Date: May 2007 Client: Galway County Council Project code: NGB05
N6 Galway to Ballinasloe Scheme, Contract 2. Final Report on archaeological investigations at Site E2063, modern brick kilns at Brusk, Co. Galway By: Brendon Wilkins & Amy Bunce with a contribution by Auli Tourenen Ministerial Direction no.: A024/24 Excavation no.: E2063 Director: Brendon Wilkins Chainage: 20900‐21150 NGR: 154875/224784
Headland Archaeology Ltd. N6 Galway to Ballinasloe Scheme, Contract 2. E2063 Final Report _____________________________________________________________________________________________
CONTENTS 1 Summary 2 Introduction 3 Site description and location 4 Aims and methodology 5 Results Kiln 1 Kiln 2 Kiln 3 6 Discussion 7 Archive 8 References List of Figures Figure 1 E2063 Location of excavation area Figure 2 E2063 Location of excavation area and RMP extract Figure 3 E2063 Topographic Survey Figure 4 Plan of Kiln 1 & 3 Figure 5 Plan of Kiln 2 Figure 6 East‐facing sections of Kiln 1 Figure 7 South‐ and east‐facing sections of Kiln 3 List of Plates Plate 1 Pre‐excavation of Kiln 1, north‐facing Plate 2 North‐facing elevation of bricks in Kiln 1 Plate 3 Bricks in south‐east corner of Kiln 1, north‐west facing Plate 4 Post‐excavation of south end of Kiln 1, south‐west facing Plate 5 South‐east facing section of north‐east corner of Kiln 1 Plate 6 Post‐excavation of Kiln 1, north‐facing Plate 7 Mid‐excavation of Kiln 2, north‐facing Plate 8 Mid‐excavation of north end of Kiln 2, north‐west facing Plate 9 Post‐excavation of south end of Kiln 2, north‐west facing Plate 10 Bricks at north‐west end of Kiln 2, south‐west facing Plate 11 Post‐excavation of east side of Kiln 3, south‐east facing Plate 12 Post‐excavation of west side of Kiln 3, south‐east facing Appendices
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Headland Archaeology Ltd. N6 Galway to Ballinasloe Scheme, Contract 2. E2063 Final Report _____________________________________________________________________________________________
Appendix 1 Appendix 2 Appendix 3 Appendix 4 Appendix 5 Appendix 6 Appendix 7
Context register Finds register Sample register Photograph register Drawing register Site matrix Faunal remains report
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Headland Archaeology Ltd. N6 Galway to Ballinasloe Scheme, Contract 2. E2063 Final Report _____________________________________________________________________________________________
1 Summary This report presents the results of archaeological investigations carried out on behalf of Galway County Council prior to the commencement of construction on the N6 Galway to Ballinasloe Scheme. The work was undertaken under Ministerial Direction number A024/24, registration number E2063, in the townland of Brusk, Co. Galway. The Minister for the Environment, Heritage & Local Government, following consultation with the National Museum of Ireland, directed that Brendon Wilkins of Headland Archaeology Ltd should proceed with Phase II Excavation. Contract 2 pre‐construction testing on this site in 2005 was alerted to the possible high archaeological potential of the location by an archaeological geophysical survey carried out (ArchaeoPhysica 2004). Testing was able to confirm the presence of three brick kilns, a potential well and an area of in situ burning. Full archaeological excavation was conducted on this site during May 2006. The three brick kilns were exposed, excavated and identified as clamp kilns, single‐use structures often constructed close to both the raw material and the building for which they were intended. The clamp kilns may reflect relatively small‐scale use of the site. It is suggested that the kilns were not fired on the same occasion owing to a development in the construction techniques observable between the three kilns. Other potential features, including the possible well and the in‐situ burning were investigated and found to be a natural feature and the result of recent field clearance activity respectively. 2 Introduction Works are being carried out along the route of the proposed N6 Galway to East of Ballinasloe national road scheme, between the townlands of Doughiska in County Galway and Beagh in County Roscommon. The proposed road will consist of approximately 56 km of dual carriageway, a 7km link road from Carrowkeel to Loughrea and approximately 23km of side roads. There will be four grade‐separated junctions, 36 bridges and a toll plaza located at Cappataggle. The area of proposed archaeological investigation was divided into four contracts, based on four sectors of approximately equal extent. The work described here was undertaken under Archaeological Investigations Contract 2. This covered a stretch of road development of approximately 13.2km of dual carriageway and 7km of single carriageway, and passed to the south of Athenry and Kiltullagh in a generally east/west direction. The project was funded by the Irish Government and the European Union under the National Development Plan 2000– 2006. Headland Archaeology Ltd was commissioned by Galway County Council to undertake the works. Arch Consultancy undertook an archaeological survey as part of an Environmental Impact Survey of the route compiled by RPS‐MCOS Engineering in 2005. The kilns were not identified by Arch Consultancy although there were upstanding remains to be seen. An aerial survey was also undertaken, as was a geophysical survey (Archaeophysica 2004). Archaeological test excavations were carried out by M. Jones (03E1874, Galway County Council, National Roads Design Office). On the basis of findings from this work Contract 2 Investigations commenced in September 2005.
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Headland Archaeology Ltd. N6 Galway to Ballinasloe Scheme, Contract 2. E2063 Final Report _____________________________________________________________________________________________
3 Site description and location The site was within the townland of Brusk, approximately 4.5km south‐east of Athenry. It was located at NGR 154875/224784 and between chainage 20900–21150. It was situated in relatively flat, low lying pasture land bordered on all four sides by limestone drystone walls and bounded to the south by the main Athenry to Kiltullagh road. The site was poorly drained and adjacent to an active watercourse prone to flooding. The unmodified natural subsoil was a glacially derived till composed of fine clay with gravel inclusions, which would have provided an excellent raw material for industrial brick manufacture. 4 Aims and methodology The objective of the work was the preservation by record of any archaeological features or deposits in advance of the proposed road construction. Four excavation areas were opened under direct archaeological supervision, and the presence of three kilns confirmed. The areas were stripped by machine at which point the kilns were clearly identified as red square features bordered by burnt soil and surrounded by a bank of redeposited natural material. The kilns were numbered 1, 2 & 3 in order of excavation. All three kilns were numbered with the same context numbers, as their composition was extremely similar. The only difference between the kilns was in the layout of the bricks and benches. The resulting surface was cleaned and all potential features investigated by hand. Archaeological contexts were recorded by photograph and on standardised recording sheets. Plans and sections were drawn at an appropriate scale. Ordnance Datum levels and feature locations were recorded using penmap and an EDM. Environmental samples were taken on any deposits suitable for analysis or dating. Contexts, finds, samples, drawings and photo registers from the site are provided in the Appendices. 5 Results The kilns were characterised as single fired ‘clamper’ kilns. These kilns use unfired bricks to form their structure, and are then dismantled following firing. Kiln 3 was slightly different in construction from kilns 1 & 2 and was possibly the first kiln on site. No areas of possible brick working, brick storage and drying or on‐site accommodation for workers or kiln minders were discovered. There were no areas of clay quarrying within the limits of the excavation but a large, irregular, elongated depression was identified in the underlying topography to the 25 m to the west of the site which was likely to have been the remnants of a backfilled clay pit. The topsoil deposit (1000) covered the entire site and was a light to mid brown silty clay with a few stone inclusions and a loose compaction. It was 0.20m in depth, and lay directly above unmodified natural subsoil (1003), which consisted of a light brown silty clay with occasional limestone inclusions and a fairly solid compaction. A potential well (1002) was identified in testing. It was approximately 2.3m in diameter and comprised a circular concave depression of 0.27m depth. It had a singular fill (1001) of mid
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Headland Archaeology Ltd. N6 Galway to Ballinasloe Scheme, Contract 2. E2063 Final Report _____________________________________________________________________________________________
orange‐brown fine silty clay with occasional pebbles and a soft compaction. It was interpreted as a pond. It was too shallow to have functioned as a well and was probably agricultural, not associated with the kilns. The area of in situ burning was exposed and cleaned by hand. There were no negative cut features associated with the charcoal and no finds were recovered. The deposit was shallow and poorly sorted; it was judged to have been of recent origin likely to have been the result of modern agricultural activity. Kiln 1 Kiln 1 measured 11m north/south and 6.5m east/west. The traces of 12 rows of bricks running east/west could be identified in plan. Rows of bricks are termed ‘benches’ and specific arrangements can be diagnostic of kiln typology. The ten benches within the centre of kiln 1 were of double‐brick thickness. In the central benches the bricks were arranged so a header (width facing side) of each brick was exposed to the fire in the spaces between the benches. The two edge benches at either end of the kiln were only single brick thickness. The bricks at the end benches were laid with both headers on the faces of the bench. The bricks that occasionally remained at the unfired bottom of the benches were laid on edge (narrow face down). Instead of being laid alternately, with the header and stretcher in the courses of the benches, the courses at Brusk were laid just slightly skewed from the previous course. This differed from the pattern recognised at a recently excavated Newrath, Co. Kilkenny (Wilkins 2006; Hammond 1977). The lower courses of poorly fired bricks were ridged by the course of bricks laid diagonally on top of them, indicating why these were left in situ. The bottom bricks would have still been fairly wet once laid and the weight of the upper courses damaged them beyond use. The ends of the benches frequently had bricks laid on edge (narrow face down) and a few laid on bed (wide face down), preserved in the patterns they were stacked in for firing. It is assumed that these bricks were considered not well enough fired to be functional, probably due to being located at the edge of the kiln. They were left in place, occasionally to a depth of three courses. The patterns at the ends of the benches included bricks laid with their stretcher face on the benches face, and this pattern differed on each course. The pattern of brick laying at the edges of the kiln was intended to stabilise the ends of the benches. The bricks suffering from a combination of being at the end of the benches, at the extremity of the kiln and in the bottom courses of the benches were so poorly fired that they had fused together. There was evidence of a different style of bricks being placed in the centre of the kiln, possibly because they required a higher firing temperature for their ultimate end purpose. These bricks were a light yellow colour and different to the mid orange red colour of other bricks fired in the kiln. The differentiation was a consequence of the hotter firing temperatures found in the centre of the kiln in addition to reduced oxygen levels, creating a harder, but more brittle end product. Yellow bricks were found in the middle of the central benches in Kiln 1. The benches of yellow bricks were the only central benches to be left behind, being too poorly fired to warrant retrieval. There was one red brick amongst them, which was probably accidentally incorporated as all unfired clay looking very similar. This brick was very well fired whereas the yellow bricks were occasionally soft in the middle of the benches. The ends of the yellow benches were constructed of red bricks, further evidence that the yellow bricks were harder to fire and were not wasted at the edges where the red bricks had less opportunity to fire. The bottom course of yellow bricks was very heavily ridged by the upper courses, suggesting that the yellow bricks may have been softer when unfired than their red counterparts.
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Headland Archaeology Ltd. N6 Galway to Ballinasloe Scheme, Contract 2. E2063 Final Report _____________________________________________________________________________________________
The pile of brick rubble (1004) covering the remains of the benches was composed of broken bricks or poorly fired bricks that were probably discarded as being unsuitable while the kiln was being dismantled. This rubble was generally a red colour but also had elements of yellow, light orange and dark red due to the broken bricks and brick dust within. It had a moderate to very loose compaction due to its composition of pieces of brick up to about half a brick in size (but on average quarter of a brick in size), with areas of more compacted brick dust and occasional silts. This rubble was 0.1m to 0.15m thick and covered the entire extent of kiln 1. The interfaces were very clear and the brick rubble [1004] was also to be found between the remnants of the bottom two courses of the benches as well as on top of them. Some of the discarded bricks in dump layer (1011) were not dropped where they were discovered to be faulty but were deliberately flung away from the kiln and became incorporated into the banked natural (1008) probably as a result of trampling. A layer of gritty yellow sand (005) was recorded beneath the benches and across most of the base of the kiln. It was shallow, measuring only 0.02m, but was high quality coarse sand and was unlikely to have been resourced from the adjacent stream. In places it had become disturbed and mixed with the rubble (1004) and was hard to discern in all sections. It was compacted but easily loosened and had no inclusions within it. In other places it was not present between the benches; this was likely to be a result of heavy raking out of ashes that would have been required before the retrieval of the finished bricks. This deposit sheds light on the construction techniques of the brick clamp kilns at Brusk. It was originally present across the whole of the base of the kiln. It would also have protected the quality of the bottom course of bricks in the benches by creating a barrier between them and the potentially damp soil below, as well as preventing the adherence of soil and silts. The use of sand at the base of the kiln suggests that the builders were hopeful all the bricks would fire well and were not resigned to the failure of the lower courses. A discoloured soil layer (1006) below and around the kiln was also recorded. It was caused by direct heat applied to the unmodified natural subsoil (1003). It was a black silty clay of loose compaction. A few roots had penetrated the layer. There were also a few burnt roots of charcoal, present within the soil at the time of firing. This soil layer (1006) was a maximum of 0.06m thick but the thickness of all reduced soils was up to 0.15m thick. Layer (1010) was a mid brown or purple coloured silty clay of loose compaction, 0.1m deep with evidence of in situ burning and was directly below the soil layer below and around the kiln (1006). In some places the differentiation between the soil layer surrounding the kiln (1006) and the soil layer directly beneath it (1010) was unclear and diffuse. The soil layer surrounding the kiln (1006) was very disturbed in places probably as a result of trampling and disturbance during deconstruction of the kilns that would have included raking out of the ashes. This partial raking out of the layer around the kiln (1006) in some places was observed when the rubble (1004) between the benches extended deeper than the bottom course of the benches. A lens (1007) within the rubble (1004] was discovered towards the north of kiln 1. The lens was 0.02m thick and 0.35m in length. It was a light yellow to white gritty sand of firm compaction. It is possible that this was incorporated into the rubble (1004) as the kiln was dismantled. This had an ashy colour and texture. It may have appeared as a lens in kiln 1 as a result of disturbance. Ash would have accumulated between the benches and would have needed to be raked out of the fired kiln before the bricks were removed, a potential side product utilised as a soil improver.
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Headland Archaeology Ltd. N6 Galway to Ballinasloe Scheme, Contract 2. E2063 Final Report _____________________________________________________________________________________________
Topsoil and subsoil would have been banked around the kilns as they fired. Layer (1008) was redeposited natural, a brown silty clay that appeared identical to the unmodified natural layer (1003), except that it included broken bricks. The horizon between the redeposited natural (1008) and the unmodified natural layer (1003) was not easily determined although on Kiln 3 a layer of possibly burnt sod (1012) could have formed the interface between the redeposited natural (1008) and the natural layer (1003). Where the redeposited natural layer (1008) was banked against the sides of the kiln it lensed into the layer of soil surrounding the kiln (1006). The redeposited natural (1008) would have been removed as the kiln was dismantled and discarded bricks (1011) of about half a brick in size became incorporated with the redeposited natural [1008], mostly in isolated dumps approximately 2m from the edge of the kiln. A series of possible stoke‐holes at the ends of the spaces between the benches were identified below the redeposited layer of natural (1008), with an area of disturbed material (1009) within the redeposited natural bank (1008). It was a mix of the rubble (1004; 1011) and reduced soil (1006). The bank of soil constructed around the kiln may have been to control air flow, insulate the kiln and regulate the internal temperature. It was possibly also to help in the stacking of the bricks in the higher courses of the benches, especially the benches at the edges that were only single‐brick thickness (on Kilns 1 & 2) and may have needed extra support. Kiln 2 Kiln 2 measured approximately 11m SW/NE to NW/SE and 6.50m NW/SE, and the benches were mostly recorded as surface burn marks on the ground with only a few bricks remaining at the ends of the benches. These benches extended north/west to south/east and, like Kiln 1 there were ten benches of double‐brick thickness and two benches of single‐brick thickness at the sides of the kiln. Similar to Kiln 1, the spaces between the benches were approximately 0.5m and the bricks themselves measured 0.24m by 0.1m and 0.05m ‐ 0.07m in depth. Fewer bricks remained in situ in Kiln 2 and less rubble (1004) was recorded, possibly due to a more successful firing than Kiln 1. Stoke‐holes at the ends of the spaces between the benches were observed on Kiln 2, probably related to the raking out of the kilns or the fuelling of the firing. Partial colour differences in the remaining marks of brick benches on the surface of Kiln 2 may have been due to the almost complete removal of the bricks, disturbance and trampling. Kiln 3 Kiln 3 measured 10.20m SW/NE and 6.15m NW/SE. The benches ran NW/SE. It differed in its construction from Kilns 1 and 2 by the fact that there were 11 benches of double thickness and the spaces between the ends of the benches incorporated some form of brick blocking of the stoke‐holes. The rudimentary nature of Kiln 3 was possibly because this was the first kiln fired on this site. As the double thickness of benches on the edges of the kiln had not fired well, this construction fault was possibly remedied in the later kiln construction of Kiln 1 and 2. The blocking off of the stoke‐holes was not observed on the other kilns either, and it may have been an unsuccessful or unnecessary attempt to control the firing. Kiln 3 had been badly damaged by tree roots in the north and as a result only the edges of the kiln were excavated; this revealed that in fact the rest of the kiln would have survived fairly well.
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Headland Archaeology Ltd. N6 Galway to Ballinasloe Scheme, Contract 2. E2063 Final Report _____________________________________________________________________________________________
Deposit layer (1012) was a black‐red silty clay of loose compaction with organic inclusions and a depth of 0.05m. It was directly above the natural subsoil and was a mixed, burnt deposit resulting from the firing of the kiln and its fuel source. 6 Discussion The manufacture and use of brick in Ireland appears to have mainly been absent before the early modern period. There is no archaeological evidence for the use of this building material prior to the 16th century, when it was used in buildings such as the Ormond manor house at Carrick‐on‐Suir, Co. Tipperary and Bunratty Castle, Co. Clare (Rynne 2006, 166). Over the following centuries brick production and use grew from a small, limited, and exclusive industry to a widely employed building material with large‐scale production. This development was greatly aided by the industrial revolution of the 18th and 19th centuries which resulted in brick production becoming mechanised, thus increasing the quality and output of the product. Most pre‐industrial brick kilns in Ireland took the form of ‘brick clamps’. These were temporary rectangular structures which were constructed from unfired bricks. They were located near a source of suitable clay which was often found near rivers. This also facilitated the transport of the finished product. After extracting the clay it was processed by removing all stones and worked to a suitable consistency by adding water and trampling under foot (Rynne 2006, 167). Bricks were then formed to set sizes; these sizes differed slightly depending upon locality. Once the bricks had been allowed to dry the brick clamps were constructed. This was done by stacking unfired bricks in rows (known as benches) with alternate header and stretcher layers built up. In many cases the clamps were up to 5m high (Hull 2005, 31). The gaps between the bottom rows of bricks were filled with fuel, including peat and wood, and ignited. The clamps were often covered with peat and allowed to burn for a number of days or weeks resulting in the finished product (Hull 2005, 31). On small brick clamps such as those found at Brusk, the production of the bricks was a singular, small scale activity, undertaken for the benefit of the local community (Rynne 2006, 166). With the Industrial Revolution came new mechanised methods of producing bricks which allowed the industry to increase in size and production output. By the 1880s machine‐ made bricks were the norm in Ireland (Rynne 2006, 169). Bricks which were machine made tended to be of better quality and of a standard size in comparison with those produced by hand, from brick clamps. This mechanisation led to the construction of large brick kilns, of which there were two basic types – the intermittent kiln and the continuous kiln. An example of an intermittent kiln can be found at Coalisland, Co. Tyrone. In the continuous kilns the drying and firing of the bricks became an uninterrupted process. An example of this kind of kiln can be found at Youghal, Co. Cork (Rynne 2006, 170), and one was also excavated by Headland Archaeology Ltd. in Newrath, Co. Kilkenny (Wilkins 2006). The use of sand, the placement of the more desirable and harder to fire bricks within the centre of a kiln and often towards the top of the kiln, and the differing methods of setting for each successive course has been recognised in other kilns (Hammond 1977, 180). Brusk would have been a temporary site used for three separate, sequential kiln firings. Evidence for this is based on the assumption that the design of Kilns 1 and 2 were adapted following the firing of Kiln 3, and that their close positioning would make simultaneous use unlikely. The bricks were of the same size in each kiln and it could be suggested that the kilns
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Headland Archaeology Ltd. N6 Galway to Ballinasloe Scheme, Contract 2. E2063 Final Report _____________________________________________________________________________________________
were directly supplying the construction of a nearby building. No building could be identified in the immediate vicinity using building matching the dimensions of the kiln product, but bricks of a similar composition were used in the buildings constructed to service the Loughrea to Athlone branch railway line (Geddes 2006). The yellow bricks produced at Brusk may have been intended for decorative architectural features such as window arches, but the higher temperature these bricks were fired at would also have made them suitable for fireplace surrounds where direct contact with heat was likely. The kilns were estimated to have been able to fire 20,000 bricks at once, requiring 24m³ of clay. No archaeological finds were recovered from the site, and the singular faunal element from Brusk was analysed by Auli Tourunen of Headland Archaeology Ltd. and was identified as a horse molar tooth. It derived from the pile of brick rubble (1004) in Kiln 2 and was interpreted on site as having been incorporated within the material that was subsequently burnt. The osteological analysis confirmed that the tooth, which had since fragmented into six pieces, was likely to be unrelated to the activity at the brick kilns (Tourunen 2007). 7 Archive The site archive is comprised of the following materials: Item Quantities Context sheets 18 Sample sheets 0 Context, Photo and Sample Registers 8 Photos 122 Plans 0 Sections 8 The archive material is contained within one box. The archive is currently stored in the offices of Headland Archaeology, Unit 1, Wallingstown Business Park, Little Island, Cork. It is proposed that following completion of post‐excavation the archive will be deposited with Galway County Council. 8 References ArchaeoPhysica Ltd 2004 Archaeological Geophsical Survey Report. Published report submitted to Galway County Council Geddes, G 2006. N6 Galway to Ballinalsoe National Road Scheme: Loughrea and Attymon Light Railway (1890‐ 1975). Unpublished report for Headland Archaeology Ltd Hull, G. 2005. Brick Kilns. Archaeology Ireland 19: 4 Issue 74 Hammond, M. 1977. Brick Kilns: An Illustrated Survey. Industrial Archaeological Review 1:171‐ 192
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Jones, M 2004 Archaeological test excavations on a ringfort site (GA96:089) in Farranablake East, Co. Galway, on the route of the proposed N6 Galway to East Ballinasloe road scheme. Published report submitted to Galway County Council OS 1837 Ordnance Survey of Co. Galway, first edition, sheet 96, scale 1:10560 OS 1897–1913 Ordnance Survey of Co. Galway, second edition sheet 96, scale 1:10560 RPS‐MCOS 2004 N6 Galway to East Ballinasloe Environmental Impact Statement. Published report submitted to Galway County Council Rynne, C. 2006. Industrial Ireland 1750‐1930: An Archaeology. Cork: The Collins Press. Tourunen, A. 2007. Final report on the faunal remains from Brusk, Co. Galway. Unpublished report for Headland Archaeology Ltd. Wilkins, B. 2006. N25 Waterford Bypass, Contract 3. Preliminary report on archaeological investigations at Site 34 in the townland of Newrath, Co. Kilkenny. Unpublished report for Headland Archaeology Ltd.
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= CPO
E2063
Athenry
Galway
Reproduced from 2002 Ordnance Survey of Ireland 1:50,000 Discovery Series no 46, C Ordnance Survey of Ireland, Government of Ireland. Licence No. EN 0008105 C Ordnance Survey of Ireland and Government of Ireland. Licence No. EN 0008105
extent of backfilled clay pits
N
0
100 m
Figure 1 - N6 Galway to Ballinasloe Scheme, Co. Galway, Contract 2: Brusk E2063 Location of excavation area
Reproduced from 1933 Ordnance Survey of Ireland, Second Edition, Six Inch to One Mile map, Galway Sheet 96 C Ordnance Survey of Ireland and Government of Ireland. Licence No. EN 0008105
= CPO = Excavated Area
N
0
250 m
Figure 2 - N6 Galway to Ballinasloe Scheme, Co. Galway, Contract 2: Brusk E2063 Location of excavation area and RMP extract
N
0
50 m
Figure 3 - N6 Galway to Ballinasloe Scheme, Co. Galway, Contract 2: Brusk E2063 Topographical Survey
Kiln 2 tree damage
2 pits
Kiln 3 Kiln 3 tree damage Kiln 1
brick Plate 4
Possible well
N Plate 1
0
100 m
Kiln 1
brick Plate 1- Post-ex detail of brick shadows
Plate 2- Post-excavation of Kiln 1
N Plate 2 Plate 3
Plate 3- Relationship between kilns 1 and 2
Plate 4- Kiln 3 Post-excavation East side
0
10 m
Figure 4 - N6 Galway to Ballinasloe Scheme, Co. Galway, Contract 2: Brusk E2063 Site plan of Kiln 1 and 3
Kiln 2
2 pits
Kiln 3
Kiln 1 1 Kiln
Plate 2
Possible well
N
0
100 m
Plate 1
brick brick shadow Plate 1- Kiln 2 Mid- excavation overall
Plate 2- Kiln 2, 2nd row from NE, NW end moving to SE end
N
0
10 m
Figure 5 - N6 Galway to Ballinasloe Scheme, Co. Galway, Contract 2: Brusk E2063 Site plan of Kiln 2
S
Bricks 1008 1003
1004
N
Bricks
1006
1004 1006 1010
1006
1010 1006
1003
S
N
1004
1m gap between sections
1007 1008
1010 and 1006
1005
0
1.25 m
Kiln 1
N
0
4m
= Location of sections (triangles point to face of section)
Figure 6 - N6 Galway to Ballinasloe Scheme, Co. Galway, Contract 2: Brusk E2063 East facing sections of Kiln 1
E
W
1011
1007
1012 1005
1008 1003
1006
1003
1010 South facing section of Kiln 3
S
N Brick
1011
1008
Brick
1003
1006 1010
1011 East facing section of Kiln 3
0
1m
tree damage Kiln 3
tree damage
N
0
4m
= Location of sections (triangles point to face of section)
Figure 7 - N6 Galway to Ballinasloe Scheme, Co. Galway, Contract 2: Brusk E2063 South and East facing sections of Kiln 3
E2063:1000:001
0
5 cm
Figure 8 - N6 Galway to Ballinasloe Scheme, Co. Galway, Contract 2: Brusk E2063 Copper alloy fragment from kiln 2
Plate 1 - Pre-excavation view of kiln 1, facing N
Plate 2 - North facing elevation of bricks, kiln 1
Plate 3 - View of brick rows in southeast corner of kiln 1, facing NW
Plate 4 - Post-excavation view of southern end of kiln 1, facing SW
Plate 5 - Southeast facing section of northeast corner, kiln 1
Plate 6 - Post-excavation view of kiln 1, facing N
Plate 7 - Mid-excavation view of kiln 2, facing N
Plate 8 - Mid-excavation view of northern end of kiln 2, facing NW
Plate 9 - Post-excavation view of southern end of kiln 2, facing NW
Plate 10 - Post-excavation detail of bricks at northwestern end of kiln 2, facing SW
Appendix 1: Context register FILL OF:
CONTEXT
TYPE
FILLED BY:
Length (m)
Width (m)
Depth (m)
n/a
1000
Deposit
n/a
n/a
n/a
0.2
1002
1001
Deposit
n/a
2.4
2.2
0.27
n/a
1002
Cut
1001
2.4
2.2
0.27
n/a
1003
Deposit
n/a
n/a
n/a
n/a
n/a
1004
Deposit
n/a
n/a
n/a
0.1‐0.15
n/a
1005
Deposit
n/a
n/a
n/a
0.02
n/a
1006
Deposit
n/a
n/a
n/a
0.06
n/a
1007
Deposit
n/a
n/a
n/a
0.02
Description Light to mid brown silty clay, few stones, loose compaction. Mid orange‐brown fine silty clay, occasional pebbles, soft compaction. Circular in plan, shallow sides, concave base, filled by (1001). Light brown silty clay, very occasional limestone. Brick‐red rubble amongst remaining brick stacks, comprised of broken bricks, brick dust or unfired bricks within silty clay, moderate compaction. Yellow gritty sand beneath the stacked bricks, loose compaction. Probably laid before the unfired bricks. Black silty clay under and around the kiln, loos compaction. Either originally natural (1003) or redeposited natural (1008) that has been heat affected and reduced. White gritty sand. Probably ash that was raked out of the kiln before the bricks were removed.
Interpretation Topsoil
Singular fill of dew hole (1002) Cut of dew hole Natural
Rubble layer of discarded bricks
Sand layer beneath kiln.
Reduced soil layer under and around kiln.
Ash layer remaining in the kiln.
n/a
1008
Deposit
n/a
n/a
n/a
n/a
n/a
1009
Deposit
n/a
1.1
n/a
0.1
n/a
1010
Deposit
n/a
n/a
n/a
0.2
n/a
1011
Deposit
n/a
n/a
n/a
n/a
n/a
1012
Deposit
n/a
n/a
n/a
0.05‐0.06
Brown silty clay, loose compaction. Redeposited natural (1003) banked against the kiln sides and taken down after firing leading to incorporation of bricks (1011). Orange and black mix of brick rubble (1004) and reduced soil (1006), loose compaction. Probably an area disturbed after firing. Brown (aubergine) silty clay, loose compaction. Lightly heat affected and probably a fading out of (1006). Discarded bricks within [1008] probably incorporated as the bank was taken down and spread out. Black‐red silty clay, loose compaction. Burnt organics within 1008).
Redeposited natural banked against the kiln.
Lens of disturbed contexts.
Less reduced layer under and around kiln.
Discarded bricks.
Burnt sod layer.
Appendix 2: Finds register Find no. Kiln Material Description E2063:1000:001 2 Cu alloy Copper‐alloy grooved fragment, 0.13m x 0.05m E2063:1004:001 2 Tooth Burnt tooth within kiln Appendix 3: Sample register Sample no. Context Description E2063:001 (1004) Kiln 1: Bricks amongst the rubble. E2063:002 Stacks Kiln 1: Bricks from brick stacks. E2063:003 (1004) Kiln 2: Bricks amongst the rubble. E2063:004 Stacks Kiln 2: Bricks from brick stacks. E2063:005 (1004) Kiln 3: Bricks amongst the rubble. E2063:006 Stacks Kiln 3: Bricks from brick stacks. E2063:007 Clay Natural clay in vicinity of kilns. Appendix 4: Photo register Shot no. Dir. Description 63 N Kiln 1: Working shot 64 N Kiln 1: The rows of bricks at south/east corner 65 N Kiln 1: The rows of bricks at south/west corner 66 N Kiln 1: A nice row of bricks (yellow) at east side 67 N Kiln 1: The end of a stack of bricks at east side 68 S Kiln 1: N‐facing pile of bricks at north/east corner 69 N Kiln 1: Working shot 70 N Shot showing all three kilns 71 N Shot showing relationship between kilns 72 N Pre‐excavation shot of mound/kiln 1 73 ‐ Working shot 74 S Working shot 75 S [1002], quarter section of dew hole 76 N Working shot 77 W Resting shot 78 E Kiln 1: North end: West‐facing section (1) 79 E Kiln 1: North end: West‐facing section (2) 80 E Kiln 1: North end: West‐facing section (3) 81 W Kiln 1: North end: East‐facing section (1) 82 W Kiln 1: North end: East‐facing section (2) 83 W Kiln 1: North end: East‐facing section (3) 84 N Kiln 1: West end: South‐facing section (1) 85 S Kiln 1: West end: North‐facing section (1)
Quantity 1 1 broken tooth in 1 bag
Quantity 10 bricks 10 bricks 9 5 6 7 2 bags
Date BC 10‐05‐06 BC 10‐05‐06 BC 10‐05‐06 BC 10‐05‐06 BC 10‐05‐06 BC 10‐05‐06 BC 10‐05‐06 BC 10‐05‐06 BC 10‐05‐06 BC 10‐05‐06 BC 10‐05‐06 BC 10‐05‐06 BW 11‐05‐06 BC 11‐05‐06 BC 11‐05‐06 SOD 11‐05‐06 SOD 11‐05‐06 SOD 11‐05‐06 SOD 11‐05‐06 SOD 11‐05‐06 SOD 11‐05‐06 SOD 11‐05‐06 SOD 11‐05‐06
86 87 88 89 90 91 92 93 94 95 96 97
W W E E E W W W W E E N
98 99 100 101 102 103 104 105 106 107 108 109 110 111 112
N N N S S S W S N N N N N N N
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13
W W W E W NE NW W NW SW W W NW
Kiln 1: South end: East‐facing section (1) Kiln 1: South end: East‐facing section (2) Kiln 1: South end: West‐facing section (1) Kiln 1: South end: West‐facing section (2) Kiln 1: Post‐excavation of south/east corner Kiln 1: Post‐excavation of south end Kiln 1: Post‐excavation of north end Kiln 1: South end: East‐facing section (1) Kiln 1: South end: East‐facing section (2) Kiln 1: South end: West‐facing section (1) Kiln 1: South end: West‐facing section (2) Kiln 1: East side: South‐facing section & post‐ excavation Kiln 1: East side: South‐facing section (1) Kiln 1: East side: South‐facing section (2) Kiln 1: East side: South‐facing section (3) Kiln 1: East side: North‐facing section (1) Kiln 1: East side: North‐facing section (2) Kiln 1: East side: North‐facing section (3) Kiln 1: Post‐excavation detail of brick shadows Kiln 1: Post‐excavation detail of brick shadows Kiln 1: Large scale post‐excavation Kiln 1: South/east quadrant post‐excavation Kiln 1: South/west quadrant post‐excavation Kiln 1: North/west quadrant post‐excavation Kiln 1: North/east quadrant post‐excavation Kiln 1: Large scale post‐excavation Kiln 1: Large scale post‐excavation shows relation to 1 & 2 NEW CARD Kiln 2: Pre‐excavation Kiln 2: Pre‐excavation Kiln 2: Working shot Kiln 2: Working shot Kiln 2: Working shot Kiln 2: Working shot Kiln 2: Working shot Kiln 2: Working shot Kiln 2: Working shot Kiln 2: Working shot Kiln 2: Working shot Kiln 2: Mid/Post‐excavation overall Kiln 2: Mid/Post‐excavation north/east end
SOD 11‐05‐06 SOD 11‐05‐06 SOD 11‐05‐06 SOD 11‐05‐06 BC 12‐05‐06 BC 12‐05‐06 BC 12‐05‐06 BC 12‐05‐06 BC 12‐05‐06 BC 12‐05‐06 BC 12‐05‐06 BC 12‐05‐06 BC 12‐05‐06 BC 12‐05‐06 BC 12‐05‐06 BC 12‐05‐06 BC 12‐05‐06 BC 12‐05‐06 BC 12‐05‐06 BC 12‐05‐06 BC 12‐05‐06 BC 12‐05‐06 BC 12‐05‐06 BC 12‐05‐06 BC 12‐05‐06 BC 12‐05‐06 BC 12‐05‐06 BC 16‐05‐06 BC 16‐05‐06 BC 16‐05‐06 BC 16‐05‐06 BC 17‐05‐06 BC 18‐05‐06 BC 18‐05‐06 BC 18‐05‐06 BC 18‐05‐06 BC 18‐05‐06 BC 19‐05‐06 BC 19‐05‐06 BC 19‐05‐06
14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50 51 52 53 54 55 56 57 58
NW NW NW N NE SW NE NE NE NE NE NE NE NE SW NW NW NW NW NW NW N E E E W W S S S S W W W E E N S S N E S S S N
Kiln 2: Mid/Post‐excavation NE centre Kiln 2: Mid/Post‐excavation SW centre Kiln 2: Mid/Post‐excavation SW end Kiln 2: Mid/Post‐excavation south corner damage Kiln 2: Mid/Post‐excavation east corner detail Kiln 2: Mid/Post‐excavation NW side detail Kiln 2: 2nd row from NE, NW end Kiln 2: 2nd row from NE, NW end moving to SE end Kiln 2: 2nd row from NE, NW end moving to SE end Kiln 2: 2nd row from NE, NW end moving to SE end Kiln 2: 2nd row from NE, NW end moving to SE end Kiln 2: 2nd row from NE, NW end moving to SE end Kiln 2: 2nd row from NE, NW end moving to SE end Kiln 2: 2nd row from NE, SE end Kiln 2: Working shot Kiln 2: 2nd row from NE, bricks at NW end Kiln 2: 3rd row from NE, bricks at NW end Kiln 2: 2nd row from NE, bricks at NW end Kiln 2: 2nd & 3rd rows from NE, taken from ground Kiln 2: 3rd row from NE, bricks at NW end Kiln 2: 2nd row from NE, bricks at NW end Kiln 2: Working shot Kiln 2: Section at NE of kiln Kiln 2: Section at NE of kiln Kiln 2: Section at NE of kiln Kiln 2: Section at NE of kiln Kiln 2: Section at NE of kiln Kiln 2: N‐facing section at NW of kiln Kiln 2: N‐facing section at NW of kiln Kiln 2: N‐facing section at NW of kiln Kiln 2: N‐facing section at NW of kiln Kiln 3: South end Kiln 3: South/east corner Kiln 3: South/east corner Kiln 3: South end Kiln 3: South end Kiln 3: West side Kiln 3: West side Kiln 3: West side Kiln 3: Detail of brick stacks on west side Kiln 3: Detail of brick stacks on west side Kiln 3: East side Kiln 3: North‐facing section at east side of kiln Kiln 3: North‐facing section at east side of kiln Kiln 3: South‐facing section at east side of kiln
BC 19‐05‐06 BC 19‐05‐06 BC 19‐05‐06 BC 19‐05‐06 BC 19‐05‐06 BC 19‐05‐06 MH 19‐05‐06 MH 19‐05‐06 MH 19‐05‐06 MH 19‐05‐06 MH 19‐05‐06 MH 19‐05‐06 MH 19‐05‐06 MH 19‐05‐06 MH 19‐05‐06 MH 19‐05‐06 MH 19‐05‐06 MH 19‐05‐06 MH 19‐05‐06 MH 19‐05‐06 MH 19‐05‐06 MH 19‐05‐06 MH 19‐05‐06 MH 19‐05‐06 MH 19‐05‐06 MH 19‐05‐06 MH 19‐05‐06 NK 25‐05‐06 NK 25‐05‐06 NK 25‐05‐06 NK 25‐05‐06 BC 25‐05‐06 BC 25‐05‐06 BC 25‐05‐06 BC 25‐05‐06 BC 25‐05‐06 BC 25‐05‐06 BC 25‐05‐06 BC 25‐05‐06 BC 25‐05‐06 BC 25‐05‐06 BC 25‐05‐06 BC 25‐05‐06 BC 25‐05‐06 BC 25‐05‐06
59 N Kiln 3: South‐facing section at east side of kiln BC 25‐05‐06 60 N Kiln 3: South‐facing section at east side of kiln BC 25‐05‐06 61 N Kiln 3: East side BC 25‐05‐06 62 N Kiln 3: East side BC 25‐05‐06 63 N Kiln 3: East side, North end damage BC 25‐05‐06 64 N Kiln 3: East side BC 25‐05‐06 65 S Kiln 3: Detail of brick stacks on east side BC 25‐05‐06 66 S Kiln 3: Post‐excavation on west side BC 25‐05‐06 67 SE Kiln 3: Post‐excavation on east side BC 25‐05‐06 68 W Kiln 3: Post‐excavation on north side with tree BC 25‐05‐06 69 N Kiln 3: Post‐excavation on west side with tree BC 25‐05‐06 70 W Kiln 3: East‐facing section of south slot BC 25‐05‐06 71 W Kiln 3: East‐facing section of south slot BC 25‐05‐06 72 NW Kiln 3: East‐facing section of south slot BC 25‐05‐06 Appendix 5: Drawing register Date Drwg. Sect. Plan Description 1 1:20 Kiln 1: E‐facing section of N end of kiln AB 11‐05‐06 2 1:20 Kiln 1: E‐facing section of S end of kiln NK 12‐05‐06 3 1:20 Kiln 1: N‐facing section of W end of kiln MH 15‐05‐06 4 1:20 Kiln 1: S‐facing section of W end of kiln MH 15‐05‐06 5 1:20 Kiln 2: W‐facing section of N end of kiln MH 15‐05‐06 6 1:20 Kiln 2: N‐facing section of E end of kiln NK 7 1:20 Kiln 3: S‐facing section of E end of kiln LC 8 1:20 Kiln 3: E‐facing section of S end of kiln NK
Appendix 6: Site Matrix
Appendix 7: Faunal Remains Report Full archaeological resolution was conducted on Brusk, Co. Galway (E2063) during May 2006. Three brick kilns were exposed and excavated. Total of six fragments of burnt horse tooth were recovered from the rubble layer of discarded bricks (1004). Due to the small size of the material, no detailed analysis was possible. It is likely that the teeth fragments do not relate to brick burning activities but derive from a horse buried or slaughtered nearby. NISP Context Species Element 1004 Horse Molar tooth 6 Table 1. Species and anatomical representation of sample (NISP).