, found in association with find # 5 Long bone/femur Found directly above glacial till in association with find # 23 Identification Description
Tooth
Deer
Molar
Habitat
Quantity
Headland Offices
<1g
Headland Offices
310g
Habitat
Quantity
Deer molar/premolar found Headland near find # 22,23 and 24 Offices
93
10g
Headland Archaeology Ltd: N25 Waterford Bypass, Contract 3, Site 34 Final Report Volume 1
04E0319
29
Bone
Headland Offices
42g
Find No. 104
Material
Type
Identification
Description
Habitat
Quantity
Tooth
Cow
Cow tooth
Headland Offices
20g
Identification
Description
Habitat
Quantity
Headland Offices Headland Offices Headland Offices Habitat
5ml
2ml
Area 1 Ext. ‐ BONES Excavation No. 04E0319
Context No. 34100
NUTS, SEEDS ETC. Area 1 –NUTS, SEEDS ETC. Excavation Context Find No. No. No. 04E0319 34002 1
Material
Type
Nut
Acorn/hazelnut Bead?
04E0319
34002
2
Nut
Acorn/hazelnut
Probable acorn/hazelnut with hole going through it Acorn/hazelnut
04E0319
7
Nut
Hazelnuts
Multiple hazelnuts
Excavation No. 04E0319
Surface find Context No. 34004
Find No. 10
Material
Type
Identification
Description
Nut
Hazelnuts
04E0319
34006
12
Nut
Hazelnuts
Multiple hazelnuts – 1 Headland hollowed out Offices Fragments of hazelnut shell Headland
94
20ml 50ml Quantity
1ml
Headland Archaeology Ltd: N25 Waterford Bypass, Contract 3, Site 34 Final Report Volume 1
04E0319
34006
13
Nut
Hazelnut
04E0319
34014
29
Seeds
04E0319
34014
33
Nut
04E0319
34015
43
Nut
Hazelnut?
04E0319
34015
44
Nuts
Hazelnuts
04E0319
34017
50
Nuts
Hazelnuts
04E0319
34017
51
Nut
Acorn
04E0319
34017
53
Seed
4E0319
Nut
Hazelnut
04E0319
Cutting 55 A – spit 3 34015 57
Seeds
04E0319
34015
61
Nut
Shell
Excavation No. 04E0319
Context No. 34017
Find No. 63
Material
Type
Identification
Offices Fragments of hazelnut shell Headland Offices Very small orange/yellow Headland seed Offices Small complete nut Headland Offices Whole nut and shell Headland fragments Offices Several fragmentary and Headland whole nuts Offices Multiple hazelnuts Headland Offices Acorn Headland Offices Small seed – possibly apple Headland Offices Whole hazelnut Headland Offices Seeds Headland Offices Possible nut shell Headland Offices Description Habitat
Nut
Hazelnuts
Hazelnuts
04E0319
34017
64
Nut
Acorn
Acorns
95
Headland Offices Headland
2ml 40ml 1 nut
2.5 nuts 20ml 40ml 5ml 10ml 5ml 10 seeds 4 fragments Quantity 15ml 15ml
Headland Archaeology Ltd: N25 Waterford Bypass, Contract 3, Site 34 Final Report Volume 1
Offices Headland Offices Headland Offices Headland Offices Headland Offices Headland Offices Headland Offices Headland Offices Headland Offices Headland Offices
04E0319
34006
65
Nut
Acorns
2 acorn fragments
04E0319
34006
66
Seeds
Reed?
04E0319
34006
67
Nut
Acorns
Acorns
04E0319
69
Nut
Acorn
Acorn
04E0319
34015
72
Nut
Hazelnut
Hazelnut
04E0319
34015
75
Nut
Hazelnut
Hazelnut
04E0319
34015
79
Nut
Hazelnut
Hazelnut
04E0319
34015
80
Nut
Hazelnut
Hazelnut
04E0319
87
Nut
Hazelnut
04E0319
100
Nut
Hazelnut
Multiple fragments of hazelnuts
Excavation No. 04E0319
Context No.
Find No. 101
Material
Type
Identification
Description
Headland Offices Habitat
Nuts
Acorns, hazelnuts and possible malus
Acorns, hazelnuts and possible malus seeds
Headland Offices
96
2 fragments 3ml 3ml Half an acorn 40ml 20ml 1 nut 1 nut 2ml
30ml
Quantity 50ml
Headland Archaeology Ltd: N25 Waterford Bypass, Contract 3, Site 34 Final Report Volume 1
04E0319
102
Nut
seeds Hazelnut
Hazelnut
04E0319
103
Nut
Hazelnut
Hazelnut – found above mineral clay in conjunction with charcoal
Material
Type
Identification
Description
Habitat
Quantity
Nut
Hazelnut
Hazelnut shell
Headland Offices Headland Offices Headland Offices Headland Offices Headland Offices Headland Offices Habitat
Area 2 – NUTS, SEEDS, ETC. Excavation Context Find No. No. No. 04E0319 34501 501 04E0319
34502
502
Seed
04E0319
507
Seed
04E0319
519
Nut
Sloe/hawthorn (prunus sp.) Hazelnut
Possible seed from larger shrubs or trees Sloe/hawthorn (prunus sp.)
Hazelnut
04E0319
523
Nut
Hazelnut
Hazelnut
04E0319
524
Nut
Acorn
Acorn
Excavation No. 04E0319
Context No.
Find No. 528
Material
Type
Identification
Description
Nut
Hazelnut
Whole hazelnut
04E0319
532
Nut
Hazelnut
Hazelnut
97
Headland Offices Headland Offices
Headland Offices Headland
15ml 2ml
1 seed 1 fragment Multiple fragment Multiple fragments 1 fragment Quantity 1 nut 10ml (in
Headland Archaeology Ltd: N25 Waterford Bypass, Contract 3, Site 34 Final Report Volume 1
Offices Headland Offices Headland Offices Headland Offices Headland Offices
matrix) 5ml (in matrix) 5ml (in matrix) 2 seeds
Headland Offices Headland Offices Headland Offices Headland Offices Headland Offices Headland Offices
1 fragment 1 fragment Multiple fragments 1 nut
Description
Habitat
Quantity
Hazelnuts
Headland
1 whole, 2
04E0319
539
Seed
?
Unidentified seed
04E0319
544
Seed
Emmer wheat?
04E0319
545
Seeds
04E0319
34504
556
Nut
Hazelnut
04E0319
558
Nut
Hazelnut
Possible seed from larger shrubs or trees Hazelnut Hazelnut shell
04E0319
559
Nut
Hazelnut
Hazelnut shell
04E0319
560
Nut
Hazelnut
Hazelnut
04E0319
34507
571
Nut
Hazelnut
Hazelnut
04E0319
34504
572
Nut
Hazelnut
Hazelnut
04E0319
576
Seed
Possible acorn
Possible acorn
Material
Type
Identification
Nut
Hazelnuts
Area 4 – NUTS, SEEDS, ETC. Excavation Context Find No. No. No. 04E0319 341501 1
98
2.5 nuts
4 fragments 2 fragments
Headland Archaeology Ltd: N25 Waterford Bypass, Contract 3, Site 34 Final Report Volume 1
Offices Headland Offices Headland Offices Headland Offices Headland Offices Headland Offices Headland Offices
half nuts 2
Description
Habitat
Quantity
Blue/grey translucent. Debitage
Headland Offices
Type
Identification
Description
Habitat
1 very small piece, <1g Quantity
Black/grey matrix, white cortex. Struck beach cobble with multiple facets. Possible debitage but not a
Headland Offices
04E0319
341513
5
Nut
Hazelnuts
Hazelnuts
04E0319
6
Nut
Hazelnuts
Burnt hazelnut fragment
04E0319
341509
7
Possibly ivy
Berry
04E0319
9
Berry/see d/nut Nut
Hazelnuts
Hazelnuts
04E0319
341507
12
Berry
Juniper? Ivy?
04E0319
Stray find
26
Nut
Acorn
1 whole acorn
Type
Identification
Material Chert/ Flint
LITHICS Area 1 Ext./Mesolithic ‐ LITHICS Excavation Context Find Material No. No. No. O4E0319 34021 100 Flint
Excavation No. 04E0319
Context No. 34100
Find No. 101
99
1 1 berry 5ml 1 1 nut
4g
Headland Archaeology Ltd: N25 Waterford Bypass, Contract 3, Site 34 Final Report Volume 1
04E0319
34100
102
Chert
Scraper
Bann flake?
04E0319
34100
103
Flint
Butt trimmed Bann flake
04E0319
106
Chert
Butt trimmed Bann flake
Area 3 ‐ LITHICS Excavation Context No. No. 04E0319 341043
Find No. 3
Material
Type
Identification
Chert
04E0319
4
Rhyolite
Possible Bann flake?
Find No. 14
Material Chert
Area 4 – LITHICS Excavation Context No. No. 04E0319 Beneath 341513
tool. Bann flake. Blue grey with cortex visible on ventral surface Pale grey flake with broken tip and possible retouch
Headland Offices
6g
Headland Offices
10g
Headland Offices
10g
Description
Habitat
Quantity
Headland Offices Headland Offices
<1g
Possible debitage, (very dubious) Possible Bann flake but more likely a Neolithic scraper.
Type
Identification
Description
Habitat
Quantity
Blade
Bann flake
Large Bann flake. Stone blade, butt trimmed with 2
Headland Offices
36g
100
Headland Archaeology Ltd: N25 Waterford Bypass, Contract 3, Site 34 Final Report Volume 1
04E0319
340021
21
04E0319
Beneath 341512
24
? Not chert or flint Chert
Bann flake
Bann flake
Charcoal and Charred wood Area 1 – CHARCOAL AND CHARRED WOOD Excavation Context Find Material Type No. No. No. 04E0319 34017 27 Charcoal
fragments that have split from Unworked side
Headland Offices
14g
Worked tool. Dark grey material with light grey mottling.
Headland Offices
8g
Identification
Description
Habitat
Quantity
1 fragment
04E0319
34017
28
Charcoal
Excavation No. 04E0319
Context No. 34017
Find No. 31
Material
Type
Identification
Headland Offices Multiple fragments of burnt Headland wood Offices Description Habitat
Charcoal
1 fragment of burnt wood
04E0319
34007
52
Burnt woodchip
04E0319
34006
71
Charred wood Charcoal
Charcoal
101
Headland Offices Headland Offices Headland
2ml
15ml Quantity 1ml 2ml 5ml
Headland Archaeology Ltd: N25 Waterford Bypass, Contract 3, Site 34 Final Report Volume 1
Offices Area 2 –CHARCOAL AND CHARRED WOOD Excavation Context Find Material Type No. No. No. 04E0319 34504 574 Charred wood Area 4 –CHARCOAL AND CHARRED WOOD Excavation Context Find Material Type No. No. No. 04E0319 341501 27 Charcoal SHELLS AND MOLLUSCS Area 1 – Shells/Molluscs Excavation Context Find No. No. No. 04E0319 34007 56
Identification
Description
Habitat
Quantity
Charred wood
Headland Offices
1 very small piece
Identification
Description
Habitat
Quantity
Charcoal chunks
Headland Offices
6g
Material
Type
Identification
Description
Habitat
Quantity
Shell
Seashell?
1 whole possible seashell
Headland
1 shell
102
Headland Archaeology Ltd: N25 Waterford Bypass, Contract 3, Site 34 Final Report Volume 1
04E0319
34015
62
Shell?
04E0319
34015
77
Shell
04E0319
34015
82
Shell
Possible marine mollusc Mollusc
AREA 2 EXT. – ALL FINDS Excavation Context Find No. No. No. 04E0319 34609 601
Flecks of white material, possible seashell Possible marine mollusc Mollusc
Offices Headland Offices Headland Offices Headland Offices
Few flecks 10ml 20ml
Material
Type
Identification
Description
Habitat
Quantity
Unknown
Cylinders (material or identification unknown)
Headland Offices
Cylinders (material or identification unknown) Cylinders (material or identification unknown) Description
Headland Offices Headland Offices Habitat
82g‐ combined weight of find # 601‐ 604
04E0319
34609
602
Unknown
04E0319
34609
603
Unknown
Excavation No. 04E0319
Context No. 34609
Find No. 604
Material
Type
Identification
Unknown
Cylinders (material or identification unknown)
Material
Type
Identification
Description
Habitat
Quantity
AREA 2 – BEETLECASING Excavation Context Find
103
Quantity
Headland Archaeology Ltd: N25 Waterford Bypass, Contract 3, Site 34 Final Report Volume 1
No. 04E0319
No. 34501
No. 516
04E0319
562
AREA 4B– SHOES Excavation Context No. No. 04E0319
Find No. 8
WOOD Area 1 Extension – WOOD Excavation Context Find No. No. No. 04E0319 34110 105
Beetle casing Beetle wing casing
Headland Offices Headland Offices
1ml
Material
Type
Identification
Description
Habitat
Quantity
Shoes
Leather
1 and a half leather shoes found in fibrous material in trench directly south of area 4
Headland Offices
1.5 shoes
Material
Type
Identification
Description
Habitat
Quantity
Wood
Possibly worked piece
Possibly worked (unlikely)
Headland Offices
1 piece
Area 1 – WOOD
104
1ml
Headland Archaeology Ltd: N25 Waterford Bypass, Contract 3, Site 34 Final Report Volume 1
Excavation No. 04E0319
Context No. 34001
Find No. 4
Material
Type
Identification
Description
Habitat
Quantity
Wood
Stake
Waterlogged, partial stake
1 piece
04E0319
42
Wood
Splinter
Hardwood, possibly splinter from chopping
Headland Offices Headland Offices
Area 4 ‐ WOOD Context Excavation N. No. 04E0319 341512
Find No. 18
Material
Type
Identification
Description
Habitat
Quantity
Wood
Spoon like wooden object with rounded edge
Headland Offices
1 piece
Brick Kiln Excavation Context Number Number 04E0319 Surface
Find Number 001
Material
Type
Pottery
04E0319
Surface
002
Pottery
04E0319
Surface
003
04E0319
Surface
004
Identification
1 very small piece
Description
Habitat
Quantity
Post medieval
C18/C19. Glazed both sides
6g
Unglazed
Metal
Medieval/post medieval Unidentified
Nut
Possible acorn
Possible acorn, black in
Headland Offices Headland Offices Headland Offices Headland
Unidentified iron object
105
12g 8g <1g
Headland Archaeology Ltd: N25 Waterford Bypass, Contract 3, Site 34 Final Report Volume 1
04E0319
Surface
005
Stone
04E0319
[34521]
006
Glass/slate/pot Post medieval
colour. Possible stone
Possible stone
Dark, thick post medieval glass bottle sherd and grey slate and thin white glazed, patterned pot sherd.
106
Offices Headland Offices Headland Offices
6g 74g/34g/<1g
Headland Archaeology Ltd: N25 Waterford Bypass, Contract 3, Site 34 Final Report Volume 1
3.
Sample register for dating purposes
Area 1 Ext./Meso and Area 4 Area Sample Context Amount Description No. No. 1‐Ext. 1‐Ext 1‐Ext 1‐Ext. 1‐Ext 1‐Ext 1‐Ext. 1‐Ext 1‐Ext 1‐Ext. 1‐Ext 4 4 4 4
BS19 BS20 BS21 BS22 BS23 BS24 BS25 BS26 BS27 BS28 BS29 1540 1541 1542 1543
34001 34002 34047 34045 34013 34033 34035 34004A 34031 34004B 34042 34001 34071 34070 34063
10L 10L 10L 10L 20L 15L 20L 20L 30L 10L 10L 10L 10L 10L 10L
4 4
1544 1545
34004 34062
10L 10L
Upper grey clay deposit Lower orange mottled clay deposit Mid brown, grey silty clay/marl Brownish/blue grey marl Brown peat with marl traces Light, white marl/peat mix Dark blue/grey marl Brown peat Black silty charcoal lens Brown peat, under 34031 Pale band of marl Very light grey/white clay from sect. 6 Dark brownish grey fibrous peat. Dark greyish/brown reed rich peat. Mid to dark brown peat with patches of blue/grey tints from sect. 6 Mid brown peat from sect. 6 Very dark rich brown/black peat from sect. 6
107
Type/ Initial results
Headland Archaeology Ltd: N25 Waterford Bypass, Contract 3, Site 34 Final Report Volume 1
Soil Sample Register and Assessment Area Sample Context No. Amount No. 1 1G 34029 5 Bags 1 3G 34013 0.5L 1 Ext. 1 Ext.
100 101
34110 34103
10L 5L
1 Ext.
102
34104
5L
1 Ext. 1 Ext. 1 Ext. 1 Ext. 1 Ext. 1 Ext. 1 Ext. 1 Ext. 1 Ext.
103 104 105 106 107 108 109 110 111
34112 34105 34107 34113+34114 34108 34109 34109 34110 34113
30L 30L 2L 5L 6L 10L 10L 20L 20L
1 Ext.
112
34114
5L
1 Ext.
113
34116
15L
1 Ext. 1 Ext. 1 Ext. 1 Ext. 1 Ext.
114 115 116 117 118
34121 34106 34122 34109 34117
15L 10L 20L 1 bag 20L
1 Ext. 1 Ext.
119 120
34118 34125
10L 20L
1 Ext.
121
34124
15L
1 Ext. 2
122 501
34124 34508
25L 20L
2 2
502 503
34509 34510
10L 10L
2 2 2
504 505 506
34504 34507 34504
<1L 10L 10L
Description 100% sample of burnt stones Small deposit of peat within the clay/marl Lower fill of [34101] Fill of shallow burnt pit [34101]. Peat with charcoal Fill of [34102]. Greyish brown clay with peat inclusions. Fill of [34111] Fill of [34101] Fill of [34101] Mixed deposit due to floods Fill of [34101] Fill of [34109] Fill of [34101] Fill of [34101] Redeposited natural from [34115] Greyish brown mix of peat and redeposited natural from [34115] Fill between [34101] and [34124] Fill of [34124] Fill of [34101] Fill of [34124] Wood from [34101] Secondary fill of [34111]. Grey brown organic peat Primary fill of [34111] Tertiary fill of [34111]. Peat with charcoal. Dark brown /orange silty clay with organic components Light grey fine sandy clay Greyish brown silty peat/marl mix in [34507] Reed peat [34504] Greyish brown silty peat/marl mix in [34504] Possible moss in [34504] Peat/marl mix Reed peat beneath spit 3 in [34504]
108
Headland Archaeology Ltd: N25 Waterford Bypass, Contract 3, Site 34 Final Report Volume 1
Area 2
Sample Context No. Amount No. 508 34004 10L
2
509
34039
10L
2
510
34049
10L
2
511
34050
10L
2
512
34051
10L
2
513
34052
10L
2.Ext 2.Ext 2.Ext 2.Ext 2.Ext 3 3
601 602 603 604 605 1 2
34602 34603 34604 34608 34609 341006 341007
5L 1L
3 3
3 4
341010 341010
6L 2L
3
5
341012
0.5L
3
6
341014
1L
3
7
341018
4L
3
8
341020
8L
3
9
341022
10L
3
10
341006
10L
3
11
341019
10L
3
12
341007
10L
Description Peat base layer in cutting G from sect. 15 Marly upper layer in cutting G from sect. 15 Peat and marl mix towards base of cutting G from sect. 17 Dark grey and brown marl in cutting G from sect. 17 Dark grey and dark blue marl in cutting G from sect. 17 Lighter grey and blue marl in cutting G from Sect. 17 100% sample of grey clay fill 100% sample of burnt fill Burnt lining Grey lens Spread of cylindrical finds Wood and charcoal Fill of linear feature, [341008]‐ contains wood and charcoal Charred mineral/slag deposit Charcoal rich deposit‐not so much slag present as sample # 4 but still the same context Dark grey fill of possible stake hole [341013] , contains charcoal Dark brown/black sandy clay, fill of possible posthole [341015] Grey/black sandy clay, charcoal rich, fill of possible stake hole [341017] Grey sandy silt with wood inclusions Grey sandy/silty clay with ash and charcoal inclusions Charcoal rich burnt stone deposit Grey silty clay deposit, charcoal rich with wood inclusions Dark reddish brown silty clay with small pebble, semi decayed wood and charcoal inclusions, fill of [341008]
109
Headland Archaeology Ltd: N25 Waterford Bypass, Contract 3, Site 34 Final Report Volume 1
Area
Sample Context No. Amount No. 13 341031 10L
3
3
14
341033
10L
3 3
16 17
341038
10L 0.25L
3
18
341040
0.25L
3
19
341042
0.25L
3
20
341043
10L
3
21
341046
10L
3
22
341045
10L
3
23
341049
20L
3 3
25 28
341043 341060
0.25L 20L
3
29
341027
10L
3
30
341061
10L
3
31
341025
6L
3
32
341072
5L
3
33
341073
6L
3
34
341008
1L
3
36
341100
0.5l
3
37
341106
32L
Description Mid blue/grey silty clay with inclusions of charcoal and wood. Grey silty clay with wood and charcoal inclusions, fill of [341032} Peat from test trench 3 Black/grey clay from possible posthole [341037] Black/grey clay from possible posthole [341039] Greyish, yellowish, pinkish sandy clay from possible posthole [341041] Mid grey silty clay, charcoal rich, fill of pit [341044] Grey silty clay, charcoal rich, fill of pit [341047] Blackish sandy clay, charcoal rich, fill of pit [341047] Black stony mineral deposit, charcoal rich, over (341004) Charcoal only from (341043) Light grey clay with charcoal inclusions, fill of [341059] Light grey sand containing charcoal Orange/brown sandy clay with burnt stone and charcoal inclusions Dark grey clayey sand, fill of [341024] Grey clay containing burnt/heat effected stones and charcoal, fill of [341071] Dark grey clay containing burnt stones Split wood from base of [34008] Black/grey/brown silty, sandy clay Black, charcoal rich silty clay, containing heat shattered stones.
110
Headland Archaeology Ltd: N25 Waterford Bypass, Contract 3, Site 34 Final Report Volume 1
Area 3
Sample Context No. Amount No. 38 341106 1L
3
39
341104
0.5L
3
40
341105
0.5L
3
41
341109
0.5L
3
42
341110
0.5L
3
44
341118
0.3L
3
45
341119
0.3L
3
46
341120
0.3L
3
47
341121
0.7L
3
48
341122
1L
3
49
341123
0.3L
3
50
341124
0.3L
3
51
341126
5L
3
52
341128
5L
3
53
341128
8‐10L
3
54
341128
0.5L
3
55
341128
0.25L
3
57
341125
2.5L
3
58
341125
1‐2L
3
59
341125
0.5L
Description Black charcoal rich fulacht material, fill of trough [341077] Black/grey/brown (mixed colour) silty, sandy, clay, fill of possible stake hole [341101] Black/grey/yellowish silty clay. Fill of possible stake hole [341105] Grey, silty clay, fill of possible stake hole 341107 Yellowish black silty clay, rich in charcoal, fill of possible posthole [341108] Yellowish grey silty clay, fill of possible posthole [341111] Grey, black silty clay, fill of possible posthole, [341112] Yellowish/blackish grey silty clay, fill of possible stake hole [341113] Black, silty clay, fill of possible posthole [341114] Yellowish, black silty clay, fill of possible stake hole [341115] Grey/black silty clay, fill of possible posthole/stake hole 341116 Black/grey silty clay, fill of possible stake hole, 341117 Grey clay, rich in organic material Silty deposit with organic material removed from underside of trough, timber E. Deposit from underside of timber F. Deposit from underside of timber G. Black charcoal from around timber H. Fibrous organic material adjacent to fulacht trough timber at east. Fibrous organic matter from trough. Fibrous organic matter
111
Headland Archaeology Ltd: N25 Waterford Bypass, Contract 3, Site 34 Final Report Volume 1
Area 3
Sample Context No. Amount No. 60 341125 0.5l
3
61
341099
0.25L
3
62
341128
0.25L
3
63
341125
1.5L
3
64
341128
0.25L
4
1500
341505
10L
4
1501
341511
15L
4
1502
341511
10L
4
1503
341513
20L
4
1504
341509
10L
4 4
1505 1506
341516 341509
20L 10L
4
1507
341509
10L
4
1508
341501
1‐2L
4
1509
341512
10L
4
1510
341520
10L
4
1511
34049
10L
4
1512
34039
10L
4
1513
34056
5L
Description Material adjacent to fulacht timber Hazelnuts Material from between and beneath timbers Material deposit within base of trough 341077 Material from within internal SW corner of trough [341077] Reed peat from below BS#1, [341508], spit 1 Reed peat from below brushwood concentration at eastern end of [341511], spit 1 Reed peat from below brushwood concentration at western end of [341511], spit 1 Reed peat from below wood in BS#4, [341513], spit1 Reed peat from below wood in BS#3, in possible structure [341509] Wet reed/root rich peat Reed peat from below wood in BS#6, from western end of bulk sample area Reed peat from below wood in BS#6, from eastern end of bulk sample area. Micro sample taken from between timbers of track way [341501] Sample from beneath spit 2 of [341512] Dark grey/black peat at base of [341512] Mid‐dark brown peat, moderately firm, from section 1 Very light brown/greyish tinted marl, silty clay loam, from section 1 Very dark grey‐black, silty clay, moderately firm compaction. From section 1
112
Headland Archaeology Ltd: N25 Waterford Bypass, Contract 3, Site 34 Final Report Volume 1
Area 4
Sample Context No. Amount No. 1514 34057 10L
4
1515
34058
10L
4
1516
34004
5L
4
1517
34059
5L
4
1518
34060
10L
4
1519
34061
10L
4
1520
34062
10L
4
1521
34063
10L
4
1522
34064
5L
4
1523
34065
10L
4
1524
34066
5L
4
1525
34067
5L
4
1526
34068
5L
4
1527
34065
5L
4
1528
34004
10L
4
1529
34067
10L
4
1530
34066
5L
4
1531
34004
10L
Description Mid brown with slight tints of dark grey, silty clay loam, moderately firm compaction, from section 1 Mid grey with a slight brownish tint probably caused by the presence of organic matter, silty clay loam, mottled marl from section 1. Mid brown thin layer of peat from sect. 1 Dark brown peat lens from section 1 Yellow clay, firm compaction from section 4 Greyish brown clay from section 4 Very dark brown/black peat from section 4 Mid‐dark brown silty peat from section 4 Blue/grey silty peat, moderately compacted from section 4 Very dark grey with a blue tint, sandy gravel from section 4 Pale pinkish clay and sand, very firm, from section 4 Mid brown with a greyish tint, sandy gravel from section 4 Dark, ochre sandy clay with an orange/brown tint caused by organic matter. Very dark grey with a blue tint, sandy gravel from section 3 Mid brown thin layer of peat from sect. 3 Mid brown with a greyish tint. Sandy loam from section 3 Pale pinkish clay and sand, very firm, from section 3 Mid brown thin layer of peat from sect. 6
113
Headland Archaeology Ltd: N25 Waterford Bypass, Contract 3, Site 34 Final Report Volume 1
Area 4
Sample Context No. Amount No. 1532 34065 5L
4
1533
34063
10L
4
1534
34057
10L
4
1535
34062
10L
4
1536
34069
5L
4
1537
34070
3L
4
1538
34001
2L
4
1539
34071
3L
4
1540
34001
10L
4
1541
34071
10L
4
1542
34070
20L
4
1543
34063
10L
4
1544
34004
10L
4
1545
34062
10L
Site 34 – Brick Kiln Sample Register Sample Context Number Number 001 Surface 002 003 004 005
Surface Surface Surface [34531]
Description Very dark grey with a blue tint, sandy gravel from section 6 Mid‐dark brown silty peat from section 6 Mid brown with a greyish tint. Sandy loam from section 6 Very dark brown/black peat from section 6 Mid brown fibrous peat. Rapidly oxidised to dark brown on exposure. Dark greyish/brown reed rich peat. Light/mid grey with orange/brown mottling and also black mottling. Clay from section 6 Dark brownish grey fibrous peat. Light/mid grey with orange/brown mottling and also black mottling. Clay from section 6 Dark brownish grey fibrous peat. Dark greyish/brown reed rich peat. Mid‐dark brown silty peat from section 6 Mid brown thin layer of peat from sect. 6 Very dark brown/black peat from section 6.
Amount
Description
Type/Initial results
Brick for ID material and firing method Slag? For ID material Coal? For ID material Brick (Differential firing) Burnt wood‐possibly kiln fuel
114
Headland Archaeology Ltd: N25 Waterford Bypass, Contract 3, Site 34 Final Report Volume 1
4. Site 34 – Area 1, 2 and 4 Wood Bulk Samples per Structure Area Structure Spit Cutting Number Number
Bulk Sample Sample Description Sample Number Number
Reason for sampling
Number of Bags
1
34005
1
C
2
40
All timber from within designated bulk sample area
Species identification and dating
8
1
34005
2?
C
5
116
All timber from within designated bulk sample area
Species identification and dating
4
1
34005
4
D
13
195
All timber from within designated bulk sample area
Species identification and dating
12
1
34005
2 and D 3
12
190
All timber from within designated bulk sample area
Species identification and dating
5
1
34006
1
E
1
20
All timber from within designated bulk sample area
Species identification and dating
10
1
34007
1
A
3
43
All timber from within designated bulk sample area
Species identification and dating
9
1
34007
2
A
6
127
All timber from within designated bulk sample area
Species identification and dating
5
1
34007
5
A
17
206
All timber from within designated bulk sample area
Species identification and dating
1
34007
5
A
18
220
All timber from within designated bulk sample area
Species identification and dating
5
115
Headland Archaeology Ltd: N25 Waterford Bypass, Contract 3, Site 34 Final Report Volume 1
Area
Structure Number
Spit Number
Cutting
Bulk Sample Sample Description Sample Number Number
Reason for sampling
Number of Bags
1
34014
3
B
7
160
All timber from within designated bulk sample area
Species identification and dating
3
1
34014
4
B
8
183
All timber from within designated bulk sample area
Species identification and dating
8
1
34014
5
B
15
201
All timber from within designated bulk sample area
Species identification and dating
5
1
34014
5 and B 6
16
204
All timber from within designated bulk sample area
Species identification and dating
1
34015
1
F
4
46
All timber from within designated bulk sample area
Species identification and dating
2
1
34015
2
F
11
186
All timber from within designated bulk sample area
Species identification and dating
13
1
34015
2
F
9
184
All timber from within designated bulk sample area
Species identification and dating
10
1
34017
4
E
10
185
All timber from within designated bulk sample area
Species identification and dating
1
34017
5 and E 6
14
200
All timber from within designated bulk sample area
Species identification and dating
2
34504
1
H
54
509
All timber from within designated bulk sample area
Species identification and dating
1
2
34504
1
H
55
510
All timber from within designated bulk sample area
Species identification and dating
1
2
34504
1
H
56
511
All timber from within designated bulk sample area
Species identification and dating
1
116
Headland Archaeology Ltd: N25 Waterford Bypass, Contract 3, Site 34 Final Report Volume 1
Area
Structure Number
Spit Number
Cutting
Bulk Sample Sample Description Sample Number Number
Reason for sampling
Number of Bags
2
34504
1
H
57
512
All timber from within designated bulk sample area
Species identification and dating
1
2
34504
1
H
58
513
All timber from within designated bulk sample area
Species identification and dating
1
2
34504
1
H
62
541
All timber from within designated bulk sample area
Species identification and dating
37
2
34504
?
H
65
558
All timber from within designated bulk sample area
Species identification and dating
9
2
34504
3
H
67
560
All timber from within designated bulk sample area
Species identification and dating
11
2
34505
1
G
59
515
All timber from within designated bulk sample area
Species identification and dating
9
2
34505
G
60
526
All timber from within designated bulk sample area
Species identification and dating
2
34507
1
I
51
506
All timber from within designated bulk sample area
Species identification and dating
1
2
34507
1
I
61
All timber from within designated bulk sample area
Species identification and dating
28
2
34507
1
I
63
542
All timber from within designated bulk sample area
Species identification and dating
10
2
34507
2
I
64
557
All timber from within designated bulk sample area
Species identification and dating
12
2
34507
3
I
66
559
All timber from within designated bulk sample area
Species identification and dating
2
117
Headland Archaeology Ltd: N25 Waterford Bypass, Contract 3, Site 34 Final Report Volume 1
Area
Structure Number
Spit Number
Cutting
Bulk Sample Sample Description Sample Number Number
Reason for sampling
Number of Bags
2
34507
4
I
52
507
All timber from within designated bulk sample area
Species identification and dating
1
2
34507
5
I
53
508
All timber from within designated bulk sample area
Species identification and dating
1
4
341501
Not N/A applicable
6
1567
All timber from within designated bulk sample area
Species identification and dating
2
4
341501
Not N/A applicable
8
1596
All timber from within designated bulk sample area
Species identification and dating
6
4
341501
Not N/A applicable
10
1618
All timber from within designated bulk sample area
Species identification and dating
3
4
341507
Not N/A applicable
7
1586
All timber from within designated bulk sample area
Species identification and dating
11
4
341512
Not N/A applicable
1
1501
All timber from within designated bulk sample area
Species identification and dating
12
4
341512
Not N/A applicable
2
1502
All timber from within designated bulk sample area
Species identification and dating
15
4
341512
Not N/A applicable
3
1509
All timber from within designated bulk sample area
Species identification and dating
9
118
Headland Archaeology Ltd: N25 Waterford Bypass, Contract 3, Site 34 Final Report Volume 1
Area
Structure Number
Spit Number
4
341512
4
Cutting
Bulk Sample Sample Description Sample Number Number
Reason for sampling
Number of Bags
Not N/A applicable
4
1510
All timber from within designated bulk sample area
Species identification and dating
3
341512
Not N/A applicable
5
1548
All timber from within designated bulk sample area
Species identification and dating
6
4
341513
Not N/A applicable
11
1619
All timber from within designated bulk sample area
Species identification and dating
1
4
341509/341519 Not N/A applicable
9
1613
All timber from within designated bulk sample area
Species identification and dating
4
119
Headland Archaeology Ltd: N25 Waterford Bypass, Contract 3, Site 34 Final Report Volume 1
Individual Wood Samples per Structure Asterix and bold print indicates exceptional toolmark specimen. Area Structure Spit Cutting Individual Sample Number Number Number worked No.
Sample Description
Reason for sampling
Condition
1
34007
?
A
34W1023
47
Stake, chisel end
Species identification, dating and tool mark identification.
OK
1
34007
?
A
34W1024
29
Stake, chisel end
Species identification, dating and tool mark identification.
Good
1
34007
?
A
34W1025
130
Stake, chisel end
Species identification, dating and tool mark identification.
Good
1
34007
?
A
34W1026
22
Stake, chisel end
Species identification, dating and tool mark identification.
Good
120
Headland Archaeology Ltd: N25 Waterford Bypass, Contract 3, Site 34 Final Report Volume 1
Area
Structure Number
Spit Number
Cutting
Individual worked No.
Sample Number
Sample Description
Reason for sampling
Condition
1
34007
?
A
34W1027
21
Stake, chisel end
Species identification, dating and tool mark identification.
Poor
1
34007
?
A
34W1028
25
Split roundwood
Species identification, dating and tool mark identification.
Good
1
34007
?
A
34W1029
27
Stake, chisel end
Species identification, dating and tool mark identification.
OK
1
34007
?
A
34W1030
33
Roundwood, chisel end
Species identification, dating and tool mark identification.
Poor
1
34007
?
A
34W1031
44
Roundwood, chisel end
Species identification, dating and tool mark identification.
Good
1
34007
?
A
34W1036
141
Roundwood, chisel end
Species identification, dating and tool mark identification.
?
1
34007
?
A
34W1037
124
Peg, pencil end
Species identification, dating and tool mark identification.
?
121
Headland Archaeology Ltd: N25 Waterford Bypass, Contract 3, Site 34 Final Report Volume 1
Area
Structure Number
Spit Number
Cutting
Individual worked No.
Sample Number
Sample Description
Reason for sampling
Condition
1
34007
?
A
34W1038
143
Forked roundwood, chisel ended
Species identification, dating and tool mark identification.
?
1
34007
?
A
34W1039
122
Roundwood, chisel end
Species identification, dating and tool mark identification.
?
1
34007
?
A
34W1040
125
Peg, wedge end
Species identification, dating and tool mark identification.
?
1
34007
?
A
34W1041
121
Upright peg, chisel end
Species identification, dating and tool mark identification.
Poor
1
34007
?
A
34W1042
144
Peg, facetted
Species identification, dating and tool mark identification.
?
1
34007
?
A
34W1043
123
Roundwood, chisel end
Species identification, dating and tool mark identification.
?
1
34007
?
A
34W1044
126
Roundwood, chisel end
Species identification, dating and tool mark identification.
?
122
Headland Archaeology Ltd: N25 Waterford Bypass, Contract 3, Site 34 Final Report Volume 1
Area
Structure Number
Spit Number
Cutting
Individual worked No.
Sample Number
Sample Description
Reason for sampling
Condition
1
34007
?
A
34W1045
147
Forked roundwood, chisel ended
Species identification, dating and tool mark identification.
Good
1
34007
?
A
34W1050
155
Large roundwood log
Species identification, dating and tool mark identification.
?
1
34007
?
A
34W1046
146
Roundwood, chisel end
Species identification, dating and tool mark identification.
?
1
34007
?
A
34W1047
145
Roundwood, chisel end
Species identification, dating and tool mark identification.
OK
1
34007
?
A
34W1049
162
Possible peg, wedge end
Species identification, dating and tool mark identification.
?
1
34007
?
A
34W1051
153
Roundwood, chisel end
Species identification, dating and tool mark identification.
Good
1
34007
?
A
34W1052
156
Roundwood, chisel end
Species identification, dating and tool mark identification.
?
123
Headland Archaeology Ltd: N25 Waterford Bypass, Contract 3, Site 34 Final Report Volume 1
Area
Structure Number
Spit Number
Cutting
Individual worked No.
Sample Number
Sample Description
Reason for sampling
Condition
1
34007
?
A
34W1053
161
Species identification, dating and tool mark identification.
OK
1
34007
?
A
34W1055
163
*********Possible rope marks‐large wedge ended roundwood******** Stake, chisel end
Species identification, dating and tool mark identification.
OK
1
34007
?
A
34W1056
193
**********Plank with possible mortise hole**********
Species identification, dating and tool mark identification.
OK
1
34007
4
A
34W1057
208
*******Hollow stake, chisel ended*****
Species identification, dating and tool mark identification.
OK
1
34007
4
A
34W1058
209
Stake, wedge ended
Species identification, dating and tool mark identification.
OK
1
34007
4
A
34W1059
210
Large chisel ended stake
Species identification, dating and tool mark identification.
OK
1
34007
4
A
34W1060
211
Large chisel ended stake
Species identification, dating and tool mark identification.
OK
124
Headland Archaeology Ltd: N25 Waterford Bypass, Contract 3, Site 34 Final Report Volume 1
Area
Structure Number
Spit Number
Cutting
Individual worked No.
Sample Number
Sample Description
Reason for sampling
Condition
1
34007
4
A
34W1061
212
Roundwood, worked both ends
Species identification, dating and tool mark identification.
OK
1
34007
4
A
34W1062
213
Stake, chisel end
Species identification, dating and tool mark identification.
Good
1
34007
4
A
34W1063
214
Stake, wedge ended
Species identification, dating and tool mark identification.
OK
1
34007
4
A
34W1064
215
*********Stake‐possible rope marks********
Species identification, dating and tool mark identification.
OK
1
34007
5
A
34W1066
219
Roundwood chisel end
Species identification, dating and tool mark identification.
?
1
34014
1
B
34W1500
87
Post, chisel end
Species identification, dating and tool mark identification.
Good
1
34014
?
B
34W1503
75
Upright roundwood, facetted
Species identification, dating and tool mark identification.
Good
125
Headland Archaeology Ltd: N25 Waterford Bypass, Contract 3, Site 34 Final Report Volume 1
Area
Structure Number
Spit Number
Cutting
Individual worked No.
Sample Number
Sample Description
Reason for sampling
Condition
1
34014
?
B
34W1504
94
Stake, chisel end
Species identification, dating and tool mark identification.
OK
1
34014
?
B
34W1505
93
Roundwood, chisel end
Species identification, dating and tool mark identification.
Poor
1
34014
?
B
34W1506
106
Roundwood chisel end
Species identification, dating and tool mark identification.
OK
1
34014
?
B
34W1507
64
Roundwood, chisel end
Species identification, dating and tool mark identification.
Poor
1
34014
?
B
34W1508
48
Roundwood, facetted
Species identification, dating and tool mark identification.
Poor
1
34014
?
B
34W1511
62
Roundwood, chisel end
Species identification, dating and tool mark identification.
OK
1
34014
?
B
34W1513
66
Roundwood, chisel end
Species identification, dating and tool mark identification.
OK
126
Headland Archaeology Ltd: N25 Waterford Bypass, Contract 3, Site 34 Final Report Volume 1
Area
Structure Number
Spit Number
Cutting
Individual worked No.
Sample Number
Sample Description
Reason for sampling
Condition
1
34014
?
B
34W1512
61
Roundwood, chisel end
Species identification, dating and tool mark identification.
Good
1
34014
?
B
34W1515
63
Roundwood, facetted
Species identification, dating and tool mark identification.
OK
1
34014
?
B
34W1518
65
*******Stake, chisel end‐ Species identification, wear mark possibly due dating and tool mark to lashing********* identification.
Good
1
34014
?
B
34W1519
67
Roundwood, chisel end
Species identification, dating and tool mark identification.
Good
1
34014
?
B
34W1520
68
Roundwood, chisel end
Species identification, dating and tool mark identification.
OK
1
34014
?
B
34W1521
69
Roundwood, chisel end
Species identification, dating and tool mark identification.
Good
1
34014
?
B
34W1522
76
Plank
Species identification, dating and tool mark identification.
Good
127
Headland Archaeology Ltd: N25 Waterford Bypass, Contract 3, Site 34 Final Report Volume 1
Area
Structure Number
Spit Number
Cutting
Individual worked No.
Sample Number
Sample Description
Reason for sampling
Condition
1
34014
?
B
34W1523
85
Roundwood, chisel end
Species identification, dating and tool mark identification.
OK
1
34014
?
B
34W1524
101
Roundwood, chisel end
Species identification, dating and tool mark identification.
OK
1
34014
?
B
34W1525
72
Roundwood, chisel end
Species identification, dating and tool mark identification.
Poor
1
34014
?
B
34W1527
86
Roundwood, chisel end
Species identification, dating and tool mark identification.
OK
1
34014
?
B
34W1528
98
Roundwood, chisel end
Species identification, dating and tool mark identification.
OK
1
34014
?
B
34W1529
133
Roundwood, chisel end
Species identification, dating and tool mark identification.
Poor
1
Baulk
?
B
34W1531
118
Roundwood, chisel end
Species identification, dating and tool mark identification.
OK
128
Headland Archaeology Ltd: N25 Waterford Bypass, Contract 3, Site 34 Final Report Volume 1
Area
Structure Number
Spit Number
Cutting
Individual worked No.
Sample Number
Sample Description
Reason for sampling
Condition
1
34014
?
B
34W1532
80
Roundwood, chisel end
Species identification, dating and tool mark identification.
Good
1
34014
?
B
34W1533
108
Roundwood, chisel end
Species identification, dating and tool mark identification.
Good
1
34014
?
B
34W1535
84
Roundwood, chisel end
Species identification, dating and tool mark identification.
OK
1
34014
?
B
34W1536
73
Roundwood, chisel end
Species identification, dating and tool mark identification.
OK
1
34014
?
B
34W1537
74
Stake, chisel end, held in place by a peg
Species identification, dating and tool mark identification.
Good
1
34014
?
B
34W1538
102
Roundwood, chisel end
Species identification, dating and tool mark identification.
Poor
1
34014
?
B
34W1539
90
Roundwood, chisel end
Species identification, dating and tool mark identification.
Good
129
Headland Archaeology Ltd: N25 Waterford Bypass, Contract 3, Site 34 Final Report Volume 1
Area
Structure Number
Spit Number
Cutting
Individual worked No.
Sample Number
Sample Description
Reason for sampling
Condition
1
34014
?
B
34W1540
77
Peg, chisel end
Species identification, dating and tool mark identification.
OK
1
34014
?
B
34W1541
82
Roundwood, chisel end
Species identification, dating and tool mark identification.
Good
1
34014
?
B
34W1542
128
Split roundwood
Species identification, dating and tool mark identification.
OK
1
34014
?
B
34W1543
92
Roundwood, chisel end
Species identification, dating and tool mark identification.
?
1
34014
?
B
34W1544
81
Wood splinter
Species identification, dating and tool mark identification.
OK
1
34014
?
B
34W1545
97
Roundwood, chisel end
Species identification, dating and tool mark identification.
OK
1
34014
?
B
34W1546
103
Roundwood, chisel end
Species identification, dating and tool mark identification.
Good
130
Headland Archaeology Ltd: N25 Waterford Bypass, Contract 3, Site 34 Final Report Volume 1
Area
Structure Number
Spit Number
Cutting
Individual worked No.
Sample Number
Sample Description
Reason for sampling
Condition
1
34014
?
B
34W1547
71
Roundwood, wedge end
Species identification, dating and tool mark identification.
Good
1
34014
?
B
34W1548
70
*******Possible binding withy*****
Species identification, dating and tool mark identification.
Good
1
34014
?
B
34W1549
79
Roundwood, chisel end
Species identification, dating and tool mark identification.
Good
1
34014
?
B
34W1551
96
Roundwood, chisel end
Species identification, dating and tool mark identification.
OK
1
34014
?
B
34W1552
91
Roundwood, chisel end
Species identification, dating and tool mark identification.
Poor
1
34014
?
B
34W1553
100
Roundwood, chisel end
Species identification, dating and tool mark identification.
OK
1
34014
?
B
34W1554
109
Split timber
Species identification, dating and tool mark identification.
Good
131
Headland Archaeology Ltd: N25 Waterford Bypass, Contract 3, Site 34 Final Report Volume 1
Area
Structure Number
Spit Number
Cutting
Individual worked No.
Sample Number
Sample Description
Reason for sampling
Condition
1
34014
?
B
34W1555
99
*******Post/stake‐ possible coppice heel******
Species identification, dating and tool mark identification.
Good
1
34014
?
B
34W1556
95
Roundwood, chisel end
Species identification, dating and tool mark identification.
?
1
34014
?
B
34W1557
105
Roundwood, chisel end
Species identification, dating and tool mark identification.
Good
1
34014
?
B
34W1558
148
Possible plank
Species identification, dating and tool mark identification.
?
1
34014
?
B
34W1559
104
Notched roundwood fragment
Species identification, dating and tool mark identification.
?
1
34014
?
B
34W1560
107
Roundwood, chisel end
Species identification, dating and tool mark identification.
OK
1
34014
?
B
34W1561
119
Roundwood, chisel end
Species identification, dating and tool mark identification.
Good
132
Headland Archaeology Ltd: N25 Waterford Bypass, Contract 3, Site 34 Final Report Volume 1
Area
Structure Number
Spit Number
Cutting
Individual worked No.
Sample Number
Sample Description
Reason for sampling
Condition
1
34014
?
B
34W1564
131
Roundwood, wedge end
Species identification, dating and tool mark identification.
OK
1
34014
?
B
34W1565
110
Roundwood, chisel end
Species identification, dating and tool mark identification.
OK
1
34014
?
B
34W1566
112
Roundwood, chisel end
Species identification, dating and tool mark identification.
OK
1
34014
?
B
34W1568
117
Roundwood, chisel end
Species identification, dating and tool mark identification.
OK
1
34014
?
B
34W1569
115
********Plank with mortise hole and blade marks evident********
Species identification, dating and tool mark identification.
Good
1
34014
?
B
34W1570
139
Roundwood, wedge end
Species identification, dating and tool mark identification.
?
1
34014
?
B
W341571
134
Roundwood, chisel end
Species identification, dating and tool mark identification.
?
133
Headland Archaeology Ltd: N25 Waterford Bypass, Contract 3, Site 34 Final Report Volume 1
Area
Structure Number
Spit Number
Cutting
Individual worked No.
Sample Number
Sample Description
Reason for sampling
Condition
1
34014
?
B
34W1572
135
Wedge shaped plank
Species identification, dating and tool mark identification.
?
1
34014
?
B
34W1573
140
Roundwood, chisel end
Species identification, dating and tool mark identification.
OK
1
34014
?
B
34W1574
136
Forked rooty roundwood
Species identification, dating and tool mark identification.
OK
1
34014
?
B
34W1576
137
Roundwood, chisel end
Species identification, dating and tool mark identification.
?
1
34014
?
B
34W1578
150
****Roundwood with possible drill hole******
Species identification, dating and tool mark identification.
?
1
34014
?
B
34W1579
149
Peg
Species identification, dating and tool mark identification.
OK
1
34014
?
B
34W1580
151
Roundwood, chisel end
Species identification, dating and tool mark identification.
OK
134
Headland Archaeology Ltd: N25 Waterford Bypass, Contract 3, Site 34 Final Report Volume 1
Area
Structure Number
Spit Number
Cutting
Individual worked No.
Sample Number
Sample Description
Reason for sampling
Condition
1
34014
?
B
34W1582
152
Small stake/peg
Species identification, dating and tool mark identification.
OK
1
34014
?
B
34W1584
158
Roundwood with possible fork end
Species identification, dating and tool mark identification.
OK
1
34014
?
B
34W1585
154
Stake, pencil end
Species identification, dating and tool mark identification.
Good
1
34014
?
B
34W1586
159
Roundwood, chisel end
Species identification, dating and tool mark identification.
Good
1
34014
?
B
34W1587
157
Stake‐held in place by peg
Species identification, dating and tool mark identification.
Good
1
34014
?
B
34W1589
165
Transverse split timber
Species identification, dating and tool mark identification.
OK
1
34014
?
B
34W1590
166
Roundwood, chisel end
Species identification, dating and tool mark identification.
Good
135
Headland Archaeology Ltd: N25 Waterford Bypass, Contract 3, Site 34 Final Report Volume 1
Area
Structure Number
Spit Number
Cutting
Individual worked No.
Sample Number
Sample Description
Reason for sampling
Condition
1
34014
?
B
34W1591
164
Roundwood, wedge end
Species identification, dating and tool mark identification.
Good
1
34014
?
B
34W1592
167
Roundwood, chisel end
Species identification, dating and tool mark identification.
OK
1
34014
?
B
34W1593
168
Roundwood, chisel end
Species identification, dating and tool mark identification.
Good
1
34014
?
B
34W1594
169
Roundwood, chisel end
Species identification, dating and tool mark identification.
OK
1
34014
?
B
34W1595
189
******Stake with notch******
Species identification, dating and tool mark identification.
Good
1
34014
5
B
34W1596
187
****Stake with possible notch*****
Species identification, dating and tool mark identification.
Good
1
34014
5
B
34W1597
202
Plank, no tool marks
Species identification, dating and tool mark identification.
OK
136
Headland Archaeology Ltd: N25 Waterford Bypass, Contract 3, Site 34 Final Report Volume 1
Area
Structure Number
Spit Number
Cutting
Individual worked No.
Sample Number
Sample Description
Reason for sampling
Condition
1
34014
?
B
34W1598
203
Long, thin roundwood‐ possibly yew. No tool marks‐sampled for species identification.
Species identification.
Good
1
Stray
Stray
Stray
34W000
54
********Secondary conversion with possible mortise and tenon fixings*******
Species identification, dating and tool mark identification.
Poor
1
34005
?
C
34W001
191
*******Stake with wedge end‐possible evidence of iron axe marks******
Species identification, dating and tool mark identification.
VG
1
34005
?
C
34W002
Species identification, dating and tool mark identification.
Good
1
34005
?
C
34W003
3
3 component rnmkoundwood fork, wedge end on one prong‐good for illustration‐possible used as a securing component of structure******** Roundwood, chisel end
Species identification, dating and tool mark identification.
Good
137
Headland Archaeology Ltd: N25 Waterford Bypass, Contract 3, Site 34 Final Report Volume 1
Area
Structure Number
Spit Number
Cutting
Individual worked No.
Sample Number
Sample Description
Reason for sampling
Condition
1
34005
?
C
34W004
11
Roundwood, chisel end
Species identification, dating and tool mark identification.
Good
1
34005
?
C
34W005
8
Small piece of split wood
Species identification, dating and tool mark identification.
OK
1
34005
?
C
34W006
4
Split roundwood
Species identification, dating and tool mark identification.
Good
1
34005
?
C
34W007
32
Roundwood, chisel end
Species identification, dating and tool mark identification.
OK
1
34005
?
C
34W008
5
Roundwood, pencil end Species identification, dating and tool mark identification.
Good
1
34005
?
C
34W009
7
Split roundwood
Species identification, dating and tool mark identification.
Good
1
34005
?
C
34W010
12
Roundwood twig, chisel end
Species identification, dating and tool mark identification.
OK
138
Headland Archaeology Ltd: N25 Waterford Bypass, Contract 3, Site 34 Final Report Volume 1
Area
Structure Number
Spit Number
Cutting
Individual worked No.
Sample Number
Sample Description
Reason for sampling
Condition
1
34005
?
C
34W011
2
ʺDaggerʺ like split of wood. Sampled for shape not tool marks.
Species identification, dating and tool mark identification.
Good
1
34005
?
C
34W012
1
Roundwood, chisel end
Species identification, dating and tool mark identification.
Good
1
34005
?
C
34W014
10
Roundwood, chisel end
Species identification, dating and tool mark identification.
Good
1
34005
?
C
34W021
129
Roundwood, chisel end
Species identification, dating and tool mark identification.
Good
1
34005
?
C
34W022
6
Roundwood, chisel end
Species identification, dating and tool mark identification.
Good
1
34005
?
C
34W023
35
Roundwood, chisel end
Species identification, dating and tool mark identification.
Good
1
34005
2
C
34W025
59
Roundwood, chisel end
Species identification, dating and tool mark identification.
Good
139
Headland Archaeology Ltd: N25 Waterford Bypass, Contract 3, Site 34 Final Report Volume 1
Area
Structure Number
Spit Number
Cutting
Individual worked No.
Sample Number
Sample Description
Reason for sampling
Condition
1
34005
2
C
34W028
60
********Peg, possible rope marks********
Species identification, dating and tool mark identification.
Good
1
34005
?
C
34W030
57
Roundwood, wedge end
Species identification, dating and tool mark identification.
Good
1
34005
2
C
34W0311
58
Roundwood, pencil end Species identification, dating and tool mark identification.
Good
1
34005
2
C
34W032
80
Roundwood, chisel end
Species identification, dating and tool mark identification.
Good
1
34005
?
C
34W033
175
Roundwood, facetted
Species identification, dating and tool mark identification.
OK
1
34005
?
C
34W034
170
Split roundwood
Species identification, dating and tool mark identification.
?
1
34005
?
C
34W035
171
Roundwood, chisel end
Species identification, dating and tool mark identification.
OK
140
Headland Archaeology Ltd: N25 Waterford Bypass, Contract 3, Site 34 Final Report Volume 1
Area
Structure Number
Spit Number
Cutting
Individual worked No.
Sample Number
Sample Description
Reason for sampling
Condition
1
34005
?
C
34W037
172
Roundwood, chisel end
Species identification, dating and tool mark identification.
?
1
34005
?
C
34W038
196
Upright peg
Species identification, dating and tool mark identification.
Good
1
34005
?
C
34W039
197
Upright peg, chisel end
Species identification, dating and tool mark identification.
OK
1
34005
?
C
34W040
199
Upright peg, wedge end
Species identification, dating and tool mark identification.
Good
1
34005
?
C
34W041
198
Upright peg, wedge end
Species identification, dating and tool mark identification.
OK
1
34005
?
C
34W042
180
Stake, chisel end
Species identification, dating and tool mark identification.
Good
1
34005
?
C
34W043
181
Roundwood, chisel end
Species identification, dating and tool mark identification.
Good
141
Headland Archaeology Ltd: N25 Waterford Bypass, Contract 3, Site 34 Final Report Volume 1
Area
Structure Number
Spit Number
Cutting
Individual worked No.
Sample Number
Sample Description
Reason for sampling
Condition
1
34005
4
C
34W044
205
Species identification, dating and tool mark identification.
OK
1
34005
3
C
34W047
221
****Stake, pencil end. Possible bore holes and rope marks evident****** Roundwood, wedge end
Species identification, dating and tool mark identification.
VG
1
34005
3
C
34W048
222
Post, wedge and chisel facets
Species identification, dating and tool mark identification.
VG
1
34006
?
E
34W502
18
Plank
Species identification, dating and tool mark identification.
Good
1
34006
?
E
34W503
24
Roundwood, chisel end
Species identification, dating and tool mark identification.
Good
1
Stray
?
Stray
34W504
30
Roundwood, chisel end
Species identification, dating and tool mark identification.
OK
1
34006
?
E
34W505
28
Roundwood, chisel end
Species identification, dating and tool mark identification.
Good
142
Headland Archaeology Ltd: N25 Waterford Bypass, Contract 3, Site 34 Final Report Volume 1
Area
Structure Number
Spit Number
Cutting
Individual worked No.
Sample Number
Sample Description
Reason for sampling
Condition
1
34006
?
E
34W506
31
Roundwood, chisel end
Species identification, dating and tool mark identification.
Good
1
34006
?
E
34W507
34
Roundwood, chisel end
Species identification, dating and tool mark identification.
Good
1
34006
?
E
34W508
37
Roundwood, chisel end
Species identification, dating and tool mark identification.
Good
1
34006
?
E
34W509
45
Roundwood, chisel end
Species identification, dating and tool mark identification.
Good
1
34006
?
E
34W510
42
Split roundwood, possibly chisel end
Species identification, dating and tool mark identification.
Good
1
34006
?
E
34W511
38
Roundwood, chisel end
Species identification, dating and tool mark identification.
Good
1
34006
?
E
34W514
15
******Roundwood, chisel end. ‐Possible rope abrasion marks*****
Species identification, dating and tool mark identification.
Good
143
Headland Archaeology Ltd: N25 Waterford Bypass, Contract 3, Site 34 Final Report Volume 1
Area
Structure Number
Spit Number
Cutting
Individual worked No.
Sample Number
Sample Description
Reason for sampling
Condition
1
34006
?
E
34W515
14
Split roundwood
Species identification, dating and tool mark identification.
OK
1
34006
?
E
34W516
19
Roundwood, chisel end
Species identification, dating and tool mark identification.
Good
1
34006
?
E
34W517
17
Roundwood, chisel end
Species identification, dating and tool mark identification.
Poor
1
34006
?
E
34W518
9
Possible split roundwood
Species identification, dating and tool mark identification.
OK
1
34006
?
E
34W519
13
Roundwood, chisel end
Species identification, dating and tool mark identification.
Good
1
34006
?
E
34W520
16
Roundwood, possible facets
Species identification, dating and tool mark identification.
OK
1
34006
?
E
34W521
27
*******Roundwood, chisel end‐circular cut with 2 facets evident*******
Species identification, dating and tool mark identification.
Good
144
Headland Archaeology Ltd: N25 Waterford Bypass, Contract 3, Site 34 Final Report Volume 1
Area
Structure Number
Spit Number
Cutting
Individual worked No.
Sample Number
Sample Description
Reason for sampling
Condition
1
34006
?
E
34W522
41
Roundwood, chisel end
Species identification, dating and tool mark identification.
Good
1
34006
?
E
34W523
39
*******Split wood with chisel end‐possible square nail hole*******
Species identification, dating and tool mark identification.
Good
1
34006
?
E
34W524
23
Split roundwood
Species identification, dating and tool mark identification.
OK
1
34017
?
E
34W525
142
Roundwood, chisel end
Species identification, dating and tool mark identification.
Good
1
34017
?
E
34W526
173
Secondary conversion radial split
Species identification, dating and tool mark identification.
OK
1
34017
?
E
34W528
132
*****Upright peg, chisel end‐in line with 34W529, 34W533 and 34W534******
Species identification, dating and tool mark identification.
Good
1
34017
?
E
34W529
178
Upright peg, chisel end
Species identification, dating and tool mark identification.
OK
145
Headland Archaeology Ltd: N25 Waterford Bypass, Contract 3, Site 34 Final Report Volume 1
Area
Structure Number
Spit Number
Cutting
Individual worked No.
Sample Number
Sample Description
Reason for sampling
Condition
1
34017
?
E
34W530
174
Radially split roundwood
Species identification, dating and tool mark identification.
OK
1
34017
?
E
34W531
176
*******Small timber‐ possible wear marks*******
Species identification, dating and tool mark identification.
Good
1
34017
?
E
34W532
177
Radially split secondary Species identification, conversion‐possible dating and tool mark debris from identification. woodworking.
Good
1
34017
?
E
34W533
182
Upright, chisel end stake
Species identification, dating and tool mark identification.
OK
1
34017
?
E
34W534
179
Upright, chisel end stake
Species identification, dating and tool mark identification.
OK
1
34015
1
F
34W2001
49
Roundwood, chisel end
Species identification, dating and tool mark identification.
OK
1
34015
1
F
34W2002
52
Possible split log
Species identification, dating and tool mark identification.
Good
146
Headland Archaeology Ltd: N25 Waterford Bypass, Contract 3, Site 34 Final Report Volume 1
Area
Structure Number
Spit Number
Cutting
Individual worked No.
Sample Number
Sample Description
Reason for sampling
Condition
1
34015
1
F
34W2003
50
Roundwood, facetted
Species identification, dating and tool mark identification.
?
1
34015
1
F
34W2005
51
Roundwood, chisel end
Species identification, dating and tool mark identification.
Good
1
34015
1
F
34W2006
53
Roundwood with concave facet
Species identification, dating and tool mark identification.
Good
1
34015
1
F
34W2007
54
******Roundwood fragment‐possible rope marks******
Species identification, dating and tool mark identification.
VG
1
34015
1
F
34W2008
55
Primary half section with chisel facet
Species identification, dating and tool mark identification.
Poor
1
34015
1
F
34W2009
56
Split plank stake
Species identification, dating and tool mark identification.
Good
1
34015
?
F
34W2010
188
*******Short plank with possible mortise hole******
Species identification, dating and tool mark identification.
Good
147
Headland Archaeology Ltd: N25 Waterford Bypass, Contract 3, Site 34 Final Report Volume 1
Area
Structure Number
Spit Number
Cutting
Individual worked No.
Sample Number
Sample Description
Reason for sampling
Condition
1
34015
3?
F
34W2011
192
Short split plank‐large piece of possible oak‐ dendro date
Species identification, dating.
Poor
1
34015
?
F
34W2012
194
Split stake
Species identification, dating and tool mark identification.
Good
1
34015
5
F
34W2014
216
Upright peg, wedge end
Species identification, dating and tool mark identification.
Good
1
34015
?
F
34W2015
217
Large section of log
Species identification, dating
OK
1
34015
5
F
34W2016
219
Stake, chisel end
Species identification, dating and tool mark identification.
OK
1
34015
5
F
34W2017
218
Stake, chisel end
Species identification, dating and tool mark identification.
OK
2
34504
1
H
34W3502
519
Stake with pencil facet
Species identification, dating and tool mark identification.
Good
2
34504
1
H
34W3513
533
Stake, chisel end
Species identification, dating and tool mark identification.
Good
148
Headland Archaeology Ltd: N25 Waterford Bypass, Contract 3, Site 34 Final Report Volume 1
Area
Structure Number
Spit Number
Cutting
Individual worked No.
Sample Number
Sample Description
Reason for sampling
Condition
2
34504
1
H
34W3516
547
Plank at one end, stake at other
Species identification, dating and tool mark identification.
Poor
2
34504
1
H
34W3517
548
*******Stake, chisel end. Possible saw marks****
Species identification, dating and tool mark identification.
VG
2
34504
1
H
34W3518
549
*******Possible coppice piece*******
Species identification, dating and tool mark identification.
Good
2
34504
1
H
34W3519
551
Upright peg
Species identification, dating and tool mark identification.
Good
2
34504
1
H
34W3520
552
Stake, chisel end
Species identification, dating and tool mark identification.
Good
2
34504
1
H
34W521
553
Peg, chisel end
Species identification, dating and tool mark identification.
Good
2
34504
1
H
34W3522
554
Stake with wedge at one end and chisel at other end
Species identification, dating and tool mark identification.
OK
149
Headland Archaeology Ltd: N25 Waterford Bypass, Contract 3, Site 34 Final Report Volume 1
Area
Structure Number
Spit Number
Cutting
Individual worked No.
Sample Number
Sample Description
Reason for sampling
Condition
2
34504
1
H
34W3523
555
Stake, chisel end
Species identification, dating and tool mark identification.
Good
2
34504
H
34W3524
556
*******Worked root*******
Species identification, dating and tool mark identification.
Good
2
34505
1
G
34W3001
501
Upright stake, chisel end
Species identification, dating and tool mark identification.
Good
2
34505
1
G
34W3002
502
Peg, chisel end
Species identification, dating and tool mark identification.
OK
2
34505
Stray
Stray
34W3003
503
Peg, chisel end
Species identification, dating and tool mark identification.
OK
2
34505
Stray
G
34W3004
504
Peg, chisel end
Species identification, dating and tool mark identification.
OK
2
34505
1
G
34W3005
505
Peg, chisel end
Species identification, dating and tool mark identification.
VG
150
Headland Archaeology Ltd: N25 Waterford Bypass, Contract 3, Site 34 Final Report Volume 1
Area
Structure Number
Spit Number
Cutting
Individual worked No.
Sample Number
Sample Description
Reason for sampling
Condition
2
34505
5
G
34W3006
514
Plank
Species identification, dating and tool mark identification.
Poor
2
34505
1
G
34W3016
517
********Rounded timber with groove*********
Species identification, dating and tool mark identification.
OK
2
34507
1
I
34W4001
524
Large worked tree stump
Species identification, dating and tool mark identification.
OK
2
34507
1
I
34W4004
538
Stake
Species identification, dating and tool mark identification.
Good
2
34507
1
I
34W4005
539
*********Possible coppice Species identification, piece******** dating and tool mark identification.
Good
2
34507
1
I
34W4006
540
*********Possible coppice piece********
Species identification, dating and tool mark identification.
Good
2
34507
1
I
34W4007
543
Species identification, dating and tool mark identification.
Good
151
Headland Archaeology Ltd: N25 Waterford Bypass, Contract 3, Site 34 Final Report Volume 1
Area
Structure Number
Spit Number
Cutting
Individual worked No.
Sample Number
Sample Description
Reason for sampling
Condition
2
34507
1
I
34W4008
544
Stake, chisel end
Species identification, dating and tool mark identification.
Good
2
34507
1
I
34W4009
545
Stake, chisel end
Species identification, dating and tool mark identification.
OK
2
34507
1
I
34W4010
546
********Stake with possible demi mortis*******
Species identification, dating and tool mark identification.
Good
2
34507
1
I
34W4011
550
Whittled roundwood
Species identification, dating and tool mark identification.
Fair
2
34519
4
G
34W3019
563
Upright post, facetted
Species identification, dating and tool mark identification.
OK
2
34519
4 to 6
G
34W3020
564
Upright post, facetted
Species identification, dating and tool mark identification.
VG
2
34519
6
G
34W3021
565
Upright post, facetted
Species identification, dating and tool mark identification.
Good
152
Headland Archaeology Ltd: N25 Waterford Bypass, Contract 3, Site 34 Final Report Volume 1
Area
Structure Number
Spit Number
Cutting
Individual worked No.
Sample Number
Sample Description
Reason for sampling
Condition
2
34519
3
G
34W3022
566
Upright stake, facetted
Species identification, dating and tool mark identification.
Good
2
34519
3 to 5
G
34W3023
567
Upright stake, facetted
Species identification, dating and tool mark identification.
VG
2
34519
3 to 5
G
34W3024
568
Upright stake, facetted
Species identification, dating and tool mark identification.
Good
2
34519
3 to 5
G
34W3025
569
Upright stake/post, facetted
Species identification, dating and tool mark identification.
Good
2
34519
3 to 5
G
34W3026
570
Upright stake, chisel end
Species identification, dating and tool mark identification.
Good
2
34519
3 to 6
G
34W3028
573
Post, facetted
Species identification, dating and tool mark identification.
Good
2
34519
4 to 6
G
34W3029
574
Post, facetted
Species identification, dating and tool mark identification.
Good
153
Headland Archaeology Ltd: N25 Waterford Bypass, Contract 3, Site 34 Final Report Volume 1
Area
Structure Number
Spit Number
Cutting
Individual worked No.
Sample Number
Sample Description
Reason for sampling
Condition
2
34519
4 to 6
G
34W3030
575
Peg, facetted
Species identification, dating and tool mark identification.
Good
2
34519
4 to 6
G
34W3031
576
Peg, facetted, blackened Species identification, dating and tool mark identification.
Good
2
34519
4 to 6
G
34W3032
577
Peg, chisel end
Species identification, dating and tool mark identification.
Good
2
34519
4 to 6
G
34W3033
578
Peg, facetted
Species identification, dating and tool mark identification.
Good
2
34519
4 to 6
G
34W3034
579
Post, facetted
Species identification, dating and tool mark identification.
Good
2
34519
4 to 6
G
34W3035
580
Post, facetted
Species identification, dating and tool mark identification.
Good
4
341501
N/A
N/A
34W4532
1560
Roundwood with chisel end
Species identification, dating and tool mark identification.
OK
154
Headland Archaeology Ltd: N25 Waterford Bypass, Contract 3, Site 34 Final Report Volume 1
Area
Structure Number
Spit Number
Cutting
Individual worked No.
Sample Number
Sample Description
Reason for sampling
Condition
4
341501
N/A
N/A
34W4533
1561‐1562
Roundwood‐facets at east end
Species identification, dating and tool mark identification.
Good
4
341501
N/A
N/A
34W4534
1563
Roundwood with wedge end
Species identification, dating and tool mark identification.
Good
4
341501
N/A
N/A
34W4535
1564
Roundwood, no tool marks evident
Species identification, dating
?
4
341501
N/A
N/A
34W4536
1565
Roundwood, no tool marks evident
Species identification, dating
OK
4
341501
N/A
N/A
34W4537
1566
Roundwood, no tool marks evident
Species identification, dating
OK
4
341501
N/A
N/A
34W4538
1568+1570
Roundwood, tool marks Species identification, at both ends dating and tool mark identification.
Good
4
341501
N/A
N/A
34W4538
1572
Roundwood, tool marks Species identification, at both ends dating and tool mark identification.
Good
4
341501
N/A
N/A
34W4541
1573‐1575
Roundwood with tool marks
Species identification, dating and tool mark identification.
Good
4
341501
N/A
N/A
34W4548
1577
Roundwood
Species identification, dating
?
155
Headland Archaeology Ltd: N25 Waterford Bypass, Contract 3, Site 34 Final Report Volume 1
Area
Structure Number
Spit Number
Cutting
Individual worked No.
Sample Number
Sample Description
Reason for sampling
Condition
4
341501
N/A
N/A
34W4547
1578
Roundwood
Species identification, dating
?
4
341501
N/A
N/A
34W4542
1580
Roundwood with facets at west end
Species identification, dating and tool mark identification.
OK
4
341501
N/A
N/A
34W4543
1581
Roundwood wedge end Species identification, at west end dating and tool mark identification.
Good
4
341501
N/A
N/A
34W4557
1582
Roundwood post/peg with facets
Species identification, dating and tool mark identification.
Good
4
341501
N/A
N/A
34W4546
1585
*****Roundwood with charred wedge end*****
Species identification, dating and tool mark identification.
OK
4
341501
N/A
N/A
34W4544
1588
Roundwood, tool marks Species identification, evident dating and tool mark identification.
OK
4
341501
N/A
N/A
34W4545
1589+1591+1592
Roundwood, tool marks Species identification, evident dating and tool mark identification.
OK
4
341501
N/A
N/A
34W4592
1602
Upright stake, wedge end
VG
156
Species identification, dating and tool mark identification.
Headland Archaeology Ltd: N25 Waterford Bypass, Contract 3, Site 34 Final Report Volume 1
Area
Structure Number
Spit Number
Cutting
Individual worked No.
Sample Number
Sample Description
Reason for sampling
Condition
4
341501
N/A
N/A
34W4594
1604‐1605
Roundwood outlier, wedge end
Species identification, dating and tool mark identification.
OK
4
341501
N/A
N/A
34W4595
1606
********Roundwood‐ deep impression of possible axe*******NB
Species identification, dating and tool mark identification.
Good
4
341501
N/A
N/A
34W4596
1607‐1609
Roundwood, chisel end at south, chopped and trimmed at north
Species identification, dating and tool mark identification.
?
4
341501
N/A
N/A
34W4597
1610
Split plank with facet
Species identification, dating
OK
4
341501
N/A
N/A
34W4598
1611
Roundwood, chop marks at west end
Species identification, dating and tool mark identification.
Good
4
341501
N/A
N/A
34W4599
1612
Roundwood with wedge end
Species identification, dating and tool mark identification.
OK
4
341501
N/A
N/A
34W4554
1614‐1616
Roundwood‐chopped at north end, chisel end at south
Species identification, dating and tool mark identification.
Good
4
341501
N/A
N/A
34W4602
1617
Upright stake, pencil end
Species identification, dating and tool mark identification.
VG
157
Headland Archaeology Ltd: N25 Waterford Bypass, Contract 3, Site 34 Final Report Volume 1
Area
Structure Number
Spit Number
Cutting
Individual worked No.
Sample Number
Sample Description
Reason for sampling
Condition
4
341509
N/A
N/A
34W4504
1517
Linear roundwood, quarter radial section
Species identification, dating and tool mark identification.
OK
4
341509
N/A
N/A
34W4539
1569
Plank
Species identification, dating and tool mark identification.
OK
4
341509
N/A
N/A
34W4540
1571
********Plank portion‐ possible partial mortise********
Species identification, dating and tool mark identification.
Good
4
341512
N/A
N/A
34W4501
1503‐1505
Transverse roundwood‐ multiple facets at both ends
Species identification, dating and tool mark identification.
VG
4
341512
N/A
N/A
34W4502
1506‐1508
Transverse roundwood‐ multiple facets at both ends
Species identification, dating and tool mark identification.
OK
4
341512
N/A
N/A
34W4503
1511‐1513
Transverse roundwood, Species identification, wedge end dating and tool mark identification.
OK
4
341512
N/A
N/A
34W4505
1514‐1516
Transverse roundwood, Species identification, chisel end dating and tool mark identification.
Good
158
Headland Archaeology Ltd: N25 Waterford Bypass, Contract 3, Site 34 Final Report Volume 1
Area
Structure Number
Spit Number
Cutting
Individual worked No.
Sample Number
Sample Description
4
341512
N/A
N/A
34W4506
1520‐1522
Roundwood outlier‐tool Species identification, marks evident at dating and tool mark southern end identification.
OK
4
341512
N/A
N/A
34W4507
1518‐1519
Transverse roundwood‐ no tool marks evident
Species identification, dating
Poor
4
341512
N/A
N/A
34W4508
1523‐1524
Roundwood outlier, no tool marks evident
Species identification, dating
Good
4
341512
N/A
N/A
34W4509
1527‐1528
Transverse roundwood, Species identification, no tool marks evident dating
OK
4
341512
N/A
N/A
34W4510
1525‐1526
Transverse roundwood, Species identification, no tool marks evident dating
Poor
4
341512
N/A
N/A
34W4511
1529‐1531
Transverse roundwood, Species identification, chiselled end dating and tool mark identification.
VG
4
341512
N/A
N/A
34W4512
1532‐1534
Roundwood outlier, Species identification, tool marks on south end dating and tool mark identification.
Good
4
341512
N/A
N/A
34W4513
1535‐1539
Possible post, tool marks evident
VG
4
341512
N/A
N/A
34W4514
1540
Transverse roundwood, Species identification, tool marks evident dating and tool mark identification.
159
Reason for sampling
Species identification, dating and tool mark identification.
Condition
?
Headland Archaeology Ltd: N25 Waterford Bypass, Contract 3, Site 34 Final Report Volume 1
Area
Structure Number
Spit Number
Cutting
Individual worked No.
Sample Number
Sample Description
Reason for sampling
Condition
4
341512
N/A
N/A
34W4515
1544‐1547
Species identification, dating
VG
4
341512
N/A
N/A
34W4516
1541‐1543
Almost complete tree trunk(but split)‐ component of trackway‐no tool marks evident Roundwood, facets at both ends
Species identification, dating and tool mark identification.
Good
4
341512
N/A
N/A
34W4517
1549‐1550
Roundwood, chisel end
Species identification, dating and tool mark identification.
OK
4
341512
N/A
N/A
34W4518
1551‐1552
Roundwood, facetted
Species identification, dating and tool mark identification.
OK
4
341512
N/A
N/A
34W4520
1553+1555
Roundwood, chisel end
Species identification, dating and tool mark identification.
Good
4
341512
N/A
N/A
34W4522
1554
Roundwood, worked both ends
Species identification, dating and tool mark identification.
Good
4
341512
N/A
N/A
34W4526
1556
Roundwood with facet
Species identification, dating and tool mark identification.
OK
160
Headland Archaeology Ltd: N25 Waterford Bypass, Contract 3, Site 34 Final Report Volume 1
Area
Structure Number
Spit Number
Cutting
Individual worked No.
Sample Number
Sample Description
Reason for sampling
Condition
4
341512
N/A
N/A
34W4529
1557
Roundwood with tool marks
Species identification, dating and tool mark identification.
Good
4
341512
N/A
N/A
34W4531
1558‐1559
Roundwood with chisel end
Species identification, dating and tool mark identification.
OK
4
341512
N/A
N/A
34W4549
1576
Roundwood with tool marks
Species identification, dating and tool mark identification.
OK
4
341512
N/A
N/A
34W4551
1579
Roundwood with Species identification, wedge and chisel points dating and tool mark identification.
OK
4
341512
N/A
N/A
34W4559
1583
Roundwood with wedge end
Species identification, dating and tool mark identification.
Good
4
341512
N/A
N/A
34W4561
1584
Roundwood, no tool marks evident
Species identification, dating
OK
4
341512
N/A
N/A
34W4564
1587
Roundwood, no tool marks evident
Species identification, dating and tool mark identification.
OK
4
341512
N/A
N/A
34W4571
1590
Roundwood, no tool marks evident
Species identification, dating and tool mark identification.
OK
161
Headland Archaeology Ltd: N25 Waterford Bypass, Contract 3, Site 34 Final Report Volume 1
Area
Structure Number
Spit Number
Cutting
Individual worked No.
Sample Number
Sample Description
Reason for sampling
Condition
4
341512
N/A
N/A
34W4580
1593
Roundwood, ʺhookʺ shaped
Species identification, dating and tool mark identification.
OK
4
341512
N/A
N/A
34W4582
1594
Roundwood, no tool marks evident
Species identification, dating
Good
4
341512
N/A
N/A
34W4583
1595
Whittled twig, possibly hazel or willow
Species identification, dating and tool mark identification.
OK
4
341512
N/A
N/A
34W4587
1597
Upright stake, whittled to point?
Species identification, dating and tool mark identification.
OK
4
341512
N/A
N/A
34W4588
1598
Upright stake
Species identification, dating and tool mark identification.
Good
4
341512
N/A
N/A
34W4589
1599
Upright stake, pencil end
Species identification, dating
OK
4
341512
N/A
N/A
34W4590
1600
Upright stake
Species identification, dating and tool mark identification.
OK
4
341512
N/A
N/A
34W4591
1601
Upright stake
Species identification, dating and tool mark identification.
OK
162
Headland Archaeology Ltd: N25 Waterford Bypass, Contract 3, Site 34 Final Report Volume 1
Area
Structure Number
Spit Number
Cutting
Individual worked No.
Sample Number
Sample Description
Reason for sampling
Condition
4
341513
N/A
N/A
34W4593
1603
Roundwood
Species identification, dating
?
163
Headland Archaeology Ltd: N25 Waterford Bypass, Contract 3, Site 34 Final Report Volume 1
5. Deposit depths Area 1 – Deposit minimum/maximum and average depths Minimum depth of Maximum depth of context context Average depth 0.02 0.14 0.08 0.28 0.6 0.44 0.06 0.24 0.15 0.04 0.44 0.24 0.02 0.06 0.04 0.02 0.1 0.06 0.02 0.2 0.11 0.42 0.68 0.55 0.02 0.24 0.13 0.02 0.16 0.09 0.02 0.08 0.05 0.02 0.2 0.11
Context
34008 34001/34002 34045 34035 34037 34036 34013 34004 34033 34031 34042 34043 (34021) is the basal fill of this section and was unexcavated. ‐0.525 is the lowest depth below the absolute value of 0.075 and ‐0.325 is the highest depth below the absolute value. Area 2 – Deposit minimum/maximum and average depths
Context 34008 34002 34004 34037 34035 34039 34045
Minimum depth of Maximum depth of context context Average depth 0.22 0.32 0.27 0.54 0.62 0.58 0.08 0.32 0.2 0.4 0.64 0.52 0.5 0.84 0.67 0.42 1.32 0.87 0.32 0.81 0.565
164
Headland Archaeology Ltd: N25 Waterford Bypass, Contract 3, Site 34 Final Report Volume 1
6. Archive Quantities Item Context sheets Plans Sections Photographs Digital photographs Registers Notebooks Wood recording sheets
Quantity 225 64 97 1299 69 33 0 398
165
Site 34
35
41
35
43
40
4850
4820
4765
4628
4580
Site 34
Site 34
Site 34
Site 34
Site
Alluvial deposit
Alluvial deposit Monolith
Prunus sp.
Wood
UB-6482
163
Quercus & Betula
2 SUERC-14691Plant tissue
Alnus sp.
Wood
Quercus & Betula
1 SUERC-10128Plant tissue (buds & bud
Area 1 (C34042) Lowermost level. Macrofossil sample from deposit sequences.
Alluvial deposit [C34042]
Basal wood peat
Alluvial deposit Monolith
Area 1 (34004B) Macrofossil sample from deposit sequences.
UB-6481
Quercus & Betula
Basal fen peat
Alluvial deposit
Plant tissue (buds & bud
Dated Material
Alluvial deposit Monolith 1 SUERC-10126
Context classification, number Lab Code
Radiocarbon Date Catalogue
Years BP
Appendix 7
(buds & bud cal BC 3500 - 3430 (18.8%) and 3380 - 3260 (39.7%) and cal BC 3240 - 3100 (36.9%)
cal BC 3622 - 3606 (1.5219%) and 3522 - 3337 (96.7315%) and cal BC 3207 - 3194 (1.1551%) and cal BC 3149 - 3140 (0.5915%)
cal BC 3640 - 3500 (86.0%) and 3430 - 3380 (9.4%)
cal BC 3695 - 3677 (3.0437%) and 3670 - 3617 (33.6779%) and cal BC 3614 - 3520 (63.2784%)
cal BC 3710 - 3620 (73.7%) and 3580 - 3530 (21.7%)
2SigmaCalibration (95.4% probability)
4540
35
35
35
35
38
4150
4068
3935
3859
40
4505
Years BP
Site 34
Site 34
Site 34
Site 34
Site 34
Site
Site 34
UB-6909
UB-6471
164
Prunus sp.
Fruit stone
Rubus sp.
SUERC-14689 Seeds
Area 4 (34004). Macrofossil sample
Alluvial deposit (34004)
Alluvial deposit
Alluvial deposit Monolith 2
Pomoideae
Rubus sp.
SUERC-10125 Seeds
Prunus spinosa
SUERC-14687 Fruit stone
Area 4 Wood 11 Structure [341513]. Worked wood sample.
Small track way. (34513)
Top of wood peat
Alluvial deposit Monolith 1
Alluvial deposit
Alluvial deposit Monolith 1
Alnus & Betula Dated Material
2 SUERC-14690Plant tissue (buds & bud
Alluvial deposit Context classification, number Lab Code and description
Alluvial deposit Monolith
cal BC 2464 - 2270 (83.7896%) and 2259 - 2206 (16.2104%)
cal BC 2570 - 2520 (7.7%) and 2500 - 2290 (87.7%)
Wood cal BC 2855 - 2812 (12.9%) and 2747 - 2725 (2.9%) and cal BC 2697 - 2546 (65.7%) and cal BC 2541 - 2488 (18.5%)
cal BC 2880 - 2620 (100%)
cal BC 3360 - 3090 (95.4%)
2SigmaCalibration (95.4% probability)
cal BC 3370 - 3090 (95.4%)
39
38
34
36
3835
3733
3702
3637
Years BP
Site 34
Site 34
Site 34
Site 34
Site
UB-6469
UB-6480
Alnus sp.
Area 4 Wood 4537 Structure [341501] [34063]. Worked wood sample.
165
Wood (worked)
Alnus sp.
Wood (worked)
Alnus sp.
Wood
Prunus sp.
Wood
Dated Material
Large timber trackway [34063] UB-6466
Small trackway [341512] UB-6908 or platform. Area 4 Wood 34W4501 Structure 341512. Worked wood sample (Tranverse roundwood-multiple facets at both ends).
Area 1 C34031. Macrofossil sample from deposit sequences.
Alluvial deposit (34031)
Area 1 C34033. Macrofossil sample from deposit sequences.
Alluvial deposit (34033)
Context classification, number Lab Code and description
cal BC 2133 - 2081 (17.2315%) and 2060 - 1901 (82.7685%)
cal BC 2200 - 2158 (12.3%) and 2154 - 2015 (84.5%) and cal BC 1997- 1980 (3.2%)
cal BC 2280 - 2250 (5.0623%) and 2230 - 2219 (1.3077%) and cal BC 2212 2027 (93.6299%)
cal BC 2460 - 2198 (98.1574%) and 2162 - 2152 (1.8426%)
2SigmaCalibration (95.4% probability)
3605
33
Site 34
Arc of stakes forming [34017] UB-6902 structure Area 1 Wood 34W532 Structure 34017.
166
Taxus sp.
Wood (worked)
cal BC 2112 - 2101 (1.5%) and ca l BC 2036 - 1884 (98.5%)
36
37
36
32
3585
3542
3301
3119
Years BP
Site 34
Site 34
Site 34
Site 34
Site
UB-6468
[34005] UB-6900
Possible brushwood [34505] UB-6905 track/platform. Area 2 Wood 34W3002 Structure [34505]. Worked wood sample (peg, chisel end).
Area 1 Wood 34W048 Structure 34005. Worked wood sample. (post, wedge and chisel facets)
Wooden Trackway
Area 1 34013. Macrofossil sample from deposit sequences.
Alluvial deposit [34013]
Possibly a substructure of [34049]UB-6464 platform 34505. Area 2 Wood 3020 Structure 34519 C34049. Worked wood sample.
Context classification, number Lab Code and description
167
Corylus avellana
Wood (worked)
Alnus sp.
Wood (worked)
Alnus sp.
Plant macrofossil
Salix/Populus
Wood (worked)
Dated Material
cal BC 1488 - 1483 (0.8%) and 1454 - 1309 (99.2%)
cal BC 1680 - 1674 (1.1%) and 1670 - 1500 (98.9%)
cal BC 2007 - 2005 (0.2644%) and 1974 - 1754 (99.7356%)
cal BC 2034 - 1876 (95.1569%) and 1842 - 1819 (2.9784%) and cal BC 1797 1780 (1.8647%)
2SigmaCalibration (95.4% probability)
2360
32
32
40
33
2062
2045
2029
35
2116
Years BP
Site 34
Site 34
Site 34
Site 34
Site
Site 34
[34007] UB-6903
Wooden structure - [34035] UB-6463 possible track way. Area 1 Wood 1507 Structure 34014 C34035. Worked wood sample.
168
Salix/Populus
Wood (worked)
Plant tissue (Monocot.) Phragmites
Alluvial deposit
Fraxinus excelsior
Wood (worked)
Alluvial deposit Monolith 1SUERC-14682
Area 1 Wood 34W1063 Structure 34007. Worked wood sample (stake, wedge ended).
Substancial wooden structure-possible trackway
Alnus sp.
Wood (worked)
Phragmite Dated Material
Top of reed peat Context classification, number Lab Code and description
Irregular shaped wooden [34006] UB-6901 dump/platform Area 1 Wood 34W507 Structure 34006. Worked wood sample (roundwood, chisel end).
Plant tissue (Monocot.)
Alluvial deposit Monolith 1 SUERC-10127
cal BC 158 - 135 (3.9199%) and 114 - 54 (96.0801%)
cal BC 170 - AD 60 (95.4%)
cal BC 173 - cal AD 4 (100%)
cal BC 344 - 323 (4%) and 205 - 48 (96%)
2SigmaCalibration (95.4% probability)
cal BC 720 - 690 (2.1%) and 540 - 370 (93.3%)
1965
Site 34
Site 34
1698 31
1665 35
Site 34
1870 35
Site
Site 34
Site 34
35
1950 34
Years BP
UB-6470
Plant macrofossil
Phragmites
End of reed peat / estuarine silt transition Zone
Phragmites
Alluvial deposit
169
Plant tissue (Monocot.)
Fraxinus sp..excelsior
Alluvial deposit Monolith 1SUERC-14680
Area 1 Wood 34W2007 Structure 34015. Worked wood sample (roundwood fragment-possible rope marks).
Possible brushwood platform[34015] UB-6904Wood (worked)
Plant tissue (Monocot.)
Alluvial deposit Monolith 1SUERC-10124
Area 1 (34035) Uppermost level. Salix sp./Populus Macrofossil sample from deposit sequences.
Deposit (34035)
Dated Material
SUERC-14681Plant tissue (Monocot.)
Phragmites Context classification, number Lab Code and description
Alluvial deposit
Alluvial deposit Monolith 1
cal AD 250 - 440 (91.1%) and 480 - 530 (4.3%)
cal AD 256 - 305 (26.2%) and 312 - 414 (73.8%)
cal AD 60 - 240 (100%)
cal BC 37 - 28 (2.5994%) and 24 - 10 (4.0876%) and cal BC 3-cal AD 126 (93.313)
130 (4.4%) 2SigmaCalibration (95.4% probability)
cal BC 50 - cal AD 90 (91.0%) and cal AD 100 -
592
30
29
524
32
541
Years BP
Site 34
Site 34
Site
Site 34
Wood (worked)
Alnus sp.
Wood (worked)
170
Area 2 Wood 34W3523 Structure 34504. Alnus sp. Worked wood sample (worked root, chisel end)
Possible brushwood [34507] UB-6907 platform or trackway. Area 2 Wood 34W4004 Structure 34507. Worked wood sample (stake). Possible wooden track way[34504]UB-6906 which expanded to form platform.
Dated Material
Alnus sp.
Area 2 Wood 3517 Structure 34504 34054. Worked wood sample.
Context classification, number Lab Code and description
Wood (worked)
Possible wooden track way[34054]UB-6465 which expanded to form platform.
cal AD 1324 - 1346 (12.7%) and 1393 - 1441 (87.3%)
cal AD 1316 - 1354 (31.6%) and 1389 - 1436 (68.4%)
2SigmaCalibration (95.4% probability)
cal AD 1298 - 1372 (71.2411%) and 1378 - 1412 (28.7589%)