Myanmar Student Movement 2c

Nidrf;csrf;a&; 'Drdkua&pDa&;BudK;yrf;rI - 1958 rS 1959 - 'Drdkua&pDa&; 'Drdkua&pDynma&; Nidrf;csrf;a&; trsdK;om;a&;toGif

tcef; (21) Nird ;f csr;f a&; 'Dru kd a&pDa&;BuKd ;yrf;rI 'Dru kd a&pDa&; 'Drdkua&pDynma&; Nidrf;csrf;a&;ESifY trsK;d om;a&;toGif ausmif;om;vIy&f mS ;rIordik ;f (1958 rS 1959)

(u) jynfaxmifpjk refrmEkid if v H ;Hk qkid &f m ausmif;om;rsm;ynma&;ES;D aESmzvS,yf JG 1958 ck? Mo*kwf (9) &uf rS (13) &uf

Source: Oway Magazines

A[djk yifqifa&;aumfrwD obmywd wuo Ouú| OD;pd;k ode;f rdechf eG ;f ajymaepOf (&efuek w f uúov kd b f EYGJ iS ;f obifcef;r)

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jrefrmEdkifiHausmif;om;vIyf&Sm;rIordkif; - atmifxGef; ynma&;ESD;aESmzvS,fyGJusif;y&mü A[dkjyifqifa&;aumfrwDwGif &efukefwuúodkvfausmif;om;rsm;or*¾rS (10) OD;? rEÅav;wuúodkvfausmif;om;rsm;or*¾rS (5) OD;? armfvNrdKifaumvdyfausmif;om;rsm;or*¾rS (5) OD;? rauG;aumvdyfausmif;om;rsm;or*¾rS (5) OD;? ausmif;jzLaumvdyfausmif;om;or*¾rS (5) OD;? Auorsm;tzGJUcsKyfrS (5) OD; aygif;tzGJU0ifaygif; (40) yg0ifonf/ ESD;aESmzvS,fyGJOD;pD;tzGJYwGif1/ udkpdk;odef; obmywd (wuo) 2/ udkapmvGif 'k-obmywd (rwuo) 3/ udkcifarmiftkef; taxGaxGtwGif;a&;rSL; (wuo) 4/ udkwifa½T wGJbuf-taxGaxGtwGif;a&;rSL; (rwuo) 5/ udkausmfvS tzGJU0if (armfvNrdKifaumvdy)f 6/ udkrif;axG; tzGJU0if (armfvNrdKifaumvdy)f 7/ udkñGefYaZmf (rauG;aumvdyf) 8/ udkrif;ausmf (rauG;aumvdyf) 9/ (ausmufjzLaumvdyf) 10/ (ausmufjzLaumvdyf) 11/ udkcifxGef; (ykord af umvdy)f 12/ (ykord af umvdy)f ESD;aESmzvS,fyGJBuD;wGif 0efBuD;csKyfudk,fwdkif wufa&muf rdeYf cGef;ajym&efjzpfaomfvnf; c&D;vGefaeojzifh o0PfvTmom ay;ydkYcJhonf/ 'k-0efBuD;csKyf ocifwifuvnf; o0PfvTmay;ydkYcJhonf/

'k-0efBuD;csKyfocifwif\o0PfvTm odhk jynfaxmifjrefrmEdkifiHvHk;qdkif&m ausmif;om;rsm;ynma&;ESD;aESmzvS,fyGJ usif;ya&;aumfrwD ausmif;om;^oltaygif;wdkharmifwdkY usKyfwdkY ,aeYta&;BuD;qHk;aom jyóemonf tb,fenf;/ armifwdkY usKyfwdkY\ ,aeYta&;BuD;qHk;aomjyóemrSm jynfaxmifjrefrmEdkifiHawmfBuD;onf tbufbufrS wdk;wufaumif;rGefa&;yif jzpfonf/ jynfaxmifpjk refrmEdik if aH wmfBuD; tbufbufrS wd;k wufaumif;rGeaf p&ef rnfonfu h pd u ö kd aqmif½u G Mf urnf enf;/ jynfaxmifpkjrefrmEdkifiHol^om;rsm;tbufbufrS wdk;wufaumif;rGefatmif aqmif½Guf&efyif jzpfonf/ jynfaxmifpjk refrmEdik if o H ^l om;rsm;tbufbufrS wd;k wufaumif;rGev f matmif rnfonfu h pd u ö kd aqmif½u G f Murnfenf;/ jynfaxmifpkjrefrmEdkifiHol^om;rsm;tm; vlawmfvlaumif;rsm;jzpfvmatmif aqmif½Guf&efyif jzpfonf/ jynfaxmifpjk refrmEdik if o H ^l om;rsm;tm; vlawmfval umif;rsm;jzpfvmap&ef ynmay;jcif;ESihf ynm½Smjcif;yif jzpfonf/ ynmay;jcif;? ynm½Smjcif;qdk&mü arG;onfaeYrSpí aoonfaeYtxd aqmif½Guftyfaom vkyfief;jzpfay onf/ tvGefus,fajymaom vkyfief;BuD;w&yfvnf; jzpfayonf/ ynmay;jcif;? ynm½Smjcif;wdkYonf ynma&;vkyfief;jzpfí us,fajymoavmuf tvGefeufeJcufcJaom udpöBuD;vnf; jzpf\/ aeY½Sdoí? tcsdef½Sdoí vIyf½Sm;wdk;wufaeaom udpövnf;jzpf\/ xdkodkYwNyD;um; usKyfnDi,f? nDri,frsm;onf ,aeYtcsdefü rdrdwdkY ESD;aESmzvS,ftHhaom udpö\oabm obm0udk vnf;aumif;? twdrfteufESifhyrmPudk vnf;aumif;? aumif;pGmtm½HkjyKMuvsuf jynfaxmifpkjrefrmEdkifiH awmfBuD; tbufbufrS wdk;wufaumif;rGefap&ef pGrf;aqmifEdkifMuap[k qkrGefaumif;awmif;vdkufygonf/ (yH)k 'k-0efBuD;csKyf (jynfaxmifpkvlrIa&;) 570

Nidrf;csrf;a&; 'Drdkua&pDa&;BudK;yrf;rI - 1958 rS 1959 - 'Drdkua&pDa&; 'Drdkua&pDynma&; Nidrf;csrf;a&; trsdK;om;a&;toGif ynma&;0efBuD; OD;ausmfZHuvnf;
ynma&;0efBu;D OD;ausmZf \ H rdechf eG ;f jynfaxmifpkjrefrmEdkifiHawmf ausmif;aygif;pHkynma&;ESD;aESmzvS,fyGJBuD;odkh wufa&mufMuwJU ausmif;ol^om; udk,fpm;vS,ftaygif;wdkh,aeY þausmif;om;udk,fpm;vS,faygif;pHkwJh ynma&;ESD;aESmzvS,fyGJBuD; pwifzGifhvSpfcsdefrSm pum;tenf; i,fajym&vdkY rsm;pGm0rf;ajrmufygw,f/ ,ckESD;aESmzvS,fyGJBuD; jzpfajrmufatmif w&uf? ESpf&uftwGif; pDrHvdkYNyD;wm r[kwyf gbl;/ Edik if aH wmf0efBuD;csKyf BuD;rSL;wJh ynma&;pHpk rf;rIaumfrwD tvkypf wifaqmif½u G o f nfh 1957 ZGev f upNyD; &efukefwuúodkvfausmif;om;rsm;or*¾uvnf; ausmif;om;aygif;pHkynma&;ESD;aESmzvS,fyGJ wckjyKvkyfNyD; aumfrwDudk tMuHay;cGifhjyK&ef awmif;qdkygw,f/ ynma&;pHkprf;rIaumfrwDuvnf; ,cka&;qGJrnfh ynma&;pHepf[m jynfolvlxk? ausmif;om;rdb? ausmif;q&m? ausmif;om;rsm;ponfh ynma&;ESio hf ufqikd w f hJ yk*Kd¾ vftm;vH;k \ tMuHÓPf? tultnD? yl;aygif;aqmif½GufrIwdkYudk txl;vdkvm;wJhtwGuf ausmif;om;csnf;oufouf pka0;wdkifyifapNyD; tMuHtÓPfrsm;ay; &ef qE´½Sdygonf/ ausmif;om;rsm;&JUqE´? ynma&;pHkprf;rIaumfrwD\oabmxm;? Ouú|BuD; EdkifiHawmf0efBuD;csKyf\ qE´ESifh udkufnDwJhtwGuf wESpfeD;ygrQ tvDvDaqG;aEG;NyD;rS xajrmufatmifjrifvmwJh ESD;aESmzvS,fyGJBuD;jzpfygw,f/ ,ckESD;aESmzvS,fyGJBuD;&JU tpDtpOft& ausmif;om;udk,fpm;vS,frsm;udk aqG;aEG;rJhtaMumif;t&m tvdkuf tpkcGJNyD; aqG;aEG;ygvdrfhr,f/ aqG;aEG;&mrSm ay:aygufvmwJh tMuHaumif;ÓPfaumif;rsm;udk aemufqHk;aeYusif;yr,fh ausmif;om;ud, k pf m;vS,af ygif;pHk tpnf;ta0;yGBJ uD;rSm xyfraH qG;aEG;twnfjyKNyD; tJ't D pnf;ta0;yGBJ uD;u a½G;aumuf wifajr§mufvdkufwJh ausmif;om;udk,fpm;vS,frsm;u ynma&;pHkprf;rIaumfrwDodkY wifjyaqG;aEG;ygr,f/ 'DvdkvkyfwJhpepf[m EdkifiHawmftpdk;&rSm 'Drdkua&pD,HkMunfrI½SdwJhtaMumif;/ cdkifrmwJh om"uBuD;wck jzpfyg w,f/ vlwdkif;vlwdkif;rSm ÓPf½Sdw,f/ wa,mufeJYwa,muf yHkoP²meftrlt&m uGJjym;ovdkyJ t,ltqoabmxm; rSmvnf; uGJjym;w,f/ vlwdkif;vlwdkif;rSm ÓPf½Sdw,fqdkwm ,HkMunfrI? xdkÓPf½SdrIudk,HkMunfNyD; jynfolvlxkudk vGwfvGwfvyfvyf trsm;tusKd;½SdrItwGuf ajymqdktMuHÓPfay;cGifh½SdrI? wOD;ESifhwOD;uGJjym;rIaMumifh ,ckavmurSm wd;k wufr½I w dS ,fqw kd hJ ,HMk unfr?I 'gawG[m tajccHoabmeJY 'Dru kd a&pDrmS ude;f atmif;aewJh tqDtESpaf wG jzpfygw,f/ ,ck ausmif;om;udk,fpm;vS,frsm;&JU ESD;aESmzvS,fyGJBuD;udkvnf; tJ'DtajccH 'Drdkua&pD,HkMunfrIeJY ynma&;pHkprf;rI aumfrwDu ulnDusif;yay;&jcif; jzpfygw,f/ ausmif;om;ud, k pf m;vS,rf sm;? jrefrmEdik if aH wmf&UJ ynma&;udk aqG;aEG;wJt h cgrSm tajccHoabmeJY odrw S t f yf wJh tcsufuav;½Sdygw,f/ tenf;i,f ajymjyygr,f/ (1) ynma&;qdkonfrSm EdkifiHwEdkifiH&JU vlrIa&;? pD;yGm;a&;? trsKd;om;a&;eJY qufpyfaeygw,f? vlrIa&;? pD;yGm;a&;? trsKd;om;a&;rSm jyóemrsm;½SdaeovdkyJ ynma&;rSmvnf; jyóemrsm;tpOf ½Sdaeygw,f/ tJ'jD yóemrsm;[m wd;k wufr&I UJ t&if;cHy/J jyóem½Srd S wd;k wufr½I rdS ,f/ ynma&;jyóemr½Sw d hJ Edik if [ H m ynma&;oabmeJU wd;k wufrrI ½Sad wmhb;l vdYk ,lq&ygw,f/ 'gaMumifh urÇmay:rSm b,fEikd if rH S ynma&; jyóemuif;½Sif;NyD;vdkY r½SdEdkifyg/ ynma&;jyóemudk ajz½Sif;&ef tm;xkwfwJhyk*¾dKvfrsm;[m aEGtcg opfyifwyifatmufrSm wHjrufpnf;vSJaewmeJY wlygw,f/ a½SUuvSJoGm;? aemufu opf½GufajcmufawG xyfusovdkyJ/ ynma&;jyóemudk a½SUu½Sif;oGm;&if;eJY aemufjyóemopfawG xyfvdkufvmwmyJ/ ½Si;f ray;&ifawmh tpd;k &tqd;k yJ/ tckqakd wmh jynfaxmifprk mS ynma&;eJYywfoufNyD; cPcP ajz½Si;f ay; ae&wmudkawmh todMuom;ygyJ/ (2) jynfaxmifp[ k m vGwv f yfwhJ tcsKyftjcmtmPmeJU Edik if w H Edik if b H /J tJ'aD wmh urÇmay:rSm½Sw d hJ tjcm;vGwf vyfwhJ Edik if aH wGeYJ EdiI ;f ,SOMf unf&h r,f/ ud, k Ef ikd if aH v;udk ud, k Mf unfah er,fq&kd if ]]a&tdik x f u J zm;oli,feYJ wlaeygvdrrhf ,f/}} EIid ;f ,SOw f t hJ cgr,f ynm½SBd uD;OD;ykna&;ovdyk ?J tojymwyfxm;wJh ig;Muif;acgif;udk awmh udik v f Ykd rjzpfao;bl;/ ESpaf ygif;ESpaf xmifausmf oH;k axmifupNyD; wu,fu h kd BuD;yGm;csifwikd ;f BuD;yGm;? wdk;wufcsifwdkif; wdk;wufaewJh EdkifiHawGeJYawmh EIdif;,SOfvdkY oifhr,frxifbl;/ jrefrmEdkifiHeJY tajctae trsKd;rsKd;wlwJh EdkifiHrsm;eJY EdIif;,SOfrS ,xmblw trSefa&mufEdkifvdrfhr,f/ ½Sif;oGm;atmif Oyrmjyygr,f/ wufa&mufvmMuwJh udk,fpm;vS,frsm;ua&m? ausmif;om;rdbrsm;ua&m? owif;pmq&mrsm;ua&m EdkifiHawmftxufwef;ausmif;rsm;rS ausmif;q&mOD;a&eJY wynfhOD;a&rrQbl;vdkY ,HkMunfaew,f/ trSef wu,f urÇmYpHcsdefeJY xdk;Munfhawmh NAdwdefEdkifiHrSm q&m (1) a,mufr,f ausmif;om; (28) a,muf½Sd 571

jrefrmEdkifiHausmif;om;vIyf&Sm;rIordkif; - atmifxGef; w,f/ tar&duefeYJ qdAk , D ufrmS q&m (1) a,muf ausmif;om; (24) a,mufuspD ½Syd gw,f/ tdref ;D csif; tdE´d,jynfBuD;rSm ausmif;om; (32) a,muf q&m (1) a,muf½Sdygw,f/ jrefrmjynfrSm q&m (1) a,muf ausmif;om; (26) a,muf½Sdygw,f/ tJ'Dvdk trSefa&mufatmif EIdif;,SOfapvdkygw,f/ (3) ynma&;qdkonfrSm vlxk\oabmxm;? vlxk\,HkMunfrIrsm;rSm tjrpfwG,faeygw,f/ vlxkoabm xm;? vlxk\,HkMunfrIudk wr[kwfjcif; pGefYvTwfap&ef cJ,Of;ovdkyJ tjrpfwG,fNyD; ynma&;pepfudk vnf; wr[kwfjcif; tjrpfrSEkwfypf&ef cJ,Of;wwfygw,f/ Oyrmjyr,fqdk&if b0opfzefwD;rIpDrHudef; [m wuúov kd f wvrf;oGm;pepfrS pufrv I ufrt I oufarG;0rf;aMumif; ynma&;bufoYkd vrf;vT&J efjzpfí (Dignity of Labour) ac: pufjzifhvkyf&onhftvkyf/ ,if;rrQwrIudk ukef;atmfaeaomfvnf; ,ck ausmif;toD;oD;rSmaeMuwJh ausmif;om;aygif; (1) oef;cGaJ usmaf usmaf &m? olwYkdrb d ? aqGrsK;d ? rdwaf qGrsm; a&m? wuúodkvf wvrf;oGm;ynm? vcpm;ynm (0g) uRefynmudkyif ESpfoufaeMuygao;w,f/ tay:,Hay:vmwJh ynma&;pepfav;udk ref;rIwfNyD; jyKjyifvdkYr&yg/ tjrpfwG,fxm;wJh vlxk\,HkMunf rI? oabmxm;udk jyKjyifajymif;vJay;rS &Edkifygw,f/ jrefrmEdkifiHuJhodkY 'Drdkua&pDEdkifiHrSmawmh tJ'Dvlxk \,HMk unfraI wG? oabmxm;awGajymif;vJypfzYkd&m tcsed af wmh enf;enf;Mumw,f/ 'gayrJh wcgajymif;vJ NyD;&ifawmh urÇmwnfoGm;Edkifygw,f/ 'Drdkua&pD[m 'Dvdkoabmawmh ½Sdygw,f/ ynma&;pHkprf;rIaumfrwDonf vdk&myef;wdkifodkY a&mufatmif vrf;ESpfoG,fjzifh csDwuf&ef pDpOfxm;ygw,f/ wvrf;rSm ESpfwdkpDrHudef;? tJ'DpDrHudef;eJY ,ckvuf½Sdtajctaet& ajz½Sif;ay;EdkifwJh ynma&;jyóemudk csufjcif; ajz½Sif;ay;r,f/ wvrf;rSm ESpf½SnfpDrHudef;? tJ'DpDrHudef;rSm wjznf;jznf; a&½Snfajz½Sif;ay;rS&rnfh jyóemrsm;yg0if r,f/ oabmrSmawmh iSufzsm;zsm;NyD; acgif;udkufaewJh vlwa,mufudk yxracgif;udkufaysmuf&ef aq;wdkuf&ovdk acgif;udu k af ysmufaq; wdu k w f mu ESpw f pkd rD u H ed ;f ? tzsm;jywfomG ;atmif ukojcif;u ESp½f n S pf rD u H ed ;f jzpfw,f/ tJ'aD wmh ESD;aESmzvS,fyGJrSm acgif;udkufaysmufatmif? tzsm;jywfaq;[lí ESpfrsKd;ESpfpm;cGJNyD; pOf;pm;apvdkygw,f/ ESpw f pkd rD u H ed ;f ud?k ESp½f n S pf rD u H ed ;f rsm;twGuf tcsut f vufrsm;udk ½SmazGonfah e&mrSm atmufygtcsut f vuf uav;awGudk xnfhoGif;pOf;pm;apvdkygw,f/ 1/ vlOD;a&oef; (20) ½Sd jrefrmEdkifiHawmfrSm ,ckynma&;twGufaiG (13) uka# oHk;pGJygw,f/ EdkifiHawmftwGuf oHk;aiGtm;vHk;\ 10.6% jzpfygw,f/ tJ'DoHk;aiG (1) uka#eJY &mcdkifEIef; (2.5) u (16) ESpftwGif; wjznf;jznf; wufvm&ygw,f/ vlOD;a&oef; (20) ½Sd ,dk;',m;EdkifiHrSm 10.5%? vlOD;a&oef; (20) ½Sd tD*spfEdkifiHrSm 11%? vlOD; a& (10) oef;½Sd oD[dkVfrSm 18.1% ponfoHk;ygw,f/ 2/ ,ck jrefrmEdkifiHawmfrSm txufwef;ausmif;om;aygif; (3) odef;eD;eD;½Sdojzifh vlOD;a&eJYpmaomf vl (60) wGif txufwef;ausmif;om;aygif; (1) a,muf½adS eNyD; tdref ;D csiEf ikd if jH zpfwhJ tdE, d´ rSm vl (313) a,mufrmS txufwef; ausmif;om; (1) a,muf? oD[dkVfwGif vl (38) a,mufwGif (1) a,muf? *syefwGif vl (26) a,mufrSm (1) a,muf? qdkAD,ufEdkifiHjynfwjynfwGif vl (36) a,mufrSm (1) a,muf? ,l*dkpvm;AD;,m;wGif vl (35) a,mufrSm (1) a,muf½Sdwm awGU&ygw,f/ *syef? qdkAD,uf? ,l*dkpvm;AD;,m;EdkifiHrsm;rSm txufwef;ausmif;ynmrSm roifrae& jzpfygw,f/ 3/ ynm&nftqifhtwef;rSmvnf; EdkifiHjcm;ynmawmfoif ausmif;om;aygif; ,cktcsdefrSm (500) ausmfrQ ½Sd&m oufqdkifwuúodkvfrsm;rS tJ'Dausmif;om;rsm;&JU ynm&nfwdk;wufrItwGuf auseyfw,fqdkwJh tpD&ifcHpmrsm; &½Sdxm;ygw,f/ 4/ pmoifMum;&rnfh tcsdefumvtydkif;tjcm;[m ta&;BuD;ygw,f/ tcsKdUausmif;om;rsm;[m oifcef;pm wckudk jrefjrefoif,lEdkifNyD;? tcsKdUrSmawmh aES;Muygw,f/ aemufawmhrS &Muygw,f/ 'gaMumifh (3) cguspepf/ rufx&pf atmifcsufnHhrIrsm;udk atmufyg tcsuftvufrsm;udk rSDNyD; pOf;pm;xdkufygw,f/ (u) jrefrmEdkifiHrSm ausmif;om;wa,muf[m (15) ESpfjynfh&if wuúodkvf0ifcGifh&ygw,f/ tjcm;EdkifiHrSm tenf;qkH; (17) ESpf½SdrS &ygw,f/ NAdwdefEdkifiHrSm (18) ESpf? w½kwfEdkifiHrSmvnf; (18) ESpfjzpfygw,f/ (c) jrefrmEdkifiHrSm ausmif;om;wa,muf wuúodkvfa&mufatmif ausmif;rSm (9) ESpf pmoif&ygw,f/ tjcm;EdkifiHrsm;rSm (11) ESpf (12) ESpfausmf ae&ygw,f/ NAdwdefrSm (12) ESpf? tdE´d,jynfrSm (11) ESpf? w½kwfjynfrSm (12) ESpf jzpfygw,f/ (*) jrefrmEdkifiHrSm aygif; (13) ESpfausmif;aeNyD;&if 'D*&D&Edkifygw,f/ tjcm;EdkifiHrSm tenf;qHk; (14) ESpf Mumygw,f/ NAdwdefEdkifiHrSm (15) ESpf? tdE´d,jynfrSm (13) ESpf? tar&duefrSm (16) ESpfjzpfygw,f/ 572

Nidrf;csrf;a&; 'Drdkua&pDa&;BudK;yrf;rI - 1958 rS 1959 - 'Drdkua&pDa&; 'Drdkua&pDynma&; Nidrf;csrf;a&; trsdK;om;a&;toGif tJ'v D kd urÇmYtajctaeeJY EIid ;f ,SONf yD;rS tMuHtÓPfrsm; ay;apvdyk gw,f/ 'grSvnf; ausmif;om;rsm;&JU taMumif;jycsuf[m ydkrdkcdkifrmawmifhwif;vmygr,f/ ynmwwfyk*d¾Kvfrsm;\ tMuHÓPfay;csufrsm;eJY vnf; wlvmNyD; trsm;&JU½dak oav;pm;rIukd &Edik v f mygvdrrhf ,f/ ,ckjynfaxmifpjk refrmEdik if aH wmf ausmif; aygif;pHyk nma&;ES;D aESmzvS,yf BJG uD;[m jrefrmEdik if yH nma&;&mZ0ifwiG f wcgrQrMuHKbl;wJh 'Dru kd a&pDpepf BuD;\ tajccHobm0w&yfjzpfygw,f/ tJ'aD wmh ed*;kH csKyftaeeJY ajymvdw k mu rdryd g0iftMuHÓPfay;wJt h ydik ;f rSm &mZ0ifwiG o f mG ;atmif tjyKoabm jzifh wnfwHhcdkifjrJwJh ynma&;pepfBuD;wck ay:aygufvmatmif rnfonfh tarSmifyh a,m*rS ruyfapbJ 'dYk ArmjynfBuD;&JU ynma&;pepfBuD;[m ArmyDyAD rmqefqef aumif;&rnf[al om jzLpifwhJ pdwaf epdwx f m;awGeYJ tMuHaumif;ÓPfaumif; rsm; ay;Edkifygap[k qkawmif;tyfygw,f/ ynmrifBuD; pnfola'gufwmOD;buvnf; wufa&mufrdefYcGef;ajymMum;cJhonf/

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Nidrf;csrf;a&; 'Drdkua&pDa&;BudK;yrf;rI - 1958 rS 1959 - 'Drdkua&pDa&; 'Drdkua&pDynma&; Nidrf;csrf;a&; trsdK;om;a&;toGif xJrSm ausmif;taqmuftODeJY ausmif;oHk;qdkif&m ypönf;rsm;[m 61% avmufygoGm;w,f/ rysufqD;bJusefcJhwJh ausmif;taqmuftODawG[mvnf; rysufpD;½HkavmufyJ usefaecJhygw,f/ 'kwd,urÇmppfBuD; NyD;aemuf ausmif;awGjyefzGifhNyD; ynma&;vkyfief;awG pcJhygw,f/ 'DvdkvkyfaqmifcJhwJh tcsdefupNyD; ,aeYtxd ausmif;taqmuftOD? q&m? ausmif;oHk;y&dabm*awG[m vHkavmufw,fvdkY r½SdcJhbl;/ ynma&;vkyfief;awG? pepfawG[mvnf; twnfwusr½Sdbl;? cPcP ajymif;cJh&ygw,f/ uRefawmfwdkY ausmif;om; awG[mvnf; ynmoifMum;a&;eJYywfoufNyD; rvHkavmufrIawG? ynma&;vkyfief; twdtusr½SdrIawGtwGuf ,aeY txd awmif;qdkjcif;? wdkufyGJ0ifjcif;rsm; jyKvkyf&ygw,f/ 'Dvdkynma&;twGuf vdktyfcsufawG? ynma&;twGuf epfemcsufawGeJY ywfoufNyD; ta&;qdkwdkufyGJ0ifcJh& wm rsm;vmawmh 'gawG[m bmaMumifjh zpfay:vmcJ&h ovJvYkd tav;teuftm½Hpk u kd Nf yD; avhvmMu&ygw,f/ 'Dvt kd m½kH pdkufNyD; avhvmwJhtcgrSm wdkif;jynftajctaeeJY ynma&;pepfudk avhvmMuw,f/ uRefawmfwdkY wdkif;jynf[m 1948 ckupNyD; vGwfvyfwJh jynfaxmifpkjrefrmEdkifiH jzpfvmwJh vGwfvyfcgpjzpfwJh uRefawmfwdkY EdkifiH0,f pD;yGm;a&;tm;jzifh vnf;aumif;? vlrIa&;tm;jzifhvnf;aumif;? zGHUNzdK;wdk;wufjcif; r½Sdao;wmudk awGU&ygw,f/ ynma&;pepfudk avhvm wJhtcgrSm ynma&;pepf[m tajccHtm;jzifh t*Fvdyfe,fcsJUorm;&JU acwftwdkif;jzpfaew,f/ rxl;jcm; rajymif;vJbJ ½Sdaewmudk awGU&w,f/ 'Dawmh wdik ;f jynftajctaeeJY ynma&;pepf[m rudu k n f b D jJ zpfaewmudk uReaf wmfwYkd awGU&w,f/ urÇmYEikd if H t&yf&yf½dS ynma&;udk uRefwmfwYkd avhvmwJt h cgrSm wdik ;f jynftajctaeudk rS;D NyD; ynma&;pepfukd a&;qG&J w,fqw kd m odcJhMu&w,f/ wdkif;jynftajctaeeJY ynma&;pepf[m udkufnD&w,f/ ynma&;pepfeJY wdkif;jynftajctae[m cGjJ cm;vdYk r&bl;vdYk od&w,f/ tck uRefawmfwYkd ArmEdik if u H kd Munfv h u kd w f t hJ cg wdik ;f jynfu vGwv f yfw,f/ ynma&;u rvGwv f yf? ,ciftwdik ;f qdak wmh vlysKdayguft½G,u f kd EkYd pYkd oil ,favmufyx J ifNyD; EdYk pYkd t½G,t f 0wftpm;awGukd 0wfcikd ;f xm;ovdk jzpfaew,f/ 'DtwGuf ynma&;rSm ydkrdktusyftwnf; jzpfvmw,fqdkwm uRefawmfwdkY awGU&w,f/ 'Dvdk avhvm&cJhwJh tcsufay:rSm rlwnfNyD; uRefawmfwdkYpOf;pm;Muygw,f/ ynma&; vdktyfcsufawGtwGuf uRefawmfwdkYwawG[m awmif;qdkjcif;? wdkufyGJ0ifjcif; jyKcJhwm[m rSefvnf;rSefw,f? obm0vnf;usw,f? odkYaomf 'Dvdkawmif;qdkwmeJY vHkavmufNyDvm;? rvHkavmufao;bl;/ awmif;qdkvdkY &wmawG[m ynma&;pepfBuDudk zmax;½HkyJ jzpfw,f/ aemufNyD; jyefay:vmrSmyJ/ tJ'Dawmh ynma&;udk zmax;½Hkr[kwfbJ tjrpfupNyD; jyKjyifajymif;vJEdkifrSom jzpfr,fvdkY ,HkMunfcJhw,f/ 'D,HkMunfcsuftwdkif; 1954-55 ckESpfupNyD; vuf½Sdynma&;pepfudk jyKjyifajymif;vJay;zdkY awmif;qdkcJhMu w,f/ 1956-57 rSmqdk&if wuúodkvfausmif;om;or*¾ trIaqmiftzGJUu wuúodkvfynma&;udk jyKjyifajymif;vJzdkY wifjycJhMuw,f/ uRefawmfwdkY ausmif;om;awG&JU awmif;qdkaomaMumifhwaMumif;? ynma&;XmerSmvnf; vkyf&if;udkif&if; tusyftwnf; awGUvmwmuwaMumif; EdkifiHawmftpdk;&u ynma&;udk jyKjyifzdkY BudK;pm;wmawGudk wcsufwcsufrSm yd;k pke;f MuL;vufovdk jrifawGUvdu k &f w,f/ 'Dvjkd yKjyifzYkd BudK;pm;&if;u 1957 ckEpS rf mS Edik if aH wmf0efBuD;csKyfO;D Ek ud, k w f ikd f obmywdtjzpf aqmif½GufNyD; ynma&;pHkprf;rIaumfrwD zGJUpnf;cJhw,f/ ynma&;pHkprf;rIaumfrwDuaeNyD; EdkifiHjcm; yg&*lawG ac:NyD;avhvmcJhw,f/ ynma&;eJYywfoufwJh ar;cGefawG ar;jref;wmawG jyKvkyfcJhw,f/ uRefawmfwdkY ausmif;om;awG[mvnf; ynma&;pHkprf;rIaumfrwDudk vufcHBudKqdkNyD; ynma&;ar;cGef;awG ajzMum;cJhwJhtjyif EdkifiHa&;toif;tzGJUrsm;? vlxkudk,fpm;vS,frsm;? vlxktzGJUtpnf;rsm;? ynma&;uRrf;usifolrsm; yg0ifwhJ ynma&;ES;D aESmzvS,yf BJG uD; usi;f yzdYk tMuHay;wifjycJw h ,f/ 1957 ck? 'DZifbm (28-29) &ufaeY? armfvNrdKifNrdKU rSm usi;f ycJw h hJ wuúov kd af umvdyaf ygif;pHk aqG;aEG;yGrJ mS vnf; ynma&;ES;D aESmyGBJ uD;w&yf usi;f yzdYk wifjyqH;k jzwfcw hJ ,f/ 'DtMuHay;csuftay: rlwnfNyD; uRefawmfwYkd [m Edik if aH wmf0efBuD;csKyfO;D EkeYJ awGUqHak qG;aEG;cJw h ,f/ ynma&; pHpk rf;rIaumfrwDrv S nf; wifjyw,f/ uRefawmfwYkd eYJ Edik if aH wmf0efBuD;csKyf[m rMumrMum aqG;aEG;MuwJt h cgrSm ausmif; om;rsm;omyg½SdwJh ynma&;ESD;aESmzvS,fyGJBuD;w&yf usif;y&efeJY 'Dvdkusif;ywJhtcgrSm EdkifiHawmftpdk;&uyg ulnDr,f qdkwJh oabmwlnDrIudk &½Sdygw,f/ 'Dvdk EdkifiHawmftpdk;&eJY ynma&;Xmeuyg tm;wufoa&m ulnDwJhtwGuf 'DaeY 'DtcsdeftcgrSm ausmif;om;rsm;ynma&;ESD;aESmzvS,fyGJBuD;udk atmifjrifpGmusif;yEdkifjcif; jzpfayw,f/ 'Dvjkd zpfay:vm&csuu f kd avhvm&if uReaf wmfwYkd ausmif;om;awGa&m? Edik if aH wmftpd;k &uyg vuf½ydS nma&;udk jyKjyifajymif;vJzYkdqw kd t hJ csuu f kd oabmwlMuw,f/ 'DoabmwlncD suu f kd tajccHxm;NyD; awGUqHjk cif;aqG;aEG;jcif;jyKvkyf cJw h t hJ wGuf ynma&;ES;D aESmzvS,yf BJG uD; usif;yEdik cf w hJ ,f/ atmifjrifcw hJ ,fqw kd mxif½mS ;cJw h hJ tcsufw&yf jzpfygw,f/ 575

jrefrmEdkifiHausmif;om;vIyf&Sm;rIordkif; - atmifxGef; a½SUrSmvnf; ynma&;jyKjyifajymif;vJ&efqdkwJh tcsufudkrlwnfNyD; 'Dvdkaqmif½GufoGm;Mu&if; uRefawmfwdkYeJYwuG wdkif;jynfuvdkvm;wJh ynma&;pepfBuD;udk rvGJraoGa&mufEdkifvdrfhr,fqdkwm wxpfcs,HkMunfygw,f/ 'Dvdkynma&;ESD;aESmzvS,fyGJ qdkwmrsKd;[m uRefawmfwdkY&JU &mZ0ifrSmr½SdcJhygbl;/ 'g[m yxrOD;qHk;tBudrfyJ jzpfygw,f/ 'DE;DS aESmzvS,yf rJG mS uRefawmfwYkd &UJ tawGUtMuHKeJY Edik if w H umavhvm&wJh A[kow k udak ygif;NyD; vuf½ydS nm a&; tajctaeudk a0zefo;kH oyfwifjyw,f/ a0zefo;kH oyfNyD;MuwJah emuf ynma&;eJYywfoufNyD; vdt k yfaewJt h csuaf wG? ynma&;vkyfief;pepfawGudk wifjytMuHÓPf ay;rSmyJjzpfygw,f/ 'Dvw kd ifjy tMuHÓPfay;wJph mwrf;awG[mqd&k if (1) ynma&;0g'eJYoabmxm;rsm;? (2) rlvwef;eJY rlvwef; vGefynma&;? (3) txufwef;vGefynma&;? (4) pufrIvufrI toufarG;0rf;aMumif;rIynma&;? (5) vlrsKd;pkynm a&;? (6) oufBuD;ynma&;ESihf vlxyk nma&;wdYk jzpfygw,f/ tjcm;pmwrf;rsm;tjzpf oifMum;rIr@dKif bmom&yfpmwrf; eJY q&mxkwfvkyfa&; pmwrf;wdkY jzpfw,f/ 'Dvdk uRefawmfwdkYausmif;om;awG[m ynma&;pepf? ynma&;pDrHudef;rsm; csrSwfrItwGuf wwfEdkifwJh tul tnDawGay;a&;? ynma&;jyKjyifajymif;vJEdkifa&;twGuf wwfEdkifwJh tultnDawGay;a&;/ ynma&;jyKjyifajymif;vJ Edkifa&;twGuf n§dEIdif;wdkifyif aqG;aEG;MuwmudkyJ ]EdkifiHa&;rSuif;ygp} qdkwJh oHo,MunfhMu? a&;Mur,fqdk&ifawmh 'Dyk*¾dKvfrsm;[m tifrwef tjrifusOf;NyD; ausmif;om;awGtay:rSm rvdkwrm tmCmwxm;olawGyJ jzpfw,fvdkY uRefawmf ajymcsifygw,f/ ynma&;jyKjyifajymif;vJzdkYeJY ywfoufNyD; uRefawmfwdkY&JU &mZ0ifordkif;rSm 1920 ckESpfu wBudrf? ,ckwBudrf (2) Budrf jzpfygw,f/ 1920 jynfhESpf ausmif;om;oydwfta&;awmfyHkudk avhvmr,fqdk&if EdkifiHa&;t& t*Fvdyfe,fcsJU orm;&JU zdESdyfrIudkwGef;vSefNyD; rsKd;cspfpdwf"gwf aygufzGm;vmzdkY vIHYaqmfcJhwm½SdcJhw,f/ ynma&;t&qdk&if ]trsKd;om; ynma&;} qdkwJha
xdkESD;aESmzvS,fyGJwGif atmufygpmwrf;rsm;wifjycJUonf/ 1/ ynma&;0g'wifjycsufpmwrf; 2/ oifMum;rIr@dKifbmom&yfESifh ywfoufaom oabmxm; (Language Policy) 3/ ynma&;vGwv f yfciG phf mwrf; (Academic Freedom) 4/ ausmif;om;or*¾pmwrf; 5/ rlvwef;ynma&;pmwrf; 6/ rlvwef;vGefynma&;pmwrf; 7/ pufrIvufrIESifh toufarG;0rf;aMumif;ynma&;pmwrf; (Teaching and Vocational Education) 8/ vlrsKd;pkynma&;pmwrf; 576

Nidrf;csrf;a&; 'Drdkua&pDa&;BudK;yrf;rI - 1958 rS 1959 - 'Drdkua&pDa&; 'Drdkua&pDynma&; Nidrf;csrf;a&; trsdK;om;a&;toGif 9/ oufBuD;ynma&;pmwrf; 10/ vlxkynma&;pmwrf; 11/ tvGwfynmoifausmif;rsm;jyóempmwrf; 12/ aq;odyÜHr[mXmepmwrf; 13/ tpdk;&pufrIvufrItxufwef;ausmif;pmwrf; 14/ ESD;aESmzvS,fyGJay:aygufvmyHkESifh tajccHoabmxm; taxGaxGtpD&ifcHpm

ynma&;ESD;aESmzvS,fyGJjzpfajrmufa&;twGuf wuo\wifjycsuf (1) 1948 ck? Zefe0g&Dv (4) &ufaeYwiG f jrefrmEdik if o H nf vGwv f yfaom Edik if w H Edik if t H jzpfoYkd a&muf½cdS ahJ yonf/ e,fcsJUorm;vufatmufrS vGwaf jrmufum vGwv f yfaom Edik if w H Edik if H jzpfvmonfEiS t hf nD e,fcsJUorm;vufxufu ¤if;wdkYtusKd;pD;yGm;twGuf vkyfaqmifcJhaom pD;yGm;a&;taqmuftOD? vlrIa&;? ynma&;? ,Ofaus;rItaqmuftOD wdkYudky,fcsum jynfolvlxktusKd;twGuf vlxktusKd;jyK taqmufttHkopfudk xyfrHwnfaxmif&rnf jzpfayonf/ odkYaomf ,Ofaus;rIa&;&m tygt0ifjzpfonfh ynma&;taqmuftODudkum; vGwfvyfaomjynfaxmifpk jrefrmEdkifiHawmfESifh udkufnDpGm jyKjyifajymif;vJjcif; r½Sdao;ay/ odkYtwGufaMumifhvnf; ,aeY ynma&;avmuwGif tcuftcJ tusyftwnf;rsm; ay:aygufaeNyD;vQif rvdt k yfaom tjzpftysufrsm; xGuaf y:aeonfrmS rsufjrifxif½mS ; jzpfayonf/ þay:aygufrIrsm;udk wuotrIaqmiftzGJUonf tav;teufpOf;pm;cJhonf/ ynma&;tajctaeudk rsuf ajcrjywf avhvmMunf½h cI o hJ nf/ ,aeYjzpfay:aeaom tcuftcJrsm; tusyftwnf;rsm;udk jyKjyifzmax;½Hjk zifh raysmuf Edik af wmhbJ vuf½ydS nma&;pepfBuD;wckv;kH udk ajymif;vJvsu½f adS om jynfaxmifpjk refrmEdik if aH wmf tajctaeESihf udu k n f D pGm jyKjyifa&;qGrJ o S m ajyaysmufEikd rf nf[k awGU½Scd &hJ ayonf/ þodYk awGU½S&d onft h m;avQmfpmG vuf½ydS nma&;pepfBuD;udk jyKjyifajymif;vJ&eftwGuf EdkifiHawmftpdk;&u OD;pD;um ynma&;ESD;aESmzvS,fyGJBuD; w&yfudk usif;yay;&ef wuorS awmif;qdkcJhayonf/ ,ckuJhodkY vIHYaqmfawmif;qdkaepOf 1957 ckESpf? ZGefv (8) &ufaeYwGif &efukefNrdKUawmfcef;rBuD;ü EdkifiHawmf 0efBuD;csKyfOD;Eku EdkifiHawmftpdk;&\ (4) ESppf rD u H ed ;f aMunmcsuf wGif ynma&;ESifhywfoufí atmufygtwdkif;awGU& ayonf/ ]ynma&;pDrHudef;w&yfudk a&;qGJapcsifw,f/} tJ'D ynma&;pDrHudef;[m1/ jynfaxmifpkeJY toifhawmfqHk;jzpfNyD; uRefawmfwdkY tajctaeeJY wu,fwrf; taumiftxnfazmfEdkifwJh pDrHudef;jzpfapcsifw,f/ 2/ ynma&;rSmpdwf0ifpm;wJh jynfaxmifpkom;rSeforQ pkaygif;wdkifyifa&;qGJwJh pDrHudef; jzpfapcsifw,f/ 3/ wjynfaxmifpkvHk;u vufcHEdkifwJh pDrHudef;jzpfapcsifw,f/ wzef (4) ESpfpDrHudef;ñTefMum;csufwGifynma&;onf ,ckvuf½Sdynma&;pepfudk jyefvnfoHk;oyfNyD;vQif jyKjyifapcsifw,f/ tu,fí vdktyfu wckvHk;zsufypfNyD; topfwck jyefvnfa&;qGJapcsifonf[k ñTefMum;NyD; 0efBuD;csKyfu obmywdjyKvkyfum (9) OD; ygaom ynma&;aumfrwDudk zGJUpnf;cJhayonf/ xdkaumfr½Sifudkyif aemufxyfcsJUxGifum zGJUpnf;cJhjyefonf/ þuJodkY ynma&;ESifhywfoufí jyKjyifajymif;vJoifhu ajymif;vJ&ef ynma&;aumfr½Sif zGJUvmjcif;onf wuooabmxm;ESihf udu k n f o D nft h m;avsmpf mG xdak umfr½Siu f kd wuoonf c&D;OD;BudKqdjk cif;jyKcJo h nf/ xdak umfr½SiEf iS hf ywfoufí yl;aygif;ulnD&ef qHk;jzwfcJhayonf/ xdkYaemuf wuotrIaqmiftzGJUonf 24? 11? 57 &ufaeYwGif wuocef;rü EdkifiHawmf0efBuD;csKyfESifh awGUqHu k m ynma&;ES;D aESmzvS,yf JG jzpfajrmufa&;twGuf wifjycJah yonf/ Edik af wmf0efBuD;csKyf OD;Ekuvnf; wuo\ wifjycsufudk ynma&;aumfr½SifwGif tav;teuf pOf;pm;ygrnf[k jyefMum;ajymqdkcJhayonf/ xdkaqG;aEG;csuft& ynma&;aumfr½SifwGif wuoudk,fpm;vS,frsm; wufa&mufwifjycGifhudk &½SdcJhayonf/ wuoudk,fpm;vS,frsm; wifjy&mwGif ynma&;aumfr½SifrS wuo\vdkvm;csufrsm;udk jynfhpHkpGma&;om;wifjy&ef ajymMum;cJhayonf/ xdk ajymMum;csuft& wuotrIaqmiftzGJUrS pOf;pm;um ynma&;ESD;aESmzvS,fyGJESifh ywfoufí ESD;aESmzvS,f&ef tcsuf 577

jrefrmEdkifiHausmif;om;vIyf&Sm;rIordkif; - atmifxGef; rsm; ESD;aESmzvS,fyGJ\yHkpHrsm;udk xyfrHía&;om; wifjyvdkufygaMumif;/ (2) ynma&;ESD;aESmzvS,fyGJESifhywfoufí1/ ynma&;0g'csrSwfjcif;ESifh ynma&;pepfudk avhvmoHk;oyfjcif; 2/ ynma&;pDrHudef;a&;qGJjcif; [lí u@ESpf&yf ½Sdoifhonf[lí ,lqayonf/ xdo k Ykd ,q l onfh tm;avsmfpmG ynma&;0g'csrSwjf cif;? ynma&;pepfrsm;udk avhvmoH;k oyfjcif;ESihf ywfoufí wuorS atmufygtwdkif; wifjyvdkayonf/ (2-u) wdik ;f jynfwck\ ynma&;pDru H ed ;f onf wdik ;f jynf\ &nfreS ;f &myef;wdik o f Ykd csDwufa&;twGuf vH;k 0taxmuf tul jzpfayonf/ wdkif;jynf\ pD;yGm;a&;pepf? vlaerIpepf? ,Ofaus;rIpepfwdkYESifh udkufnD&ayonf/ þodkY udkufnDrS omvQif a&;qGJxm;aom ynma&;pDrHudef; (odkY) ynma&;pepfonf jynfoludktusKd;jyKaom pDrHudef;? wdkif;jynfu vufcEH ikd af om pDru H ed ;f jzpfayvdrrhf nf/ xdu k o hJ Ykdr[kwb f J wdik ;f jynf\ csw D uf&mvrf;aMumif;? wdik ;f jynf\tajctaeESihf uif;vGwfum a&;qGJvQif xdkynma&;pDrHudef; (odkY) ynma&;pepfonf av;axmifhESifhpuf0dkif;uJhodkY cGifrusbJ tusyf twnf;rsm; ay:aygufum ysufpD;&rnf jzpfayonf/ odkYtwGuf ynma&;pDrHudef;? ynma&;pepfwckudk a&;qGJrnfqdkvQif yxrOD;qHk; wdkif;jynf\ &nfrSef;&m yef;wdkif? pD;yGm;a&;pepf (Economic System)? vlaerItaqmufttHkwdkYESifh udkufnDonfh ynma&;0g' (Education Policy) udk csrSwfoifhzdkYvdkayonf/ Oyrm- w½kwfjynfolYor®wEdkifiHwGif ¤if;wdkY jyKjyifajymif;vJypfvdkufaom pD;yGm;a&pepf? vlaerIpepfwdkYESifh udkufnDonfh ynma&;0g'udk EdkifiHvHk;qdkif&muGefz&ifhBuD;rS csrSwfvdkufí ynma&;pDrHudef;udk xdkcsrSwfvdkufaom 0g'tay:wGif tajccHum aemufrS a&;qGJay;cJhayonf/ ynma&;0g'ESif ywfoufí 1948 ckEpS w f iG ?f Edik if aH wmftpd;k &u 1946 ckEpS w f iG f zGUJ pnf;cJah om (Educational Policy Enquiry Committee) \ tpD&ifcHpmudk tajcjyKum ynma&;0g'[lí atmufygtwdkif; aMunmzl;\/ 1/ Adoption of a centralized control and administration of Education as in interim and experimental measure; 2/ The discernment of the system of grant in aid; and the adoption of in its stead of a system of state schools. 3/ The introduction of a pilot project for Compulsory Primary Education. 4/ The new grading of schools. 5/ The Provision of Vocational training and technical education and 6/ The adoption of Burmese as the medium of instruction in single unifiedsystem of schools.

xdkYaemuf 1952 ckESpfwGif jynfawmfomynma&;pDrHudef; ESifh ywfoufí a,bk,srludk atmufygtwdkif; aMunmcJhjyefonf/ 1/ To ensure a universal knowledge of the three R’s* among the citizens of the Union. 2/ To ensure the production of a sufficient number of technicians and technologists. 3/ To train and equip young man and woman so that they can adequately and efficiently 4/

perform their various duties as citizens of the Union. To eradicate illiteracy and produce man and woman who posses the five strengths (Bala Ngadan) and To perpetuate democracy within the Union.

5/ txufazmfjyygtwdik ;f ynma&;rl? ynma&;0g'rsm;yif½o dS nf[k qd&k jim;aomfvnf; wdik ;f jynf\ &nfreS ;f &m yef;wddkif? pD;yGm;a&;? vlaerIpepfwdkYay:wGif pepfwusoHk;oyfum a&;qGJvmaom 0g'r[kwfjcif;? xdkynma&;0g' aMunmcsurf sm;onf Edik if aH wmf0efBuD;csKyf vdv k m;ouJo h Ykd jynfow l &yfv;kH yg0ifa&;qGx J m;aom 0g'r[kwo f nft h jyif 578

Note- the three R’s* - Reading, W'rting, A'rithemetic.

Nidrf;csrf;a&; 'Drdkua&pDa&;BudK;yrf;rI - 1958 rS 1959 - 'Drdkua&pDa&; 'Drdkua&pDynma&; Nidrf;csrf;a&; trsdK;om;a&;toGif wdik ;f jynf&nfreS ;f &m yef;wdik o f Ykd csDwufa&;twGuf taxmuftuljyKrnfh pDru H ed ;f rsm;ryg½Sjd cif;? pDru H ed ;f ESi0hf g'oabm xm;rsm; a&maxG;aejcif;? vuf½Sdynma&;avmu tajctaersm;? jzpf&yfrsm;udk avhvmMunfh½IvQifyif xdkynma&;0g' onf rSefuefonf[k r,lqEdkifjcif;wdkYtwGuf jynfaxmifpkjrefrmEdkifiH\ &nfrSef;&myef;wdkif pD;yGm;a&;? vlaerIpepfwdkY udkufnDonfh ynma&;0g'w&yfudk atmufygtcsuftvufrsm;wGif tajcjyKuma&;qGJ&ef vdktyfonf[k wifjyvdkay onf/ 1/ vuf½dS jynfaxmifpjk refrmEdik if aH wmf\ pD;yGm;a&;vlaerIpepf (Social Economic System) udk avhvmjcif;/ 2/ vuf½dS jynfaxmifpjk refrmEdik if aH wmf\ &nfreS ;f &myef;wdik f ]qd½k , S v f pfEikd if aH wmf} udk avhvmaqG;aEG;jcif;/ (2-c) xdu k o hJ Ykd Edik if aH wmf\ &nfreS ;f csufyef;wdik o f Ykd csDwuf&mwGif taxmuftuljyKNyD;vQif Edik if aH wmf\ pD;yGm;a&;? vlaerIpepfwdkYESifh udkufnDaom ynma&;0g'w&yfudk csrSwfNyD;vQif xdk0g' taumiftxnfazmfa&;twGuf taxmuf tuljzpfap&ef vuf½Sdynma&;pepfudk avhvmoHk;oyfjcif;? EdkifiHjcm;ynma&;pepfrsm;udk atmufygtwdkif; avhvmjcif; jyKoifhonf[k wifjyayonf/ 1/ vuf½Sdynma&;pepfrS jzpfyGm;ay:aygufvmcJhaom jzpf&yfrsm;ESifh aumif;usKd;qdk;usKd;rsm;/ 2/ vuf½Sdynma&;avmuBuD; wckvHk;\ tajctaersm;? ausmif;rsm;? toufarG;0rf;aMumif;rsm;? q&mrsm; ponf EdkifiHjcm;ynma&;pepfrsm; avhvma&;ESifhywfoufí(1) qdk½S,fvpfEdkifiHawmf wnfaxmifqJjzpfaom EdkifiHrsm;rS ynma&;pepfudkavhvmjcif;? (w½kwfjynfolYor®wEdkifiH? ,l*dkpvm;AD;,m;) (2) qdk½S,fvpfEdkifiH xlaxmifNyD;jzpfaomEdkifiHrS ynma&;pepfudkavhvmjcif;? (qdkAD,uf½k½Sm;) (3) pufrIvufrIzGHUNzdK;aeaomEdkifiHrS ynma&;pepfudkavhvmjcif;? (tar&du) (4) v,f,mpdkufysKd;a&;EdkifiHrS ynma&;pepfudkavhvmjcif;? ('def;rwf) (5) vGwfvyfNyD;pEdkifiHrsm;rS ynma&;pepfudkavhvmjcif;? (tif'dkeD;½Sm;-tdE´d,) (2-*) txufazmfjyyg yxrydkif;jzpfonfh ynma&;0g'csrSwfjcif;? ynma&;avhvmokH;oyfjcif;ESifh ywfoufí rnfonfhykHpHjzifh ESD;aESmzvS,fyGJjyKvkyfrnfudk wuorS atmufygtwdkif; oabmxm;cJhayonf/ ___ ___ ___ ___ ___ ___ ___ ___ ___ ___ ___ ___ (aysmuf) csDwuf&mwGif wjynfaxmifvHk;u yg0if&ef vdkayonf/ þodkYyg0ifrSomvQif atmifjrifayonf/ odkYtwGuf ynma&; 0g'csrSwf&mwGif wjynfaxmifvHk;u yl;aygif;csrSwfEdkif&efvdk\/ wenf;qdkaomf csrSwfvdkufaom ynma&;0g'onf wjynfaxmifvHk;u vufcH&efvdktyfrnf[k ,lqayonf/ wzefvuf½Sd ynma&;pepfBuD;udk avhvmoHk;oyfa&;rSm jynfaxmifpkwGif;½Sd jynfolw&yfvHk; awGUMuHKcJhonf jzpfí tm;vHk;ESifhoufqdkifjcif;? EdkifiHjcm;ynma&;pepfudk avhvmjcif;rSmvnf; ynma&;pepf a&;qGJ&eftwGufvnf; aumif;? rdrw d Ykdynma&;pepfEiS hf EIid ;f ,SO&f eftwGuv f nf;aumif; jzpfonft h m;avsmpf mG jynfov l x l w k &yfv;kH ESihf oufqikd f ayonf/ þodYk oufqikd o f nfh tm;avsmpf mG yxrydik ;f jzpfonfh ynma&;0g'csrw S jf cif;? ynma&;pepfukd avhvmoH;k oyf jcif;ESihf ywfoufí wEdik if v H ;kH ½Sd jynfoYlu, kd pf m;vS,rf sm; yg0ifoifo h nf[k ,lqayonf/ xdo k Ykd ,lqonfh tm;avsmpf mG azmfjyyg tcsufrsm;twGuf ynma&;ESD;aESmzvS,fyGJBuD;wGif1/ EdkifiHa&;tzGJUtpnf;rsm; (zqyv? yrnw? r[mArm? qdk½S,fvpf? tvkyform; v,form; ygwD? wdkYArm-------ponf) 2/ vlwef;pm;tzGJUtpnf;rsm; (awmifolv,form;? Awvp? wvnp? tvkyform;? wD,lpDbD? bDwD,lpD ponf/) 3/ vlxktzGJUtpnf;rsm; (ausmif;om;vli,f? ukefonfyGJpm; ponf) 4/ ,ckvuf½Sdynma&;aumfr½Sif 5/ ynma&;Xmeudk,fpm;vS,frsm; 6/ ynma&;wwfuRrf;olrsm; 579

jrefrmEdkifiHausmif;om;vIyf&Sm;rIordkif; - atmifxGef; 7/ vlrsKd;pkudk,fpm;vS,frsm; yg0ifumEdkifiHawmftpdk;&\ OD;pD;acgif;aqmifrIjzifh usif;yjyKvkyf oifhonf[lí wifjyvdkayonf/ (3) Edik if aH wmf½dS toif;tzGUJ aygif;pHk ynma&;ES;D aESmzvS,yf BJG uD;rS ]ynma&;0g'} w&yf csrSwNf yD;pDcv hJ Qif xd0k g'udk taumiftxnf azmf&eftwGuf ynma&;pDrHudef;w&yf wenf;qdkaomf ynma&;pepfw&yfudk a&;qGJ&ayvdrfhrnf/ þuJhodkY a&;qGJ&mwGifum; tpdk;&ynma&;Xme udk,fpm;vS,frsm;? ynma&;wwfuRrf;olrsm; yg0ifaom ESD;aESmzvS,f yGJBuD; w&yfrSaeí wm0ef,lum a&;qGJ&rnf jzpfayonf/ EdkifiHawmf½Sd toif;tzGJUaygif;pHk taeESifhaomfum; rdrdwdkY tvdu k s ynma&;0g'w&yf csrw S Nf yD;pD;onfh tm;avsmpf mG yg0ifvyk af qmif&ef wm0efr½Sad wmh[k ,lqayonf/ odYktwGuf csrSwfxm;aom ynma&;0g'? ynma&;rlESifhtnD ynma&;pDrHudef;udk a&;qGJ&mwGif atmufygtwdkif; a&;qGJ&efvdktyf ayonf/ (1) rlvwef;ynma&; rlvwef;ynma&;wGif u@ESpf&yf yg0ifayonf/ emp&D (ac:) uav;oli,fausmif;ESifh rlvwef;ausmif; jzpfayonf/ rlvwef;ausmif;onf ynma&;twGuf tajccHtkwfjrpfjzpfonfh tm;avsmfpGm ta&;tBuD;qHk; pOf;pm;&rnfh tcsufjzpfayonf/ tajccHtkwfjrpf rcdkifrmvQif xdkynma&;pepfonf NydKuGJrnfjzpfayonf/ rlvwef;ynma&;udk pOf;pm;&mwGif vlwdkif;ynmwwfa&;udk tajccHum roifrae&ynma&;pepfESifh xdkpepfjy|mef;cJhaomf pD;yGm;a&;t& vkyfaqmifaeaom uav;oli,frsm; ynmoifMum;Edkif&ef pDpOfrIudkyg xnfhoGif;pOf;pm;oifhonf[k ,lqayonf/ þae&mwGif roifrae& ynma&;prf;oyfonfh (Project) tawGUtMuHKay:wGif tajccHoifhayonf/ (2) rlvwef;vGefynma&; (5) wef;? (9) wef;rSonf wuúodkvf0iftxd yg0ifaom ynmoifMum;a&;yifjzpfonf/ þtqifhwGif EdkifiHawmfynma&;0g'twGuf tav;xm;um pOf;pm;a&;qGJ&rnf jzpfayonf/ (3) txufwef;ynma&; wuúodkvfESifh (Institute) rsm; tygt0if jzpfayonf/ (4) toufarG;0rf;aMumif;rIynmoifMum;a&;rsm; rlvwef;atmifjrifNyD;í ynmqufvufroifMum;Edik af om uav;oli,frsm;twGuf vnf;aumif;? rlvwef; vGeftqifh½Sd ausmif;om;rsm;twGuf vnf;aumif;? wuúodkvfodkY ynmqufvufrqnf;Edkifolrsm;twGuf vnf; aumif;? 'D*&DbGJU& toufarG;0rf;aMumif;ynm&yfrsm;twGuf vnf;aumif; pOf;pm;a&;qGJ&rnf jzpfayonf/ (5) oif½dk;oifwef;rsm; (Curriculum) ,ckvuf½dS oif½;kd oifwef;rsm;udk aocsmusepGmppfaq;í acwfaemufusjzpfaeaom oif½;kd oifwef;rsm;? wdk;wufaomacwfESifh rudkufnDaom oif½dk;oifwef;rsm;udk avhvmjzKwfy,fjcif;? acwfESifhnDatmif jyKjyifjcif;? EdkifiHawmfynma&;0g'udk taumiftxnfazmfaprnfh oif½dk;oifwef;rsm; jzpfap&ef pDpOf&rnfjzpfayonf/ (6) q&mjzpfoifwef;rsm; (u) vuf½Sdq&m? q&mrrsm;wGif a[mif;EGrf;aomt,ltqrsm; 0ifa&muf cdkatmif;vsuf½Sd&m EdkifiHawmf\ 0g'? ynma&;0g'ESifhtnD jyKjyifajymif;vJa&;/ (c) q&mjzpfoifwef;ausmif;rsm; Teachership Training rsm;ta&;/ (*) q&mrsm;tcGifhta&;? vpmaiGowfrSwfjcif;rsm;udk pOf;pmaqG;aEG;&rnf jzpfayonf/ (7) ausmif;oHk;pmtkyfxkwfvkyfa&; (8) oufBuD;ynma&;ESifU tm;vyfcGifUoifwef;rsm;ta&; (9) okawoe½SmazGa&; wdkhjzpfonf/ txufygtcsurf sm;udk Edik if aH wmfynma&;0g'ESit hf nD a&;qG&J mwGif ynma&;Xmeud, k pf m;vS,rf sm; ynma&; wwfuRrf;olrsm;\ wm0ef½o dS nfah vsmuf vuf½zdS UJG pnf;xm;aom ynma&;aumfr½Sif yk*Kd¾ vfrsm;tjyif jyifyrS ynma&; vkyo f uf&ifo h rl sm;? ynma&;aumfr½Sirf sm;? aumfrwDrsm;wGif yg0ifczhJ ;l olrsm;? ynma&;uRrf;usiforl sm;udyk g xyfrjH znfh pGufum n§dEIdif;a&;qGJ oifhonf[kí ,lqygonf/ (4) 580

Nidrf;csrf;a&; 'Drdkua&pDa&;BudK;yrf;rI - 1958 rS 1959 - 'Drdkua&pDa&; 'Drdkua&pDynma&; Nidrf;csrf;a&; trsdK;om;a&;toGif odYktwGuf wuorS xyfrw H u kd w f eG ;f vdo k nfrmS ta&;BuD;qH;k jzpfaom (Education Policy) udk jynfaxmifpk om; w&yfvHk; vufcHonfh ynma&;0g'jzpfEdkifa&;? ynma&;pepf jzpfEdkifa&;twGuf tzGJUaygif;pHkESifh ynma&;qdkif&m uRrf;usifolrsm; yg0ifaom ynma&;ESD;aESmzvS,fyGJBuD;wckudk tjrefqHk;usif;y&ef wdkufwGef;vdkufygaMumif;/

aehpGJ- 7? 11? 57

trIaqmiftzGYJ &efukefwuúodkvfausmif;om;rsm;or*¾ (wuo) &efukefwuúodkvf &efukefNrdKY

jynfaxmifpjk refrmEdik if v H ;kH qdik &f m ausmif;om;rsm;ynma&;ES;D aESmzvS,yf JG ay:ayguv f myHEk iS hf tajccHoabmxm; taxGaxGtpD&ifcpH m &Jabmfudk,fpm;vS,ftaygif;wdkhcifAsm;jynfaxmifpkjrefrmEdkifiHvHk;qdkif&m ausmif;om;rsm;ynma&;ESD;aESmzvS,fyGJ A[dkjyifqifa&;aumfrwDrS þ ynma&;ESD;aESmzvS,fyGJ ay:aygufvmyHk? ynma&;ESD;aESmzvS,fyGJBuD;udk rnfuJhodkY usif;yoGm;rnfudk tpD&ifcHvdkyg onf/ txl;ojzifh ESD;aESmzvS,fyGJ\ tajccHoabmxm;udk azmfjytpD&ifcHrnf jzpfygonf/ þESD;aESmzvS,fyGJBuD; rnfonfhtwGufaMumifh rnfodkYay:aygufvmonfudk OD;pGmtpD&ifcHygrnf/ ESD;aESm zvS,fyGJ obmywd\ rdefYcGef;wGif azmfjycJhNyD;jzpfojzifh þtcef;udk tusOf;rQom tpD&ifcHrnf jzpfayonf/ 'kwd,urÇmppfBuD; NyD;qHk;NyD;aemuf vGwfvyfa&;&½SdcJhonfh jynfaxmifpkjrefrmEdkifiHwGif ynma&;avmuü tusyftwnf; trsKd;rsKd;awGUMuHKcJh&onf/ þodkYawGUMuHKcJh&aom tusyftwnf;rsm;udk ajz½Sif;&ef ausmif;om;xk onf tBudrfBudrf tHk
jrefrmEdkifiHausmif;om;vIyf&Sm;rIordkif; - atmifxGef; þodYk wifjy&mwGif ynma&;pHpk rf;rIaumfrwDEiS hf tBudrBf udrf awGUqHak qG;aEG;cJ&h m ausmif;om;rsm;\ wifjy csuftwdik ;f jynfph o kH nfh Edik if aH wmf½dS jynfov l x l w k &yfv;kH udk ud, k pf m;jyKEdik o f nfh ynma&;ES;D aESm zvS,yf BJG uD;w&yf usif;yEdkifa&;udk oabmwlnDcsuf r&½SdEdkifbJ ausmif;om;rsm; ynma&;ESD;aESmzvS,fyGJBuD; usif;yEdkifa&;udkom ulnDcJhayonf/ þodkY usif;yEdkifa&;twGuf wuotm; wm0efvTJtyfcJhNyD;aemuf usif;yvQif ynma&;pHkprf;rI aumfr½SifrS ulnD&efwdkYudk ulnDcJhayonf/ rnfodkYyifjzpfap jynfolvlxkw&yfvHk;tm; udk,fpm;jyKEdkifonfh ESD;aESm zvS,fyGJBuD;w&yf usif;yEdkifa&;twGuf tm;xkwfBudK;yrf;onfhtaejzifh ,ckausmif;om;rsm; ESD;aESmzvS,fyGJBuD; atmifjrifa&;twGuf BudK;yrf;cJh&ayonf/ ,ckE;DS aESmzvS,yf BJG uD;udk &efuek w f uúov kd af usmif;om;rsm;or*¾? rEÅav;wuúov kd af usmif;om;rsm;or*¾? armfvNrdKifOypmaumvdyfausmif;om;rsm;or*¾? rauG;Oypmaumvdyfausmif;om;rsm;or*¾? ausmufjzLOypmaum vdyfausmif;om;rsm;or*¾? ykodrfOypmaumvdyfausmif;om;rsm;or*¾ESifh ArmEdkifiHvHk;qdkif&mausmif;om;or*¾rsm; tzGJUcsKyfwdkY yl;wGJum A[dkjyifqifa&;aumfrwDw&yf zGJUpnf;vkyfaqmifcJhayonf/

A[dkjyifqifa&;aumfrwD wuorS 1/ udkpdk;odef; (obmywd) 2/ udkcifarmiftkef; (taxGaxGtwGif;a&;rSL;) 3/ udkodef;½Sef 4/ udkcifatmif 5/ udkatmifxGef;

6/ udkÓPf&if 7/ udkcifarmifBuD; 8/ udkatmifomausmf 9/ udkvSwif 10/ udkav;ñGefY

jynfaxmifpjk refrmEkid if v H ;kH qdik &f m

ausmif;om;rsm;ynma&;ES;D aESmzvS,yf BJu G ;D A[djk yifqifa&;aumfrwD ( 1958 - 1959 ) Source: Oway Magazines

582

Nidrf;csrf;a&; 'Drdkua&pDa&;BudK;yrf;rI - 1958 rS 1959 - 'Drdkua&pDa&; 'Drdkua&pDynma&; Nidrf;csrf;a&; trsdK;om;a&;toGif rwuorS 11/ udkapmvGif 12/ udkcsKd 13/ udkwifa½T 14/ udkcifarmif0if; 15/ -

armfvNrdKifrS 16/ udkausmftkef; 17/ udkausmfvS 18/ udkrif;axG; 19/ udkausmf½Sdef 20/ rjrifhjzL?

rauG;rS 21/ udkñGefYarmif 22/ udkrif;ausmf 23/ udkwifOD; 24/ udkxGef;EG,fOD; 25/ udkcspfaiG

ausmufjzLrS 26/ udkbwif 27/ udkpdk;0if; 28/ udkxGm;csKd 29/ udkbdk;wif 30/ udkpHvdIif

ykodrfrS 31/ udkcifxGef; 32/ udkñGefY0if; 33/ udkjrifhodef; 34/ udkarmifarmifpdef 35/ -

Auorsm;tzGJYcsKyfrS 36/ udkaZmf0if; 37/ udkvSjrifh 38/ udkpGefwdwf 39/ udkjrifhOD; 40/ udkndK0if;

ESD;aESmzvS,fyGJOD;pD;tzGJY 1/ udkpdk;odef; (obmywd) 2/ udkapmvGif ('k-obmywd) 3/ udkcifarmiftkef; (taxGaxGtwGif;a&;rSL;) 4/ udkwifa½T (wGJbuf-axGaxGtwGif;a&;rSL;) 5/ udkausmfvS 6/ udkrif;axG;

7/ udkñGeYfarmif 8/ udkrif;ausmf 9/ 10/ 11/ udkcifxGef; 12/ -

OD;pD;tzGJUudk azmfjyygtwdkif; wuúodkvfESifhaumvdyfor*¾rsm;rS udk,fpm;vS,f (2) OD;uspD yg0ifzGJUpnf;xm; ayonf/ þodYk ES;D aESmzvS,yf BJG uD;atmifjrifa&;twGuf jyifqifBudK;yrf;Mu&mwGif 0rf;omtm;&pGmESihf tm;ay;BudKqdak om jynfot l aygif;wdYk \ axmufct H m;ay;rIukd &½Scd MhJ uaomfvnf; wbufwiG v f nf; rrSeu f efaomoabmrsm;ESihf Munf½h rI I rsm;aMumifh vnf;aumif;? ausmif;om;rsm;tm; ESrd chf sMunf½h t I xifao;rIrsm;aMumifh vnf;aumif; taESmift h ,Sut f zsuf tqD;rsm; &ifqdkifcJhMu&ayonf/ rnfodkYyifjzpfap ,aeYEdkifiHESifht0Srf; a'otoD;oD; ausmif;om;udk,fpm;vS,ftaygif;wdkY pka0;a&muf½Sd aeMuayNyD/ Edik if aH wmf\ ynma&;0g'opf csrSwEf ikd af &;ESihf ynma&;pDru H ed ;f w&yf a&;qGEJ ikd af &;twGuf pkaygif;aqG;aEG; ESD;aESmzvS,f wdkifyifMuawmhrnf jzpfayonf/ &Jabmfudk,fpm;vS,ftaygif;wdkhrnfoYkdE;DS aESmMurnfenf;/ ES;D aESmNyD;aemuf Edik if aH wmftwGuf aumif;rGeaf om tMuHÓPfrsm;udk rnfoYkdpak ygif; Murnfenf;/ þonfwdkYum; ta&;BuD;aom pepfuspGmpOf;pm;&rnfh tcsufBuD;rsm; jzpfayonf/ þtcsufrsm; ½Sif;vif;aqmif½GufEdkifa&;twGuf ,aeY&JabmfwdkY pkaygif;ESD;aESmMurnfh oabmtajccHrsm;udk wifjyvdkygonf/ OD;pGmyxr ES;D aESmzvS,yf \ JG qdv k ckd suEf iS t hf jccHukd ½Si;f vdyk gonf/ ES;D aESmzvS,yf q JG o kd nfrmS &JabmfwYkdMuHKawGU aeus tpnf;ta0;rsm;? nDvmcHrsm;uJhodkY r[kwfay/ pkaygif;awGUqHkum qHk;jzwfcsufrsm;csrSwf? awmif;qdkcsufrsm; awmif;qdk&ef pnf;a0;awGUqHk nDvmcHoabmrsKd; r[kwf/ ESD;aESmzvS,fyGJrSm pkaygif;awGUqHkum tajctaew&yf? 583

jrefrmEdkifiHausmif;om;vIyf&Sm;rIordkif; - atmifxGef; jyóemw&yfudk tawGUtMuHKtoD;oD;ESifh,SOfí ESD;aESmzvS,fMuNyD;aemuf xdktajctae odkYr[kwf jyóem&yfrsm;udk ajz½Sif;&efn§dEIdif; tajz½SmMujcif;jzpfonf/ þodkYESD;aESmzvS,f&mwGif tajctaersm;udk ay:vGifEdkifatmif aqG;aEG;&mwGif tajctaerSef &½SdapEdkif&ef twGuf pmwrf;rsm;udk zwfMum;um xdkpmwrf;rsm;tay: tajcjyKaqG;aEG;Muayonf/ wifjyaom pmwrf;rsm;onf aqG;aEG;twnfjyK&rnfh pmwrf;rsm;r[kwf? tpD&ifcHpm oabmrsKd;r[kwf/ aqG;aEG;&mwGif tajccHoabmjzpfap&ef wifjyonfh pmwrf;rsm;jzpfayonf/ pmwrf;rsm;tay:wGif tajccHum jynf0h pGmaqG;aEG;NyD;aemuf axmufc&H nfñeT ;f csufrsm;? tMuHay;csufrsm;udk pkaygif;xkw, f l &ayonf/ axmufc&H nfñeT ;f csurf sm;? tMuHay;csurf sm;udk pkaygif;xkw, f o l nft h cef;wGif jynfph pkH mG yg½Sd Edkifa&;udk t"du*½kjyK&ayonf/ þodkY ESD;aESmzvS,fyGJ tajccHoabmxm;rsm;udk wifjyNyD;aemuf &JabmfwdkYtm; ,aeYusif;yrnfh ynma&; ES;D aESmzvS,yf BJG uD;onf jynfaxmifpjk refrmEdik if \ H ynma&;twGuf rnfonft h cef;u@rS rnfoYkd aqmif½u G o f mG ;&rnf udk wifjyvdkygonf/ &Jabmfw-hkd ,aeY Edik if aH wmfynma&;twGuf vdt k yfcsurf mS wdusaomtajctaeESihf udu k n f aD om ynma&;0g'opfw&yf csrSwfEdkifa&;ESifh xdkcsrSwfaom ynma&;0g'tay:wGif tajccHí EdkifiHawmf\vdktyfcsuf tvHk;pHkudk jznfhpGrf;Edkifaom ynma&;pDrHudef;w&yf a&;qGJEdkifa&;jzpfonf/ þynma&;0g'opfw&yf csrSwfEdkifa&;ESifh ynma&;pDrHudef;w&yf a&;qGJEdkifa&;wdkYtwGuf þESD;aESmzvS,f yGJBuD;rS xrf;aqmifMudK;yrf; ay;Mu&rnf/ ynma&;0g'opfw&yf csrSwfEdkifa&;twGuf EdkifiHawmf\ ,cifESifh ,ck vdktyfcsufrsm;ESifh ynma&;tajctaersm;udk wdusydkifEdkifpGm oHk;oyfNyD;aemuf EdkifiHawmf\ ,ckvuf½Sd tajctae? EdkifiHawmf\ &nfrSef;csufrsm;ESifh tudkufnDqHk; ynma&;0g'opfw&yfudk csrSwfEdkif&ef vdktyfayonf/ xdkodkYcsrSwfaom ynma&;0g' tay:wGif tajccHí ynma&;pDrHudef;w&yf a&;qGJ&mrSm ynma&;yg&*lrsm;\ wm0efomjzpfayonf/ ynma&;yg&*lrsm; a&;qGJrnfh ynma&;pDrHudef;twGuf þESD;aESmzvS,fyGJBuD;rS tydkif;vdkuf? u@vdkuf ydkif;jcm;um csrSwfxm;aom 0g'ay:wGiftajccHí tMuHÓPfrsm;ay;tyf&ef vdktyfayonf/ tMuHÓPfay; csufrsm;rSmvnf; tao;pdwí f ausmif;wausmif;? NrdKUwNrdKU? a'owcktwGuf pdppfay;tyfcsufrsm; r[kwb f J ynma&; pDrHudef;\ tpdwftydkif;? u@rsm;twGuf ay;tyfonfhu@rsm; jzpfayonf/ þtajccHoabmxm;rsm;ESihf ES;D aESmzvS,yf w JG iG f ta&;BuD;onfw h m0efrsm; xrf;aqmifEikd af &;twGuf ta&; BuD;ayonf/ þES;D aESmzvS,yf rJG sKd;rSm Edik if aH wmf\&mZ0ifwiG f yxrqH;k tBudru f sif;yonfh ES;D aESmzvS,yf BJG uD; jzpfonfh tjyif ES;D aESmzvS,yf JG tawGUtMuHKtvGeef nf;um nDvmcHrsm;? uGe*f &ufrsm;\ tawGUtMuHKrsm;ESihf a&maxG;oGm;rnfukd txl;*½kjyK&rnf jzpfayonf/ xdkYjyif ESD;aESmzvS,fyGJBuD;twGif; aqG;aEG;Muaom aqG;aEG;csufrsm; tm;vHk;onf ynma&;twGuf tajccH &nf½G,fum aqG;aEG;&rnf jzpfayonf/ &JabmfwdkY\ rwluGJjym;jcm;em;onfh ,kHMunfcsuf? ,lqcH,lcsufrsm; tm;vkH; z,f½mS ;um Edik if aH wmf\vdt k yfcsurf sm; jznfph rG ;f Edik af &;ESihf &nfreS ;f csurf sm; xajrmufatmifjrifEikd af &;wdYk twGuf OD;wnf aqG;aEG;&rnf jzpfayonf/ þodkY ESD;aESmzvS,fyGJtajccHrsm;udk ydkifEdkifpGm oabmaygufqkyfudkifrdum BudK;yrf;Mu&rnf jzpfNyD;vQif þ ES;D aESmzvS,yf BJG uD;onf Edik if aH wmf\ tajctaevdt k yfcsufrsm;udk jznfph rG ;f Edik o f nfh ynma&;0g'opfw&yf csrSwEf ikd Nf yD; vQif xd0k g'ay:wGif tajccHía&;qGrJ nfh ynma&;pDru H ed ;f twGuf tvGet f a&;wBuD;vdt k yfrnfh tMuHÓPfay;csufrsm; ay:xGufvmrnfjzpfayonf/ - ynma&;0g'opfcsrSwfEdkifa&;twGuf BudK;yrf;Mu - ynma&;pDrHudef;opftwGuf tMuHÓ Pfay;csufrsm; xGufay:vma&;twGuf BudK;yrf;Mu

1958 ckESpf? Mo*kwfv (9) &uf (paeaeh) 584

A[dkjyifqifa&;aumfrwD (wuotaqmuftOD? &efukefwuúokdvf)

Nidrf;csrf;a&; 'Drdkua&pDa&;BudK;yrf;rI - 1958 rS 1959 - 'Drdkua&pDa&; 'Drdkua&pDynma&; Nidrf;csrf;a&; trsdK;om;a&;toGif

ynma&;vGwfvyfcGifUpmwrf; ( aumfr½Sif ) Mo*kwfv (11) &uf bGJYESif;obifcef;r (&efukefwuúodkvf) ausmif;om;rsm;ynma&;ES;D aESmzvS,yf BJG uD;wGif ynma&;vGwv f yfciG Ehf iS hf ywfoufí tajctae pmwrf;wck wifjyaqG;aEG;&ef vdktyfayonf/ (1) ynma&;vGwfvyfcGifhoabmxm; (2) ynma&;vGwfvyfcGifh ydwfyifrIaMumifh jzpfay:vmaomtEÅ&m,f (3) aqmif½Gufxdkufonfh axmufcH&nfñTef;csuf (Recommendation) ponfh (3) ydkif;udk jyifqifa&; aumfrwDrS wifoGif;vdkayonf/ (1) ynma&;vGwfvyfcGiUfoabmxm;ynma&;\&nfrSef;csuf (0g) OD;wnfcsufonf ausmif;om;vli,frsm;tm; rdrdwdkY\oabmtavsmuf rdrdBudKufESpfouf&m rdrdwdkYoefpGrf;&mwdkYudk avhvmoif,lcGifh? A[kokwwdk;yGm;EdkifcGifh &½Sdjcif;jzifh vlrItaqmufttHk\ vdktyfcsufrsm;? ,if;\tusKd;twGuf jynfoljynfom;aumif; wa,mufyDyD OD;vnfrokef xrf;½GufEdkif&ef zefwD;ay; Edik af om &nfreS ;f csufjzpf&ayrnf/ ¤if;jyif ynma&;\&nfreS ;f csufonf ausmif;om;vli,frsm;tm; rdrw d Ykd \ trsKd;om; ,Ofaus;rIudk av;pm;aponfhtjyif tjcm;vlrsKd;rsm;\ ,Ofaus;rIudkvnf; em;vnfav;pm;apjcif;jzifh ¤if;wdkYtm; trsKd;om;vGwv f yfa&;? 'Dru kd a&pDtcGit hf a&;? Nidr;f csrf;a&;? tjcm;wdik ;f &if;om;rsm;\ jynforl sm;udk em;vnfav;pm;rI ½Sdapjcif;udk zefwD;Edkifrnfh ynma&;&nfrSef;csuf jzpf&ayrnf/ ¤if;&nfrSef;csuf (0g) ynma&; &nf½G,fcsufrsm;\ tESpfom&toGifonf vlom;wdkY\ ESpfaygif;rsm;pGm tywfwukwf BudK;pm;&if;rS ay;pGr;f Edik af om 0dZmÆ ynm&yfrsm;udk avhvmqnf;yl;jcif;jzifh vnf;aumif;? tjyKoabmjzifh wd;k wufxeG ;f um;atmif aqmif½u G jf cif;jzifh vnf;aumif; ay:vGix f if½mS ;ap\/ qdv k o kd nfrmS ynma&;onf wckwnf; aom vlrItaqmufttHk\ vdktyfcsufrsm;udk jznfhpGrf;Edkifaponfh oabm½Sd&rnf/ ynma&;ydkif;jcm;csufudk (Oyrm) pufryI nm? pmayynm oif,&l rnfyh nm (Obligatory) ESihf oifvu kd oifEikd af omynm (Non-obligatory Training) ponfh tqufqufukd pkaygif;pyfvsOf; avhvm&onf/ þavhvmjcif;jzifh ynma&;\ tESpfom&toGifudk aqmifap onf/ ta&;BuD;aomtcsufrSm ynma&;udk rdrd\trsKd;om;bmom pum;jzifh t"duxm; oif,l&rnf/ odkY&mwGif EdkifiHjcm;bmompum;udkvnf; txl;tm;ay;xdkufayonf/ txufyg&nfreS ;f csuEf iS hf tESpo f m&toGiu f akd qmifaom ynma&;onf 'Dru kd a&pDtoGiaf qmifonfh (Democratic Education) jzpfayonf/ þ&nfrSef;csuf tESpfom&udk taumiftxnfazmfaom ynma&;vkyfief;wGif- rlvwef;ESifh rlvwef;vGefynma&; oifMum;cGifh - EdkifiHa&;? pD;yGm;a&;? vlrIa&;? bmoma&; rcGJjcm;bJ vlwdkif;vGwfvyfpGm tcvGwf ynmoif,lcGifh - tpdk;&rS wuúodkvfynm&yfudk vlwdkif; wufa&mufoifMum;Edkif&ef tcvGwfynma&; aqmif½Gufjcif;? axmufyHhaMu; vHkavmufpGmay;a&;? ausmif;aqmif ae&mxdkifcif; vHkavmufí oufomacsmifcsda&; - þausmif;om;taqmufttHkyHkpHudk pepfwusjyifjcif;jzifh vlrItaqmufttHkwGif ausmif;om;rsm; rdrd wdkYyg0ifonfh tcef;u@wdkif;ü vG,fvifhwul 0ifa&mufxrf;aqmifjcif; ponfhvkyf&yfrsm; (0g) vkyfief; rsm;udk OD;aqmifaponf/ odkYvQif txufyg &nfrSef;csuftESpfom&ESifh vkyf&yfyHkpHwdkYjzifh wnfaqmufxm;aom ynma&;udk csKyfudkif onfh oabmonf ynma&;vGwv f yfciG u hf kd ay;pGr;f Edik o f nfo h abm ouf0ifvmonf/ þ'Dru kd a&pDusaom ynma&;ü ynma&;vGwfvyfcGifhonf þodkY½Sd&rnf/ (u) ausmif;\vkyfief;wGif vGwfvyfcGifh? vkyfudkifaqmif½GufEdkifcGifh oabm½Sd&rnf/ þuJhodkY vkyfudkif&mü ausmif;om;? rdb? q&m oH;k yGiq hf ikd cf sdecf iG o f zG,f (Balanced Participation) yl;wGaJ qmif½u G &f rnf/ (c) ausmif;\wdk;wuf&mwdk;wuffaMumif; vkyfief;rSeforQ vkyf&mwGif raESmifh,Sufonfhjyif rdrdwdkY\ rlrrSef aom oabmw&yfudk ausmif;xJwGif roGwfoGif;ap&ef aqmif½Guf&rnf/ (*) pD;yGm;a&;ESihf Oya'vGwv f yfciG hf tmrcHcsuf ½S&d rnf/ wcsed w f nf;wGif avmu"gwfoyd EHÜ iS hf ,Ofaus;rIynm wdk;wuf&m wdk;wufaMumif; avhvmvdkufpm;cGifh ½Sdap&rnf/ 585

jrefrmEdkifiHausmif;om;vIyf&Sm;rIordkif; - atmifxGef; (C) ynmoifMum;pepf acwfrD&rnf/ qdkvdkonfrSm ynmoifMum;a&;ESifh vlYavmu tquftpyf½Sd&rnf/ trsKd;bmomtoGiaf qmifí 0dZmÆ enf;usaom ausmif;oH;k pmtkyrf sm; jy|mef;&rnf/ ausmif;om;rsm;tm; wuúodkvfESifh txufwef;ausmif; tkyfcsKyfa&;wGif yg0ifcGifh½Sd&rnf/ wuúodkvfodkY ay;tyfxm;onfh tcGifhta&;udk ½dkaoMu&rnf/ (i) ynma&;\qefYusifbufjzpfaom ppfom;pkaqmif;jcif;udk r½Sdap&/ (p) trsKd;orD;wdkif; trsKd;om;ESifh wef;wlynmoifMum;cGifh ½Sd&rnf/ (q) q&mrsm;cefYxm;&mü ynmt&nftcsif;jzifh jzpf&rnf/ Edik if aH &;cGjJ cm;rI ryg0if&/ ¤if;jyif q&mrsm;onf rdrdwdkY BudKufESpfouf&m EdkifiHa&;0g'udk avhvmydkifcGifh ½Sd&rnf/ (Z) atmifjrifNyD;aom ausmif;om;rsm;tm; rdrdwdkYt&nftcsif;t& tvkyfvkyfydkifcGifh ½Sd&rnf/ (2) ynma&;vGwfvyfcGifUydwfyifrIaMumifU jzpfay:vmwwfaomtEå&m,f ynma&;tcGifhta&; aESmifh,Suf&mü tmPmydkiftzGJUtpnf;ESifh jynfywdkif;wyg;rS 0ifa&mufzsufqD;jcif;udk cH&wwfonf/ Oyrmjy&vQif tar&duefEdkifiHwGif ynma&;vGwfvyfcGifhydwfyifrIudk rsm;pGmawGU½Sd&ayonf/ OyrmvljzL-vlrJcGJjcm;oifMum;jcif;? vljzLausmif; vlrJrwufa&mufEdkif? wufa&mufvQif 0dkif;0ef;owfjzwfcH&onftxd Oyrm- (Little Rock Affair in Sept 1957) ynmwwfygarmu©rsm;pGmudk zrf;qD;csKyfaESmif ausmif;xkwfjcif;rsm;? ppfaq;jcif;rsm;? Oyrm- (Loyalty Oath, Un-American Act) ponfjzifh tEkjrLygarmu©BuD; Oppenheimer uJo h Ykdaom vly*k Kd¾ vfrsm; w&m;pGcJ &H onf/ tvkyx f w k cf &H onf/ pmtkyjf y|mef;&mü tenf;i,fw;kd wufaom toGit f jyif aqmifonfh pmtkyfrsm;udkydwfyifonf/ Oyrm- Mark Twain a&;om;aompmtkyfrsm; (A Connecticut Yankee in King’s Author Court) ponfrsm; jzpfayonf/ ¤if;aemuf ppfom;pkaqmif;jcif;? tEkjrL-[du k Nf 'dK*siAf ;kH wdr;f a½Smif enf; ppfynm&yftaxGaxGukd ausmif;rsm;üoifMum;jcif;? rdrw d Ykd tvdu k s ygarmu©rsm;cefYí azmifa';½Si;f trsKd;rsKd;emrnf jzifh wnfaqmufxm;aom ausmif;rsm;/ Oyrm- Morgan, Rockefeller career, and Ford ponhf taxmuf tyHw h nfausmif;rsm; urÇmYtESYt H jym;wnfaqmufí 0g'oGwo f iG ;f jcif; ponfh ynmvGwv f yfciG u hf kd ydwyf ifzsuq f ;D onfh oabm oufa&mufojzifh wdkif;jynf\ynma&;udk tEÅ&m,fusa&mufaponf/ ,aeYjrefrmjynf ynma&;avmuwGif ynma&;vGwv f yfciG ½hf ydS g\avm[laom awG;ac:csufonf ay:ayguf vmonf/ þawG;ac:csufudk ajzqdk&vQif ynma&;vGwfvyfcGifhonf r½Sdao;[k qdkvdkonf/ ydkrdkxif½Sm;vdkayonfrSm ,ckavmavmq,f awGU½Sdae&aom jyóemESifh ,cifMuHKawGUcJh&aom jyóemrsm;udk OD;cdkufwifjy vdkayonf/ ausmif;oHk;pmtkyf jy|mef;&mü trsKd;om;,Ofaus;rI xdef;odrf;Edkifonfh zGHUNzdK;Edkifonfh jynfoltcsif;csif; &if;ES;D cspfMunfa&;udk zefw;D Edik o f nfh pmtkyrf sm;udk jy|mef;onfxuf tcsif;csif; pdw0f rf;uGaJ paom ,Ofaus;rIacgif;yg; aom ppfom;pkaqmif;onfh oabmyg0ifaom tpd;k &\ rlrrSeaf om t,ltqwdYk ukd oGwo f iG ;f apaom npfnrf;onfh toHk;tEIH;rsm; yg0ifaom pmtkyfrsm;udk ,ckxufwdkif tv,fwef;ausmif;rsm;rS wuúodkvfausmif;rsm;txd jy|mef; oifMum;vsufyif ½Sdaeao;onf/ Oyrm- tv,fwef;ausmif;rsm;wGif 0efBuD;csKyfOD;Ek a&;om;xm;aom vlxkatmfoHjyZmwfuJhodkY pmtkyf? wyfxJu jrwfudkudk ponfwdkY jzpfonf/ wuúodkvfrsm;wGifvnf; Oypmwef;wGif OD;Eka&;om;xm;aom ]jynfaxmifpyk ef;wdik }f uJhodkYaom 0g'oabm oGwo f iG ;f onfh pmtkyrf sm;jy|mef;jcif;/ qdv k o kd nfrmS wdik ;f jynftaMumif; odapvdv k Qif txufygpmtkyf jy|mef;&efrvd/k wdkif;jynf\ tkyfcsKyfyHk? zGJUpnf;yHkpmtkyfrsKd;? tajccHOya'uJhodkYaom pmtkyfrsKd; avhvmaponfum; rlrSefayOD;rnf/ ,ckum; þuJhodkYr[kwfbJ rdrdwdkYBuKdufESpfouf&m 0g'vrf;pOfudk twif;oGwfoGif;rnfh yHkpHkrsKd;jzpfvmí vGwfvyfpGm avhvmvdkufpm;cGifh ydwfyifjcif;w&yfyif/ ¤if;aemuf wuúodkvfodkY EdkifiHjcm;tultnDjzifh oifMum;ydkYcsay;aeaom tjynfjynfqdkif&m qufoG,fa&; (International Relation) wGif ¤if;oifMum;aom tar&duefq&mrsm;u rdrdwdkY tar&duef0g'udkom OD;pm;ay;onf/ wzufowfusaom pmtkyfrsm;jy|mef;jcif;? oifMum;ay;jcif;? Oyrm- Perkins a&; International Relations ponfESifh vlrIqufqHaA' (Sociology) wGifvnf; wzufowfusaom pmayrsm; ydkYcsaejcif;wdkYonf ynma&;vGwfvyfrItEÅ&m,frsm; jzpfayonf/ ausmif;q&mrsm; cefYxm;&müvnf; ygwDtvdkuscefYxm;jcif;aMumifhvnf; t&nftcsif;r½Sdaom q&mrsm; aygrsm;apjcif;/ t&nftcsi;f jynf0h aom q&mrsm;\tcGit hf a&; ydwyf ifc&H jcif;/ Edik if aH &;0g't& qefYusio f nfxif&ol rsm;tm; tvkyfrcefYjcif;? jzKwfjcif;/ (Oyrm-OD;wifa½T (ac:) &Jabmfcsrf;at;tm; abm*aA' vufaxmufuxdurS 586

Nidrf;csrf;a&; 'Drdkua&pDa&;BudK;yrf;rI - 1958 rS 1959 - 'Drdkua&pDa&; 'Drdkua&pDynma&; Nidrf;csrf;a&; trsdK;om;a&;toGif jzKwyf pfjcif;) q&mrsm;cefYtyf&mü ygwDtvdkusqdk&mwGif ,aeYvufawGUvkyfae&mü tv,fwef;? txufwef;ausmif; rsm;wGif q&mrsm;cefYxm;&mü oufqdkif&m zqyv axmufcHcsufyg½SdrS cefYxm;jcif;onf txift½Sm;jzpfayonf/ ¤if;tjyif wuúodkvfüvnf; q&mrsm;cefYxm;&mü wuúodkvfu vGwfvyfpGmaqmif½GufcGifh r&EdkifbJ tjyifEdkifiHa&; avmurS tpdk;&tmPmydkifrsm;? 0efBuD;rsm;onf 0ifa&mufjc,fvS,fMuonfrSm txift½Sm;yif? txl;ojzifh &efukef wuúodkvfwGif þudpö rMumcPawGUae&ojzifh wuúodkvfaumifpDonf Mum;raumif;avmufatmif owif;xGufcJh& onfum; om"ujzpfayonf/ ynma&;vGwfvyfcGifhwGif tusKH;0ifaom ausmif;om;rsm; rdrdwdkY\ynma&;tcGifhta&; wdkufyGJwGif tmPm ydik rf sm; 0ifa&mufaESmif, h u S jf cif;? Oyrm- 1953 ck? atmufwb kd mv ausmif;wvydwaf &;vIy½f mS ;rIwiG f ausmif;om;rsm; vGwv f yfpmG pnf;½H;k cGihf qE´jycGirhf sm;udk rw&m;ydwyf ifjcif;? zrf;qD;jcif;ESihf ausmif;xkwyf pfjcif;onf ynma&;vGwv f yf cGifhudk zsufqD;aESmifh,Sufaom aMumufrufzG,ftEÅ&m,fBuD; jzpfayonf/ jrefrmEdik if w H iG f ta&;BuD;qk;H aom ynma&;vGwv f yfciG hf zsufq;D jcif;wckrmS or*¾rsm;udk rw&m;zsuford ;f ypf vdu k jf cif;jzpfonf/ þuJo h Ykdaom tjyKtrlonf vlYtcGit hf a&;vGwv f yfciG hf txl;ojzifh ynma&;avmuwGif vGyv f yfpmG zGJUpnf;wnfaxmifcGifhudk ydwfyifonfhtjyKtrl jzpfayonf/ ynma&;vGwfvyfcGifhESifh ywfoufí ajrmufrsm;pGmaom ynma&;avmuwGif emrnfxif½Sm;aom yk*¾dKvf ausmfrsm;? ynm½SifBuD;rsm;u tus,fw0ifhrdefYMum;Muonf/ Oyrm- t*Fvdyfynm½SifBuD; bmx&ef&yfq,fu ]ynm a&;avmuwGif ausmif;om;a&m q&myg vGwv f yfpmG awG;ac:ciG ?Uf aqmif½u G cf iG ?Uf oifMum;cGiaUf y;&rnf} [k qdkxm;onf/ ynma&;avmuwGif twm;tqD;jzpfaprnfh taESmifht,SuftrsKd;rsKd;? ynma&;vGwfvyfcGifhudk ydwfyif onfh csKyfcs,fjcif;? vGwfvyfpGmawG;ac:cGifh ydwfyifjcif;? q&mrsm;vkyfief;wGif 0ifa&mufaESmifh,Sufjcif;? ausmif;om;rsm; \ ynma&;avmuwGif 0ifa&mufjc,fv, S jf cif;? ynma&;rsufEmS vdu k rf I jyKvkyjf cif;? ynma&;avmuwGif ppfpakH xmuf ygwD0ifpakH xmufciG hf ponfh tmPmydik t f pd;k &wdYk \ Ncdr;f ajcmufonfh toGiaf qmifonfh trIxrf;rsm; oGwo f iG ;f jcif;wdYk ukd jyKvkyfaejcif;wdkYonf ynma&;vGwfvyfcGifh (0g) ynma&;avmu\ 'Drdkua&pDpepfudk vHk;0zsufqD;ydwfyifjcif; jzpfay onf/ (3) txufyg ynma&;vGwfvyfcGifhoabmxm; tajctaersm; axmuf½aI vhvmí þES;D aESmzvS,yf BJG uD;rS ynma&;vGwv f yfciG u hf kd xde;f odr;f umuG,Ef ikd af om atmufygvkyf&yfrsm;udk vkyfxdkufaMumif; &nfñTef;vdkonf/ (u) 'Drdkua&pDusaom ynma&;pepfjyKjyifjcif;? (c) wuúodkvfausmif;rsm;wGif ynma&;vkyfief;rsm;ü oD;jcm;udk,fydkifjy|mef; aqmif½GufEdkifcGifh½Sdjcif;? (*) wuúodkvfausmif;rsm;wGif csKyfcs,fxm;aom Oya'rsm;ESifh pnf;urf; (Unilateral Discipline) rsm;udk ½kyfodrf;jcif;? (C) ausmif;q&mrsm;udk EdkifiHa&;t&r[kwfbJ t&nftcsif;tvdkuf cefYxm;jcif;? (i) q&m? ausmif;om; yl;wGJumuG,foifhjcif;? (p) ausmif;om;or*¾rsm; zGJUpnf;cGifhay;vsuf ausmif;tkyfcsKyfa&;wGif yl;wGJwm0ef,lEdkifjcif;jzifh ynma&; vGwfvyfcGifhudk xdef;odrf;Edkifjcif;? -ponfwdkYudk t"duoabmt& aqmif½GufoifhaMumif; þESD;aESmzvS,fyGJBuDrS wifjytyfygonf/ þuJhodkY rdefYcGef;ajymMum;jcif;? pmwrf;rsm; wifjyjcif;rsm; jyKvkyfcJhonf/ ynma&;0g'ESifh ynma&;&nfrSef; csufyef;wdkifrSm 'Drdkua&pDynma&; (Democratic Education) jzpfonf/ ¤if;onf r[mAsL[mjzpfonf/ odkYaomf vnf; wuojzpfysufcJhaom tawGUMuHKt& vuf½SdEdkifiHi,ftqifhwGif enf;AsL[mtaejzifh ausmif;omb0 om,m ajzmifjh zL;a&;? oifMum;rItajctae wd;k wufaumif;rGeaf &; (Better Condition of Life and Study) om jzpf&rnf/ urÇmhausmif;om;or*¾ (I.U.S) uvnf; uRefawmfwdkY EdkifiHrsm;twGuf þtwdkif;yif oabmxm;ygonf/ wuo? Auorsm;tzGUJ csKyf? wyfO;D rS ausmif;om;rsm;yl;aygif;í ES;D aESmzvS,yf rJG wdik rf u D wifjyrnfh pmwrf; toD;oD;twGuf wm0efc, JG í l tcsuftvufpak qmif;jcif;? pmwrf;a&;jcif;rsm;udk rem;raevkyu f ikd Mf u&onf/ wdik yf if oifholrsm;udk wdkifyif? tMuHÓPf&,loifhonfrsm;udk ,lcJhMuonf/ ESD;aESmzvS,fyGJwGif udk,fpm;vS,frsm;udk urÇmat; ukef;ajr½Sd taqmiftoD;oD;wGif pepfwus ae&mcsxm;&onf/ tkyfpkcGJ tm;NydKifpnf;½Hk;rIrsm; ½SdcJhygonf/ &efukef 587

jrefrmEdkifiHausmif;om;vIyf&Sm;rIordkif; - atmifxGef; wuúov kd v f rl sKd;pktoif;tzGUJ aygif;pHEk iS hf em;vnfr&I ½Sad tmif aqmif½u G &f jcif;? A[djk yifqifa&;aumfrwDrS udck sKd (rEÅav; wuúodkvf) ESifhtcsKdU EkwfxGufoGm;onfrSvGJí usefESD;aESmzvS,fyGJBuD;udk 13? 8? 58 &uf? eHeufykdif;wGif wuo Ouú| udkpdk;odef; acgif;aqmifonfh wyfOD;tkyfpku atmifjrifpGm usif;yNyD;pD;cJhonf/ ynma&;ESD;aESmzvS,fyGJBuD;ESifh apwemrSefESifh ½dk;om;pGm&yfwnfjcif;udk odem;vnfonfESifhtrQ 0efBuD;csKyf onf ESD;aESmzvS,fyGJ wufa&mufolrsm;udk npmjzifh {nfhcHonf/ azsmfajza&; tpDtpOfrsm;ygonf/ yxrwGif rlt& vufcjH cif;rjyKcJah om txuausmif;om;or*¾rS ud, k pf m;vS,rf sm;twGuf c&D;p&dwx f w k af y;&ef 0efBuD;csKyfu oabm wlcJhygonf/ qufoG,fa&;wm0efcH ynma&;okawoet&m½Sd OD;bjrifhtm; xdkwm0efudk aqmif½Guf&ef 0efBuD;csKyf u ausmif;om;rsm;a½SUüyif EIwfrdefYay;cJhavonf/ þESD;aESmzvS,fyGJaMumifh tpdk;&\odu©mrsm;pGm wufoGm;onf/ tpdk;&ESifhausmif;om;Mum; tjrJwrf;uP³ aump jzpfaerIrsm;udk ausmif;om;tzGJUtpnf;ESifh tpdk;&yl;aygif;vkyfaqmifEdkifjcif;? em;vnfrI½Sdvmjcif; jzpfonf/ þES;D aESmzvS,yf JG tusKd;qufrmS yDuif;NrdKUawmfwiG f usif;yrnfh urÇmah usmif;om;or*¾ (I.U.S) nDvmcHoYkd Auorsm; tzGJUcsKyf? wuoESifh usefaumvdyfwuúodkvf or*¾udk,fpm;vS,frsm; wufcGifh&&ef vrf;yGifhoGm;jcif; jzpfayonf/

jynfaxmifpjk refrmEdik if v H ;kH qdik &f m ausmif;om;rsm;ynma&;ES;D aESmzvS,yf rJG S xkwfjyefaMunmcsuf 1/ jynfaxmifpkjrefrmEdkifiHtwGif;½Sd wuúodkvfESifhaumvdyfaygif;pHkrS OD;pD;usif;yum jynfaxmifpkjrefrmEdkifiHvHk; qdkif&m ausmif;om;rsm;ynma&;ESD;aESmzvS,fyGJudk 1958 ckESpf? Mo*kwfv (9) &ufaeYrS (13) &ufaeYtxd &efukef wuúodkvf bGJUESif;obifcef;raqmifü usif;yjyKvkyfcJhonf/ wuúodkvfESifh aumvdyftoif;tzGJUrsm;rS udk,fpm;vS,f aygif; (215) a,muf? EdkifiHawmftpdk;&wef;jrifhausmif;rS udk,fpm;vS,faygif; (441) a,muf? NrdKUe,fausmif;om;rsm; or*¾rS udk,fpm;vS,faygif; (110) a,mufESifh pufrIvufrIESifh pdkufysKd;a&;ausmif;om; udk,fpm;vS,faygif; (11) a,muf wufa&mufí pkpkaygif; udk,fpm;vS,f (789) a,muf wufa&mufMuonf/ 2/ ESD;aESmzvS,fyGJBuD;wGif jyifqifa&;A[dkaumfrwDrS a&;qGJum1/ ynma&;0g'wifjycsufpmwrf; 2/ oifMum;rIr@dKifbmom&yfESifh ywfoufí oabmxm;wifjycsuf 3/ rlvwef;? rlvwef;vGefynma&;ESifh tvGwfynmoifausmif;pmwrf; 4/ twef;vGefynma&;pmwrf; 5/ pufrIvufrItoufarG;0rf;ausmif;ynma&;pmwrf; 6/ vlrsKd;pkynma&;pmwrf; 7/ ynma&;vGwfvyfcGifhESifh or*¾zGJUpnf;cGifhpmwrf; 8/ vlxkynma&;ESifh oufBuD;ynma&;pmwrf;[lí pmwrf;aygif; (13) ck a&;om;wifjycJhonf/ aumfr½Sif (8) pkcGJum aqG;aEG;cJhonf/ 3/ ynma&;0g'wifjycsufpmwrf;udk 1958 ckESpf? Mo*kwfv (10) &ufaeYwGif wufa&mufvmaom udk,fpm; vS,frsm;tm; tpk (5) pkcGJum aqG;aEG;cJhonf/ xdkaqG;aEG;yGJrsm;wGif wufa&mufvmaom udk,fpm;vS,fawmfrsm; pdwt f m;xufoefpmG yg0ifaqG;aEG;Muonf/ ynma&;0g' wifjycsupf mwrf;udk wufa&muf aqG;aEG;olrsm;u oabmwl nDí vIdufvSJpGmvufcHMuygonf/ pmwrf;a&;om;rIESifh ywfoufí EdkifiHawmftpdk;&\ ynma&;0g'ESifh ynma&; vkyfief;rsm;udk oHk;oyfa0zef&mwGif ydkrdkjynfhpHkvHkavmufpGm a0zef&efoifhaMumif;udk wifjyaqG;aEG;Muonf/ þwifjy aqG;aEG;csufuv kd nf; jyifqifa&;A[dak umfrwDrS wifjycsufjzpfaom ynma&;0g' (8) &yfEiS yhf wfoufí wufa&mufol rsm;u ,ckxufydkNyD; tcsuftvufjynfhpHkpGm a&;oifhaMumif; tMuHay;&m A[dkaumfrwDrS vufcHoabmwlnDaMumif;? wufa&mufol udk,fpm;vS,frsm;xJrS tcsKdUolrsm;u e,fcsJUya'o&mZfqefYusifa&; [laomtcsufudk tcsufw&yft jzpfEiS hf vnf;aumif;? 'Dru kd a&pDynma&;0g'udk tcsuw f csut f jzpf vnf;aumif;? (cultural autonomy) ,Ofaus;rI vGwfvyfcGifh[laomtcsufudk vnf;aumif;? pm&dwår@dKifjr§ifhwifa&;? vlwdkif;usef;rma&;twGuf upm;ckefpm;tm; ay;a&;[laomtcsufukd vnf;aumif;? Ak'b ¨ momrl Ak'y¨ nma&;jzpf&rnf [laomtcsufrsm;udk vnf;aumif; jznhpf u G f csrSwfoifhaMumif; wifjyaqG;aEG;Muonf/ xdktcsufrsm;ESifh ywfoufí jyifqifa&;A[dkaumfrwDESifh oabmxm;jcif; wlnrD rl ½Syd g/ rwlnrD o I nfh taMumif;jycsuu f rkd u l m; aumfr½Sit f oD;oD; wifjyaqG;aEG;csuu f kd tpD&ifcaH om oD;jcm;pm 588

Nidrf;csrf;a&; 'Drdkua&pDa&;BudK;yrf;rI - 1958 rS 1959 - 'Drdkua&pDa&; 'Drdkua&pDynma&; Nidrf;csrf;a&; trsdK;om;a&;toGif wrf;rsm;wGif yg½SdNyD; jzpfygaMumif;/ 4/ oifMum;rIr@dkKifbmom&yfESifh ywfoufaom oabmxm;wifjycsufpmwrf;udk 11? 8? 58 rS 12? 8? 58 &ufaeYwGif &efukefwuúodkvf? *syfqifcef;rü udkcifarmiftkef; (wuo) twGif;a&;rSL; obmywdjyKvkyfí tcsuf tvuf ½SmazGpak qmif;a&;aumfrwDrS udak tmifxeG ;f u wifjyoltjzpfaqmif½u G í f aqG;aEG;MuaMumif;? xdak qG;aEG;yGw J iG f ausmif;om;ud, k pf m;vS,af ygif; (35) a,muf wufa&mufygaMumif;? oifMum;rIr@dKifbmom&yfonf jrefrmpmjzpf&rnf qdkonfhtcsufudk wufa&mufolrsm;tm;vHk;u vIdufvSJpGm axmufcHoabmwlMuygonf/ ]jrefrmvlrsK;d rsm;rSty tjcm;aom vlrsK;d rsm;oifMum;onfU rlvwef;ausmif;rsm;ü ¤if;wdu hk , kd yf ikd f bmompmay udk oifMum;rIr@dKib f mom&yftjzpf toH;k jyK&rnf} [laomtcsufudk >cif;csufxm;½Sd&ef udk,fpm;vS,frsm;u wifjy&m jyifqifa&;A[dkaumfrwD\ qE´ESifhudkufnDonf[k ,lqygaMumif;/ jrefrmbmomudk oifMum;rIr@dKifbmom&yftjzpf toH;k jyKaomfvnf; Edik if jH cm;pmayrsm;wGif t*Fvyd b f mom onf ta&;BuD;onfh tcef;rSm½Sad eao;onft h wGuf t*Fvyd b f momudk 'kw, d roifrae& bmom&yftjzpf jy|mef;um rlvwef;vGefrS pwifoifMum;oifhonf[laom udk,fpm;vS,frsm;\ wifjycsufrSmvnf; jyifqifa&;A[dkaumfrwD\ oabmESifhwlnDygaMumif;? oifyHkoifenf; ajymif;vJa&;? rlvwef;? rlvwef;vGefESifh wuúodkvfwdkYonf ynmoifMum; a&;ü pepfwusqufoG,f&ef vdktyfaeaMumif;udk wifjyMu&m jyifqifa&;aumfrwDrS vufcHobmwlnDygaMumif;/ 5/ rlvwef;ynm? rlvwef;vGefynma&;? tvGwfynmoifausmif;rsm; [laom pmwrf; (3) apmifudk wuo Ouú| udpk ;kd ode;f (obmywd)? ykord Of ypmaumvdyo f r*¾ Ouú| udck ifxeG ;f u (obmywd) tjzpfaqmif&u G í f tcsuft vuf pkaqmif;½SmazGa&;aumfrwDrS udkbaumif;? udkeef;a0? udkatmifMunfwdkYu wifjyygonf/ aqG;aEG;yGJudk 1958 ckESpf? Mo*kwfv (11) &ufaeYrS (13) &ufaeY? nae (5) em&DcGJtxd bGJUESif;obifcef;raqmifü aqG;aEG;Muygonf/ wufa&mufol udk,fpm;vS,faygif; (30*) a,mufjzpfygaMumif;? aqG;aEG;olaygif; (30) jzpfygonf/ rlvwef;ynma&;pmwrf;udk aqG;aEG;Mu&m A[dkjyifqifa&;aumfrwD\ wifjycsufpmwrf;udk wufa&muf aqG;aEG;Muolrsm; oabmwlnD vufcMH uygonf/ pmwrf;yg tcsut f vufrsm;ESihf ywfoufí wifjyaqG;aEG;Mu&m0,f t*Fvyd b f momudk rlvwef;rS pwifívnf;aumif;? (3) wef;rS pwifívnf;aumif; oifMum;&ef ud, k pf m;vS,t f csKUd u wifjy aqG;aEG;Muygonf/ xdkaqG;aEG;csufrSm jyifqifa&;A[dkaumfrwDESifh qE´csif;rwlnDyg/ oifMum;rIr@dKifbmom &yf wifjycsufpmwrf;wGif wifjyNyD;jzpfygonf/ Ak'b ¨ momudv k nf;aumif;? pm&dwjå yKjyifa&;udv k nf;aumif;? rlvwef; wGif pwifoifMum;ay;&efESifh ywfoufívnf; A[dkaumfrwDESifh oabmqE´csif; rudkufnDyg/ ynmoifMum;a&;\ &nf½G,fcsufwGif jynfaxmifpkpdwf"mwfudef;atmifa&; xnfhoGif;&ef wifjyaqG;aEG;Mu&m A[dkjyifqifa&;aumfrwDrS xnfhoGif;oifhonf[k oabm&½Sdygonf/ txl;ojzifh rlvwef;ynmoifMum;a&; tydik ;f wGiyf g½Sad om rlvwef;ESihf q&mjyóemtcef;udk wufa&muf aqG;aEG;Muolrsm;u txl;wifjy aqG;aEG;Muygonf/ q&m? q&mrrsm; rvHak vmufrrI sm;? t&nftcsif; rjynfrh rI sm;udk wifjyaqG;aEG;Mu&m jyifqifa&;A[dkaumfrwDESifh oabmxm;csif;wlnDonf/ rlvwef;vGeyf nma&;ESihf ywfoufí ud, k pf m;vS,af ygif; (19) a,muf aqG;aEG;G cGi&hf ½Sad Mumif;? A[dak umfrwD \ wifjycsufpmwrf;udk aqG;aEG;oltm;vHk;uyif axmufcHaqG;aEG;Muí ¤if;wdkY\ e,fajra'orsm;wGif ay:aygufae aom vdt k yfcsurf sm;? tjzpftysurf sm;udk wifjyaqG;aEG; axmufco H mG ;Mu&mwGif A[dak umfrwDtaeESihf oabmwlnrD yI g onfhtwGuf tvGwfynmoifausmif;pmwrf;wGif aqG;aEG;Mu&mwGifrlum; A[dkjyifqifa&;aumfrwD\pmwrf;udk >cif; csufr½Sd axmufcHaqG;aEG;Muygonf/ omoemjyKausmif;rsm;udk EdkifiHawmftpdk;&uodrf;ydkuf&ef[laom udk,fpm;vS,f wdkY\ wifjycsufrlum; A[dkjyifqifa&;aumfrwDu omoema&;ESifhywfoufaeí pOfpm;oifhonf[k wifjyygaMumif;? txl;ojzifh raqG;aEG;vdkufMuaom ausmif;om;rsm;xHrS pmjzifhwifjyMuonfh wifjycsuf (131) csuf &½SdaMumif;/ 6/ txufwef;vGef ynma&;pmwrf;udk 11? 8? 58 &ufaeY? nae (3) em&DwGif wuocef;rü vnf;aumif;? 12? 8? 58 &ufaeYwGif t*fvdyfpmcef;rü vnf;aumif; aqG;aEG;Muygonf/ obmywdtjzpf rwuoOuú| udkapm vGiu f aqmif½u G í f tcsut f vufpak qmif;a&;aumfrwDrS udak rmifarmifñeG Yf? udw k ifxw G w f Ykdu wifjyygonf/ ud, k pf m; vS,faygif; (47) a,mufwufí (29) a,muf aqG;aEG;Muygonf/ pmwrf;wGifyg½Sdonfhtwdkif; tydkif; (6) ydkif; aqG;aEG;Mu&mwGif wufa&mufolrsm;\ oabmwlnDrI &½Sdygonf/ oifMum;yHkpepfwGifyg½Sdaom pmar;yGJpepfESifh ywfoufí udk,fpm;vS,fawmf (2) OD;u rausvnfojzifh A[dkaumfrwDESifh qE´jcif;rwlnDjzpfcJhygonf/ ausmif;om; r@dKifydkif;wGif udk,fpm;vS,frsm;u pmwrf;ygtcsufrsm;[lí ,lqonf/ jynfhpHkpGma&;om;oifhonf[k wifjyMu&m A[dkjyifqifa&;aumfrwDtaeESifh oabmwlvufcHygonf/ tjcm;tcsuftvufrsm;rSm jznfhpGuftMuHay;csufrsm; 589

jrefrmEdkifiHausmif;om;vIyf&Sm;rIordkif; - atmifxGef; jzpfí oD;jcm;aumfr½Siftvdkuf wifjyonfh pmwrf;rsm;wGif yg½Sdygonf/ 7/ pufrIvufrI toufarG;0rf;aMumif;ynm&yfwifjycsuf pmwrf;rsm;udk 11? 8? 58 ESifh 12? 8? 58 &ufaeY wGif avmu"gwfcef; (1) ü usif;yjyKvkyyf gaMumif;? obmywdtjzpf rwuo twGi;f a&;rSL; udw k ifa½Tu aqmif½u G f í wifjyoltjzpf tcsuftvuf½SmazGpkaqmif;a&;aumfrwDrS udkpdk;ausmfuaqmif½Gufonf/ udk,fpm;vS,faygif; (50) wufa&mufMuygonf/ A[dkjyifqifa&;aumfrwDrS wifjyaompmwrf;udk aqG;aEG;Muol udk,fpm;vS,frsm;u vufcH oabmwlí ,aeYxkwfvkyfvsuf½Sdaom vufrIynmonfrsm;tm; ta&twGufuefYowfrI r½Sdap&efudk vnf;aumif;? tkycf sKyfa&;ydik ;f wGif Edik if jH cm;rSpu G zf ufrI uif;vGwaf &;[laom tyd'k u f kd xnfo h iG ;f &ef wifjytMuHay;Mu&m A[dak umfrwD ESifh oabmqE´jcif; wlnDrI½SdcJhygonf/ 8/ vlrsKd;pkynma&;pmwrf;udk 11? 8? 58 &ufaeYrS 12? 8? 58 &ufaeYxd aumifppD nf;a0;cef;rwGif usif;yjyKvkyf ygonf/ obmywdtjzpf wuotrIaqmif udkcifatmifu aqmif½Gufí tcsuftvuf½SmazGpkaqmif;a&;aumfrwDrS udkatmifoef;? udkatmifomausmfwdkYu wifjyolrsm;tjzpf aqmif½Gufygonf/ udk,fpm;vS,faygif; (58) a,muf wufa&mufaqG;aEG;Muí vlrsKd;pkpmwrf;yg oabmxm;wifjycsufESifh ywfoufí aqG;aEG;oludk,fpm;vS,frsm;ESifh oabmwlnD Muygonf/ odkYaomf vlrsKd;pkpmwrf;onf jynfhpHkaompmwrf;wck r[kwfao;aMumif;udk wifjy&m A[dk jyifqifa&;aumfrwDrS vufcHygonf/ jynfaxmifpkpdwf"gwfzGHUNzdK;a&;pmydk'fudk tydk'f (2) a½SUrSxnfhoGif;ay;&ef? rGefbmomudk tydkbmomtjzpfrS pdwfBudKufbmomtjzpf jy|mef;&ef? vlrsKd;pkrsm;tm; ynma&;twGuf txl;&efyHkaiGxm;½Sd&ef? ytdk0fhpmwrf;wGif ygaom pmwrf;wckudk jznfhpGuf&ef tMuHay; wifjyMuygonf/ 9/ ynma&;vGwfvyfcGifhESifh ausmif;om;or*¾pmwrf;udk 11? 8? 59 aeY? aeYvnfydkif;? 12? 8? 58 aeY? eHeufydkif;wGif aqG;aEG;Mu&m udk,fpm;vS,faygif; (253) a,mufwufa&mufí aqG;aEG;olaygif; (47) a,muf½SdNyD; pdwftm;xufoefpGm aqG;aEG;MuaMumif;? obmywdtjzpf udkaZmf0if; (Auorsm;zGJUcsKyf Ouú|) u aqmif½GufNyD;? t&Hobmywdtjzpf udkpHvIdif (ausmufjzLOypmaumvdyfor*¾) u aqmif½Gufí tcsuftvuf½SmazGpkaqmif;a&; aumfrwDrS udkaxG;wdkY wifjyMuygonf/ wifjycsufpmwrf;udk wufa&mufaom udk,fpm;vS,frsm;u vufcHaqG;aEG; Muygonf/ ynma&;vGwv f yfciG Ehf iS hf or*¾zUJG pnf;cGiu hf kd tm;vH;k u vufcMH uayonf/ ausmif;aumifprD sm; rzGUJ pnf;&ef ESifh zsufodrf;ay;&ef[laom tcsufudk udk,fpm;vS,ftcsKdUu wifjy&m A[dkaumfrwDESifh qE´wlnDrI r&½SdygaMumif;/ vlxkynma&;ESifh oufBuD;wuúodkvfynma&;pmwrf;udk 11? 8? 58 &ufaeYwGif avmu"gwfcef;r (2) ü aqG;aEG;Muygonf/ obmywdtjzpf AuotzGJUcsKyfrS trIaqmif udkpGefwdwfu aqmif½Gufí tcsuftvuf½SmazG pkaqmif;a&;aumfrwDrS udkaX;atmifESifh udkodef;oef;xGef;wdkYu wifjyygaMumif;? udk,fpm;vS,faygif; (9) a,muf wufa&mufaqG;aEG;í 11? 8? 58 &ufaeY? nae (5) em&DwGif NyD;qHk;ygonf/ A[dkaumfrwD\ wifjycsufpmwrf;rsm; ESifh ywfoufí oabmxm; uGJvGJrIvHk;0r½Sdyg/ aqG;aEG;olrsm; vIdufvSJpGm axmufcHMuygonf/ 10/ jynfaxmifpjk refrmEdik if v H ;kH qdik &f m ynma&;ES;D aESmzvS,yf w JG iG f A[djk yifqifa&;aumfrwDrS pmwrf;aygif; (13) ck wifjyum aumfr½Sif (8) ckrS aqG;aEG;cJh&m a,bk,stm;jzifh A[dkaumfrwD\ wifjycsufpmwrf;udk vufcHí udk,f pm;vS,rf sm; oabmrwlno D nfh tcsut f vufrsm;½So d nfukd awGU½S&d ygonf/ oabmrwlnrD rI sm;vnf; pmwrf;wckv;kH tay:wGifr[kwfbJ tpdwftydkif;tvdkuf wifjycsufay:wGif rwlnDrIjzpfaMumif; xkwfjyefaMunmvdkufygonf/ 11/ 9? 8? 58 &ufaeYrS 13? 8? 58 &ufaeY? eHeufydkif;txd (5) &ufwdkifwdkif usif;yjyKvkyfcJhaom jynfaxmifpk jrefrmEdik if v H ;kH qdik &f m ausmif;om;rsm;ynma&;ES;D aESmzvS,yf BJG uD; jzpfajrmufa&;twGuf tultnDay;aom jynfaxmifpk jrefrmEdik if t H pd;k &? jynfaxmifpjk refrmEdik if H tpd;k &ynma&;XmeESihf Xmeqdik &f m t&m½Srd sm;? e,frsm;½Sd ausmif;tkyq f &mBuD; rsm;? &efukefwuúodkvf 'k-t"dywdESifhwuG q&m? q&mrrsm;? tvkyform;rsm;tm; aus;Zl;wif½SdygaMumif;? þESD;aESm zvS,fyGJBuD;rS rSwfwrf;wifaMumif; xkwfjyefaMunmygonf/ ynma&;jyKjyifajymif;vJrI atmif&rnf

1958 ckESpf? Mo*kwfv (13) &uf (Ak'¨[l;aeh) 590

A[dkjyifqifa&;aumfrwD jynfaxmifpkjrefrmEdkifiHvHk;qdkif&m ausmif;om;rsm;ynma&;ESD;aESmzvS,fyGJ wuotaqmuftOD &efukefwuúodkvf

Nidrf;csrf;a&; 'Drdkua&pDa&;BudK;yrf;rI - 1958 rS 1959 - 'Drdkua&pDa&; 'Drdkua&pDynma&; Nidrf;csrf;a&; trsdK;om;a&;toGif

(c) Edik if jH cm;c&D;pOfrsm; 1958 ck Mo*kwfvwGif *syefEdkifiH? [D½dk½SD;rmNrdKUü EsL;uvD;,m;AHk;qefYusifa&;nDvmcHudk wufa&muf&ef wuoOuú| udpk ;kd ode;f tm; zdwMf um;cJah vonf/ udpk ;kd ode;f onf ausmif;om;ES;D aESmzvS,yf ½JG í dS udak pmwmomuvm; udk vTwfvdkuf&onf/ yDuif;NrKdUü usif;yaom urÇmYausmif;om;rsm;or*¾tzGJU nDvmcHodkY Auorsm;tzGJUcsKyf Ouú| udkaZmf0if; OD;aqmifí wufa&mufcJhavonf/ &efukefwuúodkvfausmif;om;rsm;or*¾? rEÅav;wuúodkvfausmif;om;rsm;or*¾? armfvNrdKifOypmaumvdyfausmif;om;rsm;or*¾ ponfwdkYonf urÇmYausmif;om;rsm;or*¾wGif tzGJU0ifr[kwfay? odkY aomfvnf; urÇmhausmif;om;rsm;or*¾ESifh qufoG,frI½Sdjcif; ¤if;\vkyfief;pOfudk vufcHtaumiftxnf azmfcJhjcif; ponfrsm;aMumifh avhvmoltjzpf wufa&mufciG &hf onf/ wuotzGUJ udk Ouú| udpk ;kd ode;f u OD;aqmifívnf;aumif;? rEÅav;wuúov kd af usmif;om;rsm;or*¾ukd udak pmvGiu f OD;aqmifívnf;aumif; wufa&mufMuonf/ tm½S? tmz&du? vufwiftar&du? Oa&myEdik if aH ygif; (70) ausmfrS ud, k pf m;vS,rf sm; wufa&mufMuonf/ jrefrmud, k pf m;vS,t f zGUJ rSm OD;a&trsm;qHk; jzpfonf/ jrefrmudk,fpm;vS,ftzGJUonf OD;a&rsm;jcif;? wdk;wufaom EdkifiHa&;cH,lcsuf½Sdolrsm; ygjcif;? e,fcsJUqefYusifa&; ordkif;tpOftvm ½Sdjcif;wdkYaMumifh EdkifiHawmfawmfrsm;rsm;\ ta&;xm;cH&aom udk,fpm;vS,f tzGUJ jzpfonf/ w½kwjf ynfoYl or®wEdik if H (10) ESpaf jrmuf vGwv f yfa&;tcrf;tem;udv k nf; wufa&mufco hJ nf/ 0efBuD; csKyf csLtifvikd ;f u vma&mufawGUqHEk w I q f ufonf/ xrif;pm;yGw J iG f 'k-0efBuD;csKyfwOD;jzpfol rm½S,[ f v kd ;kH u EIwq f uf {nfch o H nf/ Edik if t H oD;oD;rS ud, k pf m;vS,t f zGUJ acgif;aqmifrsm;udk armfpw D ek ;f u vufcaH wGUqH&k m udak Zmf0if; wufa&muf cJhonf/ xdktcsdefjrefrmEdkifiHü OD;Eku AdkvfcsKyfBuD;ae0if; tdrfapmifhtpdk;&tm; tmPmvTJajymif;ay;vdkufonf/ tajc taerSefudk odap&efESifh tzrf;cH&&ifvnf; tzrf;cH&ygapawmh oabmjzifh udkaZmf0if;udk jyefvTwfvdkufonf/

(tay:-0J) wuoOuú| udpk ;kd ode;f u ausmif;om;txdr;f trSwt f vHtm; AD,uferfor®w [dck srD if;xH ay;tyfpOf (tay:-,m) ulrif;[dw k ,fa½Sw Y iG f EIwq f ufaysmjf rL;MupOf (atmuf) wuo Ouú| udpk ;kd ode;f tm; twif;ucdik ;f &mwGif

Source: Oway Magazines

591

jrefrmEdkifiHausmif;om;vIyf&Sm;rIordkif; - atmifxGef;

(*) 1958-59 ck wuoa&G;aumufyJG 1958-59 ck ynmoifESpfwGif zqyvNydKuGJonfh*,ufjzifh wuotrIaqmifa½G;aumufyGJwGif &Jacgif wzGJUvHk; vIyf½Sm;Edkifjcif; r½Sdawmhyg/ wyfOD;om NydKifbufr½Sd ta½G;cH&onf/ 1/ udkcifarmiftkef; Ouú| 2/ udkbaumif; 'k-Ouú| 3/ udkcifatmif taxGaxGtwGif;a&;rSL; 4/ udkjrifhodef; wGJbuftaxGaxGtwGif;a&;rSL;ESifh owif;ESifhjyefMum;Xme 5/ udkwifatmif aiGxdef; 6/ udkzdk;omab; upm;ckefpm;ESifh,Ofaus;rIXme 7/ rcifcifwdk; ausmif;om;oufomacsmifcsda&;XmerSL; 8/ udkom'dk; EdkifiHjcm;qufoG,fa&;XmerSL; 9/ udkndK0if; vlxkqufoG,fa&;XmerSL; 10/ udkvSwif tdk;a0wm0efcH 11/ udkodef;wef yd#uwfrSL;

(C)

yÍörtBurd af jrmuf wuúov kd Ef iS ahf umvdyaf ygi;f pHak qG;aEG;yGJ

1959 ck? Zefe0g&Dv (2 - 3) &uf wuotaqmuftOD? &efukefwuúodkvf &efuek w f uúov kd ?f rEÅav;wuúov kd ?f armfvNrdKifOypmaumvdy?f ykord Of ypmaumvdy?f &efuek f aq;odyrHÜ [m Xme? rEÅav;aq;odyrHÜ [mXme? tif*sief , D mausmif;om;rsm;or*¾EiS hf wuúov kd af umvdyt f oD;oD;rS vlrsK;d pktoif;rsm;? ausmif;om;tiftm;pkrsm;? o[m,ESihf pmzwftoif;rsm;? c½dik t f oif;rsm;? bmom&yfqikd &f mtoif;rsm;rS ud, k pf m;vS,f aygif; (96) OD;? avhvmol (35) OD; pkpkaygif; (131) OD;wdkYonf &efukefwuúodkvfausmif;om;rsm;or*¾ taqmuftOD wGif 1959 ck? Zefe0g&D (2-3) &ufaeYrsm;wGif cspfMunf&if;ESD;pGm awGUqHkaqG;aEG;cJhMuayonf/ ,if; wuúov kd Ef iS ahf umvdyaf ygif;pHak qG;aEG;yGBJ uD;rSm wuúov kd Ef iS hf aumvdyt f oD;oD;½Sd vuf½cdS pH m;ae&aom tajctae? pmwrf;rsm;udk qdkif&mwuúodkvfaumvdyfESifh r[mXmeor*¾rsm;rS wifoGif;zwfMum;cJhMuayonf/ xdkwif oGi;f pmwrf;rsm;? tajctaersm;ay:rlwnfí ,aeY wuúov kd Ef iS ahf umvdyrf sm;½Sd ausmif;om;rsm;\ b0tajctaeay: wGif vnf;aumif;? wrsKd;om;vHk;ESifh ywfoufaom trsKd;om;a&;qdkif&m jyóemrsm;wGif vnf;aumif;? EdkifiHwum tajctaersm;ay:wGif vnf;aumif; tav;teuf wifjyaqG;aEG;cJhMuum atmufygtwdkif; oabmwlnDcsufrsm;? oabmxm;rsm;ESifh tMuHay;csufrsm;udk wnDwñGwfwnf; jy|mef;vdkufygonf/ yÍörtBudrfajrmuf wuúodkvfESifhaumvdyfaygif;pHk aqG;aEG;yGJrS atmufygtwdkif; oabmxm;rsm; xkwfjyef vdkufonf/ (1) jrefrmEdkifiH½Sd wuúodkvfESifhaumvdyfrsm;\ ausmif;om;b0a,bk,s tajctaersm;udk pkaygif;xkwf jyef&ef jy|mef;onf/ (2) wuúodkvfESifhaumvdyfrsm;\ pnf;urf;ESifhywfoufaom oabmw&yfudk xkwfjyefaMunm&efjy|mef; onf/ (3) ,aeY ausmif;om;rsm;\ &ifqdkif&onfh tcuftcJjyóemrsm;udk ausmfvTm;Edkifa&;twGuf ausmif;om; aoG;pnf;nDñGwfa&;twGuf vdktyfonfhtm;avsmfpGm ausmif;om;xknDñGwfa&;twGuf yefMum;vTm wapmif xkwfjyefjy|mef;cJhonf/ pkaygif;wdkufyGJ0ifMu&eftwGuf aqG;aEG;yGJBuD;rSjy|mef;vdkufaom oabmwlnDcsufrsm; 1/ 1958 ck? Mo*kwfv (9) &ufaeYrS (12) &ufaeYtxd &efukefwuúodkvfü usif;yNyD;pD;cJhaom jynfaxmifpk jrefrmEdkifiHvHk;qdkif&m ausmif;om;ESD;aESmzvS,fyGJrS csrSwfcsufrsm;udk taumiftxnfazmfMu&efESifh wrsKd; om;vHk;yg0ifaom ynma&;ESD;aESmzvS,fyGJw&yf usif;ya&;? 592

Nidrf;csrf;a&; 'Drdkua&pDa&;BudK;yrf;rI - 1958 rS 1959 - 'Drdkua&pDa&; 'Drdkua&pDynma&; Nidrf;csrf;a&; trsdK;om;a&;toGif 2/ EdkifiHawmftpdk;&rS ynma&;toHk;p&dwf wdk;jr§ifhoHk;pGJ&efESifh wuúodkvfaxmufyHhaiG wdk;jr§ifhay;&ef? 3/ ausmif;rS xGufcGmoGm;aom ausmif;om;^olrsm;twGuf tmrcHcsuf&½Sda&;? 4/ oHk;cgusausmif;xkwfpepf y,fzsufa&;? 5/ EdkifiHawmftpdk;&rS axmufyHhaMu; (stipend)? 6/ ausmif;om;or*¾rsm; vGwfvyfpGmzGJUpnf;cGifh &½Sdap&efESifh or*¾zsufodrf;a&;trdefYudk ½kyfodrf;&ef? 7/ ausmif;om;or*¾rsm;u OD;aqmifvkyfudkifvsuf½Sdaom oufomacsmifcsda&;vkyfief;rsm;wGif EdkifiHawmf tpdk;&rS ulnDtm;ay;&ef? 8/ zrf;qD;xm;aom ausmif;om;rsm;tm; tjrefqHk;vTwfay;a&;? 9/ vlrsKd;pkrsm;aexdkif&mjynfe,frsm;ü Oypmaumvdyfrsm; zGifhvSpfay;&ef? vlrsKd;pkausmif;om;^olrsm; ynm oifMum;a&;vG,u f al p&ef tpd;k &rSppD Ofay;&efEiS hf tajctaersm; aumif;rGev f ma&;twGuf zefw;D ay;&ef? (Oyrm- c&D;oGm;vma&;ESifh axmufyHhaMu;rsm;) 10/ 1958 ck? pufwifbmvwGif yDuif;NrdKUü usif;ycJhaom (5) Budrfajrmuf urÇmhausmif;om;uGef*&ufudk axmufcHaMumif;/ wrsKd;om;vHk;ESifU oufqdkifaomta&;ESifU ywfoufí atmufygtwdkif; xkwfjyefjy|mef;vdkufaMumif; 1/ jynfwGif;Nidrf;csrf;a&;twGuf olremudk,fremNidrf;csrf;a&;rludk axmufcHí ausmif;om;rsm;\ vlaerI? pD;yGm;a&;½IaxmifhrS oHk;oyfum yefMum;vTmwapmif xkwfjyef&ef? 2/ trsKd;om;vGwv f yfa&;ESihf zGUJ pnf;tkycf sKyfyt kH ajccHOya'udk xde;f odr;f umuG,Mf u&ef? yefMum;vTmwapmif xkwfjyef&ef? 3/ 'Drdkua&pDtcGifhta&; umuG,fa&;twGuf xkwfjyefaMunm&ef/ EdkifiHwuma&;&mrsm;ESifUywfoufí oabmxm;rsm;ESifUoabmwlnDcsufrsm; 1/ tEkjrL EsL;uvD;,m;vufeufrsm; prf;oyfazmufcGJjcif;udk &yfpJa&;? vufeufavQmhaygha&;? ppfpmcsKyf ppftkyfpkrsm; zsufodrf;a&;twGuf awmif;qdk&efESifh urÇmYNidrf;csrf;a&; xdef;odrf;umuG,fMu&ef? 2/ 1959 ck? azazmf0g&Dv (2) &ufaeYrS (8) &ufaeYtxd tD*spftm&yfor®wEdkifiH udkif½kdNrdKUwGif usif;yonfh tm½S-tmz&duvli,fnDvmcHBuD;tm; axmufcHBudKqdkaMumif;/ aqG;aEG;yGJBuD;rS atmufygtMuHay;csufrsm;udk jy|mef;vdkufaMumif; 1/ aumvdyfaygif;pHkaqG;aEG;yGJrsm; usif;ya&;twGuf tpOftvmw&yfjzpfap&ef xdef;odrf;Mu&ef? 195960 ckwGif ykodrfNrdKUwGif usif;ya&;twGuf 0dkif;0ef;BudK;yrf;Mu&ef? 2/ ausmif;om;tcsif;csif; cspfMunf&if;ESD;a&;? ,Ofaus;rI xdef;odef;jr§ifhwifa&;wdkYtwGuf wuúodkvfESifh aumvdyfrsm;yg0ifonfh ausmif;om;yGJawmfrsm; usif;ya&;? (1959-60 ckwGif rEÅav;NrdKUü usif;ya&; twGuf BudK;yrf;&ef) 3/ ausmif;om; oufomacsmifcsda&;vkyfief;rsm;wGif ausmif;om;tzGJUtpnf;rsm; yl;aygif;vkyfaqmifMu&ef? 4/ ausmif;om;vkyfief; owif;rsm;zvS,fa&;twGuf wuúodkvfESifh aumvdyfaygif;pHk jyefMum;a&;AsL½dkwck zGJUí tcsdefrD pmapmifxkwfa0&ef/

593

jrefrmEdkifiHausmif;om;vIyf&Sm;rIordkif; - atmifxGef;

(i) cGx J u G cf iG Ehf iS hf ½Sr;f ausmif;om;rsm;aMunmcsuf &efukefNrdKY ? ½Srf;jynfausmif;ol^ausmif;om;rsm;toif; jynfaxmifpkjrefrmEdkifiHwGif;rS ½Srf;jynfcGJxGufEdkifcGifUESifUpyfvsOf;í &efukefNrdKY ? ½Srf;jynfausmif;ol^ausmif;om;rsm;toif; trIaqmiftzGJY\ oabmxm;xkwfjyefaMunmcsuf ½Srf;jynfoltaygif;wdkhcifAsm;jynfaxmifpkjrefrmEdkifiH? zGJUpnf;tkyfcsKyfyHk tajccHOya' tcef; (10) yg yk'frrsm;t& vGwfvyfa&;&NyD;aemuf (10) ESpfausmfvQif ½Srf;jynfonf jynfaxmifpkjrefrmEdkifiHtwGif;rS cGJxGufvdku cGJxGufEdkifcGifh &½Sdxm;ayonf/ odYk &½Sx d m;onfukd ½Sr;f jynfu xdck x JG u G cf iG hf pGeYf vw T &f ef tajccHOya' tcef; (10) yg yk'rf rsm;udk vdt k yfovdk jyifqifzdkY erfhcrf;trwf OD;xGef;at;u ,ck 1959 ckESpf rwfvwGif awmifBuD;NrdKUwGif usif;yrnfh ½Srf;jynfe,faumifpD tpnf;ta0;wGif tqdkwifoGif;rnf[k 11?2? 59 aeY &efukefxkwf ]ae;½Si;f } owif;pmwGif twdtvif; aMunmxm; onfudk awGU½Sdzwf½I&ojzifh uRefawmfwdkY &efukefNrdKU ½Srf;jynfe,fausmif;om;rsm;toif; trIaqmiftzGJUu xdkudpu ö dk av;eufpGm pOf;pm;oHk;oyfMuNyD;vQif oabmxm;udk xkwfjyefaMunmvdkufayonf/ OD;xGef;at; taMumif;jycsufrSm ½Srf;jynfu jynfaxmifpktwGif;rS cGJxGufEdkifcGifh½Sdaejcif;onf1/ jynfaxmifpkwnfjrJa&;twGuf tEå&m,fjzpfapí 2/ wdkif;wyg;wdkh 0ifa&mufpGufzufEdkif&eftwGuf vrf;cif;ay;&ma&mufonf [lí jzpfayonf/ odYk aomf trSew f &m;rSm OD;xGe;f at;\,lqcsufEiS hf ajymif;jyef jzpfaeayonf/ trSerf mS cGx J u G Ef ikd cf iG hf r½Sjd cif; (0g) cGJxGufEdkifcGifhudk zsufodrf;jcif;wdkYuomvQif jynfaxmifpkwnfjrJa&;udk tEÅ&m,fjzpfapí wdkif;wyg;wdkY 0ifa&muf pGufzufEdkif&eftwGuf tuGufaumif;qifay;&m a&mufayonf/ owdcsyfoifhonfrSm uRefawmfwdkY\ EdkifiHonf jynfrESifhjynfe,frsm; pdwfwloabmwl yl;aygif;wnfaxmifxm;Muaom jynfaxmifpkEdkifiHBuD;wck jzpfaMumif;yif jzpfayonf/ jynfaxmifpw k &m;ay:wGif tajcpdu k í f zGUJ pnf;wnfaxmifvmcJah om uReaf wmfwYkd jynfaxmifpt k "dygÜ ,fukd tjynft h 0aqmifapNyD; jynfaxmifpk xm0&wnfjrJa&;udk tBuD;rm;qH;k aom taxmuftuljzpfapí udv k ekd eD ,fcsUJ orm; wdkY\ tEÅ&m,fudkwGef;vSefEdkifum vlrsKd;pkcsif; ppfrSefcdkifjrJaom cspfcif,HkMunfrIudk wnfaqmufEdkifayonf/ wcGef;xJ qdk&vQif þcGJxGufEdkifcGifhudkom tajccHOya'wGif cdkifcdkifrmrmBuD; xnfhoGif;xm;jcif; rjyKcJhygu jynfaxmifpkBuD;yif ay:aygufEdkifcJhrnf r[kwfay/ þodkYjzpfvQif vGwfvyfa&;udk aMunmEdkifcJhMurnf r[kwfay/ tb,faMumifhqdkaomf 1947 ck yifvpkH mcsKyfBuD; rcsKyfru D ½Sr;f paom vlrsKd;rsm;u? ArmvlrsKd;BuD;tay: twdw&f mZ0ifu taMumif;rsm;aMumifh pdwcf s,MkH unfjcif; r½Scd ahJ omaMumifjh zpfayonf/ odYkaomf zufqpf*syefqefYusiaf &;wGif vufwv JG yk u f ikd cf zhJ ;l í waMumif;? vlrsKd;pkrsm;tay: AdkvfcsKyfatmifqef;wdkY\ oabmxm;rSefuefcJhí waMumif; þtaMumif;wdkYaMumifh yifvHkpmcsKyfudk csKyfqdkEdkifcJhNyD; jynfaxmifpk wnfaxmifEdkifcJhjcif; jzpfayonf/ txufuqdkcJhonfhtwdkif; ½Srf;paom vlrsKd;pkrsm;u ArmvlrsKd;BuD;tay:wGif twdwf&mZ0ifu taMumif; rsm;aMumifh pdwfcs,HkMunfjcif; r½SdjzpfaecsdefwGif AdkvfcsKyfatmifqef;wdkYu ½Srf;wdkY\ pdk;&drfaMumifhMurIrsm; yaysmufoGm; atmif1/ vGwfvyfa&;udk ArmjynfeJY vufwGJ,lyg/ 2/ vGwfvyfa&;&NyD;wJhtcg ArmawGeJY aygif;csifrSaygif;Muyg? raygif;csifvnf;aeMuyg/ 3/ ArmawGeJYaygif;vdkY½Sd&if ArmawGu rESdyfpuf&atmif Oya'awGbmawGeJY pepfwuscdkifcdkifvHkvHk pDrHjy|mef; ay;ygr,f/ 4/ tJ'Dvdk aygif;wmvnf; tjrJxm0pOf aygif;oGm;&r,f? b,fawmhrS cGJrxGuf&bl;&,fvdkY r[kwfygbl;? oabmusoavmufaygif;? oabmrus&if cGJxGufoGm;Muyg/ 5/ aygif;aewJhtcgrSm ]Armwusyf? ½Srf;wusyf} qdkwJh tcGifhta&; wef;wlnDrQrIeJY aygif;ygr,f/ 6/ ½Srf;jynf&JUjynfwGif;a&;rSm bmrS0ifa&mufpGufzufjcif; rjyKygbl;/ 7/ ½Srf;jynf&JUudk,fydkifjy|mef;cGifhudk ½dkaoav;pm;yghr,f ponfjzifh oabmxm;rSefuefpGmjzifh uwday;onfh twGuf ½Srf;jynfu jrefrmjynfeJYvufwGJí vGwfvyfa&;wdkufyGJ0if&ef auseyfpGmqHk;jzwfvdkufNyD; yifvHk pmcsKyfudk csKyfqdkcJhjcif; jzpfayonf/ 594

Nidrf;csrf;a&; 'Drdkua&pDa&;BudK;yrf;rI - 1958 rS 1959 - 'Drdkua&pDa&; 'Drdkua&pDynma&; Nidrf;csrf;a&; trsdK;om;a&;toGif xdkodkY yifvHkpmcsKyf csKyfqdkMuNyD;aemuf vGwfvyfa&;&NyD;vQif ½Srf;? Arm? u&if? u,m; tp½Sdaom trsKd;om; rsm; rnfuJhodkY yl;aygif;zGJUpnf; aexdkifMurvJqdkonfh jyóemudk pOfpm;ajz½Sif;&eftwGuf wdkif;jyKjynfjyKvTwfawmf ac:í jynfaxmifpzk UJG pnf;yHk tajccHOya'udk a&;qGMJ uayonf/ tajccHOya'a&;qGMJ upOfu ½Sr;f jynftwGuf ta&;BuD; qHk; jyóemrSm jynfaxmifpkxJwGif rnfuJhodkY yl;aygif;aexdkifoGm;MurvJ qdkonfhtcsufyif jzpfonf/ þtcsufudk pOf;pm;&mü wd;k wufaeaom Edik if BH uD;rsm;wGif aqmif½u G Mf uouJo h Ykd vlrsKd;pkrsm;\ ud, k yf ikd jf y|mef;cGiu hf kd tjynft h 0ay; &ef qHk;jzwf owfrSwfcJhMuayonf/ ]udk,fydkifjy|mef;cGifUqdkonfrSm ½Srf;jynf\ ,aeh vGwfvyfa&;&NyD;? eufjzefwGif cGJxGufí oD;jcm;EdkifiHxlaxmif csifonfqdkvQif xlaxmifEdkifcGifU½Sd&rnf/ xdkhtjyif ½Srf;jynfwGif ½Srf;jynfoltrsm; BudKufaompepft& tkyfcsKyfoGm;EdkifcGifU vnf; ½Sd&rnf} [líyif jzpfayonf? þtcsufudk rnfolrQ jiif;y,fEdkifrnf r[kwfay/ þodkYr[kwfbJ ]cifAsm;wdhk usKyw f ehkd hJ bmyJjzpfjzpf tjrx J m0&aygi;f ae&r,f? usKyw f o hkd abmuswUJ tkycf sKyaf &; rsKd;yJ wnfaxmif&r,f} [líqdkvQif ½Srf;jynf\vGwfvyfa&;rSm wef;zdk;r½Sd? udk,fwdkifjy|mef;cGifhvnf; t"dyÜg,fr½Sd jzpfoGm;ayvdrfhrnf/ odkYaomfvnf; AdkvfcsKyfatmifqef;wdkYu ]vGwfvyfa&;&NyD;&if? jynfaxmifpkwckvHk; wdk;wufBuD;yGm;atmif (5) ESppf rD u H ed ;f Bu;D (2) ckavmuf aoaocsmcsma&;qGNJ y;D vkyjf yyg&ap/ 'Dvkd wd;k wufatmif vkyjf yNy;D vdhk rauseyfao;bJ ½Srf;jynfu udk,fUzmomudk,f MuHpnfvkyfaqmifcsifao;oyqdk&if cGJxGufNyD; oabmusvkyfyg/ 'D (10) ESpfudkawmU onf;cHNyD; ESpfOD;ESpfzuftusKd;twGuf yl;aygif;aeapcsifao;ygw,f} [lí apwemjzifh azsmif;zsajymqdkonfh twGuf uRefawmfwdkY ½Srf;jynfolYacgif;aqmifrsm;uvnf; vdkufavsmoabmwlMuNyD; ](10) ESpftwGif;awmU jynfaxmifpkxJ rSmyJ aeoGm;yghr,f? aemif (10) ESpfausmfNyD;rS b0tajctaetopft& wrsKd;wzHk jyefvnfpOf;pm;oifU&if pOf;pm; yghr,f} [lí uwdjyKcJhMuayonf/ xdkodkY jynfaxmifpk zGJUpnf;yHktajccH Oya'a&;qGJpOf tcgu uRefawmfwdkY ½Srf;jynfolUacgif;aqmifBuD;rsm;\ tajrmftjrifBuD;pGmjzifh awmif;qdkBudK;yrf;rIaMumifh jynfaxmifpkjrefrmEdkifiH zGJUpnf;tkyfcsKyfyHk tajccHOya'tcef; (10) yg yk'rf rsm;t& vGwv f yfa&;&NyD;aemuf (10) ESpaf usmfvQif ½Sr;f jynfonf jynfaxmifpk jrefrmEdik if t H wGi;f rS cGx J u G v f u kd f cGx J u G Ef ikd cf iG u hf kd &½Scd jhJ cif; jzpfayonf/ þodYk cGx J u G Ef ikd af om tcGit hf a&;onf ½Sr;f jynfow l &yfv;kH twGuf tvGejf rwfE;dk zG,&f maumif;aom tcGit hf a&;BuD; jzpfayonf/ tb,faMumifq h akd omf þcGx J u G Ef ikd af om tcGit hf a&;onf ½Sr;f jynfol w&yfvHk;\ vGwfvyfpGm udk,fydkifqHk;jzwf vkyfaqmifEdkifa&;twGuf tajccHOya't& tmrcHxm;aom aomhcsuftcGifh ta&;BuD; jzpfaomaMumifhwnf;/ þcGJxGufEdkifaom tcGifhta&;udk tajccHOya'wGif xnfhoGif;xm;jcif;onf (10) ESpjf ynfv h Qif cGx J u G Ef ikd &f eftwGuf xnfo h iG ;f xm;jcif;r[kwaf y/ ,ckvnf;cGx J u G &f ef vHUI aqmfaejcif;r[kwaf y/ odYk aomf jynfaxmifpkoabmrSm qdkif&mjynfe,frsm;\ oabmqE´tavsmuf wu,fharwåmppfESifh ESpfOD;ESpfzuf tusKd;&½Sda&; twGuf yl;aygif;aqmif½u G jf cif;om jzpfoifah yonf/ þodYk jzifh yl;aygif;aqmif½u G rf o S mvQif ppfreS af om yl;aygif;aqmif ½Gufjcif; jzpfEdkifNyD; jynfaxmifpkBuD; xm0&wnfjrJoGm;Edkifrnf/ ]rif;wdkhbmyJjzpfjzpf rcGJxGuf&bl;? yl;aygif;ae&r,f} [lí t"r®pepfjzifh Ncdrf;ajcmufNyD; "g;rdk;aygif;cdkif;jcif;onf rrSefuefay/ ]½Sr;f wusy?f Armwusy}f qdkonfh wef;wlnD rQaom tcGifhta&;awGvnf; tjynfht0&rnf/ ½Srf;jynf\jynfwGif;a&;udkvnf; vHk;00ifa&mufpGufzufjcif; rjyKbl; qdkvQif ]a[U ½Sr;f awG rif;wdjhk ynfaxmifpx k u J cGx J u G Mf u} [lí twif;armif;xkwfonfh wdkifatmif cGJxGufrnfr[kwf ay/ þodkY rcGJxGufjcif;rSm obm0usayonf/ Oyrm vifESifhr,m; qufqHa&;udk Munfhyg? vifu r,m;udk xrif;0atmif rauR;? t0wfvnf; vSatmifrqifay;? t𝔲l vmNyD; ½du k v f nf;½ku d ?f qJvnf;qJao; ti,ftaESmif; vnf; xm;ao;qdkvQif ]]ighudkruGm&bl;}} [lí aoewfjzifh &if0udkawhum Ncdrf;ajcmufonfhwdkifatmif b,frdef;rurS ruGmbJaernf r[kwfay? uGmrSm aocsmonf/ þodkY uGmjcm;onfrSm obm0usí rSefuefayonf/ odkYaomf tpm vnf; 0atmifauR;? t0wfvnf; vSatmifqifay;? vcvnf; tukeftyf? cifcifrifrif ,k,k,,aernfqdkvQif ]]rde;f ra& rif;uGmcsif&ifumG a[h}} qdo k nfw h ikd af tmif b,fred ;f rrS uGmcsifrnfr[kwaf y/ wlEpS u f , kd &f moufyef ½d;k ajrus aygif;oGm;rnfom jzpfayonf/ aocsmayonf? þodkYaygif;oifjcif;onfvnf; obm0us rSefuefvSayonf/ odYk twGuaf Mumifh ta&;BuD;onfrmS ]]rif;wdYk ½rS ;f awG cGrJ xGu&f bl;}} qdNk yD; vufeufjzifh Ncdr;f ajcmuf&efrvdak y/ ]]rif;wdYk cx JG u G &f r,f}} qdNk yD; twif;ESix f w k &f efvnf;rvdak y/ wu,frcGx J u G af pcsiv f Qif wu,frcGx J u G af tmif apwem jzLjzLpifpifESifh wef;wl&nfwl aygif;oif;qufqHoGm;Mu&efom t"duvdktyfayonf/ ESpfOD;ESpfzufvHk;u oabmxm; rSefuefzdkY um,uHajrmuf vufawGU tjyKtpk? t,kt,½SdzdkYomvQif y"mejzpfayonf/ 595

jrefrmEdkifiHausmif;om;vIyf&Sm;rIordkif; - atmifxGef; twdkcsKyfqdk&vQif tajccHOya'wGif þrGefjrwfvSaom cGJxGufEdkifonfh tcGifhta&;udk tcdkiftrm xnfhoGif; xm;EdkifcJhonfh twGufaMumifhom jynfrESifh jynfe,frsm; pdwfwloabmwl yl;aygif;í vuf½SdjynfaxmifpkBuD;udk zGJU pnf; wnfaxmifEdkifcJhjcif; jzpfayonf/ þcGJxGufEdkifaom tcGifhta&;udk tajccHOya'wGif xm0pOfwnfjrJatmif umuG,x f ed ;f odr;f Edik rf o S mvQif ½Sr;f jynfow l &yfv;kH twGuf Oya't& rdrw d Ykd \uHMur®mudk rdrw d Ykd u, kd w f ikd f vGwv f yfpmG zefwD; vkyfaqmifEdkifcGifh½SdaevQif ½Srf;jynf\ wnfwHhBuD;yGm;a&;udk tm;oGefcGefpdkuf BudK;yrf;vkyfaqmifonfESifhtrQ jynfaxmifpkBuD; wnfwHhBuD;yGm;a&;twGuf vkyfaqmifaeorQ umvywfvHk; AdkvfcsKyfatmifqef;wdkY toufxif½Sm; ½SdpOftcgu tajccHOya'wGif tcdkiftrmxnfhoGif;cJhaom rGefjrwfvSonfh þcGJxGufEdkifcGifhudk rnfolrQ wpHkw&m xdyg;jcif;? jyifqifjcif;? ½kyfodrf;jcif;? ao;odrf,kwfnHhatmif wenf;enf;jzifh MuHpnfjyKvkyfjcif; tvsOf;rjyKoifh aMumif; uRefawmfwdkY trIaqmiftzGJUu tav;teufcH,lygonf/ odkYtwGufaMumifh ½Srf;jynfu þtajccHOya't& cGJxGufEdkifcGifhudk pGefYvTwf&ef tajccHOya' tcef; (10) Hygyk'frrsm; jyifqifzdkY erfhcrf;trwf OD;xGef;at;u rMumrDusif;yawmhrnfh ½Srf;jynfe,faumifpD tpnf;ta0;wGif tqdkwifoGif;rnf[k twdtvif; aMunmvmjcif;onf- AdkvfcsKyfatmifqefESifUwuG ½Srf;jynfolacgif;aqmifrsm; tajrmftjrifBuD;pGmjzifU jynfaxmifpkay:xGef;a&; twGuf tajccHOya'wGif tcdkiftrmxnfUoGif;cJUaom ½Srf;jynfolwdkh\ rGefjrwfvSonfU udk,fydkifjy|mef;cGifU udk udkvdkeDe,fcsJYorm; tvdkawmfus rdkufrJpGmzsufqD;ypf&ef tm;xkwfvkyfaqmifvmjcif;/ - yifvHkpmcsKyft& jynfrESifUjynfe,frsm; pdwfwloabmwl yl;aygif;wnfaxmifMuaom oabmw&m;udk ysufjym;atmif e,fcsJYorm;tvdkus tm;xkwfvkyfaqmifvmcJUjcif;ESifU - jynfaxmifpk zGJYpnf;yHktajccHOya'udk puúLpkwfjzpfoGm;atmif ,kwfrmpGm tm;xkwfvkyfaqmifvmjcif; wdkhyif jzpfayonf/ ,ckuJhodkY OD;xGef;at;u ½Srf;jynftoufjzpfaom tajccHOya'yg cGJxGufEdkifcGifhudk jyifqif&ef? zsufodrf; ypf&ef tm;xkwfvkyfaqmifvmcJhjcif;onfomvQif ½Srf;jynf\ wnfjrJa&;udk vnf;aumif;? jynfaxmifpkwckvHk;\ wnfjrJa&;udk vnf;aumif;? tEÅ&m,fjzpfapí wdik ;f wyg;wdYk 0ifa&mufpu G Ef ikd &f eftwGuf vrf;cif;ay;&m a&mufayonf/ ,if;odkY jynfaxmifpkcspfpdwf? rsKd;cspfpdwf"gwf acgif;yg;vSaom e,fcsJUolvQKd? udk,fusKd;½Smorm;? tmPm½l;? trsKd;om;opömazmuf OD;xGef;at;u ½Srf;jynfolwdk\ tusKd;? jynfaxmifpkwckvHk;\ tusKd;udk ausmcdkif;í ½Srf;jynf tygt0if jynfaxmifpkwckvHk; qHk;½IH;epfemap&eftwGuf udkvdkeDe,fcsJUorm;\ tvdkawmfus rdkufrJpGm tm;xkwfvkyf aqmifvmjcif;udk uRefawmfwdkY &efukefNrdKU? ½Srf;jynfausmif;ol^om;rsm;toif; trIaqmiftzGJUu tjyif;txef ½Iwfcs uefYuGufvdkufayonf/ xdkYjyif ½Srf;jynfolw&yfvHk;\ rGefjrwfvSpGmaom þcGJxGufEdkifcGifhudk ao;odrf,kwfnHhoGm;atmif apmfbGm; tcsKdUu rdrdwdkYtusKd;twGuf apmfbGm;tmPmpGefY avsmfaMu;awmif;&mü aps;qpfonfhvufeuftjzpf toHk;jyKaejcif; udkvnf; tjyif;txef½Iwfcs vdkufayonf/ ½Srf;jynftusKd;? jynfaxmifpkwckvHk;tusKd; vdkvm;Muaom ½Srf;jynfudk,fpm;vS,f trwfrsm;? apmfbGm;rsm;? rdbjynfolrsm;? &[ef;oHCmrsm; tm;vHk;wdkYuvnf; ½Srf;jynfolwdkY\ udk,fydkifjy|mef;cGifhjzpfaom tajccHOya'yg cGJxGufEdkifaom tcGifhta&;udk wvHk;wyg'rQ tjyiftqifrcH? t½kwfodrf;rcHMubJ udkvdkeDe,fcsJUorm;wdkY\ vufudkif wkwf? udk,fusKd;½Sm tmPm½l; OD;xGef;at;\ t,kwfwrmjyifqifcsuf zsufodrf;&ef tm;xkwfvkyfaqmifvmjcif;udk vSnf;aeavSatmif; jrif;apmif;rusef tjyif;txef ½IwfcsuefYuGufMuyg&ef EId;aqmfyefMum;tyfygonf/ - e,fcsJYolvQKd udk,fusKd;½Smorm; tmPm½l; trsKd;om;opömazmuf OD;xGef;at;udk 0dkif;y,fMu - ½Srf;jynf\ udk,fydkifjy|mef;cGifhudk umuG,fMu - ½Srf;jynfolw&yfvHk; aoG;pnf;Mu trIaqmiftzGYJ ½Srf;jynfausmif;ol^ausmif;om;rsm;toif; &efukefNrdKY (15? 2? 59) 596

Nidrf;csrf;a&; 'Drdkua&pDa&;BudK;yrf;rI - 1958 rS 1959 - 'Drdkua&pDa&; 'Drdkua&pDynma&; Nidrf;csrf;a&; trsdK;om;a&;toGif

(p) wuúov kd t f ufOya'udjk yifqifa&;ESihf ausmif;om;rsm; tpdk;&rS 1959 ck? Zefe0g&D (17) &ufaeYwGif usif;yaom wuúodkvfaumifpD tpnf;ta0;wGif &efukef wuúodkvftufOya'udk jyifqif&eftwGuf wifjycJhayonf/ xdktcg ausmif;om;rsm;or*¾ (wuo) u atmufygtwdkif;jyefMum;cJhygonf/ 1/ vuf½SdEdkifiHawmftpdk;&onf tdrfapmifhtpdk;& jzpfonf/ w&m;0iftpdk;&tzGJU jzpfay:vma&;twGuf w&m;rQ waom a½G;aumufyu JG si;f yay;&efEiS hf Mum;umvtwGi;f wdik ;f jynfukd xde;f odr;f apmifah ½Smufxm;&ef wm0efom jzpfonf/ wdkif;jynftwGuf ta&;BuD;aomtufOya'udk? jyifqifcsufrsm;udk jyKvkyf&ef wm0efr½SdonfhtwGufvnf;aumif;/ 2/ tufOya'jyifqifcsufudk avhvmvQifvnf; wuúodkvf0,fwOD;wnf; tmPm½Sifpepf jzpfay: vmap&ef ESifh ynma&;vGwfvyfcGifhudk xdyg;um tjyiftyrS 0ifa&mufpGufzufEdkif&ef jzpfonf[lívnf;aumif;/ wuorS ausmif;omxkESifh jynfolvlxktm; wifjyí tufOya'jyifqifjcif;udk uefYuGufcJhayonf/ xdkodkY uefYuGufonfhtwGuf wuúodkvfaumifpDrS axmufcHcsuft& jyKvkyfjyifqif&ygonf[laom tMuHtpnfysufjym; í wuúodkvfaumifpDwGif tMuHÓPfawmif;cHjcif;om jzpfygonf[k aemufqkwfcJhavonf/ wuúodkvfaumifpDrSvnf; wOD;wnf; tmPmydkifpepfodkY a&muf½Sdaprnfh jyifqifcsufrsm;ESifh ynma&; vGwfvyfcGifhudk xdyg;aprnfh jyifqifcsufrsm;udk jznfhpGufxkwfy,f tMuHÓPfay;jcif; jyKcJhayonf/ xdkodkY ausmif;om;xku jyKvkyfcJhaomfvnf; azazmf0g&D (8) &ufaeYwGif usif;yaom jynfolYvTwfawmf tpnf;ta0;yGw J iG f &efuek w f uúov kd f tufOya'jyifqifcsuf rlMurf;wifoiG ;f &ef txl;trdeYfjyefwrf; xGuaf y:vmonf/ ¤if;wGif wuúov kd af umifprD S wuoud, k pf m;vS,f (2) OD;udk xkwyf pf&ef jyifqifcsuf ygvmonf/ þonfrmS tdrfapmifhtpdk;&\ r½dk;om;aom tjyKtrljzpfonf/ wuúodkvfaumifpDwGif wifjypOfu ryg½SdcJhaomtcsufrsm;udk ,ckrSwifoGif;jcif;onf wuúodkvfaumifpDudk vSnfhjzm;apmfum;vdkufjcif; jzpfavonf/ tpdk;&tzGJU\ *kPfodu©mudk xdcdkufapaom vdrfvnfrIBuD;w&yf jzpfayonf/ wuúodkvfaumifpDwGif wuoudk,fpm;vS,f (2) OD;udk jzKwfypfí ausmif;om;rsm;u rJjzifha&G;aumuf&rnfh udk,fpm;vS,f (2) OD;udk tpm;xdk;jcif;onf1/ wuoonf ausmif;om;xkw&yfvHk;u w&m;0ifwifajr§mufxm;onfh tzGJUtpnf;jzpfonf[laom tcsuf udky,fcsum ausmif;om;xktm;vHk;\ udk,fpm;vS,fr[kwf[laom oabmxm;oufa&mufjcif;? wenf;qdkaomf &mZ0if tpOftquf½SdcJhaom wuo\tcef;u@udk ESdrfhcsapmfum;jcif; jzpfonf/ 2/ wuo\tcGifhta&;rsm;udk ,ckuJhodkYxdyg;um or*¾tcGifhta&;rsm;udk ydwfyif&ef MuH½G,fjcif;jzpfonf/ xdkrQruao; ausmif;om;wdkif; or*¾0ifjzpf&rnf[laom tcsufudk zsufodrf;um or*¾zGJUpnf;cGifhudk yifydwfyif&eft wGuf pwifjyifqifvmaom ajcvSrf; jzpfonf/ 3/ wuoudk,fpm;vS,f (2) OD;udk jzKwfcsNyD;aemuf ausmif;om;rsm;u 'D*&D&NyD; (11) ESpf oufwrf;½Sdaom tjyiftyrS yk*dK¾ vf (2) OD;tm; rJjzifh a½G;aumuf&rnf qdkjcif;onf ausmif;om;xkw&yfvHk;\ w&m;0ifoabmxm;udk wuúov kd af umifpw D iG f wifjyjcif;rjyKEdik &f ef pDpOfjcif;vnf; jzpfonf/ tjyiftyrS wuúov kd w f iG f 0ifa&muf ta½G;cH&jcif; onf wuúodkvfe,fajrudk jyifyEdkifiHa&;tzGJUrsm; ,SOfNydKifp&m ppfwvif;tjzpfodkY a&muf½SdoGm;&ef um,uHajrmuf jyKusifhvdkufjcif;yif jzpfonf/ þodkY jyKvkyfonfhtjyif q&mrsm;? XmerSL;rsm; cefYxm;jcif;ESifh ywfoufívnf; ynma&;vGwfvyfcGifhudk 0ifa&muf pGufzufvmonf/ xdo k Ykd ausmif;om;rsm; vIy½f mS ;rIrsm; jzpfay:vmaomtcgwGif ppfum;rsm; wuo0if;xJoYkd a½SU0ifaygufrsm; u 0ifvmum ppfom;rsm; ckefqif;vmNyD; ausmif;om;rsm;tm; 0ifa&muf zrf;qD;Muavonf/ udkaZmf0if;? udkpdk;odef;? udkbaumif;? udkcifarmiftkef;wdkh xGufajy;Muavonf/

597

jrefrmEdkifiHausmif;om;vIyf&Sm;rIordkif; - atmifxGef;

OD;cifarmiftek ;f (1958-59) Source: Oway Magazines

&efuek Nf rKdUwGif arG;zGm;cJo h nf/ wuúov kd 0f ifpmar;yGu J kd a&eHacsmif;NrKdUrS 1951 ckEpS w f iG f atmifjrifcí hJ wuúov kd f ynm&yfrsm;udk qufvufoifMum;onf/ 1954-55 ckEpS f wuotrIaqmiftzGUJ wGif td;k a0r*¾Zif;t,f'w D mtjzpf aqmif½u G cf o hJ nf/ 1957-58 ckwiG f wuotrIaqmifwOD;tjzpf a½G;aumufwifajr§mufjcif; cH&í twGi;f a&;rSL;tjzpf wm0efay;tyfjcif; cH&onf/ 1958-59 ckwiG f wuoOuú|jzpfonf/ 1958 ckwiG f zqyvESpjf crf;uGNJ yD; Edik if aH &;ajymif;vJrrI sm;jzpfc\ hJ / xdpk Ofu Edik if aH wmf0efBuD;csKyf jzpfol OD;Eku tpdk;&tmPmudk AdkvfcsKyfBuD;ae0if;tpdk;&tm; vTJajymif;ay;cJh\/ tmPmvTJajymif;ay;jcif;ESifh ywfoufí ausmif;om;rsm;u uefYuGufqE´jycJhonf/ wuúov kd t f if*sief , D mr[mXme ausmif;om;rsm; qE´jyoydwaf rSmufco hJ nf/ tif*sief , D mr[mXmerSL; a½TUajymif; ay;&\/ AdkvfcsKyfBuD;ae0if; tpdk;&vufxufwGif wuúodkvftufOya' jyifqifcsufjyKvkyfonf/ tufOya' jyifqifcsuft& wuúov kd af umifpw D iG f yg0ifaom wuo ud, k pf m;vS,Ef pS Of ;D tm; xkwyf pfjcif;? ausmif;om; a&;rSL;rsm; cefYxm;jcif; jyKvyk cf \ hJ / ausmif;pnf;urf;ESihf ywfoufívnf;aumif;? wuúov kd t f ufOya' jyifqif csuftwGufvnf;aumif; ausmif;om;rsm;qE´jyjcif; jyKcJhMuonf/ wuúov kd w f iG f ygarmu©csKyf a'gufwmxifatmif Ekwx f u G o f mG ;ojzif?h ygarmu©csKyf a'gufwmvSjrift h m; cefYxm; onf/ tcuftcJrsm;Mum;rS pwkw¬tBudrfajrmuf wuúodkvfausmif;om;yGJawmfBuD;udk usif;yEdkifcJhonf/ 1959 ck? {NyDv (3) &ufaeYwiG f Adv k cf sKyfBuD;tpd;k &u wuotaqmuftODukd 0dik ;f um ausmif;om;acgif;aqmif rsm;udk zrf;qD;onf/ Ouú| udkcifarmiftkef;? trIaqmif udkzdk;omab;wdkY tzrf;cH&NyD;? 'k-Ouú| udkbaumif; ESihf twGi;f a&;rSL; udck ifatmifwYkd wdr;f a½SmifaecJ&h onf/ wuo twGi;f a&;rSL;a[mif; udak tmifbef;? trIaqmif a[mif; udkjrifhOD;wdkYvnf; tzrf;cHcJh&\/ udkcifarmiftkef;? udkzdk;omab;wdkYtm; EdkifiHtusOf;om;rsm;ESifhtwl udu k ;kd uRef;odYk ydYk aqmifjcif;cH&onf/ udck ifarmiftek ;f onf wuúov kd w f iG f ynmqufvufqnf;yl;qJ jzpfonf/ (6) Budraf jrmuf ArmEdik if v H ;kH qdik &f m ausmif;om;rsm;or*¾tzGUJ csKyn f v D mcHrS Ouú|tjzpf a½G;aumufwifajr§mufjcif;cH&í ,ckwm0ef,l vkyaf qmifvsuf ½Sdonf/ (tdk;a0) 1962 rwfv (2) &uf tmPmodrf;rIESifh ywfoufonfh xkwfjyefrIaMumifh Ouú|tjzpfrS z,f&mS ;cH&onf/ OD;cif armiftek ;f onf rd;k [de;f uk?d cifarmiftek ;f ponft h rnfrsm;jzifh Edik if w H umta&;tcif;rsm;ESihf ywfoufí EG,feDr*¾Zif;? rdk;*sme,fwdkYwGif a&;om;cJhonf/ 2006 ckESpf? arv (5) &ufaeYwGif &efukefNrKdUwGif uG,v f eG o f nf/ 598

&efuek w f uúov kd af usmif;om;rsm;or*¾ trIaqmiftzGUJ (1958-1959)

Nidrf;csrf;a&; 'Drdkua&pDa&;BudK;yrf;rI - 1958 rS 1959 - 'Drdkua&pDa&; 'Drdkua&pDynma&; Nidrf;csrf;a&; trsdK;om;a&;toGif

jynfaxmifpjk refrmEkid if v H ;Hk qkid &f m ausmif;om;rsm;ynma&;ES;D aESmzvS,yf JG (1958 ck? Mo*kwf 9 &ufrS 13 &uf)

armfvNrKid Of ypmaumvdyaf usmif;om;or*¾ Ouú| udak usmt f ek ;f tzGit Uf rSmpum; ajymMum;aepOf

Source: Oway Magazines

oD;jcm;u@tvdu k f ae&mcJí G aqG;aEG;Muonf

599

jrefrmEdkifiHausmif;om;vIyf&Sm;rIordkif; - atmifxGef;

1958 ck? Mo*kwv f (9) &ufaehrS (13) &ufaehwikd f &efuek w f uúov kd f bGEYJ iS ;f boifcef;raqmifwiG f jynfaxmifpjk refrmEkid if v H ;kH qdik &f m ausmif;om;rsm; ynma&;ES;D aESmzvS,yf BJG u;D usi;f yjyKvyk pf Ofu pkpak ygi;f ud, k pf m;vS,f (789) a,muf wufa&mufco UJ nf

(0J) ES;D aESmzvS,yf u JG si;f y&modhk vmMupOf? (,m) rGe;f vGJ (1) em&DrS (2) em&D acwÅ&yfem;csed w f iG f

(0J) vlrsK;d pku, kd pf m;vS,rf sm; pHv k ifpmG jzif?h (,m) ES;D aESmzvS,yf JG Ny;D qH;k rnfn U wGif ud, k pf m;vS,af wmfrsm;tm; uyGrJ sm;jzifU *kPjf yK{nfcU MH uavonf atmifjrifpmG usi;f yNy;D qH;k aemuf? bGEYJ iS ;f obifcef;rrS wuotaqmuftODohkd csw D ufvmMupOf

Source: Oway Magazines

600

w½kwjf ynfoo Yl r®wEkid if ?H ,leefjynfe,fomG ; &efuek w f uúov kd f ausmif;om;cspMf unfa&; rdwq f uftzG0YJ ifrsm;ESiUf w½kwt f rsK;d om;? trsK;d oD;® rsm; ulrif;a[mfw,fa½Y w S iG f ½ku d u f ;l xm;pOf

Source: Oway Magazines

601

Nidrf;csrf;a&; 'Drdkua&pDa&;BudK;yrf;rI - 1958 rS 1959 - 'Drdkua&pDa&; 'Drdkua&pDynma&; Nidrf;csrf;a&; trsdK;om;a&;toGif

jrefrmEdkifiHausmif;om;vIyf&Sm;rIordkif; - atmifxGef;

tcef; (22) Nird ;f csr;f a&; 'Dru kd a&pDa&;BuKd ;yrf;rI 'Dru kd a&pDa&; ausmif;om;xktcGifhta&; jynfwGif;Nidrf;csrf;a&;ESifY trsK;d om;a&;toGif ausmif;om;vIy&f mS ;rIordik ;f (1959 rS 1960)

(u) 1959-60 wuoa½G;aumufyJG 1958 tdrfapmifhtpdk;&vufxufwGif ausmif;om;rsm;ESifh tpdk;&rsm;rSm rsm;pGmjyóem wufcJhavonf/ 1958-59 wuoOuú|opf usr;f opömused q f ykd üJG zqyvu Adv k cf sKyfBuD;ae0if;tpd;k &tm; tmPmvTaJ jymif;ay;cJjh cif;udk wuoonf oabmxm;rsm;xkwfjyefaMunm uefYuGufcJhavonf/ tif*sifeD,mausmif;om;oydwfta&;udk OD;aqmifraI y;cJ\ h / ausmif;pnf;urf;udt k aMumif;jyKí tEÅ&m,fay;vmrnft h csuu f kd uefYuu G cf o hJ nf/ 1958 wuúov kd f Oya'jyifqifcsuftwGuf xdcu kd cf sufrsm;udk azmfxw k w f ifjycJo h nf/ ausmif;ydwcf geD;wGif ]or*¾Ouú| udck ifarmiftek ;f ? trIaqmif udzk ;kd omab;wdt hk m; zrf;qD;í udu k ;kd uRe;f odyhk o hkd nf? or*¾'-k Ouú| udb k aumif;ESiUf twGi;f a&;rSL; udck ifatmifwhkd wdrf;a½Smifae&onf/} 1958 wuúodkvftufOya'jyifqifcsuft& wuo udk,fpm;vS,f aumifpDvlBuD; (2) OD;tm; jzKwfypfco hJ nf/ or*¾u, kd pf m;vS,yf gaom ausmif;aqmifaumfrwDuv kd nf; zsuo f rd ;f cJ\ h / 1954-55 ckrpS í aumufcH ay;cJhaom or*¾0ifaMu;udk ausmif;om;wdkif;xHrS aumufray;? tcGifhta&;[lorQ ½kyfodrf;oGm;cJhonf/ or*¾udk tzufzufrSNzdKzsuf&ef vHk;yef;cJhMuonf/ or*¾rsm; rNydKysuf? ausmif;om;tiftm; ausmif;om;vIyf½Sm;rIjzifh &yfwnf vsuf ½Scd o hJ nf/? ausmif;aqmifae&mcsxm;a&;rlukd qefYusifuefYuu G af om rD;wkwu f ikd q f E´jyyG?J rD;rSw d q f E´jyyGrJ sm;jzifh zdESdyfrIBuD; rem;onfhMum;u vIyf½Sm;aecJhonf/ 1958-59 ckESpf or*¾ tvkyftpnf;ta0;tm; wuotwGuf rSwfwdkifw&yf jzpfapcJhonf/ or*¾Ouú| udkudk;uRef; a&mufaeonf? or*¾'k-Ouú| a½Smifwdrf;ae&onf? odkYaomf or*¾tvkyftpnf;ta0;udkum; tcuftcJ Mum;rS usif;yEdik cf o hJ nf/ wuoa½G;aumufyt JG wGuf a½G;aumufyt JG &m½Scd efYum jyifqifEikd cf jhJ cif;? or*¾ukd qufvuf &yfwnfEikd af pcJo h nf/ or*¾ yxrESpyf wfvnfa½G;aumufyu JG kd taESmift h ,Suaf y;ao;\/ ausmif;om;wdYk tm; ausmif; xkwx f m;jcif;udk y,fzsuEf ikd cf o hJ nf/ or*¾Ouú|opf usr;f opömused q f ykd u JG kd xdpk Ofu tmPmrJjh zpfaom oefY½iS ;f zqyv Ouú| OD;Eku jyKvkyfay;cJhonf/ or*¾Ouú|opf usrf;opömusdefqdkyGJNyD;aemuf or*¾trIaqmiftzGJUtm; rD;wkwfudkif qE´jycJhonfhtwGuf 602

Nidrf;csrf;a&; 'Drdkua&pDa&;BudK;yrf;rI - 1959 rS 1960 - 'Drdkua&pDa&; vltcGifUta&; Nidrf;csrf;a&; trsdK;om;a&;toGif awmif;yef&rnf[k qufvuftusyfudkifvmonf/ or*¾trIaqmiftzGJUonf tcsdefumvtajctaersm;udk Munfh½I avhvmonf/ or*¾wnfwHh&yfwnfEdkifa&;udk tav;teufxm;Muonf/ or*¾trIaqmiftzGJUu awGUqHkaqG;aEG;ajz ½Sif;&ef qHk;jzwfrI jyKcJh&avonf/ 1960 ck vTwfawmfa½G;aumufyGJ usif;yí OD;Ek acgif;aqmifaom jynfaxmifpk ygwD tpd;k &tzGUJ jzpfvmonf/ wuúov kd f t"dywd Edik if aH wmf0efBuD;csKyfu vdu k af vsmrIay;ojzifh ausmif;om; awmif;qdk csufta&; ajyat;cJhonf/ zrf;qD;um udkudk;uRef;ydkYcH&aom ausmif;om;rsm; vGwfcJh&onf/ a½Smifwdrf;aeaom ausmif;om;rsm;onfvnf; w&m;0if&yfwnfcGifh &½SdcJhMuayawmhonf/ 1959-60 wuotrIaqmifrsm;rSm udkvSwif udkpdef0if; udkAaqGav; udkndK0if; udkjroef; udkausmfvIdif udkudkMunf udkatmif0if; rcifcifapm udkatmifodrf;Edkif

Ouú| 'k-Ouú| aiGxdef; taxGaxGtwGif;a&;rSL; wGJbuf-taxGaxGtwGif;a&;rSL;ESifh jyefMum;a&;XmerSL; EdkifiHjcm;qufoG,fa&;XmerSL; vlxkqufoG,fa&;XmerSL; ausmif;om;oufomacsmifcsda&; tdk;a0wm0efcH pmMunfhwdkufrSL;

(c) td;k a0r*¾Zif;rS ay;tyfaom0efccH surf sm; 1959 ckESpf yHkESdyfxkwfa0olrsm; (rSwfyHkwif) tufOya' yk'fr 7 (1) t& ay;tyfaom 0efcHcsufrsm; atmufwGifvufrSwfa&;xdk;ol uRefawmf ------------- onf 1959 ckESpf? yHkEdSyfolrsm;ESifh xkwfa0ol rsm; (rSwyf w kH if) tufOya'\ 'kw, d Z,m;wGif azmfjyxm;onfh atmufyg0efccH surf sm;ESit hf nD wm0ef,al qmif½u G &f ef uwd0efcHcsufjyKygonf/ (u) jynfaxmifpkjrefrmEdkifiH zGJUpnf;tkyfcsKyfyHk tajccHOya'wGifyg½Sdaom rlvtcGifhta&;rsm;udk ysufjym;ap&ef MuH½G,faom? odkYwnf;r[kwf ysufjym;rnfhtaMumif; jzpfay:apaom rnfonfh tMuHay;rI? wdkufwGef;rI? vIHUaqmfrI? tm;ay;rI? odkYwnf;r[kwf 0g'jzefYrIrsKd;udkrqdk rnfonfhtcgrQ rjyKvkyfyg/ (c) bmoma&;qdik &f m ud;k uG,rf u I akd omfvnf;aumif;? ,HMk unfru I akd omfvnf;aumif; rnfonht f cgrQ rykwcf wf? odkYwnf;r[kwf r½Iwfcsyg/ (*) EdkifiHa&;tmPmudk vufeufjzifhodrf;,l&ef rnfonfha½SU½Icsuf? odkYwnf;r[kwf usifhoHk;csufrsKd;udkrqdk rnfonfhtcgrQ axmufcHjcif;? wdkufwGef;jcif;? vIHUaqmfjcif;? tm;ay;jcif;? odkYwnf;r[kwf 0g'jzefYcsday;jcif; rjyKyg/ (C) jynfaxmifpkjrefrmEdkifiHwGif rnfodkYaomEdkifiHa&; tmPm½SifpepfrsKd;udkrqdk a½SU½I&ef? wnfaxmif&ef odkwnf;r[kwf usifhoHk;&ef? rnfonfhtcgrQ axmufcHjcif;? wdkufwGef;jcif;? odkYwnf;r[kwf 0g'jzefYcsday;jcif; rjyKyg/ (i) twdkuftcH EdkifiHa&;tzGJUtpnf;rsm; xm;½SdcGifhjyKaom ygvDref'Drdkua&pDpepfudk ysufjym;ap&ef MuH½G,f aom? odkYwnf;r[kwf ysufjym;rnfhtaMumif; jzpfay:apaom rnfonfhtMuHay;rI? wdkufwGef;rI? vIHUaqmfrI? tm;ay;rI? odkYwnf;r[kwf 0g'jzefYcsdrIrsKd;udkrqdk rnfonfhtcgrQ rjyKyg/ (p) vQKdU0Suf&JtzGJU (Secret Police) zGJUpnf;í pdk;rdk;tkyfcsKyfonfhpepfrsKd; wnfaxmifjcif;udkaomfvnf; aumif;? wnfaxmif&ef BudK;yrf;tm;xkwjf cif;udak omfvnf;aumif; rnfonft h cgrQ tMuHay;jcif;? vIUH aqmfjcif;? wdu k w f eG ;f jcif;? axmufcHjcif;? tm;ay;jcif; odkUwnf;r[kwf 0g'jzefYcsday;jcif; rjyKyg/ (q) tjcm;EdkifiHwckckrS jzpfap? EdkifiHjcm;om;rsm;xHrS jzpfap? &efykHaiGtwGuf aiGaMu;? odkYwnf;r[kwf ypönf; tultnD taxmuftyHu h kd rSwyf w kH iftmPmydik \ f BudKwifoabmwlciG jhf yKcsufr&bJ wdu k ½f u kd jf zpfap? oG,0f u kd jf zpfap rnfonfhtcgrQvufcHjcif; rjyKyg/ (Z) jynfaxmifpkjrefrmEdkifiH zGJUpnf;tkyfcsKyfyHk tajccHOya'\rlrsm;udk qefYusifaom tzGJUtpnf;rsm;ESifh vkyfief; rsm;udk rnfonfhtcgrQ axmufcHjcif;? tm;ay;jcif;? odkYwnf;r[kwf 0g'jzefYcsday;jcif;rjyKyg/ rSwfcsuf- tdk;a0r*¾Zif;rS ay;tyfaom0efcHcsuf rl&if;udk pmrsufESm (637) wGifMunfhyg/

603

jrefrmEdkifiHausmif;om;vIyf&Sm;rIordkif; - atmifxGef; txufyg0efcHcsufrsm;twdkif; xm0pOfvdkufem&ef wm0ef,lygonf/ tdk;a0wm0efcH &efukefwuúodkvfausmif;om;rsm;or*¾ wuotaqmuftOD? &efukefwuúodkvf (rSwfcsuf- 1959-60? twJG (1)? trSwf (10)? tdk;a0r*¾Zif;rS 0efcHcsufudk jyefvnfwdkufqdkif ul;,lazmfjyonf/)

(*)

rGejf ynfe,fazmfxw k af &;twGuf &efuek w f uúov kd rf eG af usmif;om;rsm; oabmxm;

,aeY rGew f rsK;d om;vH;k \ pdwq f E´jyif;jyaeMuonfh jyóemrsm;? rGejf ynfe,fazmfxw k af &; (0g) rGejf ynfe,f &,la&; jyóemyifjzpfonf/ jynfe,fazmfxkwfa&;onf jynfaxmifpktwGif;½Sd rsm;jym;aomwm0eftcsKdUudk cGJa0 ulnDxrf;aqmifjcif;? ½kdif;yif;jcif;? 0dkif;0ef;aqmif½Gufjcif; ponfh oabmrsm;yif jzpfavonf/ jynfe,fwck ay;vdkufjcif;tm;jzifh jynfaxmifpk\ tiftm;NydKuGJjcif;? pnf;vHk;nDñGwfrI ysufjym;jcif; ponfrsm;udk zefwD; ay;Edkifonfh oabmw&m;rsm; ay:aygufrIr½SdaMumif;udkvnf; ½Srf;? csif;? ucsif? u&if? u,m;ponfh jynf e,frsm;udk azmfxw k af y;xm;onfuyifvQif cdik rf maomom"uw&yftaejzifh wnf½adS eonfomru jynfaxmifpk pdwf"gwf ydkrdkcdkifjrJwdk;wufonfh tvm;tvmrsm; ½SdaeaMumif;udkvnf; txift½Sm; awGUjrifEdkifayonf/ rGefwrsKd;om;vHk;\ qE´jzpfaom rGefjynfe,f&,la&; (0g) azmfxkwfa&;udk yxptzGJU Ouú|BuD;jzpfaom 0efBuD;csKyfOD;Ekonf wBudrfru rGefvlxkrsm;tm; uwday;cJhonfudk yxptpdk;&\ t"duvkyfief;pOf rlw&yfjzpf aMumif; uREkfyfwdkY tav;teuf ,HkMunfrdonf/ Ouú|BuD;\ uwdESifhtnD rGefjynfe,fazmfxkwfa&;udpt ö wGuf tMuHay;tzGJUBuD;tm; wm0efvTJtyfvdkuf&mwGif rGefjynfe,fazmfxkwfa&;ESifh ywfoufaomqE´rsm; avhvmjcif;? pkpH rf;ppfaq;jcif; vkyif ef;wdYk onf qufvufvyk af qmifomG ;&ef rvdt k yfawmh? trSet f m;jzift h MuHay;tzGUJ BuD;onf rGefjynfe,fudk rnfyHkay;rnf? rnfodkY taumiftxnfazmfrnf? rnfonfha'oudk rGefjynfe,ftwGif; xnfhoGif; owfrSwfoifhonfudkom pHkprf;&efom vdktyfayonf/ jynfe,fwck azmfxw k af &;ü vlxrk q J E´tm;jzifU tqH;k tjzwfay;aomrlonf 'Dru kd a&pDa&mifjcnfoef;aeouJo U hkd xif&aomfvnf; trSet f m;jzifU wtlwq kH if; uREykf w f rhkd eG t f csi;f csi;f tm; aoG;uGaJ paompepfq;kd jzpfaMumif; tcdik t f rm ,HkMunfonf/ ¤if;pepfonf e,fcsJYt*Fvdyfwdkhu usifUoHk;cJUaom pepfa[mif;pepfaqG; r[kwfygavm/ trSet f m;jzifh wdik ;f jynfBuD;wcktm; vGwv f yfa&;ay;jcif; jzpfap? wdik ;f jynfi,frsm;tm; jynfe,fcaJG y;onf jzpfap? vlxkrJqE´jzifh qHk;jzwf½dk;xHk;pHvnf; r½Sd? tpOftvmvnf; r[kwfay/ txufazmfjycJhaom ½Srf;? ucsif? u&if? u,m;? csi;f jynfe,frsm; ay;cJph Oftcsed t f cgu vlxrk q J E´ukd toH;k jyKcJjh cif;r½Sad omrlukd rGejf ynfe,fazmfxw k f a&; udpu ö srSom toH;k jyKjcif;onf tvGerf oifah wmf ravsmfuefaom rlq;kd jzpfaMumif; uREfyk w f Ykd ,MkH unfrad yonf/ NyD;cJhaom taxGaxGa½G;aumufyGJwGif rGefvlxkw&yfvHk;u wdusjywfom;pGm rGefjynfe,fvdkvm;aMumif; tjyif;tjyqE´jycJNh yD; wqufwnf;yif &efuek Nf rdKU½Sd rGeaf cgif;aqmifvBl uD;rsm;? rGeaf 'o½Sd rGet f iftm;pktoD;oD;wdYk uvnf; tpdk;&tMuHay;tzGJUBuD;tm; waoG;woHwnf;? rGefjynfe,f&,la&;udkom jyif;jyaomqE´jzifh wcJeuf ajzMum; awmif;qdkcJhonf/ xdak Mumifh rGew f rsK;d om;vH;k \qE´jzpfaom rGejf ynfe,f azmfxw k af &;jyóemudo k m tvsit f jref azmfxw k f ay;oifhonf[k uREfkyfwdkY,HkMunfxm;onfhtwdkif; vmrnfh 1960 ck? Mo*kwfvtwGif; usif;yrnfh bwf*sufygvD refwGif oufqdkif&mtpdk;&tzGJUrS rGefjynfe,fazmfxkwfa&; Oya'Murf;w&yfudk tcsdefrDwifoGif; owfrSwfay;&ef uREfkyfwdkY &efukefwuúodkvf rGefausmif;om;? ausmif;olrsm;u tav;teufawmif;qdktyfygonf/ trIaqmiftzGYJ &efukefwuúodkvfrGeftoif; &efukef

604

Nidrf;csrf;a&; 'Drdkua&pDa&;BudK;yrf;rI - 1959 rS 1960 - 'Drdkua&pDa&; vltcGifUta&; Nidrf;csrf;a&; trsdK;om;a&;toGif

(C) jrefrm&mZ0ifta&; &efuek w f uúov kd af usmif;om;rsm;or*¾rS aemufqufwpJG mar;yGt J a&;? jrefrm&mZ0ifo;D jcm;oifa&;ESihf 0&rf; xkwfcHxm;&aom ausmif;om;rsm;ta&;twGuf ZGefv (24) &ufaeYwGif wuúodkvft"dywd EdkifiHawmf0efBuD;csKyf ESifh oGm;a&muf awGUqHkaqG;aEG; awmif;qdkcJhygonf/ xdak qG;aEG;yGw J iG f aemufqufwpJG mar;yGJ usi;f ya&;ESiyhf wfoufí wuorS Edik if aH wmf0efBuD;csKyftm; ynma&; tajctaeaumif;rGefí ausmif;om;rsm; pmar;yGJtatmifrsm;ygu wuúodkvfpmar;yGJwckom ½SdoifhaMumif;? odkYaomf wuúov kd w f iG f ynma&;tajctae aumif;rGev f matmif rvkyEf ikd b f J pmar;yGw J ckwnf;om usi;f yojzifh ausmif;om;rsm; pmBudK;pm;aomfvnf; pmar;yGJtusrsm;í epfem&aMumif;/ ,cifESpfpmar;yGJrsm;\ atmifcsuf&mcdkifEIef; rrDaMumif;? jyKjyifajymif;vJvdkufaom ynma&;pepfwckonf ausmif;om;rsm;udk tusKd;jyKap&rnfhomjzpfNyD; ausmif;om;rsm; epfemxdcu kd rf I rjzpftyfaMumif;? odYk aomf ausmif;om;rsm; epfemae&ojzifh aemufqufwpJG mar;yGJ jyKvkyaf y;oifah Mumif; tus,fw0ifh wifjycJhygonf/ Edik if aH wmf0efBuD;csKyfuvnf; xdt k a&;ESiyhf wfoufí ¤if;oabmxm;udk wuo trIaqmifrsm;tm; jyefvnf aqG;aEG;ojzifh t,ltqcsif; zvS,fEdkifcJhonf/ aemufqufwGJpmar;yGJusif;ya&;udk qD;edwftzGJUodkY wifjyay;rnf[k jyefMum;vdkufygonf/ odkYaomf wuoESifh or*¾toD;oD;rS awmif;qdkcJhaomfvnf; 29? 6? 60 &ufaeYwGif usif;yaom qD;edwftpnf;ta0;rS aemufqufwGJpmar;yGJ rusif;yay;awmh[k qHk;jzwfvdkufaMumif; xkwfjyef aMunmcJhonf/ jrefrm&mZ0ifudkvnf; ausmif;om;xktm; vSnfhpm;onfhoabm trnfajymif;½Hkom ajymif;ay;cJhonf/ odkYtwGuf or*¾rsm;u jrefrm&mZ0ifudpu ö dkvnf; qD;edwfrS rvdkufavsmhcJhaMumif; xif½Sm;onf[k ,lqayonf/ þjyóemrsm; omru wef;cGJwef;cspepfudkyg qD;edwfrS xyfrHtwnfjyKvdkuf jyefonf/ xdktcg ausmif;om;xkonf wcJeuftHk
(i) wuo? Auorsm;tzGUJ csKy?f &uowdOhk ;D pD;usi;f yaom ausmif;om;xktpnf;ta0;tqdrk sm; 1/ 2/

3/

tar&duefpGufzufrIESifh autrfwDusL;ausmfrIudk jynfolvlxkBuD;u rsufajcrysuf qufvufwdkufyGJ0if&ef tMurf;zufrI ½Iwfcsa&;tqdk(u) azazmf0g&Dv (21) &ufaeY vli,f? ausmif;om;? trsKd;orD;ESifh jynfolvlxkqE´jyyGJwGif yxptpdk;&u tMurf;zuf ESdrfeif;jcif;udk ½IwfcsaMumif;/ (c) qE´jyyGJESifhywfoufí zrf;qD;xm;olrsm;tm; tjrefvTwfay;&ef/ (*) qE´jyyGJü (2) OD;aoqHk;í tajrmuftrsm;'Pf&m&jcif;twGuf wm0ef½Sd jynfxJa&;0efBuD;? w&m;olBuD; ESifh wm0ef½Sdaom &JtzGJU0ifrsm;tm; ta&;,l&ef/ yk'fr (144) udk tjrefqHk;½kyfodrf;&ef/

605

jrefrmEdkifiHausmif;om;vIyf&Sm;rIordkif; - atmifxGef;

(p) q|rtBurd af jrmuf ArmEdik if v H ;kH qdik &f mausmif;om;or*¾rsm;tzGUJ csKyf nDvmcH ArmEdkifiHvHk;qdkif&mausmif;om;rsm;or*¾tzGJUcsKyf nDvmcH q|rtBudrfudk wuotaqmuftODü 1960 ckESpf? atmufwdkbmv (20) &ufaeYrS (22) &ufxd usif;ycJhonf/ ¤if;nDvmcHodkY q&mBuD;ocifukd,fawmfrIdif;u o0PfvTmay;ydkY&mwGif-

q&mBuD;ocifudk,fawmfrIdif;\ o0PfvTm q&marwÅma½SYxm;vsuf o0PfvTmyg;vdkuf&ayonf/ ArmEdkifiHvHk;qdkif&mausmif;om;or*¾tzGJYcsKyf\ (6) Budrfajrmuf nDvmcHobmywdESifUwuG ausmif;om;udk,fpm;vS,ftaygif;wdkh,aeYrSpí usif;yjyKvkyfvsuf½Sdaom armifwdkY\ausmif;om;rsm; nDvmcHobifBuD;udk atmifjrifNyD;ajrmuf onftxd aqG;aEG;usif;yEdkif&ef q&mtav;teuf qkawmif;arwåmydkYovdkufygonf/ ,if;odkY qkawmif;arwåmydkYoNyD;aemuf q&mtenf;i,fqufvufí trSmpum;a&;om;ay;ydkYvdkufonfrSm q&mwdkY jynfaxmifpkjrefrmEdkifiHwGif tem*wfwdkif;oljynfom;wdkY\ aumif;usKd;csrf;omtwGuf tbufbufu pGrf; aqmifEdkifrnfholrsm;wGif armifwdkYausmif;om;wdkYonf t"duyk*d¾Kvfrsm; jzpfMuayonf/ NAdwdoQe,fcsJUvufatmufrS jrefrmEdik if v H w G af jrmufa&;twGuf ESv;kH &nf? vuf½;kH &nf trsKd;rsKd;wdu k yf q JG if&mwGif 1920 ckEpS f ausmif;om;ta&;awmf yHkBuD;onf txufjrwfqHk;ESifh tcdkiftrmqHk; vufeufBuD;ozG,f jzpfcJhayonf/ ,aeYjrefrmEdkifiHonf txufyg ausmif;om;ta&;awmfyHkBuD;udk tajccHum vGwfvyfa&;&½Sd aMunmEdkifcJhNyDjzpfaomfvnf; ausmif;om;vli,frsm;\ ynmoifMum;a&;qdkif&mwGif rjynfh0rajyjypf½Sdvsufyif ae&ao;aMumif; q&mMum;od&ayonf/ trSefpifppf ,if;odkY jzpf&jcif;rSm t&if;ppftjrpfajru qdkouJhodkY q&mwdkYwdkif;jynfwGif (12) ESpfausmfrQ jynfwGif;ppfjzpfae&aomaMumifh jzpfonf[k ,lq&ayonf/ odYk jzpf&m Nidr;f csrf;pGmynmoifMum;vdo k rl sm;? pD;yGm;Opömudk Nidr;f csrf;pGmvkyu f ikd ½f mS azGvo kd rl sm; ponfh jynfol w&yfv;kH udk jynfwiG ;f ppf &yfpNJ idr;f csr;f &efuv kd nf; wwfEikd o f rQBudK;yrf;&efvakd yonf/ armifwYkdausmif;om;rsm; taeESihf vnf; 0dkif;0ef;BudK;yrf;Mu&efvdkonf[k q&mxifjrifayonf/ þuJhodkY Nidrf;csrf;a&;udk pkaygif;BudK;yrf;Mu&if; rdrdwdkYynmoifMum;a&;rsm;twGufudkvnf; qdkif&m rdb? q&mwdkYESifh twwfEdkifqHk; nDñGwfrQwpGmjzifh aqmif½GufoifMum;oGm;&efudkvnf; EId;aqmfwdkufwGef;vdkayonf/ ed*;kH csKyftaejzifh ausmif;om;rsm;onf jrefrmEdik if t H em*wfumvwGif om,m0ajyma&;twGuf acgif;aqmif rIay;Edik &f ef? wzufryS nma&;udk rdbq&mwdYk EiS hf rQwnDñw G pf mG BudK;yrf;oifMum;vsuf wzufrv S nf; jynfwiG ;f ppf&yfpJ Nidrf;csrf;a&;twGuf 0dkif;0ef;BudK;yrf;Mu&ef q&mxyfrH wdkufwGef;EId;aqmfvdkuf&ayonf/ (yH)k ocifudk,fawmfrdIif; obmywd udkaZmf0if; rdefYcGef;ajymMum;&mwGif-

obmywd udak Zmf0if;rdechf eG ;f {nfUonfawmfrsm;? rdwfaqGrsm;ESifU &Jabmfudk,fpm;vS,fawmfrsm;? avUvmolrsm;cifAsm;AuotzGJUcsKyf (6) Budrfajrmuf nDvmcHBuD;udk atmifjrifpGmusif;yEdkifa&;twGuf
Nidrf;csrf;a&; 'Drdkua&pDa&;BudK;yrf;rI - 1959 rS 1960 - 'Drdkua&pDa&; vltcGifUta&; Nidrf;csrf;a&; trsdK;om;a&;toGif MuzdkY? a½SUausmif;om;tusKd;jyK ynma&;wm0efrsm;twGufrS rSefuefwdusaom ynma&;vkyfief;pOfw&yfudk pkaygif; csrSwfEdkifa&; &nf½G,fMuzdkY wdkufwGef;yefMum;vdkygw,f/ txl;ojzifh ynma&;wdkufyGJ? ausmif;om;vIyf½Sm;rIwdkYESifh ywfoufaom oabmxm;rsm;? t,ltqrsm;udk taumif;qH;k aom vrf;ñTerf w I &yftaeeJY &,lEikd zf Ykd vdt k yfygvdrrhf ,f/ 'DaeY uRefawmfwYkd vkyu f ikd af eMuwJw h m0ef[m vGecf ahJ omtESpf (40) umv ynma&;vIy&f ½Sm;rI&UJ tquft EG,jf zpfNyD; rNyD;qH;k ao;wJh 'Dru kd a&pDynma&; vkyif ef;wm0efyjJ zpfygw,f/ 1920 ckEpS rf mS armfueG ;f 0if trsK;d om;atmifyJG aeYBuD;udk arG;zGm;cJhNyD; tESpf (100) ausmf uRefjyKcJhwJh t*Fvdyfe,fcsJUorm;wdkYudk yxrqHk; qefYusifawmfvSefcJhwJh trsKd;om;vGwv f yfa&;vIy½f mS ;rIBuD; pwifcjhJ cif; jzpfygw,f/ ausmif;om;rsm;taejzifh uRefynma&;? udv k ekd yD nma&;rS ocifynma&;? trsKd;om;ynma&;odYk ul;ajymif;a&; wm0ef½o dS vdk jynforl b d rsm;rSmvnf; uRefp;D yGm;a&;? udv k ekd pD ;D yGm; a&;rS ocifpD;yGm;a&; trsKd;om;pD;yGm;a&;odkY ul;ajymif;a&; wm0ef½SdcJhygw,f/ 'DwlnDrI (2) &yf[m yl;aygif;rdcJhwJh tjyif ausmif;om;rsm;taeESihf trsK;d om;ynma&;&,la&;[m Edik if v H w G v f yfa&;jyóemeJY cGcJ mG vdYk r&bl;vdYk em;vnfcMhJ u w,f/ 'gaMumifh 1938 ckESpf 1300 jynfhta&;awmfyHkBuD; ay:aygufcJh&w,f/ 1941 ckESpf t*Fvdyftm; jrefrmhajrrS armif;xkwcf &hJ w,f/ 1945 ckEpS f zufqpfqefYusiaf &; jrefrmajrrS armif;xkwaf &;udk qufvufwu kd yf JG qifcMhJ uwm[m vGwv f yfa&;wdu k yf t JG qifq h ifrh sm; jzpfMuygw,f/ ausmif;om;rsm;taeeJY 'Dvw G v f yfa&;vIy½f mS ;rIwavQmufrmS wuf
jrefrmEdkifiHausmif;om;vIyf&Sm;rIordkif; - atmifxGef; pm;vS,af wmfrsm;? avhvmolrsm; yg0ifcyhJ gw,f/ zqyvtpd;k &&JU or*¾zsuford ;f a&;trdeYf ukd uefYuu G &f if; or*¾rsm; wnfwchH ikd jf rJa&;eJY ynma&;jyKjyifajymif;vJa&;twGuf trsKd;om;a&;aqG;aEG;yGBJ uD; jzpfajrmufa&;? Nidr;f csrf;pGm ynmoif Mum;Edkifa&; vkyfief;pOfrsm;udk nDvmcHBuD;rSm csrSwfEdkifcJhygw,f/ azmfjywJh ynma&;wm0ef&yfrsm;udk acgif;aqmifNyD; taumiftxnfazmfzdkY twGuf uRefawmfwdkY trIaqmiftzGJUudk vTJtyfcJhygw,f/ nDvmcHNyD;wJah emufyikd ;f rSm cufcw J chJ sKyfcs,frrI sm;wJh vrf;c&D;udk jzwfoef;&jcif;jzpfvYkd ESppf Ofnv D mcH ac:,l& rSm jzpfayrJh rusif;yEdkifcJhygbl;/ 1957 ckESpf rEÅav;rSm yxrOD;pD;nDvmcHeJY 1958 ckESpf &efukefwuúodkvfrSm 'kwd,wdk;csJU OD;pD;nDvmcH xyfac:EdkifcJhw,f/ vkyfief;awGtay:rSm ppfaq;wm? a0zefwm? a½SUvkyfief;pOfawG twGuf jyifqifwmawGudk vkyfEdkifcJhNyD; 'DaeYnDvmcHuGef*&uf ac:qdkEdkifwmjzpfygw,f/ 1957 ck zqyvtpdk;&? 1958 ck zqyvtuGJ oefY½Sif;tpdk;&? 1959 ck AdkvfcsKyfae0if;tpdk;&? 1960 ckESpf yxp oefY½Sif;zqyvtpdk;&qdkwJh EdkifiHtkyfcsKyfa&; ajymif;vJrItrsKd;rsKd;rSm tzGJUcsKyfwm0efrsm;udk xdef;odrf;vkyf aqmifcJhwmrdkY or*¾rsm;&JU tqifhtaetxm;& trsKd;rsKd;ajymif;vJcJh&ygw,f/ or*¾wnfwHhcdkifjrJa&; wdkufyGJwavQmuf 1957 ckESpftwGif;rSm ausmif;ol^ausmif;om;aygif; (20) ausmf tzrf;cH&NyD;? ausmif;ol^ausmif;om;aygif; (300) eD;yg; ausmif;xkwfcHcJh&wJhxd &Jabmfrsm;[m wm0efudkra½SmifbJ vkyfaqmifMucJhygw,f/ uRefawmfwdkYeJY jynfolawG nDñGwfvmwJhtcg? oabmxm;awmif;qdkrIawG rSefuefwJhtcg vIyf½Sm;rIt½SdefMoZmaMumifh 1958 ckESpf oefY½Sif;zqyvtkyfcsKyfa&;rSm tzrf;cH&olawG jyefvTwfay;cJh&w,f/ ausmif; xkwfxm;olawG ausmif;jyefoGif;ay;cJh&w,f/ Ncdrf;ajcmufrIawG ½kwfodrf;ay;vm&w,f/ &mZ0ifrmS rMuHKbl;ao;wJh 1958 ckEpS f Mo*kwv f ausmif;om;rsm;ES;D aESmzvS,yf BJG uD; usif;yEdik cf NhJ yD; or*¾awG w&m;0if&yfwnfciG ?hf or*¾*P k o f u d m© awGukd jrifrh m;atmif vkypf rG ;f Edik cf yhJ gw,f/ a½SUrSmqufvufNyD; 'D atmifjrifraI wGukd taumiftxnfazmfzdkY jyifqifae&if; uRefawmfwdkYwawG yDuif;NrdKUawmfrSm usif;ywJh urÇmYausmif;om;rsm;or*¾ tzGJUcsKyf uGef*&ufrS jyefra&mufrD EdkifiHa&;tajctaeajymif;vJNyD; ppftpdk;& wufvmcJhygw,f/ wygwnf; ynma&; avmurSm ppfrkefwdkif;awG xefcJhw,f/ EdkifiHeJYt0Srf; usD;vefYpmpm; ocFsKdif;wpjyifvdk jzpfae&pOfrSm usefae&pfcJhwJh trIaqmifrsm;[m or*¾wm0ef&yfawGudk qufvufacgif;aqmifcJh&ygw,f/ or*¾qdkwmudk tpwkef;ZD0defcsKyfatmif vkyfcJhwJh tEÅ&m,fudk [efYwm;EdkifcJhwJh BuD;rm;aomwm0efudk ,lEdkifcJhygw,f/ txl;ojzifh wuúodkvf? aumvdyfor*¾ awGrSm a½G;aumufyGJawG jzpfajrmufcJhw,f/ or*¾vIyf½Sm;rIawG vkyfaqmifcJhwm[m or*¾&JUacgif;aqmifrI tquf rjywfwmudk oufaocHjcif;ygyJ/ {nfUonfawmfrsm;? udk,fpm;vS,fawmfrsm;eJh avhvmolrsm;cifAsm;trsK;d om;ynma&; wnfaqmufa&;vkyif ef;awGrmS wuf
Nidrf;csrf;a&; 'Drdkua&pDa&;BudK;yrf;rI - 1959 rS 1960 - 'Drdkua&pDa&; vltcGifUta&; Nidrf;csrf;a&; trsdK;om;a&;toGif qdk&if vlwpkeJYpDpOfpOf;pm; aqmif½Gufwmxuf uRefawmfwdkY ausmif;om;awG&JUqE´udk cH,lavhvm aqG;aEG;oifhw,f qdkwm tpdk;&taeeJY oabmaygufzdkYvdkygw,f/ a½SUrSm trsKd;om;ynma&;udk EdkifiHawmftusKd; wu,fjyKEdkifa&;twGuf trsm;BuD;vufawGUvkyfjzpfr,fh tajctaersKd;a&mufatmif uRefawmfwdkYwawG trsm;BuD;yJ BudK;pm;&vdrfhOD;rnfqdkwm owday;vdkufygw,f/ udk,fpm;vS,fawmfrsm;cifAsm;trIaqmiftzGJU (4) ESpfoufwrf;rSm 'DaeYwrsKd;om;vHk;ta&;jzpfwJh jynfwGif;ppf&yfpJa&;wm0efrsm;udkvnf; uRefawmfwdkYwawG twwfEdkifqHk; yg0ifcJhygw,f/ or*¾vIyf½Sm;rIBuD;rsm;rSm jynfwGif;ppf&yfpJa&; oabmxm;awGudk vnf; csrSwfvkyfaqmifcJhygw,f/ jynfwGif;ppf[m trsKd;om;pD;yGm;a&;udkcsdeJYapNyD; tysufeJYtjzKef;twGufom jzpf w,fvdkY? e,fcsJUorm;udkom tusKd;jyKNyD; EdkifiHawmfrSmepfem&vdkY? ynma&;udkxdcdkufapvdkY uRefawmfrsm; or*¾rsm;[m tESpf (40) jynfwGif;ppf jzpfpupNyD; Nidrf;csrf;rI&a&;twGuf a
jrefrmEdkifiHausmif;om;vIyf&Sm;rIordkif; - atmifxGef; xdkYaemuf trIaqmiftzGJU\ tpD&ifcHpmudk taxGaxGtwGif;a&;rSL; udkvSjrifhu wifoGif;cJhonf/ ¤if;tpD&ifcHpm tESpfcsKyfrSmzqyv[m or*¾udkzsufodrf;a&;twGuf trdefYxkwfNyD;aemuf Auorsm; wnfwHha&;twGuf yÍörtBudrf ajrmufnDvmcHudk atmifjrifpGm usif;yEdkifcJhw,f/ Nidrf;csrf;a&;eJY trsKd;om;a&;wm0efudk xrf;aqmifcJhw,f/ 1956 rS 1960 av;ESpftwGif; zqyvESpfjcrf;uJGpOf 'Drdkua&pDqefYusifa&;? tjyKwfwdkufa&;? e,fcsJUvufyg;apudk 0dkif;y,f NyD; 'Drdkua&pDa&; tpOftvm½SdwJh tiftm;pkudk axmufcHcJhw,f/ AdkvfcsKyfae0if; tpdk;&wufvmawmh 'Drdkua&pDqefY usifa&;vkyfief;rsm; vkyfudkifvmcJhw,f/ ausmif;om;awG tzdESdyfhcHcJh&w,f/ ausmif;xkwf? 0&rf;ajy;&jcif;[m txG#f txdyfa&mufcJhw,f/ olykefeJY aqGrsKd;awmfpyfw,fqdkNyD; vlrr,fausmif;om;rsm;udk e,fESifawmxkwfyGJBuD; usif;ycJh w,f/ ynma&;jyKjyifajymif;vJa&;rSm vuf½ydS nma&;pepf pepfwusr½Syd ekH YJ trsK;d om;ynma&;ES;D aESmzvS,yf JG usi;f y &ef a
Nidrf;csrf;a&; 'Drdkua&pDa&;BudK;yrf;rI - 1959 rS 1960 - 'Drdkua&pDa&; vltcGifUta&; Nidrf;csrf;a&; trsdK;om;a&;toGif wef;cGJ? wef;cspepfwdkufyGJ0if pmwrf;udk wifoGif;cJhonf/ pmar;yGJrsm;ppfaq;&mwGif wcsKdUEdkifiHrsm; txl; ojzifh tar&duefü a&;ajz&aompmar;yGJrsm; r½Sd? ausmif;om;wdkY\ aeYpOftwef;wGif; vkyfief;rsm;? oifcef;pmrsm;? avhusifhcef;rsm;udk MunfhNyD; tatmifay;aom ppfaq;enf;ESifh jrefrmjynfwGif toHk;jyKaeaom a&;ajzpmar;yGJ[lí ESpfrsKd;½Sdonf/ xdkYaMumifh jrefrmEdkifiHwGif a&;ajzenf;ay:rlwnfum ausmif;om;rsm; aeYpOfvkyfief;? avhusifhcef;? oifcef;pmudkyg xnfhoGif;wGufcsufaom pmar;yGJppfaq;enf;udk jyKoifhonf[k ,lqayonf/ EdkifiHawmfausmif;rsm;wGif (4) wef;? (7) wef;? (10) wef;rsm;wGif tpdk;&ppf pmar;yGJjyKvkyf&ef? azmfjyyg tpd;k &ppfpmar;yGrJ sm; atmifjrifygu oufqikd &f mtqifEh iS hf udu k n f o D nfh toufarG;0rf;aMumif;ynmudk oifMum;Edik &f ef zefw;D ay;&rnf/ (10) wef; pmar;yGo J nf wckwnf;aom pmar;yGjJ zpfaomfvnf; pmar;yGaJ tmifpm&if;wGif wuúov kd o f Ykd oGm;Edkif&ef tqifhtwef;rDolrsm;tm; wuúodkvfodkY qufvufynmoifMum;EdkifcGifh½SdaMumif; yl;wGJaMunmay;&rnf/ rSwcf su-f þaMunmcsufonf ,cktpdk;&toHk;jyKaeaom (A-3) pepfESifhrwl/ wuúodkvf? Oypm? odyÜHpmar;yGJrsm;wGif atmifolrsm;xHrS tif*sifeD,m? aq;odyÜHodkY ynmoifMum;Edkifonfh oabmrsKd;jzpfonf/ wuúodkvfodkY roGm;jzpfolrsm;onf wuúodkvfodkY0ifEdkif&eftwGuf xyfrHpmar;yGJajzqdk&ef rnfodkYajz&rnf[k n§dEIdif; owfrw S &f rnf/ (10) wef;pmar;yGJ atmifjrifow l ikd ;f tm; atmifvufrw S w f rsKd;wnf;udo k m xkwaf y;&rnf/ þodkYjzpf wef;cGJ? wef;cspepfudk uefYuGufcJhygonf/ (q) &efuek w f uúov kd af usmif;om;rsm;or*¾ 1959-60 trIaqmiftzGUJ tpD&ifcpH m

&efukefwuúodkvfausmif;om;rsm;or*¾ ( 1959 - 1960 )

trIaqmiftzGt YJ pD&ifcpH m 1/ zGJUpnf;jcif; 2/ trIaqmiftzGJU0g'ESifh vkyfief;pOfrsm; 3/ trsKd;om;a&;twGuf aqmif½Gufcsufrsm; 4/ ausmif;om;tcGifhta&;rsm; xdyg;vmjcif;ESifh aqmif½Gufcsufrsm; 5/ ynmoifMum;a&;ESifhywfoufaom aqmif½Gufcsufrsm; 6/ yGJobiftcrf;tem;rsm; 7/ taxGaxGvkyfief;rsm; 8/ Xmeqdkif&mvkyfief;rsm; 9/ aus;Zl;wif½Sdjcif; 10/ ed*Hk;

611

jrefrmEdkifiHausmif;om;vIyf&Sm;rIordkif; - atmifxGef; (1) zGJYpnf;jcif; (u) a½G;aumufyt JG &m½Scd efjh cif;- 1959-60 ckESpf &efukefwuúodkvfausmif;om;rsm;or*¾ trIaqmifrsm; a½G;aumufyGJ twGuf wm0ef,laqmif½Gufrnfh 1958-59 ck &efukefwuúodkvfausmif;om;rsm;or*¾ Ouú| udkcifarmiftkef; tzrf;cH ae&NyD; 'k-Ouú|jzpfaom udkbaumif;rSm 0&rf;xkwfxm;rIaMumifh wdrf;a½SmifaecJh&onf/ xdkYaMumifh 1959-60 ckESpf trIaqmifa½G;aumufyt JG wGuf 1959 ck? Mo*kwv f (8) &ufaeYwiG f jyKvkyu f si;f yaom 1958-59 ckEpS f &efuek w f uúov kd f ausmif;om;rsm;or*¾\ tvkyftpnf;ta0;rS a½G;aumufyGJt&m½Sd udkndK0if;ESifh a½G;aumufyGJt&m½Sdtm; ulnD&ef (Fore Teller) (4) a,mufudk a½G;aumufwifajr§mufcJhayonf/ xdo k Ykd a½G;aumufyt JG wGuf a½G;aumufyt JG &m½Srd S BudK;yrf;jyifqifaepOf 1959 ck? Mo*kwv f (14) &ufaeYwiG f rEÅav;wuúodkvfausmif;om;rsm;or*¾? Ouú| udkapmvGiftm;vnf;aumif;? Mo*kwfv (16) &ufwGif rEÅav; wuúov kd af usmif;om;rsm;or*¾ 'k-Ouú| udpk ed jf rift h m;vnf;aumif; zrf;qD;jcif;twGuf a½G;aumufyt JG &m½Srd S ,if;uJo h Ykd zrf;qD;jcif;udkuefYuGufí zrf;qD;xm;aom ausmif;om;rsm;tm; tjrefjyefvTwf&ef awmif;qdkcJhayonf/ (c) a½G;aumufyrJG sm;- 1959-60 ckESpf &efukefwuúodkvfausmif;om;rsm;or*¾ 'k-Ouú|ESifh aiGxdef;wdkYudk a½G;aumufyGJ wifajr§muf&ef yxrtywf wuoa½G;aumufyGJudk 1959 ckESpf pufwifbmv (3) &ufaeYwGif usif;yrnf[k a½G; aumufyGJt&m½SdrS aMunmcJhonf/ 0ifa&mufta½G;cHvdkolrsm;\ avQmufvTmrsm;udk 1959 ck? Mo*kwfv (28) &ufaeY eHeuf (10) em&DrSpí (31) &ufaeY? nae (3) em&DrwdkifrD a½G;aumufyGJt&m½SdxH wifoGif;&rnf[k aMunmcJhonf/ Ouú|ESifh aiGxdef;ae&mrsm;twGuf ,SOfNydKifta½G;cH&ef avQmufvTmwifoGif;ol wOD;pDom½SdNyD;? 'k-Ouú| ae&mtwGuf avQmufvTmwifoGif;ol (3) OD; ½SdcJhonf/ xdk,SOfNydKifta½G;cH&ef wifoGif;Muaom 'k-Ouú| ae&mt wGuf (3) OD; ½Sdonhfteuf (2) OD;rSm rdrdwdkYqE´tavQmuf avQmufvTmrsm; jyefvnf½kyfodrf;Edkifaom pufwifbmv (1) &uf? nae (2) em&DwGif avQmufvTmrsm;udk jyefvnf½kyfodrf;oGm;cJhonf/ xdkYaMumifh Ouú|? 'k-Ouú|ESifh aiGxdef; (3) ae&mpvHk;wGif ,SOfNydKifta½G;cHrnfholr½SdawmhaomaMumifh Ouú| udkvSwif? 'k-Ouú| udkpdef0if; (oHk;cG) ESifh aiGxdef; udkAaqGav; (bDat) wdkY a&G;cs,fjcif; cHcJh&onf/ trIaqmif (6) OD;ae&mtwGuf wuo 'kwd,ywfa½G;aumufyGJudk a½G;aumufyGJt&m½Sdtjzpf udkvSwifu aqmif½u G u f m 1959 ck pufwifbmv (10) &ufaeUwGif usif;yrnf[k aMunmcJo h nf/ ,SONf ydKifta½G;cH&ef avQmufvmT wifoGif;Muolrsm; (14) a,muf½Sdonfhteuf (2) OD;rSm rdrdwdkY qE´tavQmuf avQmufvTmrsm; jyefvnf½kyfodrf;ojzifh use½f o dS l (12) a,mufEiS hf a½G;aumufyjJG yKvkycf &hJ m ,SONf ydKiforl sm; teuf udn k Kd 0if;? udjk roef;? udak usmv f idI (f udx k eG ;f ausm)f ? udkxGef;vIdifaz (udkwifarmifaqG)? udkudkMunfESifh udkatmif0if;wdkYrSm rJtrsm;qHk;&Muojzifh 1959-60 ckESpf wuo trIaqmiftjzpf ta½G;cHcJh&onf/ (*) trIaqmiftzG-YJ &efukefwuúodkvfausmif;om;rsm;or*¾ 1959-60 \ yxrtBudrf trIaqmiftpnf;ta0;yGJudk 1959 ck? pufwifbmv (19) &ufaeYwGif jyKvkyfusif;ycJhonf/ xdktpnf;ta0;rS tdk;a0r*¾Zif;wm0efcHtjzpf rcif cifapmESihf pmMunfw h u kd f yd#uwfwu kd rf LS ;tjzpf udak tmiford ;f Edik w f Ykd tm; a½G;cs,fwifajr§mufMuNyD; atmufygtrIaqmif tzGJUudk zGJUpnf;cJhonf/ udkvSwif Ouú| udkpdef0if; 'k-Ouú| udkAaqGav; (bDat) aiGxdef; udkndK0if; taxGaxGtwGif;a&;rSL; udkjroef; wGJzuf-taxGaxGtwGif;a&;rª;ESifh jyefMum;a&;XmerSL; udkausmfvIdif EdkifiHjcm;qufoG,fa&;XmerSL; udkwifarmifaqG upm;ckefpm;ESifh ,Ofaus;rIXmerSL; (ausmufbDvl; wifarmifaqG) udkudkMunf vlxkqufoG,fa&;XmerSL; udkatmif0if; ausmif;om;oufomacsmifcsda&;XmerSL; rcifcifapm tdk;a0wm0efcH udkatmifodrf;Edkif pmMunfhwdkufrSL; 612

Nidrf;csrf;a&; 'Drdkua&pDa&;BudK;yrf;rI - 1959 rS 1960 - 'Drdkua&pDa&; vltcGifUta&; Nidrf;csrf;a&; trsdK;om;a&;toGif (C) qyfaumfrwDrsm;- tdk;a0r*¾Zif;wm0efcHESifh pmMunfhwdkufwm0efcHwdkYudk ajymif;vJcefYtyf&ef (4) Budrfajrmuf trIaqmiftpnf;a0;wGif pOf;pm;í? td;k a0r*¾Zif;wm0efcjH zpf udak tmiford ;f Edik t f m; ajymif;vJcefYtyfí rcifcifapmtm; pmMunfhwdkufrSL;tjzpf ajymif;vJcefYtyfcJhonf/ &efuek w f uúov kd af usmif;om;rsm;or*¾\ zGUJ pnf;tkycf sKyfykH tajccHpnf;rsOf;Oya't& zGUJ pnf;&rnfh qyfaumf rwDrsm;ESifh vdktyfaomXmersm;twGuf qyfaumfrwDrsm;udk atmufygtwdkif; zGJUpnf;cJhonf/ tdk;a0r*¾Zif;aumfrwD udkatmifodrf;Edkif tdk;a0wm0efcH udkAaqGav; (bDat) aiGxdef; udkxGm;pdef twGif;a&;rSL; udkoef;armif tvkyfrefae*sm udkvSa½T (aq;ausmif;) aumfrwD0if udkeE´ (jrefrmpm*kPfxl;) aumfrwD0if rcifcifapm (bDat-'DwD) aumfrwD0if pmMunfUwdkufaumfrwD rcifcifapm udkeef;a0 udkAaqGav; (bDat) udkoef;atmif (0dZÆmodyÜH-u) udkarmifudk (OypmodyÜH-c) udkMunfrif; (0dZÆmodyÜH-u) udkatmifoef; (0dZÆmodyÜH-u) ausmif;om;acsmifcsda&;aumfrwD udkatmif0if; udkpdef0if; (oHk;cG) udkAaqGav; (bDat) udkwifvIdif udkjrifhaz (aq;ausmif;) udkav;&D (0dZÆmodyÜH-c) rpdefjrifh (0dZÆm-u) rtrmpef; (bDat-tD;'D)

pmMunfhwdkufwm0efcH twGif;a&;rSL; aiGxdef; aumfrwD0if aumfrwD0if aumfrwD0if aumfrwD0if

wm0efcH wuo'k-Ouú| aiGxdef; twGif;a&;rSL; aumfrwD0if aumfrwD0if aumfrwD0if aumfrwD0if

(i) tzGiYJ ,frsm;twGuf wuoud, k pf m;vS,rf sm;- &efuek w f uúov kd u f pm;ckepf m;aumifpt D wGuf wuo ud, k pf m;vS,f rsm;tjzpf atmufyg (5) OD;tm; a½G;cs,fcJhonf/ udkwifarmifaqG upm;ckefpm;ESifh ,Ofaus;rIXmerSL; udkausmfvIdif wuotrIaqmif udkjroef; wuotrIaqmif udkbñGefY wuotrIaqmif udkwifñGefY wuotrIaqmif (p) trIaqmiftpnf;ta0;rsm;- wuotrIaqmif tpnf;ta0;udk tBudrfaygif; (19) BudrfrQusif;ycJhonf/ tdk;a0 r*¾Zif;wm0efcHESifh pmMunfhwdkufrSL;rsm;twGuf (18) Budrfomjzpfonf/ trIaqmiftoD;oD; tpnf;ta0; wufa&muf Muaom tBudrfrsm;rSm atmufygtwdkif;jzpfygonf/ udkvSwif- (17) Budrf? udkpdef0if;- (16) Budrf? udkAaqGav;- (11) Budrf? udkndK0if;- (18) Budrf? 613

jrefrmEdkifiHausmif;om;vIyf&Sm;rIordkif; - atmifxGef; udkjroef;- (17) Budrf? udkausmfvIdif- (19) Budrf? udkwifarmifaqG- (13) Budrf? udkudkMunf- (17) Budrf? udkatmif0if;- (17) Budrf? rcifcifapm- (15) Budrf? udkatmifodrf;Edkif- (15) Budrf/ (2) trIaqmiftzGJY0g'ESifU vkyfief;pOfrsm; &efukefwuúodkvfausmif;om;rsm;or*¾ 1959-60 \ Ouú|opf usrf;opömusdefqdkyGJudk 1959 ck? pufwif bmv (25) &ufaeY &efukefwuúodkvf? ,k'oefcef;raqmifwGif usif;yjyKvkyfcJhNyD; &efukefwuúodkvfausmif;om;rsm; or*¾ 1959-60 \ 0g'ESifhvkyfief;pOfrsm;udk atmufygtwdkif; aMunmcJhonf/ 0g' 1/ ausmif;om;tcGifhta&; umuG,fa&;? tqifhtwef;jrifhaom ynma&;ESifh ausmif;om;b0 om,majzmifhjzL;a&;? 2/ ausmif;om;nDñGwfa&;ESifh w&m;rQwaom ausmif;om;ta&;jyóemwdkif;wGif aqmif½Gufvdkaom ausmif;om; tiftm;pkrsm;? ausmif;om;tzGJUtpnf;rsm;ESifh yl;wGJaqmif½Gufa&;? 3/ Nidrf;csrf;pGm ynmoifMum;a&;? ,Ofaus;rI xdef;odrf;jr§ifhwifa&;ESifh ausmif;om;tcsif;csif; &if;ESD;pGmaygif;oif; qufqHa&;/ vkyfief;pOfrsm; 1959-69 ckESpf vkyfief;pOfrsm;udk a,bk,s ausmif;om;xk vdktyfcsuftajccHrsm;udk csrSwfvdkufygonf/ xdktajccHvkyfief;rsm;udk rlwnfí tao;pdwfvkyfief;csJUxGif vkyfaqmifoGm;rnf jzpfygonf/ 1/ ,aeYtcsdeftcgwGif 'Drdkua&pDtcGifhta&;rsm; ½kyfodrf;cHae&onf/ 'Drdkua&pDtcGifhta&;rsm; qHk;½IH;ae&onf/ ausmif;om;xktygt0if jynfov l x l \ k 'Dru kd a&pDtcGit hf a&; umuG,af &;wdu k yf u JG kd wuotaeESihf qifEw JT u kd yf JG 0ifrnf/ 2/ ausmif;om;tcGifhta&; ½kyfodrf;cH&NyD; qHk;½IH;vsuf½Sdonf/ wuúodkvfaumifpDwGifvnf;aumif;? ausmif;aqmif aumfrwDwGifvnf;aumif; ausmif;om;udk,fpm;vS,frsm; z,fxkwfjcif;cH&onf/ pepftrsKd;rsKd;? pnf;urf;trsKd;rsKd; udk ausmif;om;xkqE´rygbJ jyKvkyfvsuf½Sdonf/ ausmif;om;xkqE´rygbJ ausmif;aqmifrlopfudk twif;csrSwf vkyaf qmifco hJ nf/ rvdu k ef mEdik o f nfh pnf;urf;rsm; twif;tusyv f yk cf ikd ;f vsuf ½So d nf/ xdt k csurf sm;rSm ausmif;om; tcGifhta&; ½kyfodrf;cH&jcif;jzpfonf/ xdkYaMumifh ausmif;om;tcGifhta&; umuG,fa&;vkyfief;rsm; wuouvkyf aqmifrnf/ 3/ ynma&;wDxiG cf suf a
Nidrf;csrf;a&; 'Drdkua&pDa&;BudK;yrf;rI - 1959 rS 1960 - 'Drdkua&pDa&; vltcGifUta&; Nidrf;csrf;a&; trsdK;om;a&;toGif rdbjynfolwdkY\ jyóemt&yf&yfwdkYonf om;orD;rsm;jzpfaom ausmif;ol? ausmif;om;rsm;\ ta&;tcif;rsm;om jzpfayonf/ odkYtwGuf ausmif;ol? ausmif;om;rsm;onf rdbjynfoltaygif;ESifhqdkifaom ta&;tcif;rsm;wGif wm0ef odpmG jzifh xrf;aqmifc&hJ onf/ þjzpfpOfordik ;f udk 1300 jynfh tvkyo f rm;? v,form;? ausmif;om;wdYk \ ta&;awmfykH BuD;u txift½Sm; oufaojycJhayonf/ (u) yk'fr (5) ESifU vdyfaomifuRef; / / 1958 ck? atmufwdkbmv (28) &ufaeYwGif ygvDreftpnf;ta0; ac:,l um? 0efBuD;csKyfO;D Ek Ekwx f u G Nf yD; Adv k cf sKyfBuD;ae0if; acgif;aqmifaom tpd;k &tzGUJ wufvmNyD;onfah emuf Nidr0f yfjym;a&; yk'fr (5) ESifh ta&;ay:yk'frrsm;xkwfum ausmif;om;ESifhEdkifiHa&;orm;rsm;udk zrf;qD;cJhonf/ ausmif;om;rsm;ESifh EdkifiHa&;orm;rsm;udk udkudk;uRef;odkY ydkYcJhonf/ xdkYaemuf udkudk;uRef;rS jyefvnfac:,lNyD; tcsKdUudkom jyefvTwfNyD; tcsKdUudk qufvuf csKyfaESmifxm;onhfjyif AdkvfcsKyfae0if;tpdk;&onf xdkolrsm;tm; vdyfaomifuRef;odkY ydkYaqmif&ef jyifqifcJhjyefonf/ þodYk tEÅ&m,frsm;vSaom vdyaf omifuRe;f odYk ydYk aqmifjcif;onf oem;n§mwmrIuif;rJph mG n§O;f yef;ESyd pf uf&m oma&mufojzifh ¤if;wdkYtm; vdyfaomifuRef;odkY rydkYaqmifyg&efESifh jyefvTwfyg&ef EdkifiHawmf0efBuD;csKyf OD;ae0if;xHodkY awmif;qdk arwåm&yfcHpmydkYcJhonf/ (c) ygvDrefa½G;aumufyGJ rJay;a&; / / 1960 ck? azazmf0g&Dv (6) &ufaeYwGif usif;yjyKvkyfcJhonfh jynfolYvTwf awmf a½G;aumufyGJBuD;onf jrefrmjynfolwdkY\ tem*wfta&;udk qHk;jzwfapNyD;? aoa&;½Sifa&;wrQ ta&;BuD;vSaom a½G;aumufyJG jzpfayonf/ ausmif;om;rsm;onfvnf; Edik if o H m;jzpfonft h m;avsmfpmG rdrw d Ykd yikd q f ikd af om rJjzifh yg0ifq;kH jzwf&rnf jzpfayonf/ odkYtwGuf a½G;aumufyGJwGif Nidrf;csrf;a&;ESifh 'Drdkua&pDa&;wGif tvm;tvm½Sdí ynma&;wGifvnf; jynfol vlxkw&yfvHk;u vufcHaom ynma&;pepfa&;qGJum ynma&;wDxGifvkyfaqmifcsufrsm;udk jyKjyifay;jcif;? ynma&; toHk;p&dwf wdk;jr§ifhay;jcif;rsm;udk vkyfaqmifygrnf[k twdtvif;uwday;olrsm;tm; axmufcHtm;ay;Mu&ef wdkuf wGef;cJhonf/ wuúodkvfausmif;ol? ausmif;om;rsm; vGwfvyfpGmrJay;Edkifa&;twGuf avQmufvTmyHkpH (18-u) jzifh rdrdwdkY wuúov kd rf o S m rJay;Edik af &; pDpOfay;cJo h nf/ avQmufvmT rsm;udv k nf; wuorS vnf;aumif;? c½dik t f oif;rsm;rSwqifh ydrk v kd , G u f al &;twGuf wm0ef,x l w k af y;jcif;jzifh vnf;aumif; aqmif½u G cf o hJ nf/ odYk twGuf e,fraS usmif;ol? ausmif; om;rsm;onf rJqE´ay;jcif; jyKEdkifcJhonf/ (*) wJtdrfa½TYajymif;aom &ufa½TYa&; / / &efukefjrLeDpDy,frS &efukefNrdKUtwGif;½Sd a½TUajymif;&ef usef½Sdaeao;aom &yf uGufrsm;rS wJtdrfrsm;udk 1960 ckESpf? azazmf0g&Dv (17) &ufaeUrS (19) &ufaeYtNyD; ajymif;&rnf[k aMunmcJhay onf/ xdktcsdefrSm aq;odyÜHausmif;om;ESifh wuúodkvfausmif;ol? ausmif;om;rsm;wdkY pmar;yGJajzqdkaecsdef jzpfNyD;? wuúodkvfESifh tpdk;&ausmif;rsm; pmar;yGJajzqdkcsdef eD;uyfaeojzifh xdk&yfuGufwGif aexdkifolrsm;\ tcuftcJrsm; ajyvnfa&;twGuf owfrSwfaom&ufrsm;wGif rajymif;a½TUapyJ pmar;yGJNyD;rSompDpOf&ef awmif;qdkcJhonf/ (4) ausmif;om;tcGifUta&;rsm; xdyg;vmjcif;ESifU aqmif½Gufcsufrsm; tpdk;&tzGJUonf jynfolvlxk tusKd;jyKjzpfap&efrSm jynfolvlxk udk,fydkifa½G;cs,fjcif;jzifhom &Edkifrnfjzpf onf/ 'Drdkua&pDenf;t& wufvmaom tpdk;&omvQif jynfolYtpdk;&jzpfayrnf/ ygvDref'Drdkua&pDenf; r[kwfbJ tpd;k & tmPmajymif;,lco hJ jzifh Adv k cf sKyfae0if;tpd;k &tm; wuorS uefYuu G cf ahJ yonf/ wuorS BudKwifazmfjycJo h nfh twdik ;f yif jynfov l x l t k wGi;f zrf;qD;jcif;rsm;? Ncdr;f ajcmufjcif;rsm;tm;jzifh 'Dru kd a&pDtcGit hf a&;rsm; ydwyf ifccH &hJ onf/ jynfov l x l \ k om;orDrsm;jzpfaom ausmif;ol? ausmif;om;rsm;wGiv f nf; &½Sx d m;onft h cGit hf a&;rsm; ydwyf ifc&H jcif;? zdESdyfcsKyfcs,frI trsKd;rsKd;udkcHcJh&jcif;rsm; jyKcJhayonf/ (u) ausmif;om;oHk;OD; ausmif;0ifcGifUy,fjcif; / / &efukefwuúodkvfwGif wuoESifhwuG ausmif;om;xktm; zdEydS &f efMuHpnfaeMuonfrmS MumcJNh yDjzpfonf/ odYk&mwGif wuo\ wGe;f vSeu f muG,Ef ikd rf rI sm;aMumifh twefaemufqw k f 615

jrefrmEdkifiHausmif;om;vIyf&Sm;rIordkif; - atmifxGef; oGm;&mrS AdkvfcsKyftpdk;& wufvmcsdefwGif ajAmifzdESdyfcsKyfcs,frIrsm;yif jyKrlvmawmhonf/ 1959 ck? Mo*kwfv (31) &ufaeYwGif wuúodkvf½Hk;rS ausmif;om; (3) OD;jzpfonfh wuoaiGxdef; udkA aqGav; (Oya'0dZmÆ yxrESp)f ESihf wuotrIaqmifa[mif;rsm;jzpfMuaom udÓ k Pf&if (r[m0dZmÆ -yxrESp)f ? udjk rifo h ed ;f (0dZÆmtaxGaxG*kPfxl;wef;-yxrESpf) wdkYtm; ausmif;0ifcGifhrS y,fzsufvdkufaMumif; aMunmcJhonf/ þjzpf&yfwGif wuúodkvf\ tcGifhtmPmtydkifqHk;jzpfaom ygarmu©csKyfudk,fwdkif rodvdkufaom jyKrlcsufjzpfaMumif; ygarmu©csKyfrS 0efcHum ausmif;jyef0ifcGifh jyKcJhayonf/ þodkYjzpf&onfrSm oufqdkif&mXmerS ñTefMum;csufw&yfom jzpfaMumif; ygarmu©csKyf\ xkwaf zmfajymjycsut f & tmPmydik w f Ykdonf ygarmu©csKyfuykd if ausmv f eG u f m ½kyyf suq f if;ysuf usL;ausmf zdESdyfvmjcif;jzpfonf/ (c) atmufwdkbmausmif;aqmifaecGifU / / atmufwdkbm ausmif;ydwf&uftwGif jynfe,fausmif;om;rsm;ESifh jyef&ef vrf;yef;c&D;cufcJaom ausmif;om;rsm;udkom taqmifaexdkifcGifh,lNyD; tr&ESifh &mrnaqmifrsm;wGifom taqmifaecGifh jyKrnfjzpfaMumif; ausmif;aqmifaumfrwDrS aMunmcJhayonf/ xdkxkwfjyefaMunmcsufonf ausmif; om;rsm;\ tcGifhta&;udk ½kyfodrf;jcif;om jzpfonf/ tpOftvmrsm;udk qefYusifum ausmif;om;rsm; pmayavhvm jcif;udk taESmifht,Suf jzpfaponf/ atmufwdkbmausmif;ydwf&ufonf pmoifESpfukefqHk;í ausmif;ydwfjcif;r[kwf? acwåausmif;ydwfjcif;om jzpfonf/ xdkYaMumifh ausmif;aqmifom;tm;vHk;wGif pmoifESpfrukefqHk;rcsif; ausmif;aqmif rsm;wGif aexdkifcGifh½SdaMumif;/ ausmif;aqmifaumfrwDrS ,if;ausmif;ydw&f ufwiG f ausmif;aqmifaexdik cf iG ahf y;xm;onfh ausmif;om;rsm;xHrS aiG 14d^- aumufcHjcif;onfvnf; vHk;0rw&m;ay/ ausmif;aqmifaexdkifoltm;vHk;onf atmufwdkbmvtwGuf aiGay;oGif;NyD;jzpfonf/ xdkYaMumifh atmufwdkbmausmif;ydwf&ufwGif ausmif;aqmifom;wdkif; rdrdwdkY taqmifrsm;wGif tcrJhaexdkifcGifhonf rdrdwdkY\ udk,fydkiftcGifhta&;om jzpfaMumif;/ ausmif;aqmifaumfrwD\ jyKvkyv f mcsufrsm;onf ausmif;om;tcGit hf a&;udk csKd;zsufjcif;omjzpfNyD; ausmif; om;udk,fpm;vS,f rygonfh aumfrwDrS ausmif;om;qE´ESifhqefYusifpGm tmPm½Sifqefqef jyKrlvmcsufrsm;om jzpf aMumif;rsm;jzifh uefYuGufcJhonf/ wuoESifhtoif;tzGJUrsm;rS uefYuGufawmif;qdkaecsdefwGif ausmif;aqmifrsm;wGif wuúodkvft&Hwyf&if;udk xm;½Srd nfjzpfaMumif; aMunmvdu k jf yefonf/ a½S;OD;pGm ausmif;aqmifrsm;jyif&eftwGu[ f í l ajymNyD;aemufwiG f wuúov kd f t&Hwyf&if;awmh xm;Edik o f nfqo kd nfh jyóem xyfqifch jhJ yefonf/ xdYkaMumifh ausmif;aqmifaumfrwD\ qH;k jzwfcsurf sm; onf ausmif;om;rsm; taqmifwGifraea&;om &nf½G,faom zdESdyfrIoufoufomjzpfaMumif; xif½Sm;ayonf/ odkYtwGuf &efukefwuúodkvfausmif;om;rsm;or*¾ Ouú|\ tcGifhtmPmt& wuorS ausmif;om;xk tpnf;ta0;w&yfudk 1959 ck? pufwifbmv (23) &ufaeY? n (7) em&Dtcsdef wuocef;rwGif usif;yjyKvkyfcJhonf/ ,if;pnf;a0;yGJrS atmufygtqdkrsm;udk wifoGif;qHk;jzwfcJhonf/ 1/ atmufwdkbmausmif;ydwf&uftwGif; rdrdaexdkifonfh ausmif;aqmifwGif aexdkifcGifhrjyKbJ aiG 14d^ay;oGif;um tjcm;ausmif;aqmifrsm;wGif ajymif;a½TUae&rnfqdkaom ausmif;aqmifaumfrwD\ qHk;jzwf csufudk uefYuGufaMumif;/ 2/ atmufwb kd mausmif;ydw&f uftwGi;f wuúov kd t f &Hwyf&if;udk ckw;kH vkyí f wuúov kd ef ,fajrwGif ppftajc cHpcef;zGifhvmjcif;udk uefYuGufaMumif;/ 3/ þodYk zdEySd cf sKyfcs,v f mjcif;udk ausmif;om;xkpnf;a0;yGrJ S wqufwnf; wuúov kd ef ,fajrwGi;f vSnv hf nf í qE´jyuefYuGuf&ef/ pufwifbmv (23) &ufaeYnwGif ausmif;om;xkq;kH jzwfcsuft& qE´jycJMh uayonf/ xdu k pd Eö iS yhf wfoufí &efukefwuúodkvfaumifpDrS wuotrIaqmifrsm;onf ausmif;pnf;urf;azmufzsufNyD; qlylonf[laom taMumif;jy csufjzifh ygarmu©csKyftm; (7) &uftwGif; awmif;yef&rnf? vufrSwfa&;xdk;&rnf[k qHk;jzwfaMunmcJhonf/ xdkjyóemESifh ywfoufí wuotrIaqmiftpnf;ta0;rS tav;teufpOf;pm;MuNyD;1/ xdkta&;onf q&mausmif;om; at;aq;ausvnfpGm ajz½Sif;oifhaom jyóemw&yfom jzpfonf[k wuorS ,HkMunfonf/ 2/ xdkta&;aMumifh wuúodkvf\ at;csrf;om,mpGmwnf½Sda&;ESifh Nidrf;csrf;pGmynmoifMum;a&;udk rxdcdkuf ap&ef/ 616

Nidrf;csrf;a&; 'Drdkua&pDa&;BudK;yrf;rI - 1959 rS 1960 - 'Drdkua&pDa&; vltcGifUta&; Nidrf;csrf;a&; trsdK;om;a&;toGif 3/ xdkta&;aMumifh q&mausmif;om; yl;wGJaqmif½Gufa&;ESifh cspfMunf&if;ESD;a&; ysufjym;roGm;ap&ef/ 4/ xdkta&;aMumifh rdbjynfolrsm;? q&m? q&mrrsm; pdwfrcsrf;rom rjzpfap&efESifh pdwfcsrf;omrI&ap&ef [laom oabmxm;udk xkwjf yefaMunmum? atmufwb kd m (1) &ufaeYwiG f trIaqmifrsm;onf ygarmu© csKyfxo H mG ;a&mufí þodYkjzpfysu&f onfu h pd Eö iS yhf wfoufí rsm;pGm0rf;enf;ygaMumif;jzifh ajymum ausat; cJhonf/ wuúodkvfausmif;aqmifrsm;wGif wuúodkvft&Hwyf&if;udk xm;&eftpDtpOfvnf; ysufoGm;cJhonf/ (*) atmufwdkbmv0ufxrif;zdk; / / atmufwdkbmvwGif ausmif;aqmifaeaom ausmif;ol^om;rsm; ausmif; aqmifrae&ojzifh ¤if;wdYk tm; taqmifrS xrif;rpm;aomaMumifh atmufwb kd mv0uf xrif;zd;k rsm;udk jyef xkwaf y;&ef awmif;qdkcJhonf/ ,if;awmif;qdkcsufaMumifhyif xrif;zdk; 21d^- 50 jym;udk taqmifaeausmif;ol^om; rsm; jyefvnf&½SdcJhMuonf/ (C) ausmif;pnf;urf;jyóem / / ausmif;aqmifXmerS ausmif;pnf;urf;rsm;udkxkwfjyefcJh&m xdkpnf;urf;rsm; wGif ausmif;om;rsm; rvdkufemEdkifonfhtcsufrsm; yg0ifaeonf/ wuoonf ausmif;pnf;urf;rsm;ESifh ywfoufí ausmif;pnf;urf;½Srd u I kd vdv k m;onf/ ausmif;pnf;urf;½Srd u I kd ausmif;om;ESihf q&myl;aygif;um ynmay;vkyaf qmif&ef vdktyfaMumif;rsm; wifjycJhonf/ pufwifbmv (8) &ufaeYwGif ygarmu©csKyfESifh wuotrIaqmifrsm; awGUqHkpOfu? ygarmu©csKyfrS ausmif;pnf;urf;rsm;udk ausmif;om;or*¾ESifh o[m,ESifh pmzwftoif;rsm;udk wdkifyifn§dEIdif;NyD;rS twnfjyKrnf[k ajymqdkcJhonf/ xdak jymqdck surf sm;t& xkwjf yefxm;onfh pnf;urf;rsm;udk jyefvnfpOf;pm;yg&efEiS hf ausmif;om;ud, k pf m;vS,f rsm;ESifh tajytvnfn§dEIdif;NyD;rS twnfjyKyg&ef awmif;qdkcJhonf/ (i) ausmif;aqmifaumfrwDESifU ausmif;om;udk,fpm;vS,fjyóem / / &efukefwuúodkvf ausmif;aqmifta&; jyóemrsm;udk pDrt H yk cf sKyf&eftwGu?f wuúov kd af umifpv D ufatmufwiG f ausmif;aqmifaumfrwD½NdS yD; ,if;aumfrwDwiG f wuo ud, k pf m;vS,f (2) OD; yg0ifcahJ yonf/ 1959 ck ausmif;zGiphf wGif wuoud, k pf m;vS,rf sm; Ekwyf ,fxm;cJo h nf/ xdkYaemuf ausmif;aqmifaumfrwD tpnf;ta0;rsm;odkY tvSnfhus ausmif;om;udk,fpm;vS,f (2) OD; wufa&muf&ef ausmif;aqmif (2) aqmifodkY aumfrwDu zdwfac:cJhonf/ wuoESifh o[m,ESifh pmzwftoif;tzGJUcsKyfwdkYrS ,cift wdkif; wuo udk,fpm;vS,ftm; jyefvnfay;&ef awmif;qdkaepOfwGif xdkuJhodkYxyfrHjyKjyifjcif;onf ausmif;om;xkudk udk,fpm;jyK zGJUpnf;xm;aom tzGJUtpnf;rsm;udk todtrSwf rjyKvdkjcif;om jzpfonf/ xdYkaMumifh ausmif;aqmifaumfrwD\ rlrrSeaf om ausmif;aqmif (2) aqmifrS ud, k pf m;vS,f (2) OD; zdwaf c:jcif; udk uefYuGufí wuoESifh o[m,ESifh pmzwftoif;rsm;tzGJUcsKyfwdkYrS cefYtyfxm;aom udk,fpm;vS,f (2) OD;udkom vufcH&ef awmif;qdkcJhonf/ ,ckwGifrl wuo taxGaxGtwGif;a&;rSL;ESifh o[m,ESifh pmzwftoif;tzGJUcsKyf Ouú| wdkYudk vufcHxm;½Sdayonf/ (p) aumifpDa½G;aumufyGJ / / 1959 ck? rwfv (2) &ufaeYwGif usif;yaom jynfolYvTwfawmf nDvmcHrS &efukefwuúodkvftufOya' jyifqifcsufudk twnfjyKcJhavonf/ &efukefwuúodkvftufOya' jyifqif&eftwGuf wuúodkvfaumifpDwGif tMuHÓPfawmif;cHpOfu rygcJhaom ]wuo udk,fpm;vS,fvlBuD; (2) OD;tm; jzKwfypf&ef} jyifqifcsufudkvnf; txl;trdefYjyefwrf;xkwfum xnfhoGif;jyifqifcJhonf/ xdkodkY jyKvkyfjcif;onf wuoonf ausmif;om;xkw&yfvHk;\ udk,fpm;vS,fr[kwf[laom oabmouf a&mufNyD;vQif wuo\ tcGit hf a&;rsm;udk ydwyf if&efjyKvkyjf cif;? ausmif;om;wdik ;f or*¾0ifciG u hf kd zsuford ;f í or*¾zUJG pnf;cGifhudk ydwfyif&ef jyKvkyfjcif;? wuúodkvfe,fajrudk EdkifiHa&;tzGJUrsm;,SOfNydKif&m ppfwvif;tjzpfodkY a&muf½Sd&ef jyKvkyfjcif; jzpfojzifh wuorS qE´jyuefYuGufcJhonf/ ausmif;om;rsm; qE´jyuefYuGufonfhMum;rSyif wuúodkvftufOya'jyifqifcsufudk 1959 ck? rwfv (2) &ufaeYwGif usif;yaom jynfolUvTwfawmfnDvmcHrS vufcHtwnfjyKcJhonf/ wuoonf xdktufOya'jyifqifcsuf zsufodrf;a&;? wuo udk,fpm;vS,f aumifpDvlBuD; (2) OD; &½Sda&;twGuf qufvufawmif;qdk wdkufyGJ0ifrnfjzpf aMumif; aMunmcJhonf/ 617

jrefrmEdkifiHausmif;om;vIyf&Sm;rIordkif; - atmifxGef; wuúov kd t f ufOya' jyifqifcsut f & ausmif;om;ud, k pf m;vS,f wuúov kd af umifpv D Bl uD; (2) OD; a½G;aumuf yGJudk 1959 ck? 'DZifbmv (17) &ufaeYwGif usif;yrnf[k wuúodkvfaumifpDrS aMunmcJhonf/ wuo\qE´ESifh udkufnDrIr½Sdaomfvnf; ausmif;om;udk,fpm;vS,f trnfcHum ausmif;om;qE´twdkif; raqmif½Gufaom wuúodkvf aumifpDvlBuD; (2) OD; rjzpfap&efESifh ausmif;om;qE´rsm;udk wuúodkvfaumifpDwGif wifjyEdkif&eftwGuf ausmif;om; udk,fpm;vS,f aumifpDvlBuD; (2) OD;tm; wuoonf toif;tzGJUaygif;pHkESifh n§dEIdif;a½G;cs,fum 0ifa&muf,SOfNydKifap cJhonf/ EdkifiHa&;tzGJUtpnf;rsm;odkYvnf; (1) wuúodkvfe,fajrwGif EdkifiHa&; ppfwvif;rjzpfa&;? (2) ausmif;om; tusKd; epfemcsufrsm;udk ausmif;om;xkqE´? ausmif;om;xktjriftwdkif; aqmif½GufEdkifa&;twGuf wuúodkvfaumifpD ausmif;om;udk,fpm;vS,f a½G;aumufyGJwGif 0ifa&muf,SOfNydKifjcif; rjyK&ef arwåm&yfcHcJhayonf/ odkY&mwGif EdkifiHa&;tzGJUtpnf;wckjzpfaom oefY½Sif;zqyvrS 0ifa&muf,SOfNydKif&ef jyifqifvmjcif;aMumifh? oefY½Sif;zqyv\ qE´t& wuoonf (3) Budrfwdkifwdkif awGUqHkaqG;aEG;cJhonf/ xdkodkY aqG;aEG;&mwGif oefY½Sif; zqyvESihf wuoonf (1) 'Dru kd a&pDa&; aqmif½u G rf rI sm;wGif wlncD surf sm;½So d nf? (2) ynma&; oabmxm;rsm;wGif em;vnfrrI sm; ½Scd jhJ cif;wdYkaMumif?h ,aeY wuúov kd af usmif;om;xk\ vdv k m;csurf sm;jzpfonfh ynma&;vkyaf qmifcsurf sm; y,fzsufay;a&;? ynma&;epfemcsufrsm;udk aumifpDwGif wifjyawmif;qdkay;a&; ponfh rl (2) csufudk vufcHNyD; Edik if aH &;tzGUJ tpnf;jzpfonfh oefY½iS ;f zqyv\ ud, k pf m;vS,t f aeESihf r0ifb?J wuo\a½G;cs,faom ud, k pf m;vS,f tjzpf 0ifrnfqdkygu wuorS axmufcHay;rnf[k wifjycJhonf/ odYk aomf oefY½iS ;f zqyvtaeESihf vufrcHaomaMumifh wuoonf wuo\ aiGxed ;f a[mif; OD;wDy0D rf;ESihf Ouú|a[mif; OD;armifarmifausmf wdkYtm; udk,fpm;vS,ftjzpf a½G;aumufum oefY½Sif;zqyv udk,fpm;vS,f OD;0if;? OD;&m½Spw f YkdEiS hf ,SONf ydKifco hJ nf/ wuoud, k MkH unfjcif;? ausmif;om;xk\ tpOftvmESio hf pömudck , H í l ausmif;om;tusK;d o,fy;kd xrf;½Gurf nfh wuoud, k pf m;vS,rf sm;udk ,HMk unf&if;pG½J jdS cif;wdYk aMumifh wuoud, k pf m;vS,rf sm;u tEdik &f ½Scd hJ ayonf/ trdwuo\ *kPfodu©mudk pnf;vHk;nDñGwfjcif; t&nftaoG;jzifh wifay;vdkMuojzifh armfvNrdKif? ykodrf? ausmufjzLaumvdyf or*¾rsm;ESifh ausmif;ol? ausmif;om;rsm;rS nDñGwfpGm rJay;cJhMuonf/ wuoonf aumifpaD ½G;aumufyw JG iG f wuoud, k pf m;vS,f (2) OD; tEdik &f cJah omfvnf; wuoud, k pf m;vS,f aumifpDwGif yg0ifcGifh&½Sda&;rludkum; qufvuf udkifpGJjrJudkifpGJí wuúodkvf jyifqifcsuftufOya' y,fzsufa&;udk qufvufwdkufoGm;rnfom jzpfayonf/ (q) tzrf;cHausmif;om;rsm;pmar;yGJajza&; / / AdkvfcsKyfae0if; tpdk;&onf Nidrf0yfydjym;a&;udk taMumif;jyum wuúodkvfESifhtxufwef;ausmif;rsm;rS ausmif;om;rsm;udk yk'fr (5) jzifh zrf;qD;csKyfaESmifcJhonf/ 1958-59 ckESpfwGif tzrf;cH&aom ausmif;om;tcsKdUrSm pmar;yGJajzcGifh avQmufaomfvnf; EdkifiHtpdk;&rS cGifhrjyKojzifh pmar;yJGajzqdkcGifh r&½Sdacs/ þodkY zdESdyfcsKyfcs,frIrsm;aMumifh tzrf;cHausmif;om;rsm;twGuf txl;yifepfemcJh&onf/ odkYtwGuf 195960 ckESpf pmar;yGJwGif &oifh&xdkufaom tcGifhta&;t&? ajzqdkcGifhudk rdrdwdkY\ oufqdkif&maxmifwGif;rS ajzqdkcGifhjyK&ef awmif;qdkcJhonf/ odkY&mwGif zdEdSyfcsKyfcs,frIudkom jyKvdkaom tpdk;&onf wOD;wa,mufudkrQ ajzqdkcGifhrjyKaMumif; jyefMum;cJh ojzifh? vlYtcGifhta&;ESifh ynmoifMum;EdkifcGifhtcGifhta&; wm;qD;&ma&mufojzifh jyif;jyif;xefxef uefYuGufcJhonf/ (Z) or*¾0ifaMu;aumufcHay;&ef / / 1954 ckESpfrSpí or*¾aMu;rsm;udk ausmif;0ifonfESifh wNydKifeuf wuúodkvfrS aumufcHay;cJhonf/ þodkYaumufcHay;cJhjcif;onf wuoudk w&m;0iftodtrSwfjyKjcif;yifjzpfonf/ 1959-60 ckESpfwGif ,cifuJhodkY aumufcHaeqJüyif wydkif;wpor*¾aMu;rsm; aumufcHjcif;udk &yfqdkif;xm;cJhonf/ ,ckEpS f 1960-61 wGiv f nf; raumufcaH y;bJ xm;½Scd ahJ yonf/ or*¾aMu;rsm;aumufcrH I &yfqikd jf cif;onf wuotm; w&m;0iftodtrSwrf jyKonfh oabmjzpf\/ wuoud, k pf m;vS,f aumifpv D Ml uD;rsm;tm; y,fzsujf cif;? ausmif;aqmif aumfrwDrsm;tm; zsuo f rd ;f jcif;jyKNyD;aemufwiG f ,ckqufvufí or*¾ut kd odtrSwrf jyK&ef vkyaf qmifjcif;yifjzpfonf/ jynfolvkxk\ 'Drdkua&pD tvm;tvm arQmfudk;csufjzifh tHk
Nidrf;csrf;a&; 'Drdkua&pDa&;BudK;yrf;rI - 1959 rS 1960 - 'Drdkua&pDa&; vltcGifUta&; Nidrf;csrf;a&; trsdK;om;a&;toGif (ps) 0&rf;xkwfcH&aomausmif;om;acgif;aqmifrsm; / / AdkvfcsKyfae0if;tpdk;&tm; tmPmvTJajymif;ay;jcif;onf ygvDref'rD u kd a&pDenf;t& ajymif;vJjcif;r[kw?f tmPmudak oG;xGuo f , H rkd rI ½Sb d J twif;tusyo f rd ;f ydu k jf cif; jzpfonf/ xdkYaMumifh 'Drdkua&pDtcGifhta&;rsm; ydwfyifwm;qD;jcif;? jynfolvlxktwGif; zdESdyfcsKyfcs,frItEÅ&m,frsm; usa&muf jcif;rsm;cHcJh&onf/ wuoOuú| udkcifarmiftkef;? trIaqmif udkzdk;omab;? twGif;a&;rSL; udkatmifbef;wdkY zrf;qD; udu k ;kd uRef;ydYk c&H NyD;? Auo'k-Ouú|ESihf trIaqmifa[mif; udjk rifOh ;D ? tif;0aqmif o[m,ESihf pmzwftoif; trIaqmif udkudef;aiG? wyfOD;trIaqmif udkudkBuD;ESifh ½Srf;trsKd;om; qdkif;EGefqdkif;? wuo'k-Ouú|a[mif; udkpD wdkYrSmvnf; zrf;qD;jcif;cHc&hJ onf/ wqufwnf;rSmyif wuo'k-Ouú| udb k aumif;? twGi;f a&;rSL; udck ifatmif? trIaqmifa[mif; ud, k w k Ykd tjyif Auorsm;tzGUJ csKyf Ouú| udak Zmf0if;wdYk tm; 0&rf;xkwjf cif; cHc&hJ onf/ ,ckwikd yf if 0&rf;jzifw h rd ;f a½Smifae &qJ jzpfayonf/ jynfow l Ykd \ 'Dru kd a&pDarQmfu;kd csufjzifh wufvmaom OD;Ektpk;d &vufxufwiG ?f wuo\ awGUqHak wmif;qdk csuft&? xdkausmif;om;acgif;aqmif;rsm; tzrf;cHygu oufn§mpGmpOf;pm;rnfjzpfaMumif; aMunmvmcJhonf/ yxp tpdk;&onf 'Drdkua&pDa
/ 'kwd,urÇmppfBuD;tNyD; ausmif;rsm;jyefvnf zGifhvSpfonfrSpí jrefrm 619

jrefrmEdkifiHausmif;om;vIyf&Sm;rIordkif; - atmifxGef; EdkifiHwGif ESpfpOfusif;yaom pmar;yGJwdkif;vdkyif csKdU,Gif;csufrsm; jzpfay:cJhonf/ 1960 ck? azazmf0g&Dv (16) &uf aeYrpS í usif;yaom wuúov kd 0f ifwef;pmar;yGw J iG v f nf; csKdU,Gi;f csufrsm; jzpfcjhJ yefonf/ t*Fvyd pf mar;cGe;f tcsKdUwGif pmrsufESm wzufryg½Sdjcif;? ar;cGef;trSwf (4) wGif bmomjyefyg (odkYr[kwf) tusOf;a&;yg[lí cGJr&Edkifaom rwd usaom ar;cGef;udkar;jcif;? ocFsmar;cGef;vTm (2) ü t*FvdyfbmomESifh jrefrmbmom *Pef; (2) rsKd; jzpfaejcif;? (7) yk'f ajzyg[lí jrefrmbmomwGif ryg0ifjcif; paomcsKdU,Gif;rIrsm; jzpfcJhonf/ xdb k momrsm;onf r,lrae&bmomBuD;rsm; jzpfjcif;aMumifh ausmif;ol? ausmif;om;rsm; twGuf BuD;rm;aom epfemcsufrsm; jzpfayonf/ xdkYaMumifh ausmif;om;rsm; repfemap&ef aqmif½Gufay;&efESifh xdkodkYaqmif½GufrIrsm;udk wuúodkvf0ifpmppfbkwftzGJUrS twdtvif; xkwfazmfaMunm&ef awmif;qdkcJhonf/ (C) ynma&;r[mXmeESifUaxmufyHUaMu; / / ,cifESpfrsm;u ynma&;r[mXmewGif axmufyHhaMu;,lol ausmif; ol? ausmif;om;wdkif;tm; axmufyHhaMu;ay;cJhonf/ odkYaomf 1969-60 ckESpf axmufyHhaMu;,lvdkaom ausmif;ol? ausmif;om; (300) cefY½Sdonfteuf (130) om ay;cJhonf/ aiGaMu;tusyftwnf;aMumifh ynma&;r[mXmewGif oif,laeMuaom ausmif;ol? ausmif;om;tcsKdU axmufyHhaMu;r&rIaMumifh ynmqufvufoif,l&ef tcuftcJawGU ae&onf/ ausmif;vc ray;Mu&aom ,cifESpfrsm;uyif axmufyHhaMu;&vdkolwdkif;tm; ay;EdkifcJhao;&m ausmif;vc ,laom 1959 ckESpfwGif ydkrdkíom ay;Edkifp&mjzpfonf/ odYk twGuf ynma&;r[mXmeESihf ausmif;ol? ausmif;om;wdYk n§Ed idI ;f aqG;aEG;um ¤if;wdYk oabmwlq;kH jzwfcsuf twdkif; ay;apoifhaMumif; awmif;qdkcJhonf/ (i) jrefrm&mZ0ifoD;jcm;oifa&; / / &efukefwuúodkvfwGif pmayoifMum; ydkYcsrIqdkif&mXmersm;teuf ta½SUwdkif; &mZ0ifXme[lí Xme½SdcJhonf/ ,if;Xmeudk ppfNyD;acwf 1951 ckESpfwGif &mZ0ifXmerS cGJxkwfum oD;jcm;Xmewcktjzpf wnfaxmifcjhJ cif; jzpfonf/ 1955 ckEpS w f iG f wzef ta½SUwdik ;f &mZ0ifXmeü jrefrm&mZ0ifukd oD;jcm;bmomw&yftjzpf wdk;csJUum 0dZÆmwef;rsm;wGif oifMum;ydkYcscJhavonf/ 1959-60 ckESpfwGif jrefrm&mZ0if oifMum;olaygif; (800) ausmfxd wdk;wufrsm;jym;vmcJhonf/ xdkodkY wdk;wufrsm;jym;aeaom jrefrm&mZ0ifoifMum;ydkYcsrIudk 1960-61 ckESpfrSpí &efukefwuúodkvfwGif oD;jcm;bmom&yftjzpf oifMum;jcif;rjyKawmhbJ zsufodrf;&ef &efukefwuúodkvfqD;edwftzGJUrS qHk;jzwfcJhonf/ odkYt wGuf toif;tzGJUrsm;? owif;pmq&mrsm;ESifh aqmif;yg;½Sifrsm;rS uefYuGufa&;om; azmfxkwfvmcJhonf/ xdkYaMumifh vnf; &efukefwuúodkvfrS ajz½Sif;csufwckxkwfjyefcJhonf/ jrefrm&mZ0ifoifMum;jcif;udk zsufodrf;jcif;r[kwf? ta½SU wdkif;&mZ0ifXmerS wdk;csJUum jrefrm&mZ0ifudk oD;jcm;bmom w&yftaejzifh oifMum;&mrS q&mrvkHavmufí jrefrm &mZ0ifowfowf (odkYr[kwf) ta½SUzsm;&mZ0ifowfowf wckckudkom oifMum;jcif;jyK&ef qHk;jzwfjcif;jzpfaMumif; azmfjycJhonf/ wuúodkvfrS ajz½Sif;csuf? ygarmu©csKyf\ ajymMum;csufwdkYudk avhvmygu q&mrvHkavmufí [laom taMumif;jycsufom ½Sdayonf/ wuúodkvfwGif q&mrvHkavmufjcif;rSm jrefrm&mZ0ifXme wckwnf;omr[kwf? bmom&yftrsm;tjym;wGif rvHrk avmufjzpfaeonfrmS txift½Sm; jzpfaeonf/ q&mrvHak vmufíom bmom&yfrsm; oifMum;ydYkcsjcif;udk &yfqikd ;f &rnfqv kd Qif wuúov kd üf oifMum;ydYkcsEikd o f nfh bmom&yftenf;i,fom use½f rdS nfjzpfonf/ jrefrm&mZ0ifudk oD;jcm;bmom&yftjzpf oifMum;ydkYcsEdkif&ef q&mr½Sdqdkjcif;rSmvnf; rrSefay/ jrefrm&mZ0if jzifh &mZ0ifbmomwGif a'gufwmbGJU&cJhaom q&m? q&mrrsm; wuúodkvfwGif½Sdayonf/ xdkYjyif jrefrm&mZ0ifudk ½SmrD;S pkaqmif;cJah om q&mrsm;vnf; wuúov kd üf ½Sad eayonf/ ,if;q&mrsm;u jrefrm&mZ0ifukd wuúov kd üf oifMum; ydkYcsay;Edkifygonf[lí ajymqdkaeygvsuf q&mrvHkavmuf q&mr½Sd[k taMumif;jyaejcif;rSm rsm;pGmoHo,jzpfzG,f ½Sdaeayonf/ wzef jrefrm&mZ0ifoifMum;jcif;udk zsufodrf;onfr[kwf? jrefrm&mZ0ifowfowf (odkYr[kwf) ta½SUzsm; &mZ0ifowfowf (odYkr[kw)f ta½SUwdik ;f &mZ0ifEiS hf jrefrm&mZ0ifaygif;um wckcu k kd a½G;cs,o f ifMum;&ef qdjk cif;rSmvnf; jynfolvlxkESifh ausmif;om;xktm; vSnfhpm;rIjyKonfh oabmomjzpfonf/ wuúov kd w f iG f jrefrmbmomudk oifMum;rIr@dKifbmomtjzpf jy|mef;csuEf iS yhf wfoufí wuúov kd t f mPmydik f rsm;wGif rBudKufEpS o f ufot l csKdU ½Sad yonf/ xdo k rl sm;onf t*Fvyd b f momoifMum;rIr@dKif bmom&yftjzpf xm;vdo k l rsm; jzpfayonf/ jrefrmbmom oifMum;rIr@dKifjzpfonfukd zsuq f ;D vdo k rl sm;vnf; jzpfayonf/ odYktwGuf ¤if;wdYkonf 620

Nidrf;csrf;a&; 'Drdkua&pDa&;BudK;yrf;rI - 1959 rS 1960 - 'Drdkua&pDa&; vltcGifUta&; Nidrf;csrf;a&; trsdK;om;a&;toGif t*Fvyd Ef iS jhf refrmbmom&yf (2) ckpvH;k udkd oifMum;rIr@dKifbmom&yftjzpf owfrw S u f m wpwpzsuford ;f &ef &nf½, G f vsuf ½Sdayonf/ tcsKUd aomyk*Kd¾ vfrsm;rSm &efuek w f uúov kd u f kd t*Fvefrv S nf;aumif;? tar&duefrv S nf;aumif; yHw k u l ;l csvakd y onf/ jrefrmtrsKd;om;wuúodkvftpm; EdkifiHjcm;yHkwlwuúodkvfjzpfcJhvQif jrefrmEdkifiHtusKd;udk xrf;½GufEdkifaom wuúodkvf jzpfvmrnf r[kwfay/ jrefrmESifht*FvefwdkY &yfwnfyHkudk rEIdif;,SOfbJ BudK;pm;jcif;onf? jrefrmtrsKd;om; a&;udk qefYusifonfh oabm½SdaeaMumif; xif½Sm;aeonf/ wdkif;jynfwdkif;rS &mZ0ifudk tav;xm;oifMum;&mwGif rdrdwdkYtrsKd;om;,Ofaus;rI tpOftvmudk xdef;odrf; jcif;? wdik ;f jynfEiS v hf rl sKd; wnfwahH tmif jyKrljcif; tajccHjzpfay&m jrefrmEdik if w H iG f jrefrm&mZ0ifonf oifuo kd ifoifah om bmom&yfjzpfonf/ wuúodkvfwm0efcH wa,mufajymif;wdkif; rdrdwdkYqE´tavQmuf bmom&yfrsm; wdk;jcif;? zsufjcif; jyKaevQif wuúodkvf\ tem*wfonf &ifav;zG,f jzpfayonf/ jrefrm&mZ0if oD;jcm;oifMum;jcif;rS rcdik v f akH omtaMumif;jycsufjzifh &yfqikd ;f xm;jcif;onf jrefrmwrsKd;om; vH;k tm; *,uf½u kd cf wfvsuf ½Sad yonf/ wuoonf aEG&moDausmif;ydw&f uf arv (17) &ufwiG f Edik if aH &;tzGUJ tpnf; rsm;? toif;tzGUJ rsm;? oHCmawmft½Sijf rwfrsm;odYk zdwMf um;um jrefrm&mZ0ifo;D jcm;oifa&;ESihf aemufqufwpJG mar;yGJ jyKvkyfay;a&;udk ½Sif;vif;wifjycJhonf/ jynfaxmifpkoHCmhtzGJUcsKyfESifh wdkufe,foHCmrsm; tzGJUtpnf;udk,fpm;vS,f rsm;rS tMuHay;aqG;aEG;Muayonf/ ,if;jyóemtwGuf wuoonf ygarmu©q&mrsm;tm; vdkufvHawGUqHkum wifjyjcif;? ar;jref;jcif;rsm;jzifhvnf; BudK;pm;cJhayonf/ wuorS tBudrfBudrf wifjyawmif;qdkonfhMum;rS EdkifiHawmf0efBuD;csKyfOD;EkrS jrefrm&mZ0if oD;jcm;oifMum; a&;tjyif jrefrm&mZ0if acgif;pD;vufatmufwGifom ta½SUzsm;&mZ0ifudk oD;jcm;oif&ef qD;edwfodkY tMuHay;cJhonf/ þonfukd qD;edwrf S vdu k af vQmjcif; r½Sjd yefojzifh aemufq;kH aumifprD S q&mudak c:,l&½Sv d Qif jyefvnfí oD;jcm;oif&ef [laom qHk;jzwfcsufcsum xm;½Sdaom tajctaeodkY a&mufvmcJh&ayonf/ (p) aemufqufwGJpmar;yGJ / / 1960 ck ynmoifESpftpwGif? EdkifiHawmftpdk;&ESifh wuúodkvfaumifpDrS &efukef wuúodkvfwGif tajymif;tvJ jyifqifcsufrsm; jyKvkyfcJhonf/ wuúodkvftufOya' jyifqifcsuf? ausmif;vcaumufcH jcif;? (2) cgus pepfusifhoHk;jcif;? pnf;rsOf;opfrsm; jyKvkyfjcif;? pmar;yGJpepfopfrsm; jyKvkyfjcif;rsm; yg0ifayonf/ pmar;yGpJ epfopfrsm; jyKvkyjf cif;ESihf ywfoufí &efuek w f uúov kd w f iG f 1960 ckEpS rf S pNyD; ZGev f aemufqufwJG pmar;yGJrsm;zsufodrf;í pmar;yGJwckwnf; usif;y&efjyifqifvmonfh pepfopfjzpfonf/ wuoonf 1958 ck? Mo *kwfvwGif usif;yaom jrefrmEdkifiHvHk;qdkif&m ausmif;om;rsm;ynma&;ESD;aESmzvS,fyGJBuD;rS csrSwfonfh ]trsm;BuKd uf ynma&;pepfrsm;udk jyKjyifajymif;vJ zefwD;NyD;aomtcg pmar;yGJrsm;udk wESpfwBudrfppfaompepfodkh ajymif;oifUaMumif;} oabmxm;udk axmufcHcJhonf/ odkYaomf ,cktajctaewGif trsm;BudKuftajctaeESifh udkufnDaom ynma&;pepf tjzpf zefwD;aomtajctaeodkY ra&mufao;acs/ ynma&;ESiyhf wfoufí pepfopfwck zefw;D rnfqykd gu xdpk epfEiS u hf u kd n f aD om tajctaeudk BudKwifzefw;D NyD;rSom pepfopfudkusifhoHk;oifhonf[k wuorS ,lqonf/ 1959-60 ckESpf pmoifESpfwGif ausmif;om;rsm;\ ynmoifMum;rI tajctaeonf pmar;yGJpepfopfESifh udkufnDjcif;? vdkufemEdkifjcif; tajctaer½Sdao;[k ,lqonf/ odkYaomf 1959 ck ESpfOD;rSyif ZGefvaemufqufwGJ pmar;yGJzsufodrf;NyD; pmar;yGJwckwnf;om ppfaq;rnf[k aMunmxm;onhftwGuf ydkrdkBudK;pmcJhMuonf/ odkY&mwGif ar;cGef;vTm tcuftcJrsm;? usef;rma&;csKdU,Gif;rIrsm;aMumifh pmar;yGaJ jzqd&k mwGif tcuftcJrsm;½Scd o hJ nf/ xdt k csdeu f yif 1960 ckEpS t f wGuf aemufqufwpJG mar;yGw J &yf ppfaq;&ef aumifpDESifh qD;edwfwdkYodkY arwåm&yfcHonf/ 1960 ckESpf wuúodkvfpmar;yGJwGif (65) &mcdkifEIef;pepf? tywfpOf enf;jyoifwef;rsm;? tprf;pmar;yGJrsm;udk jyKvkyfrI½SdNyD; tenf;qHk;trSwf (34) ESifh ysrf;rQtrSwf (40) udk tatmifay;rnfaMunmjcif;? ,cifESpfrsm;u pmar;yGJ (2) ckaygif; &mcdik Ef eI ;f xuf ,ckpmar;yGw J ckwnf;onf rrsm;aomfvnf; odyef nf;rnf r[kwaf Mumif;yif ajymcJjh cif;rsm; wdkYaMumifh ausmif;om;rsm;u arQmfvifhrI? tm;xm;rI ½SdcJhMuonf/ odkYaomf pmar;yGJatmifpm&if;rSm ,cifpmar;yGJwck\ &mcdkifEIef;xufyif ausmfvGefjcif;r½Sdonfudk awGU&onf/ odkYtwGuf ausmif;om;rsm; vGefpGmepfem&NyD; wzufwGif (2) cguspepfEiS hf &ifqikd &f jyefonf/ þonfukd wuúov kd t f "dywd Edik if aH wmf0efBuD;csKyfoYkd yefMum;jcif;? awGUqHjk cif;jzifh tjynfhtpHk wifjy½Sif;vif;cJhonf/ wuúodkvft"dywdrSvnf; aemufqufwGJ pmar;yGJusif;ya&;udk ZGefv (29) &uf qD;edwftzGJUodkY wifjyay;rnf[k jyefMum;cJhonf/ 621

jrefrmEdkifiHausmif;om;vIyf&Sm;rIordkif; - atmifxGef; 1960 ck? ZGev f (29) &ufaeYonf &efuek w f uúov kd f armifr,fopfviG af eYjzpfonf/ wuúov kd t f "dywdonf xdktcrf;tem;odkY wufa&mufcg rdefYcGef;ajymMum;rnf jzpfonf/ odkYtwGuf wuorS ausmif;om;xkESifh t"dywd\ vmjcif;udk aumif;aomvmjcif;tjzpf todtrSwfjyKum BudKqdk&if; ausmif;om;xk\ aemufqufwGJ&a&;udk qE´jyum 0dkif;0ef;arwåm&yfcHyGJ jyKvkyfcJhonf/ 1960 ck? ZGefv (29) &ufaeY nwGif wuúodkvfqD;edwf tpnf;ta0;usif;yum wuúodkvf aemufqufwGJ pmar;yGJusif;y ray;EdkifaMumif; qHk;jzwfNyD;vQif xkwfjyefaMunmcJhonf/ ausmif;om;xkw&yfvHk; ½kwfjcnf;tHk
Nidrf;csrf;a&; 'Drdkua&pDa&;BudK;yrf;rI - 1959 rS 1960 - 'Drdkua&pDa&; vltcGifUta&; Nidrf;csrf;a&; trsdK;om;a&;toGif odkYtwGuf wuorS awmif;qdkcJhonfhjyif wuo\ ausmif;om;udk,fpm;vS,frSvnf; ZGefv (29) &uf wuúodkvfqD;edwftzGJUodkY wifjyawmif;qdkcJhonf/ ,ck aemufqufwGJpmar;yGJwGif trSwfrjynfhaom bmomudkom ajzcGifh&aomfvnf; rludkum; vufcHjcif;r½Sdao;acs/ (6) obiftcrf;tem;rsm; (u) usrf;opömusdefqdkyGJ / / &efukefwuúodkvfausmif;om;rsm;or*¾ 1960-61 \ Ouú| usrf;opömusdefqdkyGJ udk 1959 ck? pufwifbmv (25) &ufaeY? aeYvnf (12) em&Dww d w d iG f &efuek w f uúov kd f ,k'oefcef;rü usif;ycJo h nf/ usrf;opömusdeq f ykd o JG Ykd ausmif;ol? ausmif;om;rsm;? or*¾trIaqmifa[mif;rsm;? xif½mS ;aomyk*Kd¾ vfBuD;rsm; wufa&muf Muonf/ 1958-59 ckESpf wuoOuú|a[mif; udkcifarmiftkef;rSm udkudk;uRef;odkY tydkYcH&aomaMumifh wuo Ouú| a[mif;ESifh EdkifiHawmf0efBuD;csKyfa[mif; OD;Eku wdkifay;um Ouú|opf udkvSwif usrf;opömusdefqdkcJhonf/ tcrf;tem;wGif txl;{nfhonfawmftjzpf AdkvfrSL;csKyfa[mif;ausmfaZm? yxrqHk; wuoOuú| OD;ausmfcif wdkYrS rdefYcGef;toD;oD; csD;jr§ifhMuonf/ wuotrIaqmiftzGJU\ 0g'ESifhvkyfief;pOfudk aMunmcJhonf/ xdkusrf;opömusdefqdkyGJtwGuf tpOftvmt& ausmif;aeY0uf ydwfay;aeusudk ygarmu©csKyfrS ydwfray;jcif;? ygarmu©csKyfESifh q&mrsm; rwufa&mufMujcif;onf 0rf;enf;p&mjzpfonf/ (c) urÇmUausmif;om;aeh / / Edk0ifbmv (17) &ufaeYudk urÇmYausmif;om;or*¾ (I.U.S) rS ausmif;om;rsm; aeY[k owfrSwfum ESpfpOfusif;ycJhonf/ jrefrmjynfwGif urÇmYausmif;om;aeYudk 1954 ckESpfrSpí usif;ycJhonf/ ,ckESpf wGifvnf; Edk0ifbmv (17) &ufaeYwGif wuojrufcif;jyifwGif usif;ycJhonf/ urÇmYausmif;om;aeY rwdkifrD tBudKaeY rSpí jrefrmausmif;om;vIyf½Sm;rI "gwfyHkwdkYudk vnf;aumif;? jrefrmEdkifiHwGif yef;csDausmfBuD;rsm;\ yef;csDum;trsKd;rsKd;udk vnf;aumif;? wuo pmMunfhcef;rwGif jyocJhonf/ urÇmYausmif;om;or*¾ ordkif;pmapmifudk a0í wuooufom acsmifcsda&; pma&;puúL? pmtdwf ponfrsm;udv k nf; a&mif;cscJo h nf/ Edik if jH cm;rS ynmvma&muf oif,laeMuaom vlrsKd;jcm;ausmif;om;rsm;rS rdefYcGef;toD;oD; ajymMuonf/
jrefrmEdkifiHausmif;om;vIyf&Sm;rIordkif; - atmifxGef; onf/ wrsKd;om;vHk;ESifhoufqdkifaom ta&;rsm;ESifhywfoufí jynfwGif;Nidrf;csrf;a&;ESifh trsKd;om;nDñGwfa&; wnf aqmufa&; yefMum;csux f w k &f efEiS hf Edik if w H uma&;&moabmxm;ESihf aqmif½u G &f eftMuHay;csurf sm;udk jy|mef;Edik cf o hJ nf/ (i) Adkvfatmifausmfaeh / / (21) Mudrfajrmuf AdkvfausmfaeY tcrf;tem;udk 1959 ck? 'DZifbmv (20) &ufaeY wGif Auorsm;tzGUJ csKyf? &uowdYk EiS hf yl;wGu J m Adv k af tmifausmf\ ocFsKdi;f *lwiG pf ½k ;kH oGm;a&muf yef;acGrsm;csí t"d|mef pmwrf;zwfMum;í t"d|mefjyKcJhonf/ (p) [,f&Dwefaeh / / pwkw¬tBudrfajrmuf [,f&DwefaeYudk Auorsm;tzGJUcsKyf? &uowdkYESifyl;wGJum 1960 ck? rwfv (22) &ufaeYwGif jyKvkyfcJhonf/ or*¾ (3) ckrS trIaqmifrsm; pka0;NyD; [,f&Dweftkwf*l½Sd MuHawmokóef odkY vGrf;olYyef;acG oGm;a&mufcsum t"d|mefpmwrf; zwfMum;cJhonf/ (q) trIaqmifrsm;tzrf;cH&aomESpfvnfaeh / / 1959 ck? {NyDv (3) &ufaeYwGif vufeufudkifwyfom; (200) ausmfwdkYonf wuo taqmuftODudk 0dkif;0ef;um wuoOuú| udkcifarmiftkef;? twGif;a&;rSL;a[mif; udkatmif bef;wdkYudk zrf;qD;cJhMuonf/ wuotrIaqmif wOD;jzpfaom udkzdk;omab;tm;vnf; ¤if;\aetdrfwGif zrf;qD;jcif; jyKcJhonf/ wcsdefwnf;wGif wuo 'k-Ouú| udkbaumif;? wuotwGif;a&;rSL; udkcifatmif? Auorsm;tzGJUcsKyf udkaZmf0if;wdkYrSm wdrf;a½SmifíaecJh&onf/ zrf;qD;cH&aomausmif;om;rsm;rSm udkudk;uRef;odkY tydkYcH&onf/ xdktzrf;cH &aom ausmif;om;rsm;ESifhtwl rEÅav;wuúodkvfausmif;om;rsm;? txufwef;ausmif;om;rsm; vTwf&efESifh 0&rf; ausmif;om;rsm;tm; 0&rf;½kyo f rd ;f &ef wESpaf jrmufaeYwiG f awmif;qdck o hJ nf/ xdak eYwiG f ydpk wmrsm;uyfjcif;? 0rf;enf;aom txdrf;trSwftjzpf tvHeufrsm; vTifhxljcif;rsm; jyKvkyfcJhonf/ (Z) udkvdkeDpepf qefhusifa&;aeh / / {NyDv (24) &ufaeYonf EdkifiHwumvli,fausmif;om;rsm;\ udkvdkeD pepfqefYusifa&;ESifh Nidrf;csrf;pGm,SOfwGJaexdkifa&;aeY jzpfonf/ 1955 ck? {NyDv (24) &ufaeYwGif tif'dkeD;½Sm;jynf befa'gif;NrKdUwGif tif'dkeD;½Sm;? tdE´d,? oD[dkVf? w½kwfjynfolYor®wEdkifiH? jrefrmEdkifiH (5) EdkifiHrS OD;aqmifí tm½Stmz&duwdkif;jynfrsm; yg0ifonfh befa'gif;nDvmcHudk usif;ycJhMuonf/ xdknDvmcHrS udkvdkeDpepfqefYusifa&;ESifh Nidrf;csrf;pGmtwl,SOfwGJaexdkifa&;udk csrSwfcJhayonf/ xdkaeYwGif wuoonf Auorsm;tzGJUcsKyf? jynfolUvli,ftzGJUcsKyfwdkYESifh yl;wGJum udkvdkeDpepfqefYusifa&;? Nidrf;csrf;pGm,SOfwGJaexdkifa&; atmifjrifa&;twGuf wdkufyGJ0if&ef aMunmcsuf xkwfjyefcJhonf/ (ps) tmZmenfaeh / / 1960 ck? Zlvdkifv (19) &ufonf AdkvfcsKyfatmifqef;ESifhwuG trsKd;om;acgif; aqmifBuD;rsm; usqHk;onhf (13) ESpfajrmufaeY jzpfonf/ trsKd;om;ynma&;? trsKd;om;vGwfvyfa&; AdokumBuD;rsm; tm; owd&OD;ñGwfonfhtaeESifh wuo? Auo? &uoESifh wef;cGJwef;cswdkufyGJaumfrwDrsm; yl;aygif;um tmZmenf AdrmefodkY csDwuftav;jyKum wdkifwnfyGJ usif;ycJhMuonf/ (n) udkudk;uRef;jyefrsm;*kPfjyKyGJ / / 1958 ck? atmufwdkbmvwGif AdkvfcsKyfae0if;tm; oefY½Sif;zqyvrS tmPm vTJajymif;ay;pOfu wuoonf tjyif;txef uefYuGufqE´jycJhayonf/ xdkYaMumifhyif wuotm; EdkifiHa&; tmCmwrsm;xm;um 1959 ck? {NyDv (5) &ufaeYwGif wuoOuú| udkcifarmiftkef;? trIaqmif udkzdk;omab;ESifh twGif;a&;rSL;a[mif; udkatmifbef;wdkYtm; zrf;qD;í udkudk;uRef;odkY ydkYaqmifcJhayonf/ (13) vausmfrQ tcsKyf taESmifcH&NyD; 1960 ck? arv (14) &ufaeYwGif jyefvnfvGwfvmcJhayonf/ rSefuefaom wdkufyGJrsm;? vIyf½Sm;rIrsm; udk axmufcHum tcdkiftrmjyK&if; vli,fESifhausmif;om; acgif;aqmifrsm;tm; *kPfjyK&efvdkayonf/ odkYtwGuf 1960 ck? arv (21) &ufaeYwGif EdkifiHa&;ygwDrsm;? toif;tzGJUrsm;udk zdwfMum;í wuo? AouESifh jynfolYvli,ftzGJUcsKyfwdkYrS BuD;rSL;um *kPfjyKyGJ jyKvkyfcJhonf/

624

Nidrf;csrf;a&; 'Drdkua&pDa&;BudK;yrf;rI - 1959 rS 1960 - 'Drdkua&pDa&; vltcGifUta&; Nidrf;csrf;a&; trsdK;om;a&;toGif (7) taxGaxGvkyfief;rsm; 1959 ck? 'DZifbmv (7) &ufaeYwiG f &efuek w f uúov kd f "gwkaA'Xme ygarmu©q&mOD;bd;k omonf uG,v f eG f tedpaö &mufcJhayonf/ &efukefwuúodkvfwGif (35) ESpfMumrQ trIxrf;cJhaom ynm½Sifq&mwOD; uG,fvGefoGm;jcif;udk wuorS0rf;enf;aMumif; aMunmí wuúov kd Ef iS ahf umvdyaf ygif;pHak qG;aEG;yGJ ud, k pf m;vS,rf sm;ESit hf wl ydYk aqmifco hJ nf/ wuúodkvfESifhaumvdyfaygif;pHk ajy;ckefupm;yGJudk ausmif;om;or*¾rS ESpfpOfusif;ycJhMuonf/ xdkodkY usif;y &mwGif wuúodkvfupm;ckefpm;aumifpDrS aiGESifh tjcm;tultnDrsm; ay;jrJjzpfí odkYjzpfjcif;aMumifh 1959-60 ckESpf ajy;ckefupm;yGJtwGuf wuúodkvfaumifpDrS aiG (2000) usyf xkwfay;&ef taMumif;Mum;cJhonf/ odkYaomf r&cJhyg/ 1959 ck? 'DZifbmv (18) &ufwiG f usi;f ycJah om &efuek w f uúov kd f bGUJ ESi;f obiftcrf;tem;wGif wuúov kd f t"dywd EdkifiHawmf0efBuD;csKyf AdkvfcsKyfae0if;\ rdefYcGef;tm; wuorS BudKqdkcJhonf/ rdefYcGef;wGif ]q&m? ausmif;om; jyóemudk Oyrmjyí b,fudpörqdk jyifyya,m*r0if&if q&mESifUausmif;om; n§dEIdif;ajz½Sif;vdkh&aMumif;}? ynma&; pepfESifhywfoufí ]vuf½ydS nma&;pepfBu;D udk jyKjyifajymif;vJ&efvt kd yfaMumif;? acwfEiS &Uf ifabmifwef;Edik af om ynma&; pDrHudef;rsm;vdkaMumif;} jzifh ajymqdkcJhonf/ xdkYaMumifhwuorS BudKqdkaxmufcHjcif; jyKcJhonf/ 1959-60 ckEpS f pmar;yGrJ sm; ajzqd&k awmhrnft h wGuf ausmif;om;rsm; pmMunfEh ikd &f ef wuo tpnf;ta0; cef;rtm; eHeufcif;rS n (12) em&Dxd zGifhvSpfí Zefe0g&D (26) &ufaeYrS pwifcGifhjyKcJhonf/ pmMunfhEdkifa&;twGuf tpDtpOfESifh vdktyfcsufrsm;udk jyKvkyfay;cJhonf/ &efuek w f uúov kd ?f yif;,aqmif o[m,ESihf pmzwftoif; trIaqmif? or*¾0if ud0k if;armifonf azazmf0g&D v (22) &ufaeYnu uG,v f eG t f edpö a&mufcjhJ cif;? ynma&;XmerS aeYausmif;olwOD;jzpfol rwifwifat; (bDattD;'D) yxrESpfonf 1960 ck? rwfv (6) &ufaeYwGif uG,fvGeftedpöa&mufcJhjcif;? oxHkausmif;aqmif 0dZÆmodyÜH (u) wef; ausmif;om; udkcspf0dwfonf 1960 ck? {NyDv (2) &ufwGif uG,fvGeftedpöa&mufjcif;wdkYudk wuorS tokb ydkYaqmifcJhonf/ 1960 ckESpf? Zlvvdkif (7) &ufaeY t*Fvefjynf? udef;b&pfNrdKUwGif ygarmu©q&mBuD; zmeDA,f uG,fvGef tedpö a&mufomG ;cJo h nf/ q&mBuD;onf jrefrmjynfwiG f 1902 ckEpS rf pS í tdik pf t D ufpb f 0ESihf trIxrf;cJNh yD; e,fcsJUacwf vGwv f yfa&;acwf wavQmufv;kH ESihf uG,v f eG o f nfah eYtxd jrefrmjynf\ okawoevkyif ef;rsm;udk tpOfwpdu k v f yk cf o hJ l jzpf\/ xdkYtwGuf wuorS q&mBuD;uG,fvGefojzifh rsm;pGm0rf;enf;aMumif; aMunmcJhonf/ rEÅav;aqmifwGif tpm;taomufrsm;aMumifh ausmif;om;rsm; rl;a0atmhtefum "gwfavQmukefMu\/ odYk twGuf ausmif;aqmift&m½Srd w S qifh ausmif;aqmifaumfrwDoYkd xdu k o f ifo h vdk ta&;,laqmif½u G yf g&ef taMumif; Mum;cJhonf/ (8) Xmeqdkif&mvkyfief;rsm; (u) jyefMum;a&;Xme / / wuo owif;ESifhjyefMum;a&;XmerS tcgtm;avsmfpGm owif;vTmrsm; xkwfa0 cJhonf/ wuo\vkyfief;rsm;? oabmxm;rsm;? owif;rsm;udk ausmif;ol? ausmif;om;xkodkY rjywfjzefYcsdcJhonf/ wBudrfvQif apmifa& (2000) cefY½dkufí xkwfa0cJhonf/ 1960-61 ckESpf armifr,fopfvGif tBudKowif;vTm xkwfa0cJhonf/ (c) oufomacsmifcsda&;Xme / / wuo oufomacsmifcsda&;XmerS zGifhvSpfxm;aomqdkifudk 1959-60 ck ESpfpwGif wdk;csJUvkyfudkifjcif; jyKcJhonf/ wuúodkvfor0g,r? tif;0pmtkyfwdkufESifh tquftoG,frsm;,lum pmtdwf? pma&; puúLESifh pmtkyfrsm;omru qyfjym? riftdk;? oGm;wdkufaq;? tvSukeftcsKdUudk wdk;csJUa&mif;cscJhonf/ yvyfpwpf ypön;f rsm;ESihf ywfoufívnf; rSwyf w kH ifuwfrsm;udk a&mif;csEikd cf o hJ nf/ armfvNrdKifOypmaumvdyEf iS hf rEÅav;wuúov kd f ausmif;om;or*¾rsm;odYk vnf; oufomacsmifcsad &;XmerS jzefYcsu d m wifyYkdppD OfEikd cf o hJ nf/ odYk &mwGif 1959 ck ukeq f ;kH csed f ydkif;rsm;wGifum; ypönf;½Sm;yg;rI? aiGaMu;tcuftcJrsm;aMumifh qdkifydwfxm;cJh&ayonf/ (*) vlxkqufqHa&;Xme / / wuo vlxkqufoG,fa&;Xmeonf wuovkyfief;ESifh a&mpyfvsuf½Sdonf omrsm;ayonf/ jrefrmwdkY\ pmayavmu*kPfjyKjcif; txdrf;trSwfjzpfaom pmqdkawmfaeYudk ewfawmfvqef; (1) 625

jrefrmEdkifiHausmif;om;vIyf&Sm;rIordkif; - atmifxGef; &ufaeYwGif jyKvkyfusif;yjrJ jzpfayonf/ pmqdkawmfaeY\ tBudKaeYjzpfaom 1959 ck? Edk0ifbmv (29) &ufaeYnwGif uavmiftoif;? pme,fZif;toif;wdYk EiS hf wuowdYk yl;aygif;um wuo taqmuftODwiG f pmqdyk nm½Sirf sm;jzpfaom OD;at;armif? OD;azarmifwif? OD;odef;[ef? rif;ok0PfwdkYtm; uefawmhylaZmfyGJjyKvkyfum vli,fpma&;q&mrsm;\ a[majymyGJrsm;udk jyKvkyfcJhonf/ (C) upm;ckefpm;ESifU,Ofaus;rIXme / / wuo upm;ckefpm;ESifh,Ofaus;rIXmeonf wuúodkvfausmif;om;rsm; \ tm;upm;avmu tqifhtwef;jrifha&;twGuf wuúodkvfq&mrsm\ vspfvsL½Ijcif;cHae&aom wuúodkvftm; upm;avmu zGUH NzdK;ap&ef ulnt D m;ay;cJo h nf/ jyify tm;upm;NydKifyrJG sm;wGif yg0if,OS Nf ydKifaom wuúov kd rf S tm;upm; toif;tzGJUESifh ausmif;om;rsm;tm; txl;tm;ay;cJhMuonf/ wuúodkvfESpfywfvnf ajy;ckefupm;yGJ ydkrdkpnfum;a&;twGuf yg0ifaqmif½GufcJhonf/ 1959 ckESpf 'DZifbm vwGif ,d;k ',m;jynf? befaumufNrdKUü usi;f yaom ta½SUawmiftm½Sro d m;pk tdv k yH pfNydKifyt JG wGuf a½G;cs,jf cif;cH&aom wuúodkvfrS tm;upm;orm; (17) OD;tm; *kPfjyKyGJjzpfajrmuf&ef BudK;pm;aqmif½Gufí atmifjrifcJhayonf/ 1959 ckESpf? 'DZifbmvwGif tdE´d,jynf? tm*&mNrdKUü usif;yjyKvkyfaom wuúodkvfESifhaumvdyfaygif;pHk ajy;ckeu f pm;yGo J Ykd &efuek w f uúov kd rf S xl;cReaf om tm;upm;orm;rsm; yg0if,OS Nf ydKifEikd af &;twGuf wuúov kd t f m;upm; aumifpDrSwqifh ygarmu©csKyfxHodkY awmif;qdkay;cJhonf/ xdkYaMumifhvnf; &efukefwuúodkvfrS tm;upm;orm; (8) OD; yg0if,OS Nf ydKifciG hf &½Scd ahJ yonf/ jrefrmEdik if w H iG f pmtkypf mwrf;rsm; ½Sm;yg;onft h wGuf Edik if jH cm;wuúov kd rf S tm;upm; pmtkyfrsm; vSL'gef;Edkif&ef pmjzifha&;om; tultnDawmif;cJhonf/ tcsKdUw0uf&½SdcJhonf/ urÇmYausmif;om;or*¾ 'k-Ouú| rpöwmtbl*pf'g&D\ a,bk,sowif;ay;csuft& 1961 ckESpf? Mo*kwfv wGif blvaf *;&D;,m;jynf? qdzk , D mNrdKUü usi;f yrnfjzpfaom urÇmYwuúov kd af ygif;pHk ajy;ckeu f pm;yGw J iG f &efuek w f uúov kd f rS xl;cRefaom tm;upm;orm;rsm; yg0if,SOfNydKifEdkifa&;udk wuúodkvf upm;ckefpm;aumifpDwGif wifjy&m rltm;jzifh vufcHvdkufNyD; jzpfonf/ &efuek w f uúov kd f upm;ckepf m;aumifpw D iG f q&m (5) OD;ESihf wuo ausmif;om;ud, k pf m;vS,f (5) OD;yg0ifc&hJ m EdkifiHjcm;rS enf;jyq&m awmif;,la&;udk upm;ckefpm;aumifpDwGif wifjyaqG;aEG;cJhonf/ xdkYtwGuf tar&duefjynf zl;(vf)b½du k pf rD u H ed ;f rS bwfpuwfabm? abmfvaD bm? wif;epfEiS hf a&ul;wdYk twGuf enf;jyq&m rpöwm'pfabmif;0g; ESifh ZeD;wdkY rMumrDu a&muf½SdvmcJhayonf/ wuúov kd t f av;r tm;upm;½HBk uD;wGif upm;ol vlO;D a&ESihf rnDrQvmonfwYkdukd awGU½Sí d taqmuftODopf wdk;csJUa&;udk awmif;qdkay;cJh&m &½SdcJhayonf/ &efuek w f uúov kd f wBudrw f cgrQ avhvmqefppfjcif; rjyKvkycf b hJ ;l aom &efuek w f uúov kd f tm;upm;avmu ppfwrf;wapmifudk a&;om;í wuúodkvfupm;ckefpm;aumifpDodkY wifoGif;EdkifcJhonf/ b@maiG tcuftcJ½SdrlaMumifh wuúodkvfESifh aumvdyfaygif;pHk ajy;ckef;upm;yGJ rjyKvkyfEdkifcJh/ tm;upm;owif;pOf pmapmifrsm; rxkwfEdkifcJhay/ wuúodkvf tm;upm;toif;tzGJUaygif;pHkESifh awGUqHkaqG;aEG;yGJw&yfudkvnf; Mo*kwfv wwd,ywftwGif; jyKvkyf&ef pDpOfxm;onf/ 1959 ckESpf? 'DZifbmvwGif jyKvkyfaom rEÅav;wuúodkvf aiG&wkobifyGJodkY udk,fpm;vS,f vTwfjcif;? wuo\ pDrHuGyfuJrIjzifh jyZmwfyg0ifujy EdkifcJhjcif;rsm;jzifh ulnDcJhonf/ (i) tdk;a0r*¾Zif;Xme / / tdk;a0r*¾Zif;onf &efukefwuúodkvfausmif;om;rsm;or*¾\ a
/ ausmif;om;xkESifh jynfolvlxktwGuf wuo\ ajymifajrmufaom wdkuf

Nidrf;csrf;a&; 'Drdkua&pDa&;BudK;yrf;rI - 1959 rS 1960 - 'Drdkua&pDa&; vltcGifUta&; Nidrf;csrf;a&; trsdK;om;a&;toGif yGrJ sm;aMumifh vnf;aumif;? urÇmYausmif;om;tcsif;csif; aoG;pnf;nDñw G af &;vkyif ef;rsm;aMumifh vnf;aumif;? wuo \ *kPfodu©monf urÇmYwdkif;jynfrsm;wGif xif½Sm;ay:vGifcJhonf/ EdkifiHwum ausmif;om;avmuwGif xif½Sm;onfh tzGYJ tpnf;rsm;jzpfonfh (IUS/ Cosec) ESpcf pk vH;k ESihf wuoonf qufo, G cf o hJ nf/ qufo, G &f mwGif tajccHEpS cf suf ay:wGif rlwnfNyD; qufoG,fcJhonf/ 1/ EdkifiHwum ausmif;om;nDñGwfa&; wnfaqmufa&;ESifh tvkyfwlyl;wGJvkyfaqmifa&;/ 2/ e,fcsJUqefYusifwdkufzsufa&;ESifh urÇmNidrf;csrf;a&; wnfaqmufa&; ponfwdkY jzpfonf/ yÍörtBudraf jrmuf urÇmausmif;om;rsm;tzGUJ csKyf uGe*f &ufNyD;ajrmufNyD; aemufyikd ;f umvwGif ta½SUawmifyikd ;f ½Sd ausmif;om;vli,ftzGJUtpnf;rsm;ESifh wuoonf qufoG,frIwGif txl;wdk;wuf aumif;rGefvmcJhonf/ awmiftmz&duwdkuf½Sd ausmif;om;vli,frsm;\ vljzLvlrJcGJjcm;csuf wdkufzsufa&;wdkufyGJ? tJvf*sD;&D;,m;½Sd ausmif;om;vli,frsm;\ trsKd;om;vGwfajrmufa&;wkdufyGJ? awmifudk&D;,m; ausmif;om;vli,frsm;\ qpfref&D; zufqpftmPm½Siftpdk;& wdkufzsufa&;wdkufyGJ? wl&uD½Sd ausmif;om;vli,frsm;\ ref;ZD;zufqpftmPm½Siftpdk;& wdu k zf suaf &;wdu k yf ?JG *syef½dS ausmif;om;vli,frsm;\ tar&duef wynfh tvdak wmf&d uD½dS tpd;k &zsuaf &;? *syefjynftm; uRefjyKvkyfrnfh *syef-tar&duef ppfajyNidrf;a&;pmcsKyf zsufodrf;a&;ESifh [dkuf'½dk*sif-tEkjrLAHk; rprf;oyfrazmufcGJa&;? vHk;0ydwfyifa&; Nidrf;csrf;a&;wdkufyGJwdkYudk wuorS axmufcHcJhonf/ wuoonf urÇmYausmif;om;rsm;aeYudk Edk0ifbmv (17) &ufaeYwGif wcrf;wem; atmifjrifpGmusif;yjyK vkyEf ikd cf o hJ nf/ "gwfyjkH yyG?J yef;csjD yyGrJ sm;tjyif
jrefrmEdkifiHausmif;om;vIyf&Sm;rIordkif; - atmifxGef; vnf;aumif;? urÇmYausmif;om;rsm;aeYESifh trsKd;om;atmifyGJaeY jyyGJjyKvkyf&mwGif wm0ef,laqmif½Gufay;aom yef;csD q&m OD;eef;a0tm;vnf;aumif;? "gwfyjkH yyGw J iG f "gwfyrkH sm;pkaqmif;pdu k x f w k af y;aom [Hom0wD owif;pmrS OD;a½Tarmif tm;vnf;aumif;? rEÅav;aiG&wkobifoYkd uyGt J ultnDay;&mwGif wm0efcu H n l aD y;aom vli,f'g½du k w f m wuúov kd f jrwfav;tm;vnf;aumif;? w,fvDzHk;aMu;ray;qyfEdkifojzifh jyefvnfwyfqifay;&efBudK;pm;&mü aiG (100) vSLay; aom EdkifiHawmf0efBuD;csKyfOD;Ektm;vnf;aumif;? aiG (100) vSLay;aom wuoxrif;qdkifrS a':MunfMunftm;vnf; aumif;? tdk;a0r*¾Zif; xkwfEdkifa&;twGuf rwnfaiGvSL'gef;yg0ifMuaom trIaqmifa[mif;rsm;? t&m½SdBuD;rsm;? ukefonfrsm;? owif;pmwdkufrsm;tm;vnf;aumif; wuorS txl;aus;Zl;wif½SdaMumif; rSwfwrf;wiftyfygonf/ (10) ed*Hk; &Jabmfw-hkd 1959-60 or*¾oufwef;onf? ql;ajimifhcvkwfrsm;jzifh jynfhvQrf;aeaom tMurf;wrf;qHk;c&D; jzpfonf/ wjynfvHk;wGif 'Drdkua&pDqdwfokOf;um? jynfolw&yfvHk;rSm tylvHk;
igwdkhtm;um; ausmif;om;? igwdkhvufeufum; or*¾ ynma&;vkyfaqmifcsuf uefhuGufMu or*¾wnfjrJa&; xdef;odrf;umuG,fMu wuúodkvfausmif;om;or*¾ t"Gefh½SnfwnfjrJygap

aehpGJ- 1960 ck? Mo*kwfv 7 &uf (tdk;a0ESpfvnfpmapmif)

628

(yH)k pdef0if;Ä 'k-Ouú| &efukefwuúodkvfausmif;om;rsm;or*¾ (1959-60)

Nidrf;csrf;a&; 'Drdkua&pDa&;BudK;yrf;rI - 1959 rS 1960 - 'Drdkua&pDa&; vltcGifUta&; Nidrf;csrf;a&; trsdK;om;a&;toGif

OD;vSwif (1959-60) Source: Oway Magazines

u&ifjynfe,f? bm;tHNrKdUwGif arG;zGm;onf/ 1955-56 ckwGif armfvNrKdifOypmaumvdyfwGif ynmqnf;yl;í 1957-58 wGif &efukefwuúodkvfü qufvuf ynmqnf;yl;onf/ 1958-59ckwGif wuotrIaqmiftzGJUü td;k a0r*¾Zif; t,f'w D mtjzpf wm0efay;tyfjcif;cH&í 1959-60 ckwiG f wuoOuú|jzpfonf/ Ouú|opf usr;f opöm used q f ykd w JG iG f xdpk Ofu oefY½iS ;f zqyv Ouú|jzpfol ,ckEikd if aH wmf0efBuD;csKyfO;D Eku opömqdak y;onf/ 'Drdkua&pDa&; arSmifuscsdefü wuoonf tusyftwnf;rsm;ESifh &ifqdkifcJh&onf/ wuo\ tcGifhta&;rsm; ½kyo f rd ;f cH&onf/ wuúov kd af umifpo D nf or*¾0ifaMu;rsm; aumufcaH y;&mrS &yfqikd ;f ypfco hJ nf/ ausmif;aqmifaecGifh pnf;urf;udk jyifqifum ae&mcsxm;rI ajymif;vJrIrsm;aMumifh ausmif;om;qE´jyyGJrsm; ay:cJo h nf/ atmufwb kd mausmif;ydw&f ufwiG f ausmif;om;rsm; ausmif;aqmifaecGiEhf iS hf ywfoufí rD;wkwu f ikd f qE´jyyGrJ sm;jzpfco hJ nf/ wuúov kd t f mPmydik rf sm;u awmif;yef&rnf[k tusyfuikd jf cif;cHc&hJ onf/ wuúov kd f tufOya'jyifqifcsut f & ausmif;om;ud, k pf m;vS,f wuúov kd af umifpD vlBuD; (2) OD;udk ausmif;om; xk rJqE´jzifha½G;cs,f&m wuorS wifoGif;aom udk,fpm;vS,f (2) OD; a½G;cs,fcH&onf/ wuúov kd w f iG f pmayoifMum;ydYkcs&mü bmom&yfrsm;ESiyhf wfoufí ajymif;vJjcif;rsm; jyKvyk cf \ hJ / jrefrm&mZ0ifukd bmomw&yftjzpf oifMum;ae&mrS &yfqikd ;f ypfojzifh ausmif;om;jynforl sm;u uefYuu G Mf uonf/ wuúov kd f aemufqufwJG pmar;yGu J si;f ya&;twGuf BuD;rm;aom ausmif;om;xkqE´jyrIBuD;rsm; ay:aygufco hJ nf/ ygarmu© csKyftrd u f kd 0dik ;f í ta&;qdjk cif;rsm; jzpfco hJ nf/ wuúov kd t f "dywd Edik if aH wmf0efBuD;csKyf OD;Eku jrefrm&mZ0ifukd qufvufoifMum;apjcif;? aemufqufwJG pmar;yGu J si;f y&ef wdu k w f eG ;f qH;k jzwfjcif;rsm; jyKco hJ nf/ aemufqufwJG pmar;yGrJ sm;udk pufwifbmvwGif usif;yay;cJo h nf/ udkvSwifonf wuúodkvfü qufvufynm qnf;yl;qJjzpf\/

(wzufpmrsuEf mS rS) udkpdef0if;Ä (oHk;cG)- 1959-60 ck wuo ESpfywfvnftpD&ifcHpmonf wuoordkif;wGif txl;jcm;qHk; tjynfhpHkqHk;xJrS wckjzpfonf/ 1971 ck? arvrS ZGefvtxd uRef;pepfzsufodrf;a&; tpmiwfcHqE´jywdkufyJGwGif wdkufyJG0ifcJhNyD;? uRef;pepfysufNyD; tif;pdef (wJGzufaxmif) odkY olYtm; vlemxrf;pOfjzifho,fum uRef;wdkufü tusOf;csxm;cJhonf/ uRef;wdkufyJG aemufxyf ESp&f ufo;kH &ufqufygu udpk ed 0f if;yg aoqH;k oGm;Edik o f nf/ ¤if;'Pfrsm;aMumifh aoqH;k csed t f xd use;f rma&;csKUd ,Gi;f cJ&h onf/ aemufq;kH tBudrf axmifxaJ &muf awmhvnf; ¤if;'Pfrsm;aMumifyh if uG,v f eG cf o hJ nf/ (OD;vSaz rSwcf suf- jirf;? udpk ed 0f if;oHk;cG? pm- 12? trSwfpOf- 4? ar 2000/ w,fvDzkef;ar;jref;csuf) 1988 ck? pufwifbmv ppfwyftmPmodrf;tNyD; e,fpyfodkYxGuftvm rlvusef;rma&; csKdU,Gif;aom'PfaMumifh vrf;c&D; zifhaES;aeNyD; ajcaxmufwGif'Pf&m&um e0w\ zrf;qD;jcif;cH&onf/ 1990 'DZifbmwGif tonf;toefaeraumif; jzpfí 1991 Zefe0g&Dvqef;wGif tif;pdefaxmifaq;½HkodkY wifvdkuf&onf/ 1991 ck? Zefe0g&Dv (10) &ufaeYwGif axmifaq;½HkwGif uG,fvGefonf/ (tusOf;axmifxJrS tmZmenfrsm;? {&m0wDpmtkyfwdkuf? 1999? pm-18/ atatyDyD)629

&efuek w f uúov kd af usmif;om;rsm;or*¾ trIaqmiftzGUJ (1959- 1960) jrefrmEdkifiHausmif;om;vIyf&Sm;rIordkif; - atmifxGef;

rcifcifapm

udkAaqGav;

udkvSwif

udkpdef0if;

udkndK0if;

(pmMunfhwdkufrSL;)

(aiGxdef;)

(Ouú|)

('k-Ouú|)

(twGif;a&;rSL;)

udkjroef; (wJGzuftwGif;a&;rSL;)

udkudkMunf

udkatmif0if;

udkwifarmifaqG

(vlxkqufoG,fa&;)

(oufomacsmifcsda&;)

(,Ofaus;rIESifhupm;ckefpm;)

ygy,m;

em½dkif;em;

OD;uHodef;

udkausmfvIdif udkatmifodrf;Edkif (EdkifiHjcm;a&;)

udkbay:

(tdk;a0wm0efcH)

udkvSausmf

&efuek w f uúov kd af usmif;om;rsm;or*¾ - td;k a0r*¾Zif;aumfrwD (1959-1960)

Source: Oway Magazines

630 rcifcifat; (trIaqmif) udkAaqGav; (aiGxdef;) udkatmifodrf;Edkif (tdk;a0wm0efcH) udkxGm;pdef (twGif;a&;rSL;) udkoef;armif (trIaqmif) udkeE´ (trIaqmif) udkvSa½T (trIaqmif)

Nidrf;csrf;a&; 'Drdkua&pDa&;BudK;yrf;rI - 1959 rS 1960 - 'Drdkua&pDa&; vltcGifUta&; Nidrf;csrf;a&; trsdK;om;a&;toGif

Adv k cf sKyBf u;D tpd;k &acwf wuo (17) vc&D; ("gwyf u kH @)

rSwfcsuf- tdk;a0r*¾Zif;rS jznfhpGufazmfjyonf/

631

jrefrmEdkifiHausmif;om;vIyf&Sm;rIordkif; - atmifxGef;

Source: Oway Magazines

632

Nidrf;csrf;a&; 'Drdkua&pDa&;BudK;yrf;rI - 1959 rS 1960 - 'Drdkua&pDa&; vltcGifUta&; Nidrf;csrf;a&; trsdK;om;a&;toGif

Source: Oway Magazines

633

jrefrmEdkifiHausmif;om;vIyf&Sm;rIordkif; - atmifxGef;

Source: Oway Magazines

634

Nidrf;csrf;a&; 'Drdkua&pDa&;BudK;yrf;rI - 1959 rS 1960 - 'Drdkua&pDa&; vltcGifUta&; Nidrf;csrf;a&; trsdK;om;a&;toGif

Source: Oway Magazines

635

jrefrmEdkifiHausmif;om;vIyf&Sm;rIordkif; - atmifxGef;

Source: Oway Magazines

636

Nidrf;csrf;a&; 'Drdkua&pDa&;BudK;yrf;rI - 1959 rS 1960 - 'Drdkua&pDa&; vltcGifUta&; Nidrf;csrf;a&; trsdK;om;a&;toGif

(Ouú| udv k w S if rdechf eG ;f ajymaepOf)

Source: Oway Magazines

637

jrefrmEdkifiHausmif;om;vIyf&Sm;rIordkif; - atmifxGef;

(0J- Ouú|opf udkvSwif)

(yH-k ¤if;a½G;yJw G iG f oef½h iS ;f zqyv ud, k pf m;vS,½f ;HI ojzifh oef½Y iS ;f rdom;pk ½I;H yJBG u;D [k ydpk wma&;í vSnv Uf nfvmMupOf)

Source: Oway Magazines

638

Nidrf;csrf;a&; 'Drdkua&pDa&;BudK;yrf;rI - 1959 rS 1960 - 'Drdkua&pDa&; vltcGifUta&; Nidrf;csrf;a&; trsdK;om;a&;toGif

udak tmiford ;f Edik f - vufrSwfxdk;xm;ol tdk;a0wm0efcH udkatmifodrf;Edkifonf AuyodkY awmcdkoGm;cJhNyD; vlxka':trmom;tBuD; udkpdk;0if;ESifh 639 twl jzKwf? xkwf? owf- ao'Pfay;ta&;,lcH&onf/

jrefrmEdkifiHausmif;om;vIyf&Sm;rIordkif; - atmifxGef;

640

Nidrf;csrf;a&; 'Drdkua&pDa&;BudK;yrf;rI - 1959 rS 1960 - 'Drdkua&pDa&; vltcGifUta&; Nidrf;csrf;a&; trsdK;om;a&;toGif

641

jrefrmEdkifiHausmif;om;vIyf&Sm;rIordkif; - atmifxGef;

tcef; (23) Nird ;f csr;f a&; 'Dru kd a&pDa&;BuKd ;yrf;rI 'Dru kd a&pDa&; vlrsKd;pkausmif;om;ta&; jynfwGif;Nidrf;csrf;a&;ESifY trsK;d om;a&;toGif ausmif;om;vIy&f mS ;rIordik ;f (1960 rS 1961)

(u) 1960-61 &efuek w f uúov kd af usmif;om;or*¾trIaqmiftzGUJ udkwifat; udkwifarmif udkeE´ (0dZÆm-*kPfxl;) udkAaqGav; udkapmarmif udkxGef;Munf udkrif;axG; udkvSMunf udkombef; udkvSa½T udkjrodef;

Ouú| 'k-Ouú| aiGxdef; taxGaxGtwGif;a&;rSL; wGJzuftwGif;a&;rSL;ESifh owif;ESifhjyefMum;a&;XmerSL; EdkifiHjcm;qufoG,fa&;XmerSL; upm;ckefpm;ESifh ,Ofaus;rIXmerSL; vlxkqufoG,fa&;XmerSL; ausmif;om;oufomacsmifcsda&;XmerSL; tdk;a0wm0efcH pmMunfhwdkufrSL;

(c) &efuek w f uúov kd af usmif;om;rsm;or*¾ (1960-61) Ouú|opf usr;f opömused q f ykd JG Ouú|opfudkwifat;rdefhcGef; (1960 ck? Edk0ifbmv 17 &uf) {nfUonfawmfvlBuD;rif;rsm;? q&m^q&mrrsm;? &Jabmfausmif;ol^om;rsm;cifAsm;(31) ESpaf jrmuf wuoOuú|tjzpf uReaf wmfu h kd wm0efay;MuwJt h wGuf 0rf;ajrmuf0rf;om *kP, f rl yd gw,f/ ay;tyfwJhwm0efudkvnf; xrf;aqmifyghr,fvdkY usrf;opömusdefqdkNyD;ygNyD/ ausmif;om;xku ,Hk,HkMunfMunf ay;tyfwJh ausmif;om;wm0efrsm;eJY rdbjynfolrsm;uay;tyfwJh trsKd; 642

Nidrf;csrf;a&; 'Drdkua&pDa&;BudK;yrf;rI - 1960 rS 1961 - 'Drdkua&pDa&; vlrsKd;pkausmif;om;ta&; Nidrf;csrf;a&; trsKd;om;a&;toGif om;a&; wm0efrsm;udk wuo&JUordkif;pOfrSm ydkrdkxGef;ajymifa&;twGuf uRefawmfeJY uRefawmfhtrIaqmiftzGJU[m ajc okwfykqdk;? a>rpG,fusKd;rQ xrf;aqmifyghr,fqdkwm uwday;yg&ap/ uRefawmfwdkY trIaqmiftzGJU&JU oabmxm;rsm;udk rajymMum;rD wuo&JUordkif;pOfrSm tMurf;wrf;qHk;vdkY qdk&r,fh c&D;Murf;BuD;udk ausmfvTm;EdkifcJhwJh NyD;cJhwJhESpf trIaqmiftzGJU&JU atmifjrifpGmBudK;yrf;EdkifrIudk OD;pGmyxr rSwfwrf;wifvdkygw,f/ wuoBuD; aysmufuG,foGm;atmif zsufqD;jcif;cH&wJhtcsdefrSm wuo wnfwHhcdkifjrJatmif tEÅ&m,ftaygif;ud&k ifqikd Nf yD; ausmif;om;xkEiS t hf wl umuG,Ef ikd o f t l jzpf 1959-60 ckEpS f trIaqmiftzGUJ udk uReaf wmf wdkY av;pm;*kPfjyK rSwfwrf;wifvdkufygw,f/ 'DvNkd yD;cJw h hJ trIaqmiftzGUJ u wnfwchH ikd jf rJatmif xde;f odr;f cJw h hJ wuoudk uReaf wmfwUkd qufvufwm0ef,l yghr,f? wuo&JUordkif;pOf xGef;ajymifatmif qufvufBudK;pm;yghr,f/ tvif;udktarSmifeJY zsufqD;wJY tcsdefumv rsKd;ESifh MuHKvmjyefvQifvnf; uRefawmfwdkY wdkufcdkufausmfvTm;yghr,f/ 'DaeYwjynfv;kH rSm½Sw d hJ ausmif;om;rsm;&JUcHpm;csuf? epfemcsufrsm;[m trsm;tjym;½Sw d ,f/ wuúov kd af usmif; om;awGyjJ zpfjzpf txufwef;ausmif;om;awGyjJ zpfjzpf cHpm;&csuf epfem&csufrsm;[m wlnyD gw,f/ 'DaeYwjynfv;kH rSm or*¾awG vGwv f yfpmG zGUJ pnf;cGihf r½Sjd zpfaeygao;w,f/ 'g[m 'Dru kd a&pDa&;twGuf raumif;wJv h u©Pm jzpfygw,f/ or*¾awG[m e,fcsJUqefYusifa&;ordkif;rSm tifrwefxGef;ajymifcJhygw,f/ 'Drdkua&pDudk wzGzGa
jrefrmEdkifiHausmif;om;vIyf&Sm;rIordkif; - atmifxGef; tcGifhta&; trsm;tjym;udkawmh razmfjyvdkawmhygbl;/ txif½Sm;qHk; om"uwckudk azmfjy&vQif AdkvfcsKyfae0if; tpdk;&vufxuf 1959 ck &efukefwuúodkvf tufOya'jyifqifcsuf[m wuo&JU e,fcsJUqefYusifa&;? trsKd;om;a&; wdkufyGJrS&½SdwJh ausmif;om;tcGifhta&;udk csKd;ESdrfvdkufjcif; jzpfygw,f/ 1958 ck jyifqifcsuft& wuo&JU w&m;0if udk,fpm;vS,f (2) OD;udk &efukefwuúodkvfaumifpDu xkwfy,fcJhygw,f/ wuúodkvfaumifpDrSm tjcm;aomXmeawGu wdkuf½dkufudk,fpm;vS,f yg0ifcGifh &½Sdayr,fh wuoudkawmh 'DtcGifhta&; ½kyfodrf;ypfvdkufw,f/ 'g[m wuo&JU xGef;ajymifwJh &mZ0ifudk csKd;ESdrfjcif; jzpfw,f/ wuo&JU&mZ0ifudk *kPfodu©mudk edrfhusatmif xdyg;apmfum;jcif;yJ/ 'Dvdk wuoudk csKd;ESdrfwJhae&mrSm wuo acgif;aqmifa[mif;awG yg0ifaewmudk 0rf;enf;pGm awGU&w,f/ wuo&JU udk,fpm;vS,f (2) OD;[m &efukefwuúodkvfaumifpDrSm yg0ifoifhw,fvdkY ,aeYwdkif uRefawmfwdkY ,HMk unfygw,f/ yg0ifciG &hf atmifvnf; qufvufwu kd yf 0JG ifygr,f/ &efuek w f uúov kd &f UJ ta&;tcif;rSeo f rQrmS wuo ud, k pf m;vS,rf ygbJ b,fenf;ESirhf Q ajz½Si;f vdYk r&bl;qdw k m &mZ0ifu oufaocHaeygw,f/ tpd;k &? wuúov kd t f mPm ydkifeJY ausmif;om;qufqHa&;[m wuo udk,fpm;vS,f (2) OD; aumifpDtwGif;rSm&½SdwJh w&m;0ifae&mrSefudk jyefr& oa½GU NyD;jynfhpHkrSm r[kwfygbl;/ 'gaMumifh ausmif;om;tcGifhta&; umuG,fa&;wdkufyGJrSm wuo udk,fpm;vS,f (2) OD; aumifpDtwGif; yg0ifcGifh&½Sda&;twGuf wuúodkvftufOya' jyifqifcsufudk qefYusifwdkufyGJ0ifr,f? 'DOya'udk ½kyfodrf;ay;ygvdkY awmif;qdkygw,f/ qufvufNyD; wuúodkvf&JU ynma&;tajctaeudk tav;teuf ajymMum;vdkygw,f/ wuúodkvfrSm ynm oifMum;rItajymif;tvJ rsm;jym;w,f/ bmom&yfawmfawmfrsm;rsm;[m 'DESpfoifMum;cGifh&ayr,fh aemufESpfus&if oifMum;cGifhr&eJY rwnfrNidrfjzpfaeygw,f/ oifMum;aewJh ae&mrSmvnf; q&m? ausmif;oHk;ypönf;? pmtkyfpmwrf; rvHkavmufwJhMum;u tqifhtwef; jr§ifhwifa&;qdkNyD; oifMum;wJhtcgrSm tqifhtwef;rjr§ifhbJ ausmif;om;awGom pmar;yGJtusrsm;wm awGU&ygw,f/ cufcufoifvdkY rdrdoifwJh bmomt,l enf;vmwmudk *kPf,laeMuwJhXmeawG wuúodkvfrSm ½Sdaew,f/ tckq&kd if ausmif;om;awG[m rdrpd w d 0f ifpm;&m? rdrt d wGut f vm;tvm? wdik ;f jynf&UJ vdt k yfcsuf ponfwYkdukd rMunfEh ikd f ½SmawmhbJ pmar;yGjJ refjrefatmifzUkd vG,u f w l b hJ mom&yfawGuo kd m oifMum;aewJt h ajctaeudk 0rf;enf;pGmawGU&ygw,f/ 'Dawmh ynmoifMum;rI rjynfhpHkwJhMum;u tqifhtwef;jrifhatmifqdkNyD; cufcufoif? cufcufar;? pmar;yGJusqHk;&if ausmif;xkwfypf pwJh tifrwef&ifav;p&mb0udk ausmif;om;awG &ifqdkifae&ygw,f/ uRefawmfwYkd jzpfapcsifwmu pmayoifMum;rI vdt k yfcsufrsm; jynfph akH tmifvyk yf g/ tqift h wef;jr§iw hf ifa&; twGuv f nf; wzufuBudK;pm;yg/ pmar;yGaJ tmifEikd af tmifvnf; oifMum;ay;yg/ pmar;yGu J s&if ausmif;xkwyf pfwphJ epf qdk;BuD;udk y,fzsufay;ygvdkY arwåm&yfcHvdkygw,f/ 'gawG[m ausmif;rSmpmoifae&cdkuf jyóemrsm; jzpfygw,f/ rdrdausmif;uxGuf&if 'DaeYyJ ynmwwf tvkyv f ufrjhJ yóemudk pwif&ifqikd &f ygw,f/ bDatawGomru bDtufpD tif*sief , D mawGyif tvkyv f ufrhJ jyóem eJY MuHKawGUae&ygw,f/ tcsdefukef? aiGukef? vlyef;cHNyD; ESpf½Snfvrsm;ynmoifMum;vdkY ynmjynfhpHkvmumrS xrif; wvkwftwGuf tvkyfr&bl;qdkwJh tjzpfrsKd;uawmh tifrwef &ifemp&maumif;ygw,f/ 'Dynmwwf tvkyfvufrJh jyóemudk owd½Sd½SdeJYajz½Sif;zdkY vdktyfaeygNyD/ ynma&; tusyftwnf;'PfeJY qufpyfaewJh pD;yGm;a&; tusyftwnf;'Pfudkvnf; ajymMum;vdkygw,f/ ,aeYwdkif;jynfrSm pD;yGm;a&;usyfwnf;aeavawmh pD;yGm;a&;eJYqufpyfaewJh ynmoifMum;rIrSmvnf; cufcJwJhjyóem awG &ifqdkif&wm obm0ygbJ/ 'gaMumifh wdkif;jynfrSm pD;yGm;a&;usyfwnf; aewmawG? ynmoifa&; tqifhtwef; edrfhusaewmawG wdkif;jynfzGHUNzdK;wdk;wufrI r½SdwmawG[m wdkif;jynfrNidrf;csrf;vdkYbJ jzpfw,f/ 'gaMumifhrdkYvdkY wdkif;jynf Nidrf;csrf;csifwJhqE´½SdwJh uRefawmfwdkYu jynfwGif;ppfudk 'Drdkua&pDusus &yfpJcsifygw,f/ vlBuD;rif;rsm;cifAsm;'DuaeY wuúodkvfBuD;&JU*kPfodu©m[m wdkif;jynfrSmtawmfyJ usqif;aeygw,f/ wuúodkvftaMumif; raumif;owif;rsm; ysHUvGiahf eygw,f/ 'g[mrrSeu f efwhJ tkycf sKyfa&;aMumifh jzpfygw,f/ ynmoifMum;rIqikd &f myk*Kd¾ vf tcsif;csif; rnDñGwfrI? av;pm;tyfaom Oya'pnf;rsOf;rsm;udk rvdkufemrIaMumifh ray:ayguf rjzpfoifhaom udprö sm; jzpfyGm;&jcif;udk uRefawmfwdkY pdwfraumif; jzpf&ygw,f/ 'gaMumifh q&meJYausmif;om; wOD;udkwOD; em;vnfpGm BudK;yrf;Mur,fqdk&if wuúodkvf&JU*kPfodu©mudk jr§ifhwifEdkifygw,f/ 'Dvdkjr§ifhwifzdkYtwGuf uRefawmfwdkYu a½S;OD;pGm vufurf; BudKqdkygw,f/ 644

Nidrf;csrf;a&; 'Drdkua&pDa&;BudK;yrf;rI - 1960 rS 1961 - 'Drdkua&pDa&; vlrsKd;pkausmif;om;ta&; Nidrf;csrf;a&; trsKd;om;a&;toGif wuo&JU jynfwGif;vkyfief;udk ajymMum;NyD;aemuf EdkifiHwumvkyfief; wm0efrsm;udk ajymMum;vdkygw,f/ 'gudrk ajymrD rMumao;rDu uRefawmfwYkd wuúov kd b f EJG iS ;f obifcef;rrSm vmxdik o f mG ;wJh w½kwjf zLud, k pf m;vS,u f pd eö YJ ywfoufvdkY EdkifiHawmftpdk;&rSm trsm;BuD; csKdU,Gif;aewmqdkwm a0zefvdkygw,f/ oef;aygif; (650) w½kwfjynfolY or®wEdkifiH jynfolawGudk udk,fpm;jyKwJh tpdk;&eJY cspfMunfpGmqufqHaecsdefrSm azmfrdkqmuRef;u (9) oef;aom vl OD;a&udk udk,fpm;jyKwJh e,fcsJUorm;aemufvdkuf w½kwfjzL? wenf;tm;jzifh Armhajray: usL;ausmfvk,ufaewJh w½kwjf zLudk uRefawmfwYkd tpd;k &u b,fenf;eJYrS vufoifrh cHoifyh gbl;/ Armh&efou l kd uRefawmfwYkd rMunfjzLEdik yf gbl;/ wqufwnf;rSm 'DaeYEpS q f ,f&mpkeYJ rpyf[yfawmhwhJ udv k ekd pD epftykyt f od;k udk urÇmYajray:u z,f½mS ;ypfzYkdyJ uRefawmfwdkY awmif;qdkygw,f/ w&m;rQwrI? vGwfvyfrI? wdk;wufzGHUNzdK;rIwdkYtwGuf trsKd;om;vGwfajrmufa&;udk BudK;yrf;aeMuwJh tm½S? tmz&du? vufwiftar&duefEdkifiHrsm;u jynfolawGudkvnf; uRefawmfwdkY axmufcHygw,f/ urÇmESit hf 0Sr;f acgif;jyLxGuv f mwJh ppftmPm½Sipf epfukd qefYusif vIy½f mS ;awmif;qdak eMuwJh Edik if w H um vli,fausmif; om;rsm;&JU vkyfief;udkvnf; uRefawmfwdkY BudKqdkygw,f/ aemufqHk;taeeJY a[m'DurÇmBuD;rSm vHk;0r½SdrjzpfwJh vHk;0 vufeufzsufodrf;a&;? urÇmNidrf;csrf;a&; xdef;odrf;umuG,fa&; vkyfief;awGtwGufvnf; jyif;jywJhqE´½SdaMumif; xkwfazmf tpD&ifcHvdkufygw,f/ vlBuD;rif;rsm;cifAsm;ed*Hk;csKyftaeeJY trsKd;om;a&;wm0efawGudk EdkifiHwuma&;&m wm0efawGeJY uRefawmfeJY uRefawmfhtrIaqmif tzGJUu uwdwnfwnf opöm½Sd½SdeJY OD;aqG;qHjrnfh xrf;aqmifygrnfqdkwmudk {nfhonfawmfrsm;? q&m? q&mrrsm; ESifhwuG &Jabmfausmif;ol? ausmif;om;rsm; a½SUarSmufrSm t"dXmefjyKvdkufygw,f/

(*) 1960-61 ck ausmif;om;vIy&f mS ;rIrsm; (*-1) aemufqufwGJpmar;yGJudpö wuoonf ,ckESpf aemufqufwGJpmar;yGJjyKvkyfay;&ef wuúodkvfaumifpDtpnf;ta0;ü vnf;aumif;? 0efBuD;csKyfESifhawGUqHk&mwGif vnf;aumif; ½Sif;vif;wifjycJhavonf/ aemufqufwGJpmar;yGJ rusif;yay;ygu ausmif; om;rsm; (1) ESpfydk tcsdefukefNyD; aiGukef? vlyifyef;rIrsm;jzifh tv[ó epfemqHk;½HI;&rnf/ wuoonf aemufqufwGJ pmar;yGJtwGuf vIyf½Sm;awmif;qdkcJhjcif; jzpfonf/ (*-2) tar&duefoH½Hk;qE´jyyGJ tar&duefe,fcsJUusL;ausmfrItwGuf wuorS BuD;rSL;í tpnf;ta0; usif;ycJhonf/ rpöwmt,f*s,fvm [laom uyÜvDwOD; wufa&mufcJhonf/ ¤if;onf wuo&Jabmfrsm;udk qufoG,fí tar&duefe,fcsJU usL;ausmfrI rsm; qefYusifa&; vlxktpnf;ta0;odkY wufa&mufonf/ wuo tpDtpOfrSm pnf;urf;½Sd½Sd at;csrf;pGm qE´jy&ef omjzpfonf/ tar&duefoH½Hk; 0ef;usifwGif yxptpdk;&u t"du½kPf;ESdrfESif;a&; &Jabmfrsm; csxm;onf/ odYk &mwGif oH½;kH a½SUa&mufaomtcg rpöwmt,f*s,fvmonf oHq;l BudK;tumt&Hrsm;udk OD;aqmifí z,f½mS ; avonf/ xdkYaemuf &&mcJrsm;jzifh aygufrIjzpfvmonf/ &Jrsm; rsuf&nf,dkAHk;oHk; vlpkcGJNyD;? t"du½kPf;EdSrfeif;a&;&Jrsm; u rn§mrwm ausmif;om;rsm;udk eHygwfwkwfrsm;jzifh ½dkufESufMuonf/ udkwifatmifjrifh (zsmyHk) tar&duefoH½Hk; axmifhwGif t½dkufcH&onf/ ygarmu©csKyf a'gufwmomvSudk,fwdkif vdkufvmum wuo&Jabmfrsm;udk twlxdef;í jyefac:oGm;onf/ ausmif;om;rsm; qE´jyyJGNyD;aomf ab;rSy&dowfrsm;u ausmif;om;rsm; t½dkufcH&í a'goxGufum ausmufwHwm;*wfudk 0dkif;&mrS &Jrsm;u aoewfjzifhypfcwfí vlaoMuonf/ (*-3) ygarmu©csKyftm; qefhusifrI ygarmu©csKyfa'gufwmomvS cefYxm;jcif;ESifhywfoufí wuorS qefYusifuefYuGufrIjyKvkyf&m-

645

jrefrmEdkifiHausmif;om;vIyf&Sm;rIordkif; - atmifxGef;

&efukefwuúodkvfausmif;om;rsm;or*¾ xkwfjyefaMunmcsuf &efukefwuúodkvfygarmu©csKyf cefYxm;jcif;ESifhywfoufí &efukefwuúodkvfausmif;om;rsm;or*¾u 26? 1? 61 aeYwGif ]ygarmu©ae&mtwGuf avQmufxm;ol oHk;OD;rSwOD;jzpfol a'gufomvSu 24? 1? 61 aeh oH½Hk; wck {nfUcHyGJwGif olonfygarmu©csKyfjzpf&ef (75) &mcdkifEIef; aocsmonf/ olonfygarmu©csKyfjzpfvQif wuo ESiUf ausmif;om;rsm;udk tjywftowf ESrd ef if;ypfrnf} [k ajymqdck o hJ nf/ xdu k pd u ö kd a'gufwmomvSu r[kwaf Mumif; jiif;qdkcJhonf/ wuoonf ausmif;om;tusK;d ? jynfot l usK;d rSeo f rQ &J&0J 0hH ahH ½SUwef;rS aqmif½u G cf o hJ nf/ rnfonft h cgrQ yk*Kd¾ vfa&;tm;jzifh tmCmwxm;um &efwu kd af y;½d;k xH;k pHr½Scd ?hJ jyKvnf; rjyKcJ?h jyKrnfvnf; r[kwaf y/ ausmif;om; xktm;? wdkif;jynftm; vdrfnmcJhaom tpOftvmr½SdcJhonfudk ordkif;u oufaocHvsuf½Sdonf/ xdak eYu oH½;kH {nfch yH w JG iG f a'gufwmomvSonf þpum;rsm; xkwaf zmfajymqdck ahJ Mumif; wuou tcdik t f rm od½Sd&onf/ xdkaeYu oH½Hk;{nfhcHyGJodkY wuoOuú| udk,fwdkifwufa&mufcJhonf/ þpum;rsKd; ajymqdkonf rajymqdo k nfrmS a'gufwmomvSomvQif todq;kH jzpfayonf/ þtcsuEf iS yhf wfoufí ajz½Si;f rnfqv kd Qif wuo toifh½Sdonf/ wuotaejzifh udk,fawGUMum;cJholrsm;yif wifjyEdkifayonf/ a'gufwmomvS þodkYajymqdkcJhjcif;rSmvnf; ,ckrSomr[kwf? wuoESifh ausmif;om;xktm; qefYusifcJh aom pum;rsm;udk tpOftvmuyif ajymqdkcJhonfrSm jiif;uG,fí r&Edkifay/ xif½Sm;vSayonf/ wuotaejzifh ,ckrQavmuf xkwfazmfa&;om;jcif;udkyif rvdkvm;ay/ odkYaomf vuf½Sdygarmu©csKyf a½G;cs,af &;ESihf ywfoufí ausmif;om;rsm;? q&mrsm;ESihf qufqaH &;ajyjypfrnfo h ?l wuúov kd yf nma&; wd;k wufa&; aqmif½GufEdkifrnfhol? wuúodkvf Nidrf;csrf;om,ma&; aqmif½GufEdkifrnfhol? vlawmfvlaumif;rsm; &½Sda&;twGuf xkwfazmf aMunm&jcif;jzpfayonf/ - wuoudkxdyg;rnfUtEå&m,f umuG,fMu - wuúodkvfNidrf;csrf;om,ma&; BudK;yrf;Mu aehpJG-27? 1? 1956 trIaqmiftzGJY &efuefwuúodkvfausmif;om;rsm;or*¾ &efukefwuúodkvf

&efukefwuúodkvfausmif;om;rsm;or*¾ xkwfjyefaMunmcsuf &Jabmfausmif;ol^om;taygif;wdkh,aeY 28? 1? 61 &ufaeYwGif ygarmu©csKyftopfa½G;cs,fonfh wuúodkvfaumifpDtpnf;ta0;udk usif;y cJhonf/ ygarmu©csKyf a½G;cs,fyGJESifhywfoufí &efukefwuúodkvfausmif;om;rsm;or*¾ taeESifh1/ wdkif;jynf\ ynma&;wdk;wufa&;udk aqmif½GufEdkifrnfhol? 2/ wuúodkvf wdk;wufom,ma&;udk aqmif½GufEdkifrnfhol? 3/ q&mrsm;? ausmif;om;rsm;ESifh qufqHa&;ajyjypf aumif;rGefrnfhol? 4/ Nidrf;csrf;pGm ynmoifMum;a&;twGuf aqmif½GufEdkifrnfhol? 5/ tusifhodu©m aumif;rGefjzLpifonfh oludkom a½G;cs,fcefYxm;&ef wifjycJhayonf/ xdkwifjycsufudk wuúodkvft"dywd? yxpXmecsKyfESifh aumifpDtzGJU0ifrsm;odkY wifjycJhayonf/ xdkodkY wifjyaepOfrSmyif oufqdkif&mtpdk;& wm0ef½SdoltcsKdUu ausmif;om;rsm;ESifh qufqHa&;rajyjypfol wOD;tm; rdrdwdkYtvdkus ygarmu©csKyftjzpf cefYxm;a&;twGuf BudK;yrf;cJhayonf/ wuúodkvftmPmudk vkyfMuHrIjyKvkyf cJhayonf/ ygarmu©csKyftjzpf 0ifa&mufta½G;cHol a'gufwmomvSuvnf; ausmif;om;xkESifh wuotay: racsiHaom pum;rsm; ajymqdkcJhayonf/ xdktcsufrsm;udk wuotaejzifh tav;teuf uefYuGufcJhayonf/ ,aeY ygarmu©csKyf a½G;cs,f&ef aumifpDtpnf;ta0; usif;yaomtcgwGifvnf; wuoESifh wuúodkvf toif;tzGJUtpnf;rsm;u OD;aqmifí oifhawmfaom aumif;rGefoludkom ygarmu©csKyfa½G;cs,fa&;? tqifrajyol? racsiHoludk ygarmu©csKyftjzpf ra½G;cs,fa&;? wuúodkvftmPm vkyfMuHrIwm;qD;a&;wdkYtwGuf aumifpDtpnf; 646

Nidrf;csrf;a&; 'Drdkua&pDa&;BudK;yrf;rI - 1960 rS 1961 - 'Drdkua&pDa&; vlrsKd;pkausmif;om;ta&; Nidrf;csrf;a&; trsKd;om;a&;toGif ta0;udk 0dkif;í qE´jyMuayonf/ ,aeYaumifpDyGJwGif 0ifa&mufavQmufvTmwifol (3) OD;teuf a'gufwmomvS (17) rJ? a'gufwmarmif armifc (1) rJ? a'gufwmxGef;oif (0) rJ wdkYjzifh a'gufwmomvStm; ygarmu©csKyftjzpf aumifpDu a½G;cs,fcJhay onf/ ygarmu©csKyftjzpf a½G;cs,fjcif;cH&aom a'gufwmomvSonf ausmif;om;rsm;ESifh tpOftvmtm;jzifh qufqaH &; rajyjypfojl zpfonf/ ay:aygufcahJ om ausmif;om;jyóemrsm;wGif ausmif;om;rsm;ESihf qefYusizf ufjzpf cJhjcif;rsm; ½SdcJhayonf/ wuotaeESifhum; &efukefwuúodkvf ygarmu©csKyf a½G;cs,f&mwGif ynma&;wdk;wufa&;? wuúov kd o f m,ma&;? Nidr;f csr;f pGmynmoifMum;a&;twGuf aqmif½u G Ef ikd cf NhJ yD; qufqaH &;aumif;rGeí f tusio hf u d m© rGefjrwfol ygarmu©csKyf jzpfapvdkayonf/ &Jabmfausmif;ol^om;taygif;wdkh,ck ygarmu©csKyftopfum; a½G;cs,fNyD;oGm;NyD jzpfayonf/ wuotaeESifhum; wuúodkvfwGif rvdk vm;tyfaom jyóemrsm; ray:aygufa&;? wdkif;jynfynma&; wdk;wufa&;? wuúodkvfom,m wdk;wufa&;? Nidrf;csrf;pGm ynmoifMum;a&;twGuf qufvufBudK;yrf;oGm;rnfjzpfayonf/ wdkif;jynf\ynma&; wdk;wufa&;? tem*wfwuúodkvf wdk;wufom,ma&;? Nidrf;csrf;pGm ynmoifMum;a&;rsm;twGuf qefYusifvmvQif ausmif;om; xk a½SUwef;rS qufvufwdkufyGJ0ifoGm;rnf jzpfaMumif; aMunmvdkufygonf/ wuúodkvftmPmvkyfMuHrItwGuf qufvufwm;qD;Mu ausmifom;tcGifUta&; umuG,fMu ausmif;om;xk nDñGwfMu aehpJG-28? 1? 61 trIaqmiftzGJY &efukefwuúodkvfausmif;om;rsm;or*¾ &efukefwuúodkvf

(*-4) ref;aq;ausmif;om;rsm;vIyf½Sm;rI rEÅav;wuúodkvfaq;odyÜHausmif;om;rsm;or*¾rS1/ (4) cgusESifh ausmif;xGufcJh&aom ausmif;om; (39) a,muftm; jyefvnfvufcHyg&ef 2/ (4) cgusNyD;rsm; pmar;yGJaemufxyf (2) Budrf ajzqdkcGifh&½Sdyg&efESifh 3/ pmar;yGJppfcsdefrsm; ajymif;ay;yg&ef -ponfh awmif;qdkcsufrsm;udk ynma&;bkwftzGJUodkY ay;ydkYcJhonf/ ynma&;bkwftzGJUrS tcsKdUudk vdkufavsmí (4) cgus ausmif;om;rsm;tm; jyefvnfvufcHum aemufxyf pmar;yGJ (1) Budrf ajzcGiahf y;rnf/ pmar;yGpJ pfrnfh tcsed rf sm;udk ,cifvESihf ZGev f tpm; ,ckrwfvESihf pufwifbmvrsm;ü ppfaq;ay;rnf[k ygarmu©rsm;tzGJUu twnfjyKvdkufonf/ (*-5) [oFmwausmif;om;rsm;vIyf½Sm;rI [oFmwNrdKUe,fausmif;om;or*¾\ trIaqmiftzGUJ tpnf;ta0;yGw J &yfukd Zlvikd v f (10) &ufaeY? aeYvnf (12) em&D [oFmwNrdKU? igrsufESmbk&m;0if;twGif;½Sd ig;uefavomZ&yfwGif usif;yonf/ tpnf;ta0;ü Ouú| udkwifaiGu obmywdtjzpf vnf;aumif;? twGif;a&;rSL;tjzpf udkaomif;u vnf;aumif; aqmif½GufMuonf/ tpnf;ta0;wGif obmywdu rdefYcGef;ajymMum;NyD;aemuf NrdKUay:½Sdvrf;rsm;wGif ydkpwmrsm;uyfí wdkufyGJ 0if&ef? ausmif;om;xkBuD;\ epfemrIrsm;udk atmifjrifonftxd or*¾EiS ahf usmif;om;xk vufww JG u kd yf 0JG if&ef? &yfuu G f tvdkuf a[majymyGJrsm; jyKvkyf&efwdkYudk wnDwñGwfwnf; qHk;jzwfonf/ xdkYaemuf ]aemufqufwGJ atmifpm&if; tjrefxkwfay;? wef;cGJwef;cs tjref&yfqdkif;ypf? OD;bdkwdk ausmif;om; xkudk rvSnfUpm;ESifU? ynma&;0efBuD;OD;at;armif razmufjyefESifU? bD½SDxHk;ESvHk;rlavmU? or*¾w&m;0if&yfwnfcGifUay;} ponfh a
jrefrmEdkifiHausmif;om;vIyf&Sm;rIordkif; - atmifxGef; (*-6) ref;ausmif;om;rsm;vIyf½Sm;rI 1961ck Mo*kwfv (15) &uf? eHeuf (7) em&DrS pwifí rEÅav;c½dkifAuorS OD;pD;NyD; em&Daygif; (60) tpmiwfcq H E´jyyGu J kd rEÅav; taemufawmifusK;H axmifw h iG f usi;f y&m ausmif;om; (600) ausmyf g0if tpmiwfcq H E´jy Muonf/ ausmif;om;rsm;onf (2) cgusausmif;xkwfpepf &yfqdkif;ypf? wef;cGJwef;cs &yfqdkif;ypf? trsKd;om;ynma&; ES;D aESmzvS,yf JG usi;f ya&;? ausmif;om;ta&; ygvrD efwiG q f ;kH jzwfay;yg? at;csr;f pGm ynmoifMum;a&;twGuf tpmiwfcH qE´jyygonf [laom ydkpwmrsm;axmifí tpmiwfcHqE´jyMuonf/ (*-7) wef;cGJwef;cs&yfqdkif;ypfa&; ausmif;om;xkqE´jyyGJ wuúodkvfwef;cGJwef;cspepf 'PfudkrcH&yfEdkifwJhtwGuf ausmif;om;rsm;onf wef;cGJwef;cs&yfqdkif;ypfa&; aumfrwDukd ZGev f (15) &ufaeY &efuek w f uúov kd f or*¾cef;raqmifrmS &efuek cf ½dik af usmif;om;rsm;or*¾u a½SUaqmifí zGJUpnf;cJhonf/ Auorsm;tzGJUcsKyfuvnf; NrdKUe,ftvdkuf c½dkifwdkufyGJaumfrwDrsm; zGJUpnf;í qE´jycJhMuonf/ qE´jy rIrsm; us,fjyefYvmí EdkifiHawmftpdk;&u owif;pmuGefz&ifhwGif (15) &ufeJY (1) vtMum;rSm aMunmEdkifvdrfhr,fvdkY ynma&;0efBuD;u ajzMum;oGm;&onf/ xdkYaemuf 30? 7? 61 wGif 0efBuD;csKyfu owif;pmuGefz&ifhwGif aMunmcsuf xkwfjyef&mü1/ 1960-61 ckESpfrSm wef;cGJwef;cspepfudk &yfqdkif;ypfvdkufonf/ pepfa[mif;twdkif; vkyfrnf/ wuúodkvf pmar;yGJ rvkyfbl;/ ynma&;Xme vkyfrnf/ 2/ 1962 ckESpfupNyD; wef;cGJwef;cspepfudk jyefusifUoHk;rnf/ 3/ 1961 ckESpfupNyD; owÅrwef;pmar;yGJudk tpdk;&ppf rjyKvkyfawmUbJ ausmif;ppfom usif;yjyKvkyfrnf/ pojzifh vdkufavsmcJhonf/ (*-8) udkvdkeDpHepfqefhusifa&;aehvIyf½Sm;rI 21? 2? 61 &ufaeYwGif vli,fausmif;om;? trsKd;orD;tzGJUtpnf;rsm;u OD;aqmifaom udkvdkeDpepfqefYusif a&;ESihf e,fcsUJ usL;ausmrf I uefYuu G q f E´jyyGJ usi;f ycJo h nf/ xdq k E´jyyGEJ iS yhf wfoufí yxptpd;k &u tMurf;zufErdS Ef iS ;f NyD; taMumif;trsKd;rsKd;jyum vlaygif;rsm;pGm zrf;qD;cJhonf/ xdkYodkY zrf;qD;xm;aomolrsm;udk vTwf&ef udkvdkeDpepfqefYusifa&;aeY vli,fausmif;om;? trsKd;orD; yl;wGJ aumfrwD (wuoaqmuftODu) awmif;qdkcJhavonf/

(C)

&efuek w f uúov kd f vlrsK;d pkausmif;om;rsm;tzGUJ csKyf

( 1960 - 61 ) 1960-61 ckESpf &efukefwuúodkvf vlrsKd;pkausmif;om;tzGJUcsKyfudk zGJUpnf;í u@opfw&yf zGifhvSpfEdkifcJh onf/ vlrsKd;pkordik ;f rSm armfueG ;f wifco hJ nf/ vlrsKd;pkausmif;om;rsm;tm;vH;k wnDwñGww f nf; pkaygif;NyD; vlrsKd;pkrsm; &JU ynma&;? ,Ofaus;rIeJY trsKd;om;a&;udk yl;wGJaqmif½Guf&ef MuH½G,fcJhMuonf/ trIaqmifrsm; obmywdtzGYJ0ifrsm; 1/ pdkif;cGef;tHkwdkif (½Srf;) 2/ udkapmarmif (&cdkif) 3/ rif;axG;vHk;ausmf (rGef) 4/ puGef;vGif (u&if) 5/ *Gef*sef (ucsif) 6/ udkaz0if; (u,m;) 7/ pDcdkifrif; (csif;) 648

Nidrf;csrf;a&; 'Drdkua&pDa&;BudK;yrf;rI - 1960 rS 1961 - 'Drdkua&pDa&; vlrsKd;pkausmif;om;ta&; Nidrf;csrf;a&; trsKd;om;a&;toGif 1/ rif;pdk;jrifh (rGef) 2/ apmatrdk;vdk (u&if)Ä 3/ *sKd½I0g; (ucsif) 4/ ,l*sif;odkuf (½Srf;) 5/ udkausmf&if (&cdkif) 6/ udkAsm;&,f (u,m;)? 7/ udkatmifausmf (u,m;) 8/ tifwdkeDñGefYtkwf (csif;)

'k-Ouú| taxGaxGtwGif;a&;rSL; wGJbuftaxGaxGtwGif;a&;rSL; b@ma&;rSL; (Dr. Chao-Tzang Yawnghwe) pm&if;ppf jyefMum;a&;ESifh0g'jzefYcsda&; ynma&;rSL;

0g' 1/ rnfonfhtpnf;t½Hk;? rnfonfhEdkifiHa&;ygwDrsm;\ vufatmufcH MoZmrjzpf&/ 2/ vkyfief;pOftm;jzifhjzpfap? &nf½G,fcsuftm;jzifhjzpfap wlnDaom rnfonfhtoif;tzGJUESifhrqdk yl;wGJvkyf aqmif&rnf/ 3/ ynma&;? ,Ofaus;rIESifh trsKd;om;a&;rsm;udk vkyfaqmif&rnf/ &nf½G,fcsuf 1/ vlrsKd;pk ausmif;ol^om;rsm;tcsif;csif; cspfMunf&if;ESD;a&;? em;vnfrI&½Sda&;? pnf;vkH;a&;ESifh twlwuG ylaygif;vkyfaqmifa&;? 2/ vlrsKd;pkrsm;\ ,Ofaus;rIrsm;udk xdef;odrf;jr§ifhwifzvS,fa&;? 3/ vlrsKd;pkrsm;\ wef;wlnDrQa&;ESifh vGwfvyfa&;pdwf"gwfudk azmfxkwfjr§ifhwifay;a&;? 4/ ausmif;om;rsm;\ tcGifhta&;udk &,lxdef;odrf;umuG,fa&;/

jyifqifa&;aumfrwD Ouú| apmatrd;k vdrk ed chf eG ;f (vlrsKd;pkausmif;om;rsm;tzGJYcsKyf wnfaxmifjcif;ESifUrdwfqHktcrf;tem;)
jrefrmEdkifiHausmif;om;vIyf&Sm;rIordkif; - atmifxGef; uaeNyD; rSefuef½dk;om;pGm ay:aygufvm&wJh tzGJUcsKyfjzpfaMumif; uRefawmf &J0HhpGm0efcH&Jygw,f/ 'Dvdk jrifhjrwfaom &nf½, G cf su0f g'eJY awmifw h if;cdik rf mwJh nDñw G af &;tiftm;awGaMumifh b,favmuf tiftm;BuD;rm;wJh tzsuo f rm;rsm; &JU rkefwdkif;ab;tEÅ&m,frsm;eJY &ifqdkif&apumrl b,ftcgrS rNydKuGJrysufqD;Edkifygbl;qdkwm uRefawmf tav;teuf ,HkMunfygw,f/ vlYordkif;wavQmufudk qef;ppfvdkY½Sd&if ausmufacwfupNyD; ,ckuRefawmfwdkY&JU odyÜH acwfwdkifatmif tqifhqifhwdk;wufajymif;vJvmwJh acwfBuD;jzpfygw,f/ 'DvdkacwfBuD;rSm uRefawmfwdkYwawG[m woD;wjcm;? bmod bmom &yfwnfaevdkY rjzpfawmhbl;qdkwm od&ygvdrfhr,f/ wdk;wufaewJh acwfeJYtnD uRefawmfwdkY vlrsKd;pktm;vHk; &yfwnfEdkifa&;eJY wdk;wufzGHUNzdK;a&;udk a½SU½INyD; 'DtzGJUcsKyfudk wnfaxmifcJhMuygw,f/ tJ'gaMumifh 'DuaeY vlrsKd;pkausmif;om;rsm;&JU rGefjrwfoefYpifwJh &nf½G,fcsuf rsm;udk nDñGwfpGm vkyfaqmifoGm;MuzdkY 'DtzGJUcsKyfBuD;udk wnfaxmifEdkifcJhjcif;tm;jzifh jrefrmordkif;udk wenf;wzHk jznfhpGufa&;om;vdkufwmeJY wlygvdrfhr,f/ 'gwifru vlrsKd;pk&JUu@udkvnf; ydkrdkxGef;ajymif awmufyvmEdkifr,fqdkwm rvGJraoGygyJ/ {nfUonfawmfrsm;eJh cspfvSpGmaom vlrsKd;pkausmif;ol^om;taygif;wdkhqufvufNyD; 'DtzGJUcsKyfBuD[m uRefawmfwdkY vlrsKd;pk&JUordkif;rSm b,favmuf ta&;ygt&ma&mufvmr,fh tzGJUcsKyfBuD;jzpfaMumif;udk ½Sif;jyyg&ap/ uRefawmfwdkYEdkifiH[m aemifawmfArmrsm;eJY twl ½Srf;? ucsif? u&if? u,m;? csif;? &cdkif? rGef pwJh vlrsKd;rsm;tygt0if aygif;pkaexdkifMuwJh jynfaxmifpkBuD; jzpfygw,f/ twdwfumvudk jyefvnf qef;ppfvdkuf&if uRefawmfwdkY azmfjycJhwJh vlrsKd;pktm;vHk;awG[m oufOD;qHydkif bk&ifacwfrSmyJ jzpfjzpf? NAdwdoQe,f csJUorm;eJY zufqpf*syefacwfrmS yJ jzpfjzpf? tifrwef pufqyk b f , G af umif;wJh uRefb0udk qufwu kd f tvl;tvSrd chf pH m;cJh Mu&ygw,f/ 'kw, d urÇmppfBuD;NyD;aemuf uReaf wmfwYkd vlrsK;d pkawG[m e,fcsUJ vufatmufu vGwaf jrmufvNkd yD; ud, k Mhf ur®m ud, k zf efw;D vdw k hJ pdw"f gwfawG rMuHKzl;atmif wzGm;zGm; ay:aygufvmcJMh u&if; vH;k 0vGwv f yfa&;twGuf wnDwñGwf wnf; pkaygif;wdkufyGJ0ifvmcJhMuygw,f/ 'DvdkeJYyJ 1947 ckESpfrSm vlrsKd;pkeJYpkaygif;NyD; vGwfvyfa&;&,lzdkYtwGuf yif vHkpmcsKyfudk csKyfqdkcJhMuygw,f/ tJ'DpmcsKyfrSm t"du Edik if x H al xmifciG ?Uf ud, k yf ikd jf yXmef;cGirUf sm; &½Scd pH m;apzdhk twdtvif; xnfUoGif;cJUMuygw,f/ 'gayrJh 1948 ckEpS f vGwv f yfwhJ jynfaxmifpjk refrmEdik if aH wmf aMunmNyD;wJah emuf tckxufwikd f uRefawmfwYkd vlrsKd;pkawG[m yifvHkpmcsKyfrSm oabmwlxnfhoGif;cJhwJh tcGifhta&;rsm;udk wif;jynfhusyfjynfh rcHpm;&bJ epfemqHk;½IH; ae&wm awGU&ygw,f/ 'gxufydkqdk;wmu uRefawmfwdkYvlrsKd;pkawG[m EdkifiHa&;t&vnf;aumif;? pD;yGm;a&;t&vnf; aumif;? ynma&;eJY ,Ofaus;rIt&vnf;aumif; tppt&m&m zdESdyfcs,fvS,frI'Pf cHae&ygw,f/ 'DzdESdyfcs,fvS,frI awG[m t*Fvyd ef ,fcsJUacwfu xufawmif ydrk &kd ufpuf qd;k 0g;ygao;w,f/ tcsKyftm;jzifh ajym&r,fq&kd if vlrsKd;pkrsm; teuf ,ckvuf½Sd vlrsKd;pkjynfe,fawG[m Armjynfr&JU yPÖmquf udkvdkeDEdkifiHav;rsm;b0 usa&mufaeygw,f/ {nfUonfawmftaygif;eJh b0wlvlrsKd;pkausmif;ol^om;rsm;cifAsm;uRefawmf tckwifjycJw h hJ tajctaersm;&JU awmif;qdck suft& 'DuaeYwnfaxmifwhJ &efuek w f uúov kd v f rl sKd;pk ausmif;om;rsm;tzGJUcsKyfBuD;udk arG;xkwfay;vdkuf&jcif;yJ jzpfygw,f/ 'gaMumifh 'DaeY[m uRefawmfwdkY vlrsKd;pkausmif; om;rsm; &mZ0ifrSm armfuGef;wif&pfrJh aeYxl;aeYjrwfBuD; jzpfw,fqdkwm uRefawmftcdkiftrm ,HkMunfygw,f/ 'DaeY uRefawmfwYkd &UJ 0rf;enf;aMuuGb J , G &f m aumif;vSwb hJ 0udv k nf; wifjyvdak o;w,f/ 'DuaeY uRefawmf wdkY&JU pD;yGm;a&;? ,Ofaus;rI? ynma&;eJY vlrItaqmufttHkrsm;[m NydKvJysufpD;csif;rvS ysufpD;usqif;jcif;cHae& w,fqdkwm b,folvm jiif;EdkifyghrvJ/ 'gawG[m acwfwacwf&UJ azsmufzsuv f Ykdr&wJh urÁn;f ausmufpmawGyJ jzpfygw,f/ 'DuaeY uReaf wmfwYkdtzdYk rSm 'Drdkua&pDt*Fg&yfrsm;jzpfwJh vGwfvyfrItcGifhta&; wef;wlrIawG[mvnf; pmtkyfBuD;xJrSmom½SdNyD; vufawGUrSm taumiftxnf½Smr&ovdk jzpfaeygw,f/ ,aeY vlrsKd;pknDi,f? nDri,frsm;&JU aemifa&;udk pOf;pm;Munfh&if txl;yif &ifav;p&m aumif;vSygw,f/ uRefawmf txufygwifjycJhovdkyJ 'DuaeY uRefawmfwdkYwawG&JU ,Ofaus;rI? pmay? ynma&;? pD;yGm;a&; tcGifhta&; ponfrsm;tm;vHk;[m ,drf;,dkifNydKvJaewm txift½Sm; awGUcJh&ygNyD/ 'Dvdk,drf;,dkifNydKvJaerIudk jyefvnf ysKd;axmifzdkY[m uRefawmfwdkY &efukefwuúodkvfrSm½SdwJh vlrsKd;pkausmif;om;rsm;&JU vufxJrSm vHk;0wnf½Sdaew,fvdkY ,HkMunfrdw,f/ tJ'gaMumifh 'DaeY uRefawmfwdkYtzGJUcsKyf&JU a0iSxm;wJh0g'eJY&nf½G,fcsufawG yg½SdwJhtwdkif; tcsif;csif; cspfcif&if;ESD;rI ydkrdkwdk;wufa&;? ,Ofaus;rI? ynma&;eJY trsKd;om;a&;rsm;udk uRefawmfwdkYwawG[m vufwGJNyD; pkaygif; 650

Nidrf;csrf;a&; 'Drdkua&pDa&;BudK;yrf;rI - 1960 rS 1961 - 'Drdkua&pDa&; vlrsKd;pkausmif;om;ta&; Nidrf;csrf;a&; trsKd;om;a&;toGif aqmif½u G Mf u&ef oHE|éd mef tcdik t f rmcsMuygpdYk / uReaf wmfwYkdwawG[m aemifwacwfwikd ;f jynfeYJ trsK;d om; wm0efrsm;udk &mZ0ifuay;tyfovdk rSefuef&J0HhpGmxrf;aqmifzdkY rarhaysmuf&ef pGJjrJpGmrSwfxm;MuzdkY txl; vdktyfygw,f/ {nfUonfawmftaygif;eJh b0wlvlrsKd;pkausmif;ol^om;rsm;cifAsm;uRefawmfwYkd tckvkd wnfaxmifcw hJ hJ tzGUJ csKyf[m vlrsKd;pk? vlrsKd;pkvYkd wzGzaG
ausmif;om;;vIy&f mS ;rIwiG yf g0ifcahJ om vlrsK;d pkausmif;om;acgi;f aqmifrsm;

Source: AAPPB

Source: KW

Source: UNLD Press

Source: Peace Jounal

ide;f u,ef;xef (c) OD;a½Tat; a'guw f mausmufcsr;f a,mifa0 (c) ,l*sif;odkuf (½Srf;) (u,ef;)

OD;vSaz (c) OD;wifaU Zmf (&cdik )f

OD;ombef; (&cdik )f

idef;u,ef;xef (c) OD;a½Tat; - 1962 ck? Zlvdkif (7) &uf ta&;tcif;jzpfyGm;csdefwGif &efukefwuúodkvfwGif aemuf qH;k ESpf ausmif;om;wa,mufjzpfNyD; ¤if;ta&;tcif;wGif yg0ifco hJ nf/ xdu k mvwGif vlrsKd;pkausmif;om;rsm;tzJUG csKyf\ twGif;a&;rSL;csKyftjzpf aqmif½GufcJhonf/ 1963 jynfwGif;Nidrf;csrf;a&;? (6) c½dkifqE´jyyJGwGif vlrsKd;pkausmif;om;rsm; tzJGUcsKyfrS wuf
jrefrmEdkifiHausmif;om;vIyf&Sm;rIordkif; - atmifxGef; 'gEdkifiH? beful;Am;NrdKUwGif uG,fvGefcJhonf/ (½Srf;oHawmfqifh? UNLD Press, Various Website) OD;vSaz - ausmif;om;nDñGwfa&;wyfOD; pwifzJGYpnf;prS pí vlrsKd;pkudk,fpm;vS,fwOD; tjzpfyg0ifaqmif½GufcJhNyD; 1956-57 wuotrIaqmiftzJGUwGif EdkifiHjcm;a&;Xmewm0efcHtjzpf wm0ef,lcJhonf/ 1962 Zlvdkif (7) &uf ta&;tcif;jzpfymG ;csed w f iG f &efuek w f uúov kd ?f ½lyaA'XmewGif o½kyjf yq&mtjzpf wm0efxrf;aqmifaeonf/ ¤if;ta&; tcif;jzpfyGm;rIudk tpnf;ta0;pwifcsdefrS aemufqHk;ypfcwfonftxd wuoatmufxyf½Sd wuopm;aomufqdkifrS wcsdefvHk; apmifhMunfhaecJhonf/ 1963 ckESpfwGif jynfwGif;Nidrf;a&;vIyf½Sm;rIwGif yg0ifNyD; 'DZifbmv (12) &ufaeYwGif tzrf;cH&onf/ 12? 2? 69 &uf (jynfaxmifpkaeY) tif;pdefaxmifrSxkwfí noef;acgifausmfwGif udk;udk;uRef;odkY ydkYaqmifjcif;cH&onf/ udk;udk;uRef;ü uRef;zsufodrf;a&;wdkufyJGwGif yg0ifcJhonf/ 1971 Edk0ifbm (11) &ufwGif uRef;zsufodrf;tNyD; tif;pdefaxmifodkY jyefa&mufvmonf/ tif;pdefü axmifrS rvTwfciftxd n§Of;qJcH&jyefonf/ 1972 ck {NyDv (12) &ufwGif tif;pdefaxmifrS jyefvGwfvmonf/ ½Spfav;vHk;ta&;tcif;wGif yg0ifcJhonf/ 1989 a':atmifqef;pkMunf\ tmPmzDqefa&;vIyf½Sm;rIü yg0ifNyD;a½Smifwdrf;&um Mo*kwfv (8) &ufaeYwGif bk&m;oHk;ql pcef;odkY a&muf½Sdonf/ ol\ a'gif;tdk;a0pmapmifrS ]]uRef;twdwft&dyfyrm}} tcef;quf aqmif;yg;onf udk,fawGY uRef;tawGUtMuHKudk a&;om;xm;í xif½mS ;onf/ 1991 rS tcef;quftjzpfazmfjycJo h nf/ a&'D,zkd &D;at;½S jrefrmydik ;f owif;axmuftjzpf vkyfudkifcJhonf/ &cdkifjynftrsKd;om;aumifpD (ANC) wGif tzJGU0ifwOD;tjzpf aqmif½GufcJhonf/ wdik ;f &if;om;vlrsK;d rsm;aumifpw D iG f (ENC) &cdik v f rl sK;d pku, kd pf m;vS,jf zpfí jyefMum;a&;ESiphf nf;½H;k a&;aumfrwD wm0efcH tjzpf aqmif½Gufaeonf/ (jirf;? a'gif;tdk;a0/ w,fvDzkef;ar;jref;csuf/ tD;tefpD0ufbf) OD;ombef;- &cdkiftrsKd;om; wOD;jzpfonf/ wyfOD;ausmif;om; wOD;jzpfNyD; wuo trIaqmiftjzpf 1960-61 ck ESpw f iG af qmif&u G cf o hJ nf/ 1988 aemufyikd ;f jynfaxmifpw k ikd ;f &if;om;vlrsK;d rsm;'Dru kd a&pDtzGYJcsKyf (UNLD) \ wdik ;f &if; om;vlrsKd;pka&;&maumfrwD0ifESifh vkyfief;aumfrDwD0ifjzpfonf/ yxrtBudrf 1991 rS 1995 txd axmifcscH&onf/ ,ckpmtkyfjyKpk&mwGif ulnDcJhrIjzifh 1998 wGif tzrf;cH&NyD; (6) ESpftMum 2004 ck? ZlvdkifvwGif axmifrS jyefvGwfvm onf/ (atatyDyDbD? tifwmeuf)

(i) 1960-61 &efuek w f uúov kd af usmif;om;rsm;or*¾ tpD&ifcpH m &efukefwuúodkvfausmif;om;rsm;or*¾ ( 1960 - 1961 )

trIaqmiftzGt YJ pD&ifcpH m 1/ zGJUpnf;jcif; 2/ trIaqmiftzGJU0g'ESifh vkyfief;pOfrsm; 3/ trsKd;om;a&;twGuf aqmif½Gufcsufrsm; 4/ ausmif;om;tcGifhta&;rsm; xdyg;vmjcif;ESifh aqmif½Gufcsufrsm; 5/ ynmoifMum;a&;ESifhywfoufaom aqmif½Gufcsufrsm; 6/ yGJobiftcrf;tem;rsm; 7/ taxGaxGvkyfief;rsm; 8/ Xmeqdkif&mvkyfief;rsm; 9/ aus;Zl;wif½Sdjcif; 10/ ed*Hk; (1) zGJYpnf;jcif; (u) a½G;aumufyGJrsm; / / 1960-61 &efukefwuúodkvfausmif;om;rsm;or*¾? Ouú|? 'k-Ouú|ESifh aiGxdef;wdkYudk a½G;aumufwifajr§muf&ef yxrtywf wuoa½G;aumufyGJudk 1960 ckESpf? Mo*kwfv (19) &ufaeYwGif usif;yrnf[k a½G;aumufyGJt&m½Sdu aMunmcJhonf/ ,SOfNydKifta½G;cHvdkolrsm;\ avQmufvTmrsm;udk 1960 ck? Mo*kwfv (16) 652

Nidrf;csrf;a&; 'Drdkua&pDa&;BudK;yrf;rI - 1960 rS 1961 - 'Drdkua&pDa&; vlrsKd;pkausmif;om;ta&; Nidrf;csrf;a&; trsKd;om;a&;toGif &ufaeY? nae (3) em&DrwdkifrD a½G;aumufyGJ t&m½SdxH wifoGif;&rnf[k aMunmcJhonf/ Ouú|ae&mwGif ,SOfNydKifta½G;cH&ef avQmufvTmwifoGif;ol (3) OD;½SdNyD;? 'k-Ouú|ae&mtwGuf avQmufvTm wifoGif;ol (7) OD;ESifh aiGxdef;ae&mtwGuf (3) OD;½SdcJhonf/ 'k-Ouú|ae&mtwGuf (7) OD; teufwOD;tm; wuozGJU pnf;yHkpnf;rsOf;ESifh rudkufnDojzifh y,fcscJhonf/ rdrdwdkYqE´tavsmuf avQmufvTmrsm; jyefvnf½kyfodrf;Edkifaom Mo*kwfv (17) &ufaeY? nae (3) em&Drwdkif rD Ouú|ae&mrS (2) OD;? 'k-Ouú|ae&mrS (4) OD;ESifh aiGxdef;ae&mrS (1) OD;pD toD;oD;avQmufvTmrsm;udk jyefvnf ½kyfodrf;oGm;aomaMumifh Ouú|ae&mwGif udkwifat;rSm NydKifbufr½Sd ta½G;cH&NyD;? 'k-Ouú|ESifh aiGxdef;ae&mrsm; wGif (2) OD;pD ,SOfNydKif&ef usefcJhonf/ xdkYaMumifh 'k-Ouú|ESifh aiGxdef;ae&mrsm;twGuf a½G;aumufyGJjyKvkyf&m 'k-Ouú|ae&mwGif udkwifarmifESifh aiGxdef;ae&mwGif udkeE´wdkYtm; a½G;aumufjcif;cHcJh&onf/ trIaqmif (6) OD;ae&mtwGuf 'kwd,tokwf a½G;aumufyGJudk 1960 ck? Mo*kwfv (25) &ufaeYwGif usif;yrnf[k a½G;aumufyGJt&m½Sd udkwifat;u aMunmcJhonf/ wuoa½G;aumufyGJudk odu©m½SdpGm usif;yEdkifa&;? ,SOfNydKifolrsm; tav;teufxm;½Sda&;wdkYtwGuf 0ifa&muf,SOfNydKifolrsm;onf pabmfaiGusyf (50) (ig;q,fusyf) wdwdudk avQmufvTmESifh twlwifoGif;&ef 0ifa&muf,SOfNydKifolonf ay;aom rJtm;vHk;wdkY\ (4) yHk (1) yHk r&½SdvQif xdkpabmfaiGudk wuorS odrf;,lrnf[k aMunmcJhonf/ avQmufvTmwifoGif;ol (8) OD; ½Sdonfhteuf (2) OD;rSm rdrdwdkYqE´tavsmuf avQmufvTmrsm;udk jyefvnf½kyf odr;f oGm;ojzifh usef½o dS l (6) OD;jzpfaom udAk aqGav;? udrk if;axG;? udo k mbef;? udv k MS unf? udak pmarmif? udx k eG ;f Munf wdkY (6) OD;rSm wuo trIaqmifrsm;tjzpf ,SOfNydKifolr½Sd ta½G;cHcJh&onf/ (c) trIaqmiftzGYJ / / &efukefwuúodkvfausmif;om;rsm;or*¾ (1960- 61) \ yxrtBudrf trIaqmiftpnf;t a0;udk 1960 ck? Mo*kwfv (24) &ufaeYwGif jyKvkyfusif;ycJhonf/ xdktpnf;ta0;rS tdk;a0r*¾Zif;wm0efcH tjzpf udkvSa½TESifh pmMunfhwdkufrSL;tjzpf udkjrodef;wdkYtm; a½G;aumufwifajr§mufMuNyD; atmufygtwdkif; trIaqmiftzJGUudk zGJUpnf;cJhonf/ udkwifat; Ouú| udkwifarmif 'k-Ouú| udkeE´ (0dZÆm-*kPfxl;) aiGxdef; udkAaqGav; taxGaxGtwGif;a&;rSL; udkapmarmif wGJbuftwGif;a&;rSL;ESifh owif;ESifhjyefMum;a&;XmerSL; udkxGef;Munf EdkifiHjcm;qufoG,fa&;XmerSL; udkrif;axG; upm;ckefpm;ESifh,Ofaus;rIXmerSL; udkombef; ausmif;om;oufomacsmifcsda&;XmerSL; udkvSa½T tdk;a0wm0efcH udkjrodef; pmMunfhwdkufrSL; (*) qyfaumfrwDrsm; / / &efukefwuúodkvfausmif;om;rsm;or*¾\ zGJUpnf;tkyfcsKyfyHkpnf;rsOf; tcef;(10)? t ydk'f (7) t& zGJUpnf;&rnfh qyfaumfrwDrsm;ESifh vdktyfaomXmersm;twGuf qyfaumfrwDrsm;udk atmufygtwdkif; zGJUpnf; cJhonf/ tdk;a0r*¾Zif;aumfrwD udkvSa½T tdk;a0wm0efcH udkeE´ (aiGxdef;) udkxGm;pdef twGif;a&;rSL; udkausmfcif tvkyfrefae*sm udkvSwif aumfrwD0if udkZeDOD; aumfrwD0if r&D&Da|; aumfrwD0if 653

jrefrmEdkifiHausmif;om;vIyf&Sm;rIordkif; - atmifxGef; pmMunfUwdkufaumfrwD udkjrodef; udkeE´ udkwifarmif udkjroef; udkvSodef; udkarmifarmifwifh udkpdk;0if;

wm0efcH (aiGxdef;) 'k-Ouú| twGif;a&;rSL; aumfrwD0if aumfrwD0if aumfrwD0if

ausmif;om;oufomacsmifcsda&;aumfrwD udkombef; udkwifarmif udkeE´ udkjrifhaz udkatmifausmfEk udkpHausmfarmif rjrifhjrifh

wm0efcH 'k-Ouú| (aiGxdef;) twGif;a&;rSL; aumfrwD0if aumfrwD0if aumfrwD0if

owif;ESifUjyefMum;a&;aumfrwD udkapmarmif udkwifarmif udkausmfcif udkrsKd;jrifh udk0if;BudKif udkjrifh udkav;&D

wm0efcH 'k-Ouú| twGif;a&;rSL; aumfrwD0if aumfrwD0if aumfrwD0if aumfrwD0if

vlxkqufoG,fa&;aumfrwD udkvSMunf udkwifarmif udkeE´ udkudkMunf udk0if;Akdvf udkatmifjrifh udkjrifharmif rcifoef;jrifh

wm0efcH 'kOuú| (aiGxdef;) aumfrwD0if aumfrwD0if aumfrwD0if aumfrwD0if aumfrwD0if

(C) tzGJYtpnf;rsm;twGuf wuoudk,fpm;vS,f wuúov kd u f pm;ckepf m;aumfrwDtwGuf wuoud, k pf m;vS,rf sm;tjzpf atmufyg (5) OD;udk a½G;cs,fco hJ nf/ udkrif;axG; upm;ckefpm;ESihf,Ofaus;rIwm0efcH udkjrodef; wuopmMunfhwdkufrSL; udkwifarmifaqG udkbñGefY udkausmfpdk; 654

Nidrf;csrf;a&; 'Drdkua&pDa&;BudK;yrf;rI - 1960 rS 1961 - 'Drdkua&pDa&; vlrsKd;pkausmif;om;ta&; Nidrf;csrf;a&; trsKd;om;a&;toGif (i) trIaqmiftzGJYtpnf;rsm; wuotrIaqmiftpnf;ta0;udk (18) Budrfusif;ycJhonf/ tdk;a0wm0efcHESifh pmMunfhwdkufrSL;rsm; twGuf (17) Budrfom jzpfayonf/ trIaqmifrsm;ESifh tpnf;ta0; wufaomtcsdefrsm;rSm atmufygtwdkif; jzpfonf/ udkwifat;- (18) Budrf? udkwifarmif- (12) Budrf? udkeE´- (18) Budrf? udkAaqGav;- (18) Budrf? udkapmarmif- (13) Budrf? udkxGef;Munf- (17) Budrf? udkvSMunf- (13) Budrf? udkombef;- (17) Budrf? udkrif;axG;- (12) Budrf? udkjrodef;- (11) Budrf? udkvSa½T- (17) Budrf/ (2) trIaqmiftzGJY\ 0g'ESifUvkyfief;pOfrsm;/ &efuek w f uúov kd af usmif;om;rsm;or*¾ 1960-61 \ Ouú|opf usrf;opömusdeq f ykd u JG kd 1960 ck? Ed0k ifbmv (17) &ufaeYwiG f wuocef;rüusif;yum &efuek w f uúov kd af usmif;om;rsm;or*¾ 1960-61 trIaqmiftzGUJ \0g'ESihf vkyfief;pOfrsm;udk atmufygtwdkif; xkwfjyefaMunmcJhonf/ 0g' 1/ ausmif;om;tcGifhta&;umuG,fa&;? tqifhtwef;jr§ifhaomynma&;ESifh ausmif;om;b0om,majzmifhjzL;a&;? 2/ ausmif;om;nDñGwfa&;ESifh w&m;rQwaom ausmif;om;ta&;jyóemwdkif;wGif aqmif½Gufvdkaom ausmif;om; tiftm;pkrsm;? ausmif;om;tzGJUtpnf;rsm;ESifh yl;wGJaqmif½Gufa&;? 3/ Nidr;f csrf;pGm ynmoifMum;a&;? ,Ofaus;rI xde;f odr;f jr§iw hf ifa&;ESihf ausmif;om;tcsif;csif; &if;ES;D pGmaygif;oif;quf qHa&;/ EdkifiHwumausmif;om;vIyf&Sm;rIESifhywfoufonfh tajccHoabmxm; 1/ bmomt,l0g' rcGjJ cm;bJ? tom;ta&mif rcGjJ cm;bJ? Edik if w H umausmif;om;rsm;ESihf &if;ES;D cspfMunfa&;? rdwaf qGjzpf a&;wdkYtwGuf vkyfaqmif&ef? 2/ ynmoifMum;a&;tajctae ydrk w kd ;kd wufaumif;rGeaf &;twGuf Edik if w H umausmif;om;rsm;? ausmif;om;tzGUJ tpnf; rsm;ESifh yl;aygif;aqmif½Guf&ef? 3/ urÇmYNidr;f csr;f a&; xde;f odr;f a&;ESihf e,fcsUJ qefYusiaf &;? udv k ekd pD epfqefYusiaf &;? trsK;d om;vGwaf jrmufa&; wdu k yf rJG sm; tm; taxmuftuljyK&ef? 4/ befa'gif;wGif usif;yaom tm½S-tmz&duausmif;om;rsm;nDvmcHESifh (5) Budrfajrmuf urÇmYausmif;om;rsm;or*¾ nDvmcHBuD;rS csrSwfaom urÇmhjidrf;csrf;a&;xdef;odrf;a&;? vufeufavQmhaygha&;vkyfief;rsm;udk vkyfaqmif&ef? 5/ EdkifiHwumausmif;om;rsm; aoG;pnf;nDnGwfa&;twGuf BudK;yrf;aqmif½Guf&efwdkY jzpfonf/ vkyfief;pOfrsm; wuotrIaqmiftzGJUonf wuúodkvf\ a,bk,stajctaersm;udk oHk;oyfum atmufygtajccHvkyfief; rsm; csrSwfcJhonf/ 1/ ESpfcgusausmif;xkwfpepf y,fzsufa&;? 2/ tcvGwf ynmoifMum;a&;pepf jyefvnf&½Sda&;? 3/ wuúodkvfwGif ynmoifMum;a&; tajctae aumif;rGefap&ef rzefwD;EdkiforQ ZGefvaemufqufwGJ pmar;yGJrsm; qufvufxm;½Sd ay;&ef? 4/ wuúodkvfwGif jrefrmpmudk oifMum;rIr@dKiftjzpf owfrSwfay;&ef? 5/ pwdkifyif paumvm½Spfrsm; t&nftwGufESifh t&nftcsif; wdk;jr§ifhay;&ef? 6/ jy|mef;aom ausmif;oHk;pmtkyfrsm;? ausmif;oHk;ud&d,mrsm; oufompGm&½Sda&;? 7/ ausmif;om;rsm;twGuf Munf;? a&? av toGm;EIef;rsm; avQmhaygha&;? 8/ wuúodkvfaxmufyhHaMu; ydkrdkay;&ef? 9/ ausmif;aqmifopfrsm; wdk;csJUaqmufvkyfay;a&;? 10/ t&nftcsif;jynfhq&mrsm; ydkrdkcefYxm;ay;a&;? 11/ tajctaeESifh rudkufnDbJ jy|mef;xm;aom ausmif;pnf;urf;rsm; y,fzsufay;a&;? 12/ 1959 ckESpf wuúodkvftufOya' (jyifqifcsuf) y,fzsufay;a&;? 13/ q&mausmif;om; em;vnfrIwdk;wufa&;ESifh &if;ESD;pGm yl;wGJvkyfaqmifa&;twGuf BudK;yrf;&ef/ 655

jrefrmEdkifiHausmif;om;vIyf&Sm;rIordkif; - atmifxGef; (3) trsKd;om;a&;twGuf aqmif½Gufcsufrsm; udkvdkeDpepfqefhusifa&;ESifU ulrifwefusL;ausmfrIqE´jyyGJ azazmf0g&D (21) &uf udkvdkeDqefYusifa&;aeYwGif vli,fausmif;om; trsKd;orD;tzGJUrsm;uBuD;rSL;í udkvdkeD pepfqefYusifa&;ESifh tar&duef autrfwDusL;ausmfrI uefYuGufqE´jyyGJBuD;udk BuD;rSL;usif;yum b,fvf*sD,HoH½Hk;ESifh tar&duefoH½Hk;rsm;odkY oGm;a&mufqE´jycJhonf/ þqE´jyyGJwGif jrefrmjynf\ ajrmufbufESifh ta½SUbufa'orsm;odkY vufeufjzifh0ifa&muf usL;ausmfae aom tar&duefe,fcsJUorm;\ cg;ydkufaqmif autrfwDusL;ausmfa&;orm;rsm;tm; armif;xkwfa&;ESifh uGef*dkjynf\ w&m;0if0efBuD;csKyf vlrGefbm;tm; owfjzwfvdkufrIudk uefYuGufa&;wdkYtwGuf jrefrmEdkifiH½Sd vli,fausmif;om;? trsKd;orD;rsm;ESifh jynfolw&yfvkH; yg0ifum qE´jycJhayonf/ þodkY Nidrf;csrf;pGm qE´jyolrsm;tm; yxptpdk;&onf rsuf&nf,kdAHk;? rD;owfydkuf? 0g;&if;wkwfrsm;omru aoewfrsm;jzifyh if ypfcwftMurf;zufum t"r®ErdS Ef iS ;f cJah yonf/ þodYktMurf;zufum &uf&ufpufpuf ESrd Ef iS ;f rIaMumifh OD;vlav;ESifh udkoef;jrifhwdkY aoqHk;onfhtjyif? twGif;vlemtjzifh oHCmawmf (1) yg; tygt0if vlaygif; (53) OD; 'Pf&m&um? tjyifvel mtjzpf trsm;tjym; 'Pf&m&½Scd ahJ yonf/ nbufwiG f qufvufqE´jyaom jynforl sm;tm; qufvuf tMurf;zufESdrfESif;um yk'fr (144) xkwfcJhayonf/ vli,fausmif;om; jynfol tajrmuftrsm;udkvnf; zrf;qD;cJhayonf/ xdYkaMumifh azazmf0g&D (24) &ufaeYwiG f tMurf;zufrI ½Iwcf sa&;? tar&duefpu G zf ufrEI iS hf ulrifwefusL;ausmrf I rsm;tm; rsufajcrysufa&;wdYk twGuf ausmif;om;xkqE´jyyGu J kd wuocef;rwGif Auorsm;tzGUJ csKyf? &uowdYk BuD;rSL; um usif;ycJhonf/ xdYk jyif Adv k rf LS ;csKyfa[mif;ausmfaZm acgif;aqmifaom e,fcsJUqefYusifa&;ESihf autrfwu D sL;ausmfrI wdu k zf suf a&; trsKd;om;aumfrwDwGif yg0ifum w½kwfjzLusL;ausmfrIqefYusifa&;vkyfief;rsm;wGif yg0ifcJhayonf/ AdkvfrSL;csKyf a[mif;ausmfaZmftm; wuoodYk zdwaf c:um w½kwjf zLusL;ausmfrEI iS hf ywfoufaom a[majymyGw J ckukd jyKvkyu f sif;ycJh ayonf/ (4) ausmif;om;tcGifUta&;umuG,fa&;ESifU ywfoufaomaqmif½Gufcsufrsm; (u) ausmif;pnf;urf;jyóem / / ausmif;aqmifaumfrwDrS tMuHay;pnf;urf;rsm;udk a&;qGJxkwfjyefcJh&m xdkpnf;urf;rsm;wGif ausmif;om;rsm; rvdkufemEdkifonfh tcsufrsm; yg0ifaeonf/ wuoonf ausmif;pnf;urf;½Sd& rnf[laom rludk vHk;0vufcHonf/ wuoonf ausmif;pnf;urf;ESifhywfoufí ausmif;om;qE´ESifhtnD ausmif; om;rsm;? q&mrsm; yl;aygif;n§dEdIif;um ausmif;om;rsm;\ pmayoifMum;rItajctae? aexdkifrItajctaewdkYjzifh udkufnDpGm a&;qGJxm;aom pnf;urf;rsm;jzpf&ef vdktyfonf[k wifjycJhayonf/ ausmif;aqmifaumfrwDrS wDxiG cf srSwv f maom aoG;½d;k om;½d;k r[kwo f nfh ausmif;pnf;urf;rsm;udk uefYuu G f cJhonf/ (c) ausmif;aqmifaumfrwDESifUausmif;omudk,fpm;vS,frsm;jyóem / / 1959 ckESpf? pufwifbmvwGif &efukef wuúov kd f ausmif;aqmifaumfrwDrS wuoud, k pf m;vS,f (2) OD;tm; xkwyf pfcahJ yonf/ wuoonf ausmif;aqmif aumfrwDwiG f wuoud, k pf m;vS,f (2) OD; jyefvnfyg0ifa&;twGuf tpOftquf awmif;qdck o hJ nf/ ,ckEpS w f iG v f nf; ausmif;aqmifaumfrwDwiG f wuoud, k pf m;vS,f (2) OD; yg0ifa&;twGuf xyfrBH udK;pm;&if; ausmif;aqmif aumfrwDxH ar;jref;&mwGif ausmif;aqmifaumfrwDrS 1960 ckESpf? azazmf0g&D (3) &ufaeY wuúodkvfaumifpDrS csrSwfcJhaom o[m,ESifh pmzwftoif;rsm;rS udk,fpm;vS,f (2) OD;tm; ausmif;aqmifaumfrwDwGif yg0ifcGifhjyK&ef[laom qHk;jzwf csufudk jyefMum;cJhayonf/ þodkY w&m;0ifjyefMum;csuft& avmavmq,f ausmif;aqmifjyóemrsm;ESifh ywfoufí qHk;jzwfcsufrsm; csrSwfjcif;? aqmif½Gufjcif;rsm;wGif ausmif;om;udk,fpm;vS,frsm; yg0ifEdkifa&;twGuf ausmif;aqmif o[m,ESifh pmzwftoif;rsm;udk udk,fpm;jyKonfh o[m,ESifh pmzwftoif;rsm;tzGJUcsKyf trIaqmiftpnf;ta0;rS o[m,ESifh pmzwftoif;rsm;tzGUJ Ouú|ESihf wuo vlxq k ufo, G af &; XmerSL;wdYk tm; ausmif;om;ud, k pf m;vS,rf sm;tjzpf ausmif; aqmifaumfrwDodkY apvTwfcJhonf/ ausmif;om;udk,fpm;vS,f (2) OD;teuf o[m,ESifh pmzwftoif;rsm;tzGJUcsKyf Ouú|udkom ausmif;aqmif 656

Nidrf;csrf;a&; 'Drdkua&pDa&;BudK;yrf;rI - 1960 rS 1961 - 'Drdkua&pDa&; vlrsKd;pkausmif;om;ta&; Nidrf;csrf;a&; trsKd;om;a&;toGif aumfrwDwGif vufcHNyD; wuovlxkqufoG,fa&;rSL;tm; o[m,ESifh pmzwftoif;rsm; tzGJUcsKyftrIaqmif r[kwf aomaMumifh[k taMumif;jyum ausmif;aqmifaumfrwDwGif vufrcHbJ xm;cJhayonf/ ,cifEpS Of ;D wGif ay:aygufaeaom ausmif;aqmif rvHak vmufrjI yóemrsm;udk yg0ifajz½Si;f &eftwGuf usef½dS aeaom ausmif;om;udk,fpm;vS,f (1) OD;ae&mwGif o[m,ESifh pmzwftoif;rsm;tzGJUcsKyf twGif;a&;rSL;tm; ausmif;aqmifaumfrwDoYkd ausmif;om;ud, k pf m;vS,t f jzpf xyfraH y;ydYk cYJ onf/ ausmif;aqmifaumfrwD obmywdonf aemufxyfay;ydYk aom ausmif;om;ud, k pf m;vS,t f m; ausmif;aqmifaumfrwDwiG f vufc&H efukd taMumif;trsKd;rsKd;jyum tcsdefqGJcJhayonf/ wcsdefxJwGif ausmif;aqmifaumfrwDwGif yg0ifaeaom ausmif;om;udk,fpm;vS,ftm;vnf; ausmif;aqmif aumfrwDrS xkwfy,f&ef BudK;pm;jyefonf/ aumfrwDwGifyg0ifaom udk,fpm;vS,ftm; bGJU&oGm;í ausmif;aqmifwGif raeonfudk taMumif;jyum Mo*kwf (2) &ufaeYwGif usif;yaom? ausmif;aqmifaumfrwDodkY wufa&mufcGifh rjyKbJ aumfrwDrS xkwfy,fcJhonf/ odkYaomf o[m,ESifh pmzwftoif;rsm;tzGJUcsKyf twGif;a&;rSL;tm; tcsdefqGJxm;cJhaomfvnf; rSefuefaom awmif;qdck suftm; rvGeq f efEikd b f J Mo*kwv f (2) &ufaeYwiG f usif;yaom ausmif;aqmifaumfrwDoYkd wufa&mufciG jhf yK cJh&onf/ (*) ausmif;om;rsm;tm; rw&m;½dkufESufrI / / 27? 9? 60 &ufaeY? n (9) em&DwGif urm½GwfvSnf;wef; t0dkif; BuD;teD;ü vÇuf&nfaomuf&ef xGufvmaom ausmif;om; (3) OD;tm; 'k-AdkvfrSL;BuD;wOD;u ½dkufESufcJhayonf/ 12? 11? 61 &ufaeYuvnf; tif;vsm;uefwGif iSufypfxGufaom ausmif;om;tcsKdUtm; ppfom;rsm; ½dkuf ESufcJhayonf/ þodYk tMurf;zuf&efpjcif;jzifh at;csrf;pGmaevdak om ausmif;om;rsm;tm; vIy½f mS ;rIrsm;jzpfvmap&ef MuHpnf zefwD;jcif;rsm;udk wuorS tav;teuf ½IwfcsuefYuGufcJhonf/ owif;pm½Sif;vif;yGJrsm;jzifh wuo\ oabmxm; rsm;udk jynfolodkY wifjycJhayonf/ (C) trsKd;orD;ausmif;aqmifrsm; ESpfywfvnfnpmpm;yGJ / / trsKd;orD;ausmif;aqmif ESpfywfvnf npmxrif; pm;yGrJ sm;udk ausmif;aqmifa½SUjrufcif;jyifwiG f tpOftvmt& jyKvkycf MhJ uayonf/ ,ckEpS w f iG f ausmif;om;a&;rSL;rsm;u ausmif;aqmifa½SU jrufcif;rsm;wGif usif;ycGirhf ay;bJ ausmif;aqmif xrif;pm;cef;wGio f m usif;y&ef trdeYf ay;cJo h nf/ þodYk wm;jrpfjcif;onf ausmif;aqmif o[m,ESihf pmzwftoif;rsm;\ ta&;BuD;aom vkyif efrsm;tm; zsuq f ;D ypfjcif; csKd;ESrd yf pfjcif; oabmxm;odYk oufa&mufaeonft h jyif? ausmif;aqmif ta&;tcif;rsm;wGif o[m,ESihf pmzwftoif; rsm;\ vGwfvyfpGm aqmif½GufEdkifcGifhudk ydwfyif&ma&mufojzifh wuoonf uefYuGufcJhayonf/ (i) ygarmu©csKyfcefhxm;a&; / / AdkvfcsKyftpdk;&vufxufu cefYxm;cJhaom &efukefwuúodkvf ygarmu©csKyf a'gufwmvSjrifh Ekwx f u G o f mG ;ojzifh ygarmu©csKyfae&mwGif xyfrcH efYxm;&ef ac:,l&m avQmufxm;ol (3) OD;½Scd o hJ nf/ wuúodkvf tkyfcsKyfa&;? ynmoifMum;a&; jyóemrsm;wGif ygarmu©csKyfonf wuúodkvfzGJUpnf;tkyfcsKyfyHkt& tmPm t½SdqHk; yk*¾dKvfjzpfaomaMumifh ygarmu©csKyfcefYxm;a&;onf vGefpGmta&;BuD;onhf jyóemjzpfayonf/ xdkYaMumifh wuorS ygarmu©csKyf cefYxm;a&;twGuf oabmxm;w&yfudk xkwfjyefaMunmcJhayonf/ wuúodkvf tkyfcsKyfykHoP²mefonf (Unitary System) jzpfonf/ odkYtwGuf ygarmu©csKyfwGif tmPmrsm; pkjyHKaeonf/ ygarmu©csKyfonf wOD;wnf;tmPm½Sif jzpfaeonf/ wuúodkvf wnfaqmufykHoP²mefudk jyifqif&ef vdktyfonf[k wifjycJhonf/ avmavmq,ftm;jzifh xdzk UJG pnf;tkycf sKyfypkH epfukd rjyifqifEikd rf D ygarmu©csKyf a½G;&mwGif ynmwd;k wufap&ef aqmif½GufEdkifrnfhol? tem*wf wuúodkvf wdk;wufom,ma&;udk aqmif½GufEdkifrnfhol? q&mrsm; ausmif;om;rsm;ESifh qufqaH &; ajyjypfaumif;rGerf nfo h ?l Nidr;f csrf;pGm ynmoifMum;a&;twGuf pGr;f aqmifEikd rf nfo h ?l tusifph m&dwå aumif; rGefjzLpifrnhfoludkom a½G;cs,fcefYxm;&ef wifjycJhayonf/ xdkoabmxm;udk EdkifiHawmf0efBuD;csKyfodkYvnf; wifjycJhayonf/ ygarmu©csKyfcefYxm;a&;ESifh ywfoufí tpdk;&tmPmydkiftcsKdUu rdrdwdkY tvdkus cg;ydkufaqmif ygarmu©csKyfwa,mufjzpfvma&; wuúodkvfudk rdrdwdkY tvdkus cs,fvS,fEdkifa&;wdkYtwGuf BudK;yrf;csufrsm;udkvnf; ausmif;om;xkodkY azmfxkwfwifjycJhayonf/ 657

jrefrmEdkifiHausmif;om;vIyf&Sm;rIordkif; - atmifxGef; xdkYjyif ygarmu©csKyfopfa½G;cs,frnfh wuúodkvfaumifpDtpnf;ta0;yGJodkY Zefe0g&Dv (28) &ufaeYwGif wuoESifh tzGJUtpnf;aygif;pHku OD;aqmifí 0dkif;0ef;í qE´jycJhMuonf/ wuúodkvfaumifpD vlBuD;rsm;tm;vnf; yef;Mum;vTm wapmifxw k u f m yefMum;cJah yonf/ wuúov kd af umifprD S ygarmu©csKyftjzpf a'gufwmomvStm; a½G;cs,f cefYxm;cJhayonf/ ygarmu©csKyftjzpf a½G;cs,fjcif;cH&aom a'gufwmomvSonf ausmif;om;rsm;ESifh tpOftvmtm;jzifh rajyjypfoljzpfaomfvnf; wuotaeESifh wuúodkvfwGif rvdkvm;tyfaom jyóemrsm; ray:aygufa&;? wdkif;jynf\ ynma&;wd;k wufa&;? wuúov kd f om,mwd;k wufa&;? Nidr;f csrf;pGm ynmoifMum;a&;wdYk twGuf qufvuf BudK;yrf;oGm; rnfjzpfaMumif; aMunmcJhayonf/ (p) ausmif;aqmifrvHkavmufrIjyóem / / ,ckESpf 1961 ck? ynmoifESpfwGif tpOftvmtm;jzifh ½SdaecJhaom ausmif;aqmif rvHkavmufrIjyóemrSm ydkrdkBuD;rm;vmcJhayonf/ &efukefwuúodkvfwGif tpOftvmt& ausmif;aqmif rvHak vmufr½I cdS jhJ cif;aMumifh vnf;aumif;? vGecf ahJ omESpf pufwifbmv aemufqufwpJG mar;yGEJ iS hf rwfvpmar;yGrJ sm;wGif atmifEIef;rsm;vmjcif;aMumifh vnf;aumif;? xD;wef;ESifh &efuif;aumvdyfudk tif*sifeD,mr[mXmeodkY ½kwfw&uf a½TUajymif;vmjcif;aMumifh vnf;aumif;? ay:aygufvmcJhonfh ausmif;aqmifjyóemudk ajz½Sif;&ef BudKwifí rjyifqif aomaMumifh vnf;aumif;? ,ckEpS w f iG f ausmif;aqmifrvHak vmufrjI yóemrSm ydrk Bkd uD;rm;vmayonf/ odYkaomf wuúov kd f tmPmydkifrsm;ESifh ausmif;aqmiftmPmydkifrsm;onf xdkjyóemrsm;twGuf rnfodkYrQ BudKwifjyifqifjcif; rjyKcJhay/ ausmif;aqmifae&m rvHkavmufonfh jyóemBuD;rm;vmNyD; xdyfwef;odkYa&mufvmrS ausmif;aqmiftmPmydkifrsm; rsufvHk;jyL;cJh&ayonf/ ausmif;aqmifjyóem BuD;rm;rIaMumifh wuoESifh o[m,ESifh pmzwftoif;rsm;tzGJUcsKyfonf atmufyg awmif;qdkcsufrsm;udk ausmif;aqmifaumfrwDodkY awmif;qdkcJhonf/ (u) wcef;vQif (2) a,mufxm;&ef? (c) tu,fí rvHkavmufvQif ,ckvuf½Sd xrif;pm;cef;rrsm;wGif aexdkifapum ,m,Dxrif;pm;cef;rsm; aqmufvkyf&ef? (*) tu,fí rvHkavmufvQif aexdkif&ef ,m,DwJrsm; aqmufvkyfay;&ef? (C) ausmif;aqmifopfrsm; aqmufvyk af y;&efEiS hf ausmif;aqmifjyóemudk ausmif;om;rsm;ESihf yl;wGaJ jz½Si;f &ef/ ausmif;aqmifae&mcsxm;a&;aumfrwDwGif ausmif;om;udk,fpm;vS,frsm; yg0ifcGifhay;&ef awmif;qdkcJhay onf/ xdkawmif;qdkcsufrsm;ESifh ywfoufí 19? 6? 61 aeYwGif usif;yaom ausmif;aqmifaumfrwD tpnf;ta0;wGif pOf;pm;um wcef; (2) a,mufxm;&efESifh ausmif;om;udk,fpm;vS,frsm;tm; ausmif;aqmifae&mcsxm;a&;aumfrwD wGif yg0ifcGifhay;&ef qHk;jzwfcJhavonf/ ausmif;aqmif ae&mrvHak vmufro I nf ausmif;om;rsm;\ ynmoifMum;a&;udk rsm;pGmxdcu kd o f nf[k wuo rS ,HkMunfayonf/ ae&m½Sdoavmufom ay;NyD;? usefolrsm; aecsif&mae rdrdwdkY bmomzefwD;Mu[laom tmPmydkif wdkY\ t,ltqudk wuotaeESifh vHk;0vufrcHEdkifay/ xdkYaMumifh ausmif;aqmifaexdkifí ynmoifMum;vdkonfh ausmif;om;wdkif; ausmif;aqmifae&m&&ef wuoonf enf;vrf;trsKd;rsKd;½SmMuHí awmif;qdk wdkufyGJ0ifcJhayonf/ wuoonf avmavmq,f &ifqikd af e&aom ausmif;aqmifrvHak vmufrI jyóemudk ajz½Si;f Edik &f eftwGuf ,ckpmoif cef;tjzpf jyKvkyfxm;aom bDtdkpDaumvdyftm; ausmif;aqmiftjzpf ajymif;vJum ausmif;om;rsm;tm;xm;&ef quf vuf wifjycJhayonf/ odkYaomf 26? 6? 61 &ufaeY usif;yaom ausmif;aqmifaumfrwD tpnf;ta0;wGif wuo\ wifjycsuu f kd ausmif;aqmifaumfrwD obmywd ygarmu©csKyf a'gufwmomvSu vH;k 0vufrcHbJ obmywdtmPmoH;k um y,fcscJhjyefonf/ xdkYaMumifh wuoonf 3? 7? 61 aeYwGif wuo ausmif;om;xk txl;tpnf;ta0;wck ac:,lum ausmif;aqmifae&m tvHak vmuf&½Sad &;? bDtpkd aD umvdyt f m; ausmif;aqmiftjzpf ajymif;vJum ae&mcsxm; ay;&efESifh ausmif;aqmifopfrsm; tjrefaqmufvkyfay;&ef wnDwñGwfwnf; qHk;jzwfcJhavonf/ wuorS wifjycJh aom wcef;ESpfa,muf aexdkifa&;rlwGif rauseyfaom ausmif;om;rsm; ½SdaeaomaMumifh wuoonf 3? 7? 61 &ufaeYwGif usif;yaom ausmif;aqmifaumfrwD tpnf;ta0;odkY ESpfa,mufwcef;pepfudk twif;rusifhoHk;bJ ESpf a,mufESpfcef; aexdkifEdkifolrsm;udk ¤if;wdkYqE´t& ESpfa,mufa,mufcef; aexdkifcGifhjyK&ef wifjyawmif;qdkcJh&m ausmif; aqmifaumfrwDrS y,fcscJah yonf/ xdYk jyif wuoonf txl;ausmif;om;tpnf;ta0;rS qH;k jzwfawmif;qdck sufrsm;udk 658

Nidrf;csrf;a&; 'Drdkua&pDa&;BudK;yrf;rI - 1960 rS 1961 - 'Drdkua&pDa&; vlrsKd;pkausmif;om;ta&; Nidrf;csrf;a&; trsKd;om;a&;toGif Zlvdkifv (8) &ufaeYwGif usif;yaom wuúodkvfaumifpDodkY wifjyawmif;qdkcJhonf/ ¤if;aumifpDtpnf;ta0; usif;y aomaeYwGif wuoonf ausmif;om; (2000) ausmfESifh wuúodkvfaumifpDtm; 0dkif;0ef;qE´jycJhMuonf/ xdkUaMumifh wuúov kd af umifprD S ausmif;aqmifae&m½SmazGa&; txl;aumfrwDw&yf zGUJ pnf;um ausmif;aqmifaeolwikd ;f ae&m&½Sad &; wm0efay;tyfco hJ nf/ ausmif;aqmifae&m½SmazGa&;aumfrwDonf ,m,DwaJ usmif;rsm; aqmufvyk &f eftwGuf tpd;k &xH aiG (7) odef; wifjyawmif;qdkcJhonf/ odkYaomf tpdk;&onf aiG (7) odef;udk xkwfray;bJaeojzifh ,aeYwdkif ,m,D wJausmif; aqmufa&;vkyfief;rSm rpEdkifbJ jzpfaeayonf/ ausmif;aqmifr&ao;olwdkif; ausmif;aqmif&a&; jyóem rsm;vnf; ,aeYwdkifrajz½Sif;Edkifjzpfaeonf/ xdkYaMumifh ausmif;aqmifaeoifholwdkif; ausmif;aqmifae&m&a&;twGuf Mo*kwfv (1) &ufaeYwGif usif;yaom ausmif;aqmifaumfrwD tpnf;ta0;odkY wuo&Jabmfrsm;onf ydkpwmrsm; udkifaqmifum xyfrHqE´jycJhMuonf/ ,aeYxd ausmif;aqmifae&m r&½Sdao;aom ausmif;ol? ausmif;om; trsm;tjym;½Sdaeayao;onf/ ¤if;wdkY onf aexdik rf t I cuftcJrsm;Mum;rS qif;&Jyifyef;pGm ynmoifMum;aeMu&ayonf/ ¤if;wdYkEiS hf ywfoufí ausmif;aqmif aumfrwDESifhwuG wuúodkvftmPmydkifrsm;wGifvnf;aumif;? EdkifiHawmftpdk;&wGifvnf;aumif;? wm0efBuD;rm;pGm½Sdae onf[k wuorS ,lqayonf/ odkY&mwGif wm0ef&Sdol tmPmydkifrsm;taeESifh xdkausmif;ol? ausmif;om;rsm;twGuf wdusaom oabmxm;r½Sdao;bJ jzpfaeay&m xdkjyóem ajyvnfa&;twGuf qufvufaqmif½Guf ajz½Sif;ay;&ef vdktyfayonf/ wuotaeESifhvnf; ausmif;aqmifae&mr&½Sdao;ol ausmif;om;rsm;twGuf qufvufwdkufyGJ0if aqmif½GufoGm;rnf jzpfayonf/ (5) ynmoifMum;a&;ESifUygwfoufaom aqmif½Gufcsufrsm;/ (u) aq;odyEHÜ iS t Uf if*sief , D m0ifciG t Uf &nftcsi;f pmar;yGJ / / 1960-61 ynmoifESpf ESpfOD;ydkif;wGif &efukefwuúodkvf qD;edwfu Oypmtxufwef;udk atmifjrifNyD; aq;odyÜHESifh tif*sifeD,modkY 0ifa&muf&ef vdktyfonfh trSwfrjynfhol? (Eligible) rjzpfolwdkYonf aq;odyÜHESifhtif*sifeD,modkY 0ifEdkifa&;twGuf bmompHk (5) bmompvHk; ajzqdk&rnfjzpf aMumif; aMunmcJhonf/ þodkYjyKvkyfjcif;onf aq;odyÜHESifhtif*sifeD,mwdkYwGif ausmif;taqmufttHk rvHkavmufjcif;aMumifh aq; odyÜHESifh tif*sifeD,modyÜHodkY ausmif;ol? ausmif;om;rsm; ta&mufenf;&ef MuHpnfjcif;om jzpfayonf/ xdkYaMumifh wuoonf (5) bmom jyefajza&;rludk uefYuGufum trSwfrjynfhaombmom&yfudkom jyefvnfajza&;twGuf awmif;qdck ahJ yonf/ trSwrf jynfah om bmom&yf jyefajz&eftwGuf r&½Sad omfvnf; (Eligible) oH;k bmomjyefajz&ef wuúodkvfaumifpDrS cGifhjyKcJhayonf/ (c) aemufqufwGJpmar;yGJusif;ya&; / / 1960 ck? pmoifESpf tprSpí EdkifiHawmftpdk;&ESifh wuúodkvfaumifpDu &efuek w f uúov kd w f iG f ynma&;ajymif;vJjyifqifcsufrsm;tjzpf wuúov kd t f ufOya' jyifqifjcif;? ausmif;vcaumufcH jcif;? pnf;rsOf;opfrsm; jyKvkyfjcif;ESifh pmar;yGJpepfopfrsm; jyKvkyfjcif;wdkYudk pwiftaumiftxnf azmfcJhonf/ pmar;yGJpepfESifh ywfoufí &efukefwuúodkvfwGif 1960 ckESpfrSpí ZGefv aemufqufwGJpmar;yGJudk zsuf odrf;um pmar;yGJwckusif;y&ef pDpOfcJhonf/ odkUaomfvnf; 1960 ckESpf aemufqufwGJpmar;yGJ usif;yEdkifa&;twGuf wuou awmif;qdkwdkufyGJ0ifcJh&m wuúodkvftmPmydkifrsm; taejzifhvnf; aemufqufwGJpmar;yGJw&yfudk pufwif bmvwGif usif;yay;cJhonf/ odkYaomf 1960-61 ckESpfwGif aemufqufwGJpmar;yGJudk zsufodrf;cJhonf/ wuotaeESifh ,aeYwuúodkvf\ oifMum;ydkYcsyHkonf ajymif;vJjyifqifjyKpkjcif; r½SdcJhao;? oifMum;ydkYcs &ef tajctaejzpfonfh ausmif;taqmuftOD? ausmif;oHk;y&dabm*? t&nftcsif;jynfh q&mrsm; jynfhpHkvHkavmufjcif; r½Sdao;? oif½dk;oifwef; pmar;yGJpepfrSpí ajymif;vJjynfhpHkjcif; r½Sdao;yg[k ,lqonf/ xdkYjyif ausmif;om;rsm;\ ynmoifMum;a&; tajctaerSm ausmif;aqmif rvHak vmufjcif;? pmar;yGu J s ausmif;xkwpf epfrsm;jzifh Ncdr;f ajcmufcaH e &jcif; ponfwdkYESifh rjynfhpHk rwnfrNidrfjzpfae&onf/ þodkYaom tajctaersm;wGif aemufqufwGJ pmar;yGJrsm;udk qufvufxm;½Sd&ef vdktyfonf[k wuorS ,HkMunfayonf/ xdkUaMumifh wuoonf wuo\ oabmxm;udk wuúov kd f aumifpo D Ukd wifjyum aemufqufwpJG mar;yGJ xm;½Sad &;udk awmif;qdck YJonf/ ausmif;om;xk twGi;f odUk vnf; aemufqufwGJ pmar;yGJESifhywfoufaom oabmxm;udk xkwfjyefcJhonf/ (*) pmar;yGJpepfopf /

/ &efukefwuúodkvfwGif 1960-61 ESpfrSpí wuúodkvfpmar;yGJ yHkpHopfw&yfudk usifhoHk; 659

jrefrmEdkifiHausmif;om;vIyf&Sm;rIordkif; - atmifxGef; aeonf/ wuotaejzifv h nf; wuúov kd \ f vuf½pdS mar;yGpJ epfukd ajymif;vJa&;rlukd vufcaH yonf/ vuf½dS pmar;yGJ pepfudk ajymif;vJypf&ef 1958 ckESpf Mo*kwfvwGif usif;yjyKvkyfaom jrefrmEdkifiH ausmif;om;ynma&;ESD;aESmzvS,f yGJBuD;rSvnf;aumif;? 1960 ck atmufwdkbmvwGif usif;yjyKvkyfaom Auorsm;tzGJUcsKyfnDvmcHrSvnf;aumif; csrw S cf ahJ yonf/ xdYkaMumifh wuoonf ,aeYwuúov kd w f iG f usio hf ;kH aeaom pmar;yGpJ epfopftm; ynma&;tajccHay: wGif rltm;jzifh oabmudkufnDayonf/ odYk aomf pmar;yGpJ epfopf wcktm; ajymif;vJrnfqv kd Qif þpmar;yGpJ epfEiS hf wqufwnf;jzpfaom oifMum;ydYk csyHkpepf? oifMum;ydkYcsrI tajctae? oif½dk;oifwef;rsm;udkyg jyKjyifajymif;vJ&ayrnf/ odkYrSomvQif wajy;nDaom ajymif;vJr?I rSeu f efaom jyKjyifrrI sm; jzpfrnf/ xdo k Ykd tajctaet&yf&yfukd ravYvmrajymif;vJbJ pmar;yGpJ epfwckwnf; udkom uGufuGufuav;jrifí ajymif;vJ&ef BudK;pm;cJhonfqdkygu pdwful;,Ofjcif;rQom jzpfayonf/ ,aeY wuúov kd t f ajctaeudk jyefvnfqef;ppfvQif vuf½dS ynmoifMum;ydYkcsypkH epftm; ajymif;vJ&efppD Ofjcif; r½SdbJ vuf½Sd ausmif;taqmuftOD rvHkavmufrI? ausmif;oHk;y&dabm* rvHkavmufrI? t&nftcsif;jynfh q&mOD;a& ESifh ausmif;om;OD;a& rrQwrI ponfh oifMum;ydkcsa&; tajctaewdkYudk jyKjyifzefwD; jznfhpGufjcif;rsm;udk rawGU&ay/ xdkYaMumifh ,ckESpf pwifusifhoHk;aeaom pmar;yGJpepfopfonf wuúodkvf tajctaet&yf&yftm; ajymif;vJ jyKjyifjcif;r½Sb d J atmifjrifEikd rf nf r[kwaf y/ xdYk jyif ,ckEpS u f sio hf ;kH aeaom pmar;yGpJ epf\ tcGit hf a&;rsm;rSm rSwyf w kH if ausmif;om;rsm;om tjynft h 0 &½Sad yrnf/ xdYk aMumifh ausmif;om;wdik ;f rSwyf w kH ifausmif;om;b0udk cH,El ikd af &;twGuf pmar;yGJusausmif;xkwfpepfudk zsufodrf;&efESifh ausmif;aecsifolwdkif; ausmif;aecGifhjyK&ef vdktyfaMumif; oabmxm; w&yfudk xkwfjyefcJhayonf/ ,cktcgwGif wuúodkvfwGif pmoifcef; rvHkavmufjcif;? q&m rvHkavmufjcif; jyóem &ifqdkifae&onf/ wuou OD;pGm axmufjycJhonfhtwdkif; þpepfrSm ratmifrjrif jzpfvm&onf/ enf;jyoifwef;rsm;rSm wywfxuf wywf tcsdefavQmhvmonf/ q&mrsm;vnf; rEdkifreif;jzpfum ausmif;om;rsm;vnf; pdwfysufaeMuonf/ þpmar;yGJ pepfopfESifhywfoufí wuoonf oabmxm;tjynfhtpHkudk xyfrHpOf;pm;um vkyfief;rsm; taumiftxnfazmf&ef vdkayonf/ wuúodkvf\ ynmoifMum;a&; wdk;wufaumif;rGefa&;twGufum; wyGJxdk;aq;NrD;wdkjzifh pdwful;wnfh&m avQmufvkyfaeír&? pdwful;,Ofír&[k wuou tav;teuf,HkMunfonf/ wuúodkvfoifMum;a&; aumif;rGef wd;k wufvmap&ef wuúov kd w f iG f ynmoifMum;rItajctae ydrk w kd ;kd wuf aumif;rGev f map&ef ynma&;jyKjyif ajymif;vJ a&;udkvnf; tav;teufxm;um aqmif½Guf&efvdktyfayonf/ (6) yGJobiftcrf;tem;rsm; (u) usrf;opömusdefqdkyGJ / / 1960-61ck &efukefwuúodkvfausmif;om;rsm;or*¾ Ouú|opf\ usrf;opömusdef qdkyGJtcrf;tem;udk 1960 ck? Edk0ifbmv (17) &uf? aeYvnf (1) em&DtcsdefwGif wuocef;rü usif;ycJhonf/ usdrf;opömusdefqdkyGJodkY ausmif;ol? ausmif;om;rsm;? or*¾trIaqmifrsm;? q&m? q&mrrsm;? EdkifiHjcm;oH½Hk;rsm;rS {nfhonfawmfrsm; wufa&mufMuayonf/ usrf;opömusdefqdkyGJodkY q&mBuD;ocifudk,fawmfrIdif;u o0PfvGmay;ydkYcJh onf/ usrf;usdeyf u JG kd wuo\ yxrqH;k Ouú| OD;ausmfcif vma&muf usrf;usdeaf y;cJo h nf/ xdu k srf;opömusdeq f ykd w JG iG f &efukefwuúodkvfausmif;om;rsm;or*¾ trIaqmiftzGJU\ 0g'ESifhvkyfief;pOfrsm;udk aMunmcJhayonf/ usrf;opömusdef qdkyGJwGif tpOftvmtm;jzifh ausmif;aeY0uf ydwfxm;cJhaomfvnf; ,ckESpfwGif ygarmu©csKyfu ydwfray;cJhacs/ þodkY ygarmu©csKyf\ tjyKtrltwGuf wuoonf 0rf;enf;aMumif; rSwfwrf;wifcJhayonf/ (c) atmufwdkbm txdrf;trSwfaeh / / 1953 ck? atmufwdkbm ausmif;wvydwfa&;ta&;awmfyHktm; tav; teufxm;aomtm;jzifh atmufwdkbm (3) &ufaeYwGif ausmif;om;xk aoG;pnf;nDñGwfa&; oabmxm;aMunmcsuf wapmifudk xkwfjyefaMunmcJhonf/ (*) q|rtBudrfajrmuf Auorsm;tzGJYcsKyfnDvmcH / / ArmEdkifiHvHk;qdkif&mausmif;om;or*¾rsm;tzGJUcsKyf\ (6) Budrfajrmuf nDvmcHudk wuocef;rü 1960 ck? atmufwdkbm (20) &ufaeYrS (24) &ufaeYtxd usif;ycJhayonf/ wuo\ þnDvmcHodkY aemifawmfnDawmf wuúodkvfor*¾rsm;ESifhtwl wufa&mufcJhayonf/ &efukefwuúodkvf\ tajctaeudk wifjyum Armw0Srf;vHk;½Sd ausmif;om;rsm;\ b0tajctae? ynmoifMum;a&; tajctae? 'Drdkua&pD 660

Nidrf;csrf;a&; 'Drdkua&pDa&;BudK;yrf;rI - 1960 rS 1961 - 'Drdkua&pDa&; vlrsKd;pkausmif;om;ta&; Nidrf;csrf;a&; trsKd;om;a&;toGif a&; tajctaewdYkukd aqG;aEG;cJo h nf/ þnDvmcHBuD;rS ynma&; jyKjyifajymif;vJa&;? ynmoifMum;rI tajctaewd;k wuf aumif;rGefa&;ESifh 'Drdkua&pDa&;? jynfwGif;Nidrf;csrf;a&; awmif;qdkcsufrsm;udk csrSwfEdkifcJhayonf/ (C) urÇmhausmif;om;rsm;aeh / / Edk0ifbmv (17) &ufaeYudk urÇmYausmif;om;or*¾rS urÇmYausmif;om;aeY tjzpf owfrw S cf ahJ yonf/ ArmEdik if w H iG f urÇmYausmif;om;aeYukd 1951 ckEpS rf S pwif usi;f ycJah yonf/ ,ckEpS w f iG v f nf; urÇmYausmif;om;rsm;aeYudk wuojrufcif;wGif usif;ycJhayonf/ þaeYwGif jrefrmEdkifiHausmif;om;vIyf½Sm;rI "gwfyHk jyyGJESifh rsufarSmufacwf yef;csDq&mrsm;\ aq;a&;yef;csDjyyGJudk wuo pmMunfhcef;wGif usif;ycJhayonf/ wuo oufomacsmifcsda&;XmerS pma&;puúL? pmtdwf ponfrsm;? ausmif;om;nDñGwfa&;wyfOD;rS rkefY[if;cg;? bl;oD;aMumf ponfrsm;udk a&mif;cscJhonf/
/ 1960 ck? 'DZifbmv ___ ___ ___/

/ ___ ___ ___ ___ ___ ___ /

(ps) wuo tESpf (30) txdrf;trSwf yÍörtBudrfajrmuf ausmif;om;yGJawmf / / ESpfESpfwBudrf usif;yjrJjzpf aom yÍörtBudrfajrmuf ausmif;om;yJGawmfudk wuo tESpf (30) ajrmuf txdrf;trSwfyJGawmftjzpf wuúodkvfwGif Zefe0g&Dv (6) &ufaeYrS (10) &ufaeYtxd usif;ycJhonf/ yJaG wmftBudKaeYjzpfaom Zefe0g&Dv (5) &ufaeYEiS hf (6-7) &ufaeYrsm;wGif wuúov kd jf rufcif;jyifü vlrsK;d pka&; &ma[majymyJGrsm;? ppfrjzpfrDESifh ppfNyD;acwf ausmif;om;vIyf½Sm;rIordkif;rsm;udk vlrsKd;pka&;&macgif;aqmifrsm;? ausmif; om;acgif;aqmifrsm;u a[majymMuonf/ yJGawmfuyJGtcrf;tem;rsm;udk ESpfpOfusif;yjrJjzpfaom ,k'oefjrufcif;wGif ygarmu©csKyfu vkyfcGifhray;cJhojzifh atmifausmf&ifjyifwGif usif;ycJh&onf/ uyJGtcrf;tem;zGifhyJGudk Zefe0g&Dv (9) &ufaeYwGif wuoyxrOuú| OD;ausmfcifu zGifhvSpfcJhonf/ ¤if;tcrf;tem;wGif urÇmYausmif;om;or*¾rsm; twGif;a&;rSL;tzJGY0if rpöwmbif[ifywfta&mAfu rdefYcGef;ajymMum;cJhonf/ ausmif;om;yJaG wmf nrsm;wGif vlrsKd;pka&;&mjycef;? ausmif;om;vIy½f mS ;rI wuotESpf (30) ordik ;f 0ifypön;f jycef;? yef;csDq&mOD;eef;a0\ wyifwikd yf ef;csDjycef;? rsufarSmufacwf umwGe;f q&mrsm;\ acwfaMu;rHk umwGe;f jycef;? tif*sifeD,mjycef;? aq;ynmjycef; ponfrsm;udk jyocJhonf/ oH½Hk;toD;oD;rSvnf; jycef;rsm;zGifhvSpfjyojcif;? ½kyf½Sifjyojcif;jzifh ulnDcJhMuonf/ ausmif;om;yJGawmf&ufrsm;wGif vufa0SYNyKdifyJGrsm;? jcif;,dkifcwfNyKdifyJGrsm;? acsmwdkifwufyJGrsm;? 'dk;ywfNyKdifyJG? aqmif;yg;NyKdifyJG? 0w¬KNyKdifyJGrsm;udkvnf; jyKvkyfcJhonf/ ausmif;om;yJGawmfBuD;udk atmifjrifxl;jcm;pGm usif;yEdkifjcif;rSm wuúodkvfvlrsKd;pktoif;rsm;tzJGUcsKyf udk,fpm;vS,frsm;? o[m,ESifh pmzwftoif;rsm;tzJGUcsKyf udk,fpm;vS,frsm;? tuo? quoESifh ausmif;om;xk\ yl;aygif;BuKd;yrf;rIaMumifhjzpfonf[k wuorS tav;teuf,lqayonf/ 661

jrefrmEdkifiHausmif;om;vIyf&Sm;rIordkif; - atmifxGef; (n) [,f&Dwefaehtcrf;tem; / / yÍörtBudrfajrmuf [,f&DwefaeYtcrf;tem;udk Auorsm;tzGJUcsKyf? &uo wdkYESifh yl;wGJum 1961 ckESpf? rwfv (22) &ufaeYwGif usif;yjyKvkyfcJhonf/ or*¾ (3) ckrS trIaqmifrsm;pka0;NyD; [,f&Dweftkwf*lodkY oGm;a&mufNyD; vGrf;olYyef;acGrsm;csum t"d|mefpmwrf;rsm; zwfMum;cJhonf/ (#) tmZmenfaeh / / 1961 ckESpf? Zlvdkifv (19) &ufaeY AdkvfcsKyfatmifqef;ESifh tmZmenfacgif;aqmifBuD;rsm; usq;kH onfh (14) ESpaf jrmufaeYwiG f trsK;d om;ynma&;? trsK;d om;vGwv f yfa&; Adou k mBuD;rsm;owd& OD;ñGwo f nftae ESifh wuo? Auorsm;tzGJUcsKyf? &uowdkY yl;aygif;um tmZmenfAdrmefodkY csDwuftav;jyKum? vGrf;olYyef;acGcsyGJESifh uarmufurynma&; wdkifwnfyGJudk usif;ycJhonf/ (7) Xmeqdkif&mvkyfief;rsm; (u) Edik if jH cm;qufo, G af &; / / ausmif;om;xkEiS hf jynfov l x l t k wGuf wuo\ ajymifajrmufaom wdu k yf rJG sm;aMumifh vnf;aumif;? urÇmYausmif;om;tcsi;f csi;f aoG;pnfnñ D w G af &;vkyif ef;rsm;aMumifh vnf;aumif;? wuo\ *kPo f u d m© onf urÇmYwdkif;jynfrsm;wGif xif½Sm;ay:vGifcJhonf/ wuoonf EdkifiHwumausmif;om; tzGJUtpnf;rsm; jzpfonfh (International Union of Students, Co-ordinating Secretariat) rsm;ESiv hf nf;aumif;? vli,ftzGUJ tpnf;rsm; jzpfonfh (W.F.D.Y, W.A.Y) wdkUESifhvnf;aumif; qufqHcJhayonf/ txl;ojzifh (I.U.S, W.F.D.Y) wdkYESifh yl;wGJí udkvdkeDqefYusifa&;? e,fcsJUqefYusifa&;? Nidrf;csrf;a&;? EdkifiHwumausmif;om;vli,fwdkufyGJrsm;udk vkyfaqmifEdkifcJh ayonf/ xdkYjyif urÇmYEdkifiHt&yf&yf½Sd ausmif;om;tzGJUrsm;ESifh qufoG,fEdkifcJhayonf/ tdE´d,? *syef? w½kwfjynf? AD,uferf? puFmyl? tD&wf? ½k½Sm;? zifvef? qGDZmvef? *smrPD? awmiftmz&du? t,fvf*sD;&D;,m; ponfhwdkif;jynftoD; oD;\ ausmif;om;tzGJUrsm;ESifh tquftoG,f &½SdcJhayonf/ odkY&mwGif tm½S-tmz&du pnf;vHk;nDñGwfa&;twGuf tm½S-tmz&du wdkif;jynftoD;oD;ESifh auseyfjynfhpHkvHkavmufonftxd qufoG,frI tcdkiftrmr½SdcJhay/ (World University Service W.U.S) tzGJUESifhvnf; 1958 ckESpfrSpí ,aeYtxd qufoG,frItjynfht0 r½SdcJhay/ wuoonf e,fcsJUqefYusifa&;tcef;wGif Auorsm;tzGJUcsKyfESifhtwl Armjynf ausmif;om;vli,frsm; e,fcsJUtEÅ&m,fESifh e,fcsJUqefYusifa&;ta&;awmfyHkrsm;tm; rsufajcrysufapa&;? trsKd;om;pnf;vHk;nDñGwfa&; tif tm;jzifh wdkufyGJ0if&ef tpOftjrJvIHUaqmf OD;aqmifcJhayonf/ ¤if;jyif e,fcsJUqefYusifa&;tcef;ESifh qufpyfí Armjynf tm; w½kwfjzLrsm; wdkuf½dkufusL;ausmfrI? tar&dueftpdk;&\ wdkuf½kdufpGufzufrIrsm;udk wuoonf tpOfowd½SdcJh ayonf/ xdYk aMumifh w½kwjf zLusL;ausmfr?I tar&duefpu G zf ufrI uefYuu G ½f w I cf syGrJ sm; jyKvkyo f nfEiS hf wqufwnf;wGif Edik if aH wmftpd;k &tm; e,fcsJUtay: jywfom;vmap&ef wdu k w f eG ;f cJah yonf/ txl;ojzifh tar&dueftpd;k &onf Armjynf ESifh w½kwfjynfolYor®wEdkifiHESifh ___ &if;ESD;a&;udk rvdkvm;onfh tavsmuf ppfa&;? EdkifiHa&; ___ taESmifh t,Sufay;aeonfudk wm;qD;&ef vdktyfcJhonf/ ___ ___ ArmpmcsKyf csKyfqdka&;? Ek-acsmif rlig;csufESifh ArmEdkifiHMum;ae0g' ___ cJhayonf/ xdkYjyif tar&duefonf Armjynf\ pD;yGm;a&;? ___,Ofaus;rIwdkYwGif 0ifa&muf pGufzufEdkifa&; ___ qD;wdk;tkyfpkwGif;odkY yg0ifa&;wdkYtwGuf ___ ___ rsm; nDvmcHudk (Zefe0g&D 25 - azazmf0g&D __) ___aqmifí ygupöwef u&mcsdNrdKUwGif ___ ___ \ aumufuspfpOf;vJrIudk azmfxkwfcJhayonf/ ___ ___ ___ ___ ___ ___ ___ _______________/ EdkifiHwumausmif;om;rsm; cspfMunf&if;ESD;a&;twGuf wuo tESpf (30) ajrmuf yÍötBudrf ausmif;om; yJGawmfodkYwufa&muf&ef EdkifiHwumvli,fausmif;om;tzJGUrsm;udk zdwfMum;cJhayonf/ (I.U.S) ___ eH,rf; wuúodkvfausmif;om;or*¾rS o0PfvTmrsm;&½SdcJhonf/ *smref'Drdku&ufwpfor®wEdkifiHrS vli,fowif;pmq&m rsm;tzJUG ? w½kwjf ynfoYlor®wEdik if \ H Edik if w H umvli,fawGUqHak qG;aEG;yJG ud, k pf m;vS,t f zJUG ? (Co-sec) rS ud, k pf m;vS,?f MopaMw;vQjynf ausmif;om;tzJGU Ouú| wuoodkY vma&mufcJhonf/ wuo\ Edik if w H umqufqaH &;wGif jynfwiG ;f vIy½f mS ;rIrsm;aMumifh pmtquftoG,rf sm;jzifo h m jyKvkycf &hJ í? wuoud, k pf m;vS,rf sm; jyifyodYk xGucf mG cGirhf &cJah y/ tD&wfEikd if H b*¾'wfNrdKUwGif usif;yaom urÇmYausmif;om;or*¾ nDvmcHoYkd vnf;aumif;? armfpudNk rKdUwGif usi;f yaom Edik if w H umvli,fawGUqHak qG;aEG;yJo G Ykd vnf;aumif; wufa&muf&ef Edik if u H ;l vufrw S f xkwyf a;&efawmif;qdck &hJ m yxptpd;k &rS jiif;qefcahJ yonf/ þodYk tm;jzifh yxptpd;k &onf ausmif; om;or*¾rsm;\ 'Drdkua&pDtcGifhta&;udk ydwfyifcJhayonf/ Armjynf\ wnfhrwfaom Mum;aea&;0g'udk rrSefruef usifhoHk;cJhayonf/ zqyvtpdk;&? ppftpdk;&ESifh ,aeY yxptpdk;& vufxuftxd tpOftjrJ ausmif;om;vli,frsm; \ EkdifiHwumqufqHrI tcGifhta&;udk ydwfyifcJhayonf/ yxptpdk;&\ jyKrlcsufESifh ywfoufí wuoonf jynf 662

Nidrf;csrf;a&; 'Drdkua&pDa&;BudK;yrf;rI - 1960 rS 1961 - 'Drdkua&pDa&; vlrsKd;pkausmif;om;ta&; Nidrf;csrf;a&; trsKd;om;a&;toGif wGif;jynfy ½IwfcsuefYuGufcJhonf/ (c) tm;upm;ESifU,Ofaus;rIXme / / &efukefwuúodkvf tm;upm;aumifpDwGif wuoudk,fpm;vS,f (5) OD; yg0ifcJh&m wuo\ upm;ckefpm;vkyfief;rsm;pGmonf &efukefwuúodkvf upm;ckefpm;aumifpD\ vkyfief;rsm;wGif tusKH;0ifomG ;ayonf/ txl;ojzifh ,ckEpS w f iG f wuúov kd u f pm;ckepf m;aumifpo D nf wuo\ wifjycsufrsm; tm;vH;k vdkvdkyif vufcHvkyfaqmifonfudk awGUjrif&ayonf/ wuoonf ESpfvnf ajy;ckefupm;yJGBuD;udk ydkrdkpnfum;pGm usif;yEdkifa&;twGuf aqmif½GufcJhayonf/ yg0if,SOfNyKdifaom pepfudk toif;vdkuf yg0if,SOfNyKdifapjcif;tm;jzifh yg0if,SOfNyKdifolOD;a& rsm;jym;vmonfomru vma&muftm;ay;Munfh½Iolrsm;vnf; ydkrdkvma&mufcJhayonf/ ae&mxdkifcif; rvHkavmufrIESifh tjcm;vkyfief;jyifqifrI tenf;i,fcsKdU,Gi;f onfrt S y wuúov kd Ef pS yf wfvnfajy;ckeu f pm;NyKdiyf BGJ uD;onf atmifjrifcrf;em;odu k Nf rKducf ahJ yonf/ NyKdiyf q GJ rk sm;udv k nf; woD;wjcm; tcrf;tem;vkyí f qkay;Edik cf ahJ yonf/ qkay;&mwGif ay;½d;k ay;pOfrjyKvkyb f J urÇmYt EdkifEdkifiH wuúodkvfBuD;rsm;\ yHkpHerlemudk,lí a½Ta&mif? tjyma&mifpaom ta&mifrsm;cJGjcm;í tqifhtwef;owfrSwf csD;jr§ifhcJhayonf/ tm;upm;tqifhtwef;owfrSwfaom a½Ta&mif? tjyma&mif ponfwdkYudk ay;yHkay;enf; ]]rl}} ay:wGif tcsKdUrauseyfMuay/ odkYaomf vkyfief;taumiftxnf azmfaom yxrESpftzdkY csKdU,Gif;csufrsm; ½SdrnfrSefaomfvnf; a½SUtzdkY tm;vHk;auseyfvmEdkifMuvdrfhrnf[k ,HkMunfayonf/ wuúov kd t f m;upm; pmapmifukd tenf;qH;k oH;k vwBudrf xkwaf 0&efMuHpnf tm;xkwcf ahJ omfvnf; tusyt f wnf;trsKd;rsKd;aMumifh wapmifom xkwaf 0Edik cf ahJ yonf/ Edik if jH cm;oH½;kH toD;oD;rS tm;upm; ½ky½f iS u f m;rsm; vma&muf jyo&efpDpOfcJhaomfvnf; ratmifjrifcJhay/ wuúodkvf½Sd tm;upm;toif;tzJGU aygif;pHkaqG;aEG;yJGw&yfudk jyKvkyf&efBuKd; yrf;cJah yonf/ odYk aomf wuúov kd ½f dS tm;upm;tzJUG rsm;rSm wcsdew f nf;jyefvnfzUGJ pnf;jcif; r½SMd uojzifh aqG;aEG;usif;yJG rusif;yEdkifcJh/ xdkYaMumifh wuúodkvf½Sd topfjyefvnf zJGUpnf;NyD;aom tm;upm;toif;tzJGUrsm;udk ac:,lí tm;upm; tpDtpOfvkyfief; (Programme) a&;qJG&ef wuúodkvfaumifpDwGif tMuHÓPfay;cJh&m aumifpDu vufcHcJhayonf/ wuúov kd Ef iS ahf umvdyaf ygif;pHk ajy;ckeu f pm;yJBG uD;udk rEÅav;wGif usif;y&m &efuek w f uúov kd rf S tm;upm;o rm;rsm;tm; apvTwf,SOfNyKdif EdkifcJhonf/ &efukefwuúodkvfrS trSwftrsm;qHk;jzifh yxrqk&½SdcJhayonf/ wuorS oD;jcm;tm;upm;NyKdifyJG rusif;yEdkifcJhaomfvnf; ausmif;om;yJGawmfwGif jcif;,dkifcwfNyKdifyJGusif;y jcif;? wuúodkvfvufa0SYtoif;ESifh yl;wJGí vufa0SYNyKdifyJG usif;yjcif;rsm;udk jyKvkyfEdkifcJhayonf/ urÇmYausmif;om;rsm;or*¾rsm;tzJGUcsKyfodkY &efukefwuúodkvftwGuf tm;upm;ypönf;rsm; awmif;qdkcJh&m tawmftoifh &½SdcJhonf/ 1961 ckESpf? Mo*kwfv (22) &ufaeYrS pufwifbmv (3) &ufaeYtxd bla*;&D;,m;jynf? qdzk v D mNrKdUawmfwiG f usif;yonfh urÇmYwuúov kd af ygif;pHk ajy;ckeu f pm;yJBG uD;odYk &efuek w f uúov kd rf S yg0if,OS Nf yKdiEf ikd &f ef trsK;d rsK;d MuHpBD uKd;pm;cJah yonf/ wuúov kd t f m;upm;aumifpED iS hf wuúov kd af umifpo D Ykd aiGaMu;uln&D ef awmif;qdck ahJ omf vnf; aiGxkwfay;EdkifpGrf; r½SdcJhay/ BuKd;pm;vsuf ½Sdaeayonf/ ,Ofaus;rIqdkif&m vkyfief;rsm;wGif &efukefwuúodkvfodkY tar&duef,Ofaus;rIudk umuG,f[efYwm;&ef? ArmhtEkynm ,Ofaus;rIxrd ;f odr;f &ef aumfrwDwck zJUG pnf;&efBuKd;pm;cJo h nf/ odYk aomfvnf; &efuek w f uúov kd , f Ofaus; rItoif; ½Sdaejcif;ESifh tjcm;taMumif; trsKd;rsKd;wdkYaMumifh qufvufraqmif½GufEdkifcJhay/ (*) wuooufomacsmifcsda&;Xme / / ___ ___ ___ ___ ___ ___ ___ ___ __/ wuopm;aomufqdkifESifh ywfoufí vGefcJhaom 1959 ckESpf trIaqmiftzJGUrS wif'gpepfjzifh a½G;cs,fum zGiv hf pS af pcJah om or*¾pm;aomufqikd o f nf wif'gpnf;rsO;f t& 1960 ckEpS w f iG f oufwrf;aphNyD; jzpfojzpf wif'gaumfr wDzUGJ pnf;um pepfwus rlrsm;csrSwí f rljzift h uku d t f nDq;kH jzpfol OD;oGi-f a':oef;wdYk tm; wif'gay;í qdik zf iG v hf pS af pcJh onf/ pm;aomufqikd o f pfukd {NyDvwGizf iG v hf pS cf &hJ m oefY½iS ;f aumif;rGef vyfqyfaom tpmtm[m&rsm;&½Sad &;? rQwaom aps;EIef;jzifh 0,f,lpm;oHk;Edkifa&;ESifh pepfwusjzpfa&;wdkYtwGuf oufomacsmifcsda&;Xmetaejzifh wm0ef,lvkyfaqmif vsu½f adS yonf/ ,ckEpS w f iG v f nf; wuo oufomacsmifcsad &;qdik u f kd ydrk jkd ynfph akH umif;rGepf mG wnfaxmifEikd af &;twGuf BuKd;yrf;vsuf½Sd&m rMumjrifhrD qdkifzGifhvSpfrnf jzpfayonf/ (C) vlxkqufoG,fa&;Xme / / wuo vlxkqufoG,fa&;Xmevkyfief;onf wuovkyfief;rsm;ESifh a&mpyf vsu½f o dS nfom rsm;ayonf/ pmqdak wmfaeYjzpfaom ewfawmfvqef; (1) &ufaeY? nwGif wuúov kd u f avmiftoif;ESihf 663

jrefrmEdkifiHausmif;om;vIyf&Sm;rIordkif; - atmifxGef; wuowdYk yl;aygif;um wuocef;rwGif pmqdak wmfynm½SiBf uD;rsm; jzpfMuaom q&mBuD;ocifu, kd af wmfridI ;f ? q&mBuD; OD;azarmifwif? q&mrif;ok0PfESifh q&mOD;rsKd;rif;wdkYtm; uefawmhylaZmfyGJ usif;ycJhonf/ ¤if;aemuf a[majymyGJudk usif;y&m q&mrif;ok0PfESifh OD;rsKd;rif;wdkYu a[majymMuonf/ (i) tdk;a0r*¾Zif; / / tdk;a0r*¾Zif;onf &efukefwuúodkvfausmif;om;or*¾rsm;\ a
Nidrf;csrf;a&; 'Drdkua&pDa&;BudK;yrf;rI - 1960 rS 1961 - 'Drdkua&pDa&; vlrsKd;pkausmif;om;ta&; Nidrf;csrf;a&; trsKd;om;a&;toGif (9) aus;Zl;wif½Sdjcif; 1960-61 ckESpf wuotrIaqmiftzGJU\ vkyfief;rsm;udk wifjycJhNyD;jzpfonf/ wuo a½G;aumufyGJwGif yg0ifulnDay;Muaom ausmif;om;udk,fpm;vS,f aumifpDvlBuD;rsm;? wuo Ouú|a[mif;rsm;? wuo trIaqmifrsm;tm; vnf;aumif;? urÇmYausmif;om;aeYESifh ausmif;om;yGJawmfwGif yef;csDjyyGJ twGufulnDaom yefcsDq&m OD;eef;a0tm; vnf;aumif;? ausmif;om;yGJawmf acwfaMu;rHk umwGef;jycef;twGuf ulnDaom jrefrmEdkifiH umwGef;q&mrsm;toif;tm; vnf;aumif;? wuotESpf (30) ajrmuf? yÍörtBudrfajrmuf ausmif;om;yGJawmfwGif wufa&mufzGifhvSpfay;aom wuo yxrOuú| OD;ausmfciftm; vnf;aumif;? ausmif;om;yGJ awmftwGuf aiG 1000d^- ulnaD om wuúov kd af umifpt D m; vnf;aumif;? ausmif;om;yGaJ wmfwiG f ausmif;om;vIy½f mS ; rIordkif; jycef;twGuf "gwfyHkrsm; iSm;&rf;ulnDMuaom jrLrif;BuD;a[mif; OD;xGef;tHk? wuúodkvfxifBuD;ESifh wyfrawmf armfuGef;wdkuftm; vnf;aumif;/ 'd;k ywfNydKifyw JG iG f tuJjzwfvBl uD;rsm;tjzpf aqmif½u G af y;aom ygarmu©O;D atmifvS trSL;jyKaom *Dwynm½Sif BuD;rsm;tm; vnf;aumif;? *Dwya'omazsmfajzcef;wGif ulnDMuaom a':aroef;trSL;jyKaom ynm½Sifrsm;udk vnf; aumif;? pmayNydKifyGJwGif pmrlrsm;udk wnfjzwfa½G;cs,fay;Muaom q&mBuD;rsm;tm; vnf;aumif;/ jyyGw J iG f yg0ifun l aD y;Mu aom wuúov kd pf me,fZif;toif;? wuúov kd "f gwfyt kH oif;? aq;odyaHÜ usmif;om; rsm;or*¾? &efuek w f uúov kd f vlrsKd;pktoif;rsm;tzGUJ csKyf? Adou k mtif*sife, D mausmif;om;rsm;toif;ESihf oH½;kH toD;oD; tm; vnf;aumif;/ uyGJwGifyg0ifujyaom wuúodkvftif*sifeD,mausmif;om;rsm;or*¾? aq;odyÜHausmif;om;rsm;or*¾? wuúodkvfvlrsKd;pktoif;tzGJUcsKyf? o[m,ESifh pmzwftoif;rsm;? w½kwftrsKd;om;ausmif;ol^om;toif;ESifh tjcm; toif;tzGJUrsm;tm; vnf;aumif;/ jyifyrS vma&mufun l MD uaom pE´,m;cspfaqG? wuúov kd jf rwfav;? tqdak wmf udck ifarmifviG Ef iS hf *Dwynm ½Sirf sm;tm; vnf;aumif;? pmqdak wmfaeYwiG f
rSwfcsuf- tcsKdYrl&if;pm½Gufpmwrf;rsm;wGif pmvHk;rsm; zwfír&jcif;? pmrsufESmwrsufESmvHk; aysmufqHk;aeonf/ ¤if;ae&mrsm;wGif ,ckuJhodkY _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ /Ä azmfjyay;xm;ygonf/

665

jrefrmEdkifiHausmif;om;vIyf&Sm;rIordkif; - atmifxGef;

OD;wifat; (NrKd rY ) (1960-61) Source: Oway Magazines

1957-58 wGif td;k a0r*¾Zif;aumfrwD twGi;f a&;rSL;tjzpf wm0ef,cl o hJ nf/ 1960-61 ckEpS w f iG f Ouú|tjzpf a½G;aumufwifajr§mufc&H onf/

&ef u k e f N rKd U NrKd U rtrsKd ; om;ausmif ; ausmif ; xG u f j zpf o nf / NrKd U rausmif ; om;a[mif ; rsm;tzJ G U wG i f &moufyeftrIaqmifwOD; jzpfonf/ NrdKUrOD;wifat;[k vlord sm;aom a½SUaeBuD;wOD;jzpfonf/ ,ckpmtkyaf &;om; &mwGif ulnDcJhrIjzifh 1998 ESpfOD;wGif zrf;qD;cH&NyD; axmif'Pf (7) ESpfcsrSwfcH&onf/ awmifilaxmifrS 2003 Mo*kwv f qef;wGif jyefvw G v f monf/ axmifruscifuwnf;u cg;ema&m*g&Scd NhJ yD;? axmifwiG ;f ü ydrk q kd ;kd ½Gm;vmum axmifrS vGwfajrmufNyD; (2) veD;yg;tMum 2003 ckESpf? atmufwdkbmv (2) &ufaeYwGif uG,fvGefonf/ aoqHk;csdefwGif touf (73) ESpf&Sdí om;orD; (4) a,mufusef&pfcJhonf/ (atatyDyD? udkcGef;qdkif;)

&efuek w f uúov kd af usmif;om;rsm;or*¾ trIaqmiftzGUJ (1960- 1961)

Source: Oway Magazines

udkvSa½T

udkapmarmif

udkAaqGav;

udkwifat; udkrif;odrf; udkeE´

(tdk;a0t,f'Dwm) (wJGzuftwGif;a&;rSL;) (taxGaxGtwGif;a&;rSL;) (Ouú|)

666

udkxGef;Munf

udkrif;axG;

udkvSMunf

(EdkifiHjcm;qufoG,fa&;)

(upm;ckefpm;ESifh,Ofaus;rI)

(vlxkqufoG,fa&;)

ygyD,m;

em½dkif;em;

udkombef;

('k-Ouú|) (aiGxdef;) (oufomacsmifcsda&;)

udkjrodef; (pmMunfhwdkuf)

OD;uHodef;

udkbay:

udkvSausmf

(taqmuftODxdef;)

(pma&;BuD;)

(½Hk;trIxrf;)

Nidrf;csrf;a&; 'Drdkua&pDa&;BudK;yrf;rI - 1961 rS 1962 - 'Drdkua&pDa&; ausmif;om;xkcGifUta&;umuG,fa&; trsKd;om;a&;toGif

tcef; (24) Nird ;f csr;f a&; 'Dru kd a&pDa&;BuKd ;yrf;rI 'Dru kd a&pDa&; ausmif;om;xktcGifhta&;umuG,fa&;ESifh trsK;d om;a&;toGif ausmif;om;vIy&f mS ;rIordik ;f (1961 rS 1962)

(u) &efuek w f uúov kd af usmif;om;or*¾ trIaqmiftzGUJ (1961-62) Ouú|

udkAaqGav;

(c) uarmufurynma&;wdu k yf JG (c-1) jzpfay:vmyHk 1960 ckESpf ynmoifESpfwGif ausmif;om;or*¾rsm;u OD;aqmifí jrefrmwjynfvHk;rS ausmif;om;rsm;onf uarmufurynma&; zsufodrf;a&;wdkufyGJBuD;udk t½Sdefjyif;pGm qifETJcJhMuayonf/ vGwfvyfa&; (14) ESpf umvwGif ynmoifESpfwck qef;vmwdkif; wdkif;jynf\ taxGaxGynma&;tusyftwnf;rSm ydkíBuD;rm;vmcJhonf/ ausmif;oHk; pmtkyfrsm; aps;BuD;jcif;? aep&mausmif; r½Sdjcif;? oifay;rnfh ausmif;q&m r½Sdjcif;? ausmif;p&dwf rvHkavmufjcif;? &mcdkifEIef; (90) ausmf us½HI;onfh atmifpm&if;rsm;ESifh &ifqdkif&jcif;? pmar;yGJusonfhtwGuf ausmif;xkwfcH&jcif;? tvkyfvufrJhb0a&mufjcif; jyóemrsKd;pHk awGUMuHKae&onf/ jyóemrsm; twdkiftqBuD;rm; us,fajymvmNyD;wdkif; vlaerIpepfESifh ,aeYynma&;pepf\ tHacsmfaeonfudk jyoayonf/ yxptpdk;& vufxufwGif wuúodkvf0ifESifh ausmif;xGufpmar;yGJ cGJjcm;onfhpepf? wef;cGJwef;cspepfudk twif;tusyf jyefvnfusifhoHk;vmonf/ (2) cgusausmif; om;? ausmif;olrsm;tm; ausmif;rSxkwfypfjcif; jyóemrsm; &ifqdkifvm&onf/ 1961 ck? azazmf0g&DvwGif ppfaq;NyD; ZGev f wGif xkwjf yefvu kd o f nfh wuúov kd 0f ifEiS hf wef;jrifah usmif;xGuf atmifpm&if;rsm; xGufvmaomtcg rajzolatmifaompm&if;? rajzonfhbmom *kPfxl;xGufonfh atmifpm&if;? uarmufuratmifpm&if; jzpfvmonf/ xdktcg rajzolatmifNyD; rdrdwdkYusaeonfhtjzpfudk ausmif;om;rsm; &ifqdkif& aomtcg uarmufurynma&;pepf'Pf cHpm;&csuf? wdkif;jynf\ vlaerIpD;yGm;a&;pepfESifh rudkufnDaom ynma&; uarmufurjzpfrI? (2) cgusausmif;xkwfpepf wef;cGJwef;cspepfwdkYaMumihf ausmif;om;? ausmif;olrsm; aygufuGJ 667

jrefrmEdkifiHausmif;om;vIyf&Sm;rIordkif; - atmifxGef; vmonf/ uarmufurynma&; zsufodrf;a&;awmif;qdkcsufudk wcJeufa
Nidrf;csrf;a&; 'Drdkua&pDa&;BudK;yrf;rI - 1961 rS 1962 - 'Drdkua&pDa&; ausmif;om;xkcGifUta&;umuG,fa&; trsKd;om;a&;toGif 1/ pmar;yGJatmifpm&ifrsm; uarmufurjzpfonfqdkaom ausmif;om;pGyfpGJcsufudk twdtusodom&ef ynma&;rif;BuD;a[mif; (3) OD; yg0ifaom pHkprf;a&;aumfrwDzGJUí tpdk;&u pHkprf;rnf/ xdktzGJU\tMuH ay;csuftwdkif; tpdk;&u aqmif½Gufrnf/ 2/ ESpcf gusausmif;om;rsm; ausmif;jyefxm;a&;rSm ausmif;taqmuftOD? ausmif;q&mrvHak vmufí tpd;k &u vufrcHEdkif/ 3/ wdkif;jynf\ynma&; ydkrdkjrifhrm;vmap&eftwGuf vdktyfojzifh wef;cGJwef;cspepf y,fzsufay;&ef awmif; qdkonfudk tpdk;&u rvdkufavsmEdkif/ 4/ ynma&;ESD;aESmzvS,fyGJudk ynma&;pHkprf;rIaumfr½Sif\ tpD&ifcHpmudkrlwnfí usif;yay;rnf/ tpd;k &jyefMum;csufrsm;udk AuotzGUJ csKyfonf ynma&;0efBuD;a½SUwGiyf if wxdik w f nf; uefYuu G cf ahJ yonf/ uarmufurjzpfrI rSe?f rrSef ynma&;rif;BuD;a[mif; (3) OD;yg0ifaom aumfrwDzUJG í pHpk rf;ay;rnf[k ajymMum;jcif;onf uarmufurjzpfru I kd pHpk rf;&efrvd?k bmaMumifh uarmufurjzpf&onf rnforl sm;wGio f m wm0ef½o dS nfuo kd m pHpk rf;a&; aumfr½SifzGJUí tpdk;&u pHkprf;oifhonf/ ESpcf gusausmif;xkwpf epf rusifo h ;kH &efEiS yhf wfoufí ynma&;0efBuD; jyefMum;csufrmS rsm;pGmwm0efrv hJ \ S / ausmif;aecsifol ynmoifcsifolrsm;udk tajctaejynfhpHkatmif zefwD;ay;&rnf jzpfayonf/ ausmif;q&m? ausmif; taqmuftOD rvHkavmuf[laom taMumif;jycsufjzifh ausmif;pmoifcef;rS uefxkwfrIrSm rsm;pGmwm0efrJhvSaom jyKrlcsufjzpfonf/ ajzqdkaom ausmif;om; (100) wGif (90) usqHk;aecsdef? ESpfcgus ausmif;om;jzpfoGm;&ef rsm;pGm vG,fulayonf/ wef;cGJwef;cspepfudk ynma&;tqifhtwef;jrifh&ef aqmif½Guf&ygonf[k ajymqdkjcif;rSmvnf; toHaumif; [pfaom jyefMum;csuo f m jzpfayonf/ ynma&;udk tajccHusus jyKjyifajymif;vJNyD; vlaerIpepf wd;k wufjzpfay:csuEf iS hf udu k n f aD tmifjyKvkyrf o S m ynma&;tqift h wef; jrifrh m;vmEdik af yrnf/ ynma&;&efyakH iG? ausmif;taqmuftOD? q&m? y&dabm* jynfhpHkatmifvkyfrSom ynma&;tqifhtwef; jrifhrm;vmrnf/ ESD;aESmzvS,fyGJESifh ywfoufívnf; vkyfay;rnf[k jyefMum;aomfvnf; wdusa&&mrIr½Sd? tmCmwuif;½Hk vkyfay;onfh oabmqefonf/ ]]rif;wdkh ESD;aESmzvS,fyGJ vkyfay;ygqdkvdkhom vkyfay;wm? igawmU ESD;aESmzvS,fyGJ r,Hk bl;? vlpkpum;ajymwmyJ}} [k wm0efrJhpGm ynma&;0efBuD;u ajymqdkavonf/ 30? 7? 61 wGif ausmif;om;rsm; owif;pm½Sif;vif;yGJwck jyKvkyfNyD; tpdk;&jyefMum;csuf rrSefuefaMumif;? wdkif;jynftxGwftxdyfjzpfonfh ygvDreftm; qE´jyrnfjzpfaMumif; ajymMum;í Auorsm;tzGJUcsKyfu OD;aqmifí jyifqifcJhavonf/ 3? 8? 61 wGif &efukefc½dkifausmif;om;xk qE´jyyGJjzifh jyif;jyif;xefxef uefYuGufcJhonf/ xdkoabmxm; rsm;udk pGJudkifí Auorsm;tzGJUcsKyfonf &efukefwuúodkvfausmif;om;rsm;or*¾? &efukefc½dkifausmif;om;rsm;or*¾ESifh yl;aygif;aqG;aEG;um or*¾BuD; (3) ckyg0ifaom ]ynma&;epfemcsuf ygvDrefqE´jyyGJaumfrwD} udk zGJUpnf;cJhonf/ pnf;½Hk;rIabmifESifh wdkufyGJabmifcsJUonfh oabmjzpfonf/ 1961 ck? Mo*kwv f (24) &ufaeYwiG f vTwaf wmfukd 0dik ;f í qE´jy&ef Auorsm;tzGUJ csKyfu qH;k jzwfavonf/ Mo*kwfv (15) &ufaeYwGif vTwfawmfygvDrefpaomtcg rEÅav;c½dkifausmif;om;rsm;or*¾rS OD;aqmifí em&D (60) tpmiwfcH qE´jyyGJBuD;udk usKH;axmifhwGif usif;yvdkufonf/ þqE´jyyGJonf wjynfvHk;odkY *,uf½dkufoGm;avonf/ Auorsm;tzGJUcsKyfonf wjynfvHk;½Sd or*¾rsm;tm; rdrdwdkYa'otoD;oD;½Sd vTwfawmftrwfrsm;xHrS vTwfawmftwGif; 0,f ausmif;om;rsm;\ awmif;qdck sufrsm;tm; wifjyawmif;qdak y;a&;twGuf uwdawmif;cHyrJG sm; usif;y&ef ñTeMf um; avonf/ wjynfvHk;rS ausmif;om;or*¾rsm;\ qE´uwdawmif;cHyGJrsm; usif;yMuonf/ tcsKdU yxp trwfrsm;onf ausmif;om;rsm;udk a½SmifNyD; &efukefodkY ajy;Mu\/ tcsKdUyxpESifh zqyvtrwfrsm;u ausmif;om;rsm;\ awmif;qdk csufrsm;udk awmif;qdkay;ygrnf[k uwdjyKMu\/ xdkygvDrefwGif tpdk;&u Ak'¨bmomudk EdkifiHawmfbmomtjzpf jy|mef;&ef wifoGif;avonf/ xdkygvDref tpnf;ta0;onf uarmufurynma&;? EdkifiHawmfbmomESifh bwf*sufvTwfawmf jzpfvmonf/ tpdk;&onf EdkifiH awmfbmom jyóemudk a½SUwef;odkY wifav\/ wdkif;jynf tajctaerSmvnf; ygvDrefwGif wifoGif;rnfh EdkifiHawmf bmomjy|mef;a&;udk pdw0f ifpm;vmMuonf/ yxptpd;k &onf xdt k ajctaeudk taMumif;jyNyD; ausmif;om;qE´jyyGu J kd ausmif;om;xk\ w&m;rQwaom 'Drdkua&pDvIyf½Sm;rIrsm;udk csKd;ESdrf&ef jyifqifvmonf/ ygvDrefusif;y&m twGif;0ef ½H;k udk e,frjS yLapmxD; wjzpfvJ t&H&rJ sm; tjrefqifah c:NyD; &Jtiftm; (5000)? tcsKyfum;? oHcsyfumum; txyfxyf0ikd ;f 669

jrefrmEdkifiHausmif;om;vIyf&Sm;rIordkif; - atmifxGef; &Hum jynfolESifh ausmif;om;xkudk Ncdrf;ajcmufcJhonf/ yxptpdk;&onf EdkifiHawmfbmom ta&jcHKí 'Drdkua&pDudk zsufqD;avonf/ vTwfawmfESifh udkuf (100) twGif; qE´jyjcif; rjyK&[laom wcsufvTwftrdefYudk xkwfavonf/ oHCmawmfrsm;onf Edik if aH wmfbmomjy|mef;onfh ygvDrefukd ausmif;om;rsm;qE´jyyGaJ Mumifh rxdcu kd af pcsi/f xdYk aMumifh trsKd;rsKd; arwåm&yfcHMuonf/ rdbjynfolrsm;onf ½dk;&mtpOfvmtm;jzifh Ak'¨bmomouf0if ,HkMunfMuolrsm; jzpfay&m Edik if aH wmfomoemjyKvkyif ef;wGif pdww f rd ;f ñGwMf uavonf/ tpd;k &uvnf; tpd;k &tmPmudk tpGr;f ukeo f ;kH í vIHYaqmfonf/ wcsdefwnf;rSmyif jynfolrsm;u ausmif;om;rsm;qE´jyvQif xdcdkufaoausrnf pdk;&drfavonf/ q&m BuD;ocifudk,fawmfrIdif;uvnf; aemufxyf atmifausmfawG jzpfaeOD;rSm pdk;&drfaMumif; NiD;½Smavonf/ owif;rsm;u vnf; ausmif;om;qE´rjyMu&ef arwåm&yfcHavonf/ ygvDrefqE´jyaumfrwDonf aemufq;kH wGif tm;vH;k aom arwåm&yfccH surf sm;ESihf rdbrsm;\ pdwcf sr;f oma&;udk a½SU½Ií yHkpHajymif;vdkuf&onf/ (c-4) yHkpHajymif;vJjcif; ygvDref qE´jyaumfrwDonf þyHkpHajymif;vJjcif;ESifh ywfoufí aumfrwDtwGif;0,f jyif;xefpGm aqG;aEG; cJhMuonf/ ¤if;aumfrwDu zdESdyfcsKyfcs,frI uefYuGufa&;? uarmufurynma&; zsufodrf;a&;? ausmif;om;xk qE´ jyyGJudk 24? 8? 61 wGif wuocef;rü jyKvkyfcJhayonf/ ausmif;om;xk\ yg0iftm;rSm avsmhenf;oGm;avonf/ ausmif;om;xk Ncdrf;ajcmufcH&jcif;? vIyf½Sm;Edkifonfh &Jabmf (au'g) rsm; avsmhenf;oGm;jcif;? tcsdef½kwfw&ufajymif; vJpDpOf&jcif;twGuf vIHYaqmfrItwdkif;twmrSmvnf; enf;oGm;onf/ toHcsJUpufoHk;cGifhrSpí rsm;pGmzdESdyfjcif;cHcJh& ayonf/ ygvDrefqE´jyaumfrwDonf ygvDrefqE´jya&; oabmxm;udk ausmif;xdkifq&mawmfrsm;tzGJUcsKyftm; 22? 8? 61 aeYwGif avQmufxm;cJhayonf/ q&mawmfrsm;rSvnf; ausmif;om;wdkY\ wdkufyGJrSefuefaMumif;? ulnDrnfjzpf aMumif; rdefYMum;cJhayonf/ uarmufurynma&;zsufodrf;a&;ESifh ywfoufí ygvDrefqE´jya&;tpDtpOfESifh ywfoufí tzGJUcsKyfu csrSwx f m;aom oabmxm;rSm tajctaeay:wGif rlwnfjcif;jzpfaomaMumifh rSeu f efonf[k ,HMk unfonf/ vkyef nf; vkyf[efrsm;ESifh ywfoufí csKdU,Gif;csufrsm;? rnDñGwfrIrsm;½Sdrnfjzpfaomfvnf; oabmxm; taejzifhum; rSm;,Gif;rI r½SdaMumif; vufawGUtawGUtMuHKt& xif½Sm;ayonf/ ynma&;rif;BuD;a[mif; (3) OD;yg0ifaom uarmufuratmifpm&if; pHpk rf;a&;aumfrwDu uarmufurjzpfrI rsm;twGuf pHpk rf;rIrsm; jyKvkyo f nf[q k o kd nf/ Auorsm;tzGUJ csKyfukd vma&mufawGUqH&k ef ac:qdo k nf/ Auorsm;tzGUJ csKyfrS oGm;a&mufrawGUacs/ ]]pmar;yGaJ tmifpm&if; uarmufurjzpfonfrmS wdik ;f odjynfojd zpfonf/ xdahk Mumifh pHpk rf;&ef rvdk}} [laom oabmxm;ay;ydkYcJhonf/ pHkprf;a&;aumfrwDtpD&ifcHpm xGufvmaomtcg cyfzHk;zHk;tpD&ifcHcsufom jzpfonfudk awGU½Sd&ayonf/ ausmif;om;rsm;taeESifh þtpD&ifcHpmudk tHMojcif;r½SdvSay/ aemufqHk; tpdk;&\aemuf qufwJG atmifpm&if;rsm; xkwaf y;awmhrnf[k cdik rf maomowif;rsm; xGuv f mavonf/ þowif;tay: ausmif;om; rsm;\ cdkifrmvSaom ,HkMunfcsufum; qufvufwdkufyGJ0ifawmif;qdk&ef vdktyfonf[k oabmaygufMuavonf/ 10? 9? 61 &ufaeYwGif Auorsm;tzGJUcsKyf? &efukefwuúodkvfausmif;om;rsm;or*¾? &efukefc½dkifausmif; om;rsm;or*¾wdkY yl;wGJí ausmif;om; (52) a,mufyg0ifaom em&D (50) tpmiwfcHqE´jyyGJBuD;udk &efukefNrdKU ql;av bk&m;vrf;axmifhESifh taemf&xmvrf;axmifhwGif jyKvkyfavonf/ vlxk\axmufcHtm;ay;rI rsm;pGm&½SdcJhonf/ tpm iwfcH ausmif;om;rsm;onf rdk;xJavxJ0ifvmí tm;ay;Muonf/ vlxkBuD;uvnf; rdk;xJavxJrSmyif vmítm;ay; Muonf/ tpmiwfcpH Of oH;k pG&J efaq;0g;rsm; awmify&kH myHk jzpfaeayonf/ Nidr;f csr;f a&;zcifBuD; q&mBuD;ocifu, kd af wmf rIdif;u &ifxkremjzifh tpmiwfcHausmif;om;rsm;xH arwåmo0PfvTm ay;ydkYcJhavonf/ yxptpd;k &onf ausmif;om;trsm;pk\ qE´ukd qefYusifvsufyif½\ dS / ynma&;0efBuD; a'gufwm{armifu ]tpdk;&rSm &efolrsKd; (6) yg; 0dkif;wdkufaew,f} [kajymqdkNyD; ]ausmif;om;rsm;tm; &efoleHygwf (1)} wGifxm;í ajym qdkavonf/ uarmufurynma&; zsufodrf;a&;wdkufyGJonf tqufrjywf t½Sdef½SdcJhayonf/ xdkYaMumifh &[ef;oHCm awmfrsm;ESifh vlxk\ axmufcHrIjynfh0pGm &½SdcJhayonf/ vTwfawmftrwfrsm;yif vTwfawmftwGif;ü ausmif;om;rsm; wifjycsuu f kd tav;ay; ajymqdv k mcJo h nf/ awmif;qdck suf (4) csut f euf tpd;k &onf wpdww f a'oudk vdu k af vsmrnf [k uwday;vmonf/ 670

Nidrf;csrf;a&; 'Drdkua&pDa&;BudK;yrf;rI - 1961 rS 1962 - 'Drdkua&pDa&; ausmif;om;xkcGifUta&;umuG,fa&; trsKd;om;a&;toGif (c-5) uarmufurynma&;zsufodrf;a&; wdkufyGJumvwGifusif;yaom Auorsm;tzJGYcsKyfuGefz&ifU

ArmEdkifiHvHk;qdkif&mausmif;om;or*¾rsm;tzGJYcsKyf EdkifiHvHk;qdkif&muGefz&ifU (1961 ck? pufwifbmv 30 &ufrS atmufwdkbmv 4 &ufaehtxd) Edik if v H ;kH qdik &f mnDvmcHBuD;udk wjynfv;kH ½Sw d o hJ r*¾rsm;rS ausmif;om;ud, k pf mvS,af ygif; (243) OD; wufa&muf onf/ nDvmcHBuD;rS 'Dru kd a&pDa&;? Nidr;f csrf;a&;? trsKd;om;ynma&; wnfaqmufa&;? uarmufurynma&; zsuford ;f a&; a½SUvkyfief;pOfrsm;udk qHk;jzwfjy|mef;vdkufonf/ yxptpdk;&\ 'Drdkua&pDcsKd;azmufrIESifh ausmif;om;qE´ESifh qefYusipf mG jyKrlrrI sm;udk nDvmcHu jyif;xefpmG ½Iwcf svu kd o f nf/ pkpnf;nDñw G pf mG wdu k yf 0JG ifomG ;&eftwGuf wdu k yf yJG pkH u H kd atmufygtwdkif; csrSwfvdkufonf/ (1) a&wdkwdkufyGJ (2) a&&SnfwdkufyGJ a&wdkwdkufyGJ uarmufurynma&; zsufodrf;a&;twGuf ,ckESpfydkif; tBuD;rm;qHk;? tiftm;taumif;qHk;? wefzdk;t½SdqHk;? txufjrufqHk; wdkufyGJBuD;wckudk zefwD;um oufqdkif&mwm0ef½SdolwdkYtm; awmif;qdkwdkufyGJ0if&ef vdkayonf/ þ xufjruftm;aumif;aom wdkufyGJBuD; w&yfqifETJEdkifa&;twGuf oufqdkif&mor*¾rsm;onf ausmif;om;xktwGif;ü ynma&;oabmxm;rsm; em;vnfoabmayguf jrifodonfhtwdkif; pnf;½Hk;aqG;aEG;Mu&rnf/ igwdkYESifh rqdkif[laom oabmxm; ausmif;om;twGif;0,f r½Sdatmif BudK;yrf;½Sif;vif;wifjyum ausmif;om;xkw&yfvHk; 'ifjynfhtm;jynfh yg0ifaom wdkufyGJyHkpHwckudk a½G;cs,fvIyf½Sm;Mu&rnf/ þwdkufyGJwGif 'Drdkua&pDcsKyfcs,frI uefYuGufa&;? uarmufur ynma&; zsufodrf;a&;wdkYudk OD;wnfMu&rnf/ a&½SnfwdkufyGJ a&½SnfwdkufyGJ[lonf igwdkYausmif;om;rsm;u qGJac:aom wdkufyGJr[kwf oufqdkif&mwm0ef½Sdol tpdk;&\ oabmxm;ay:wGif wnfonf/ igwdYk \ uarmufurynma&; zsuford ;f a&;onf rSeu f efonf/ ausmif;om;xkw&yf vHk;uvnf; tm;½SdpGmaxmufcHonf/ &[ef;½Sifvljynfol w&yfvHk;uvnf; taustvnfoabmayguf odjrifum þwdu k yf u JG kd axmufco H nf/ Edik if aH &;tzGUJ tpnf;rsm;uyif igwdYk\wdu k yf u JG kd axmufcv H mMuonf/ odYkaomf oufqikd &f m tpd;k &u oabmxm; wif;rmvGe;f onft h ay:wGiu f m; igwdYk \ uarmufurynma&;wdu k yf rJG mS a&½Snw f u kd yf t JG oGio f Ykd a&mufEdkifonf/ a&½SnfwdkufyGJonf ausmif;om;xkvIyf½Sm;rIomru oabmw&m;a&;&m wdkufyGJvnf;yg0ifonf/ or*¾ &Jabmfrsm;onf ,aeY ynma&;rwnfNidrfrIudk ausmif;om;xk? jynfol? &[ef;ESifh vlwef;pm;rsm;xH csOf;uyfum

Source: Aung Tun's Original Copy

uarmufurynma&; zsuo f rd ;f a&;wdu k yf u JG mvtwGi;f ac:qu kd si;f yaom Auorsm;tzGcYJ sKyf Ekid if v H ;kH qdik &f muGezf &ifu U kd 1961 ck? pufwifbm 30 rS atmufwdkbm 1-23-4 aehrsm;wGif usi;f ycJo U nf

671

jrefrmEdkifiHausmif;om;vIyf&Sm;rIordkif; - atmifxGef; axmufcHrI&atmif aqG;aEG;&rnf/ jzefYcsdwifjyEdkif&rnf/ tpdk;&\ ynma&;oabmxm; rrSefrI? wdusrSefuefaom ynma&;pepfrJhrI? wnfNidrfajzmihfrwfaom oabmxm;r½SdrIESifhwuG ynma&;uarmufurjzpfrIrsm;udk wifjypnf;½Hk; Mu&rnf/ wqufwnf;rSmyif ynmoifMum;rItajctae wdk;wufaumif;rGefa&;twGuf awmif;qdkcsufrsm;udk wifjy awmif;qdkMu&rnf/ ynmoifMum;a&;tajctae wdk;wufaumif;rGefa&;ESifh ynma&;jyKjyifajymifvJa&;twGuf jynf axmifpktwGif;½Sd vlxkvlwef;pm;? vlxkudk,fpm;vS,frsm;? woD;yk*v ¾ rsm;ESifh ausmif;om;udk,fpm;vS,frsm; aygif;pHk yg0ifaom trsKd;om;ynma&; ESD;aESmzvS,fyGJBuD;w&yfudk usif;yum ,aeYwdkif;jynfpD;yGm;a&; vIyf&Sm;rIrsm;ta&;ESifh wdkif;jynfxlaxmifa&;twGuf vdktyfcsufrsm;ESifh udkufnDaom oabmxm;udkvnf; igwdkYausmif;om;xk w&yfvHk; em;vnfMu&rnfom jzpfayonf/ jynfwGif;Nidrf;csrf;a&; r&½SdbJ? jynfwGif;trsKd;om;pD;yGm; wnfaqmufrIr&Edkif/ wqufwnf;rSmyif ausmif;om;wdkY\ b0tajctaeESifh ynmoifMum;rI tajctaerSmvnf; wdk;wufzGHUNzdK;vmrnf r[kwfay/ þtcsufudkvnf; tav;teufxm;um þuarmufurynma&;wdkufyGJESifh qufpyfazmfxkwf oGm;&rnf jzpfayonf/ tm;aumif;aom ausmif;om;xkqE´jyyGJrsm;udk qufvufpnf;½Hk; vkyfudkif&efjzpfNyD; wdkufyGJvkyfief;pOf w&yf tjzpf &efukef? [Hom0wD? yJcl;? om,m0wD? tif;pdefc½dkifwdkY yg0ifaom (5) c½dkif ausmif;om;xkqE´jyyGJBuD;udk &efukefNrdKUwGif jyKvkyf&ef nDvmcHwGif wnDwñGwfwnf; qHk;jzwfvdkufonf/ nDvmcHusif;yaepOftwGif; aemufqufwGJ pmar;yGJatmifpm&if; xGufvmonf/ aemufqufwGJ pmar;yGJ atmifpm&if;xGuv f maomcg ausmif;om;rsm; tm;wuf0rf;ajrmufMu\? tcsKdUuauseyfMu\/ tqufrjywf awmif; qdk wdkufyGJ0ifcJhaom tcsuf (1) ckom &½SdNyD; usef (3) csuf usefaeonf/ (c-6) ig;c½dkifqE´jyyGJ &efukef? tif;pdef? [Hom0wD? yJcl;? om,m0wDwdkYrS ausmif;om;xkyg0ifaom (5) c½dkif ausmif;om;xk qE´jyyGJBuD;udk Edk0ifbmv (14) &ufaeY uefawmfrifyef;jcHü usif;yonf/ qE´jyyGJrwdkifrDtwGif; Auorsm;tzGJUcsKyf onf pnf;½Hk;a&;wm0efcH trIaqmifrsm;onf (5) c½dkifa'orsm;odkY jzefYqif;um cufcJBuD;pGm jyifqif&avonf/ aiGaMu;cufcJrI jyóemrsm;? yxptpdk;&\ ydwfyifwm;qD;rIrsm;? Ncdrf;acsmufrIrsm; &ifqdkifí jyifqif&av\/ ynma&;0efBuD; a'gufwm{armifonf yJcl;odkYa&mufvmNyD; (5) c½dkifqE´jyyGJwGif yJcl;tpdk;&ausmif;rS ausmif;om;rsm; ryg0ifap&ef q&mrsm;u jyKvkyf&rnf[k ausmif;tkyfq&mBuD;rsm;odkY trdefYay;avonf/ &efukef &Jrif;BuD;rSmvnf; uefawmfrifyef;jcHwGif qE´jycGifhudk ray;bJxm;avonf/ tcsdefeD;uyfrS qE´jycGifhjyKonf/ om,m0wDc½dkifrS ausmif; om;rsm;onf um;iSm;r&í &xm;jzifhcsDwufMu&\/ rdk;ndKrSausmif;om;rsm;vnf; um;r½Sdí (10) rdkifc&D;udk vrf; avQmufNyD; rif;vSodkY vm&\/ yJcl;rS ausmif;om;rsm;onf ausmif;tkyfq&mBuD;\ ydwfyifrIudk qE´jyqefYusifNyD; qE´jyyGJodkY csDwufvmMu&avonf/ qE´jyyGJwGif ausmif;om;aygif; (4000) cefYyg0ifavonf/ &efukefwNrdKUvkH;odkY (10) rdkifausmfcefY c&D;½SnfcsDwufNyD; qE´jyMu\/ jynfolvlxk\axmufcHrI wcJeuf&½Sdonf/ vli,f? trsKd;orD; tzGJUtpnf;rsm;rS c&D;½SnfcsDwufqE´jyyGJ vrf;c&D;wavQmufwGif a&rsm;? tazsmfrsm; qD;BudKwdkufauR; avonf/ NrdKUvlxku xrif;xkyfrsm;ay;í ulnDavonf/ xrif;xkyfxJwGif aiGrsm;? aq;vdyfbl;rsm;? axmufcHtm;ay;pmrsm; xnfhoGif;í ay;Muavonf/ jynfov l x l \ k qE´tavsmuf jzpfay:vmrIukd tpd;k &taeeJU rSeu f efat;csr;f pGm ajz½Si;f &rnft h pm; 'Dru kd a&pD qefYusifaom tMurf;zufenf;rsm;udk toHk;jyKcJhonf/ &JtzGJUudk wkwfay;í rauseyfí aoewfxkwfay;&mrS ,cktcg oHcsyfumum;awG wyfqifNyD;aMumif; ArmEdkifiHvHk;qdkif&mausmif;om;or*¾rsm;zGJUcsKyf Ouú| udkcifarmiftkef;u zdESdyf csKyfcs,frI uefYuGufa&;ESifh uarmufurynma&;zsufodrf;a&; (5) c½dkif ausmif;om;xkqE´jyyGJwGif ajymMum;oGm;\/ ¤if;qE´jyyGw J iG f (5) c½dik rf S ausmif;om; (2000) ausmf wufa&mufMu\/ udck ifarmiftek ;f u qufvufajymMum;&mwGif 1961 ckESpftwGif; vlxkqE´jyyGJrSm yxp 'Drdkua&pDtpdk;&aMumifh vl (3) a,muf aocJh&NyD;jzpfonf/ azazmf0g&Dv (21) &ufaeY e,fcsJUqefYusifa&;qE´jyyGJwGif (2) a,mufESifh Edk0ifbm (10) &ufaeY Zmwf½Hka½SUqE´jyyGJwGif (1) a,muf aocJhonf/ 'DtjyKtrlawG qufvufusifhoHk;ae&if yxptpdk;&[m ykvdyftpdk;& jzpfvmrnfjzpfaMumif;/ yxptpd;k &[m ykvyd jf yóem aomif;ajcmufaxmifukd tcGit hf a&;,lNyD; e,fcsJUvkyMf uHrEI iS hf ppftmPm½Sit f EÅ&m,fawG udk pdk;&drf&aMumif;? owif;pmtm;vHk;u tpdk;&&JU 'Drdkua&pDqefYusifaom Oya'zsufodrf;&ef ta&;qdkvmaMumif;? owif;pm? ausmif;om;? &[ef;? ukefonf? trIxrf;awGudk &efoltjzpf aMunmvmwJh tpdk;&[mb,folrS udk,fpm;jyK Edkifrnf r[kwfaMumif;? ausmif;om;xk&JU rSefuefwJhawmif;qdkcsufrsm;udk atmifjrifonftxd wdkufyGJ0ifoGm;rnfjzpf 672

Nidrf;csrf;a&; 'Drdkua&pDa&;BudK;yrf;rI - 1961 rS 1962 - 'Drdkua&pDa&; ausmif;om;xkcGifUta&;umuG,fa&; trsKd;om;a&;toGif

(tay:) 21? 2? 1961 &efuek cf ½kid af usmif;om;rsm;o*¾rS Bu;D rI;usi;f yaom uarmufurynma&;zsuo f rd ;f a&; ausmif;om;xkqE´jyyGJ (tv,f) 1961 ck? pufwifbmv (10-11-12) &ufaehrsm;wGif Auo? wuo? &uowdkhrS Bu;D rSL;usi;f yaom uarmufurynma&;zsuo f rd ;f a&; em&D (50) tpmiwfcq H E´jyyGJ (atmuf) (5) c½kid af usmif;om;rsm; uarmufurynma&;pepftm; c&D;½Sncf sw D ufqE´jy uefu h u G pf Of r[mAE¨Kvvrf;axmifüU awGY jrif&yHk

Source: Aung Tun's Original Copy

673

jrefrmEdkifiHausmif;om;vIyf&Sm;rIordkif; - atmifxGef; aMumif; ajymMum;oGm;onf/ [Hom0wDc½kid f ausmif;om;ud, k pf m;vS,f udx k ifausmf? &efuek cf ½dik v f ;kH qdik &f mausmif;om; or*¾ udk,fpm;vS,f udkzdk;xif? yJcl;c½dkifausmif;om;or*¾ udk,fpm;vS,f udkaZmfjrifh? om,m0wDc½kdif ausmif;om; or*¾udk,fpm;vS,f udkxGef;½SdefwdkY toD;oD; rdefYcGef;ajymMum;Mu\/ wef;cGJwef;cspepf &yfqdkif;ypfa&;? ESpfcgusausmif;xkwfpepf rusifhoHk;a&;? ynma&;toHk;p&dwf wdk;jr§ifh oHk;a&;? trsKd;om;ynma&;ESD;aESmzvS,fyGJ usif;ya&;? vlxkvIyf&Sm;rIrsm;udk tMurf;zufajz½Sif;aeaom yxptpdk; tm; ½IwfcsaMumif;? rEÅav;wuúodkvfrS zrf;xm;aom ausmif;om;acgif;aqmifrsm; vTwfay;a&;ESifh 0&rf;½kyfodrf;a&;? ausmif;om;or*¾ w&m;0ifzGJUpnf;cGifh ay;a&;? owif;pmrsm;\ 'Drdkua&pDtcGifhta&;wdkufyGJtm; axmufcHaMumif;? jynfwGif;Nidrf;csrf;a&;udk aphpyfaqG;aEG;í wnfaqmuf&ef tqdkrsm;udk wifoGif;qHk;jzwfMu\/ ausmif;om;xkonf pepfwuswef;pDxm;NyD; uefawmfrifyef;jcHrSxGufum a½Twd*Hkbk&m;vrf;rS NrdKUwGif;odkY c&D;½Snf csDwufvSnfhvnf qE´jyMu\/ a½Twd*Hkbk&m;vrf;rS AdkvfcsKyfvrf;? Adkvfwaxmifbk&m;vrf;? r[mAE¨Kvvrf;? armfwifusKHBuD;vrf;? qlavbk&m;vrf;wdkYrS tpOfvdkuf wef;pDvSnfhvnfvmNyD; NrdKUawmfcef;ra½SU r[mAE¨Kvvrf; ay:wGif pk½Hk;í tcrf;tem; ½kyfodrf;vdkuf\/ c&D;½SnfcsDwuf&mwGif usKH;BuD;vrf;ESifh (13) vrf;xdyf ta&mufwGif &efukefc½dkifrS udkrsKd;0if;? yJcl;c½dkifrS udkjr0if;wdkY rl;arhoGm;í tif;pdefodkY ydkYvdkuf&onf/

(*) wuúov kd t f wGi;f rS *,ufrsm; Edk0ifbmv (11) &uf wuúodkvfaumifpDtpnf;ta0;rS csrSwfcJhaom &efukefwuúodkvf jrefrmpmXmewGif ygarmu©csKyf OD;{armiftm; jyefvnfcefYxm;&ef qHk;jzwfvdkufonf/ xdkudpEö Sifhywfoufí jrefrmpmXme ygarmu©csKyf tjzpf acwå0ifa&muf trIxrf;vsuf½adS om OD;0ef\bufawmfom;rsm;u qlyu l efYuu G í f vIy½f mS ;rIjzpfatmif zefw;D Mu onf/ OD;{armifESifh OD;0efjyóemwGif rludkab;csdwfNyD; wuúodkvftmPmydkifrsm;onf yk*¾dKvftmPmudk a½SUwef;odkY xkwfcJhonf/ OD;0efbufrS wyfOD;uacgif;aqmifí vdkufygvmavonf/ ygarmu©OD;0ef vufxufwGif udkbaumif;? udk,k paomolrsm;udk jrefrmpmXmewGif uxdursm; cefYaomaMumifh wyfOD;rsm;u OD;0efudk aus;Zl;qyfonfhtaeESifh qlyluefYuGufMuoavm[k xifjrifp&mrsm; jzpfvmonf/ ygarmu©OD;0ef vufxufwGif udkbaumif;? udk,kESifhwuG tjcm;wyfOD;acgif;aqmif (7) OD;tm; ta&;ay:q&mrsm;tjzpf cefYxm;cJhavonf/

(C) rEåav;vIy&f mS ;rI rEÅav;wuúodkvfausmif;om;or*¾rS OD;pD;í pepfopfudk qefYusifuefYuGufonfh qE´jyvSnhfvnfyGJudk pufwifbmv (9) &ufaeY wuúodkvfe,fajrwGif usif;y\/ ausmif;om; (1000) cefY rD;wkwfrsm;jzifh pepfopfudk qefYusifonfh a
Nidrf;csrf;a&; 'Drdkua&pDa&;BudK;yrf;rI - 1961 rS 1962 - 'Drdkua&pDa&; ausmif;om;xkcGifUta&;umuG,fa&; trsKd;om;a&;toGif udk,fpm;vS,f OD;xGef;a0u pepfopfpmar;yGJpepfudk wESpfa½TUay;&ef awmif;qdkonf/ odkYaomf pmar;yGJpepfopfudk pufwifbm (18) &ufwGifjyKvkyfrnf[k qHk;jzwfcJhMuonf/ tpnf;ta0;NyD;qHk;aomtcg wyfOD;twGif;a&;rSL; udkatmifol? udkrif;ausmf? udkolawmfwdkY 0efBuD;ESifh 'k-t"dywdtcef;wGif vma&mufawGUqHkonf/ ausmif;om;acgif; aqmifrsm;ESifhawGU&m wyfOD;acgif;aqmifrsm;u pufwifbm (14) &ufaeYu jzpfyGm;aomudprö Sm rdrdwdkY acgif;aqmifí jyKvkyjf cif; r[kwaf Mumif; 0efBuD;tm; wifjyonf/ xdYk aemuf wyfO;D opfEiS hf tiftm;wdYk u 0efBuD;tm; 0ifawGUMuonf/ ausmif;om;acgif;aqmifrsm;ESifh awGUtNyD; n (6) em&DwGif xGufvmaom 0efBuD;OD;{armiftm; ausmif;om;xku 0efBuD;tm; pepfopfzsufodrf;&efESifh 'k-t"dywdOD;bpdefudk jzKwfay;&ef ta&;qdkMu\/ 0efBuD;u ]'k-t"dywdeJhrdkh ausmif;om;awG raowm? igvdkvlomqdk&if ausmif;om;awG aoukefNyD? &efukefrSmom 'Dvdkjzpf&if aoewfeJhypfcdkif;rSm} [k ajymMum;vdkufonf/ pufwifbmv (15) &ufaeY nujzpfyGm;aom udpöESifhywfoufí 'k-t"dywd ODbpdefu ¤if;\tdrfudk cJESifhypfzsufqD;&mwGif acgif;aqmifonfh wyfOD;acgif;aqmifrsm;jzpfaom udkpdk;0if;atmif? udkatmifol? udkrif;ausmf? udkaomif;a½T? udkolatmif? udkbMunf? udkcifarmif0if;? udktkH;ausmfESifh Auorsm;tzGJUcsKyfrS udkrsKd;jrifh wdkY (9) OD;tm; ta&;,l&ef atmifawmfrl&JXmeodkY wdkifMum;\/ ausmif;om;acgifaqmif (9) OD;udk yk'fr (147)? (149) jzifh ta&;,lxm;\/ ¤if; (9) OD;udkyif ta½SUydkif;&J0efaxmuf OD;apmpdefu &JwdkY\ tvkyfwm0ef0wå&m; aESmifh,SufrIjzifh ta&;,l&efwdkifMum;í yk'fr (149)? (353) ESifh ta&;,lxm;\/ xdkESpf pepfopfpmar;yGJudk pufwifbmv (18) &ufaeYwGif pwifjyKvkyf&m vufeufudkif&Jrsm;udk pmar; yGcJ ef;teD;wGif pmar;yGrJ prDuyif 0dik ;f 0ef;apmifMh uyfapavonf/ rEÅav;wuúov kd o f Ykd a&muf½adS eaom 'k&cJ sKyf OD;bat;? &Jrif;BuD; OD;b&DwdkY\nTefMum;csuft& wkwfudkif? 'dkif;udkif? vufeufudkif&Jrsm;udk BudKwifcsxm;\/ eHeufydkif;wGif (1433) OD;teuf (906) OD; 0ifa&mufajzqdk&m 63.22%? naeydkif;wGif (683) OD;teuf (417) OD;0ifa&mufajzqdk&m 61.05% &SdcJhonf/ pmar;yGJrprD wyfOD;ausmif;om;tcsKdUu tzrf;cHae&aom ausmif;om;rsm;udk oem;MuygOD;[k a
(i) wyfO;D wdhk rlrrSerf rI sm; wyfO;D wdYk onf aemufyikd ;f wGif rlrrSeaf omvkyaf qmifrrI sm;udk jyKvkyv f mMuonf/ ausmif;om;ud, k pf m;vS,f a½G;yGJwGif oefY½Sif;rS 0ifa&mufta½G;cHaom OD;0if;ESifh OD;&m½SpfwdkYtm; EdkifiHa&;orm;rsm;jzpfonf[k toHukef[pfum Edik if aH &;orm;rsm;jzpfaom OD;wDy0D rf;ESihf OD;armifarmifausmf (yrnw) ud, k pf m;vS,rf sm;udk rsupf rd w Sd pf u kH efí axmufcH Muonf/ wuoonf ausmif;om;xktusKd;udk aqmif½Guf&ef zGJUpnf;xm;aom tzGJUtpnf;jzpfonf/ þodkYjzifh ausmif;om;ESihf wuúov kd t f mPmydik f tpd;k &wdYk tMum; jyóemydrk sm;vmonf/ ausmif;om;BuD;rsm;\ wa,mufcef;ae cGifhr&í? ESpfa,mufcef;aecGifh&&ef ausmif;aqmifwdkufyGJwGif ausmif;ol (700) cefYESifh ausmif;om; (500) cefY wyf OD;\ tapmifhwdkufyGJwGif ajrZmyifjzpfaeonf[k tmPmydkifrsm;u pGyfpGJMuonf/ xdt k csdeaf usmif;aqmifwu kd yf w JG iG f oxHak qmifrpS í wyfO;D wdYk BuD;pd;k cs,fv, S o f nfh ausmif;aqmifEiS hf o[m ,toif;tzGJUcsKyfrS xGufum tzGJUcsKyftm; tqufjzwfaMumif; aMunmí ra½SUraESmif;yif tjcm;taqmifrsm;u vdkufxGufvmonf/ wyfOD;\ MoZmonf ausmif;om;avmuwGif wjznf;jznf;usqif; vmonf/ owif;pmrsm;u vnf; wyfOD;\ae&mwGif tpm;xdk;Edkifaom tzGJUtpnf;ay:vm&ef a&;om;vmMuonf/

675

jrefrmEdkifiHausmif;om;vIyf&Sm;rIordkif; - atmifxGef;

OD;AaqGav; (1961-62) Source: Oway Magazines

bdu k av;Zmwd jzpfonf/ ausmif;om;nDñw G af &;wyfO;D tzJUG 0ifwOD;jzpfonf/ 1959-60 wGif wuo aiGxed ;f tjzpf aqmif½GufcJhonf/ 1959 ckwGif Oya'0dZ¨myxrESpf wufa&mufcGifh wuúodkvf½Hk;rS y,fzsufaMumif; aMunmaomfvnf; ygarmu©csKyfudk,fwdkif rodvdkufaom jyKrlcsufaMumifh ygarmu©csKyfrS0efcHNyD; oludk,fwdkif ausmif; jyef0ifcGifhay;cJhonf/ 1960-61 wGif wuo taxGaxGtwGif;a&;rSL;tjzpf a½G;aumufwifajr§muf cH&onf/ 1961-62 aemufq;kH wuo\ Ouú|tjzpf aqmif½u G cf o hJ nf/

1962 Zlvdkif (7) &ufaeYwGif wuo tpnf;ta0;cef;rü aemufqHk; w&m;a[mcJhNyD; or*¾taqmufttHkudk &Jrsm;0ifa&mufzrf;qD;&m tzrf;cH&onf/ 1963 ck? {NyDv (1) &ufaeY vGwfNidrf;csrf;omcGifhtrdefYt& jyefvGwf vmonf/ 1963 ck wuúov kd rf sm; jyefziG ahf omtcg wuo ae&ma[mif;wGif wJx;kd í wuojyefvnfzUGJ pnf;a&; vkyif ef; rsm; jyefvnfvyk af qmifco hJ nf/ odYkaomf jynfwiG ;f Nidr;f csr;f a&;vIy½f mS ;rI t½Sed t f [kejf r§iv hf mojzifh ¤if;vIy½f mS ;rIukd tav;xm;vkyaf qmif vmMuonf/ wuo? Auo? &uowdYku jynfoYlaumfrwDEiS hf ndE§ idI ;f í ajcmufc½dik Nf idr;f csr;f a&; qE´jycsw D ufyu GJ kd vHaI qmfco hJ nf/ 1963 ck? Ed0k ifbmv (14) &ufaeYwiG f Nidr;f csr;f a&;aqG;aEG;yJG ysujf ym;NyD; zrf;qD;rIrsm; pwifjyKvkyv f monf/ ¤if;aemuf ausmif;rsm;ydwv f u kd af Mumif; aMunmcJNh yD; ppfwyfrS wuúov kd f twGi;f odYk 0ifa&mufp;D eif;NyD; ausmif;om;rsm;tm; twif;tusyf tdrjf yefyYkdco hJ nf/ wuo ,m,Dwu J kd zsuq f ;D ypfvdkufonf/ ausmif;om;acgif;aqmif trsm;tjym; tzrf;cH&onf/ udkAaqGav;ESifh tjcm;ausmif;om; acgif;aqmifrsm; wdr;f a½SmifaeMuNyD; AuyodYk awmcdo k mG ;Muonf/ (or*¾pmpOf? twJ-G 1? trSwf (3)? Zlvikd v f 2005? qJAif;Zlvikd -f odrhk [kw-f ausmif;om;or*¾tpOftvmudak zsmufzsujf cif;? armifrkef;atmif) 1967 ckEpS f (yGiv hf if;&moD) wGif {&m0wDwikd ;f ? iodik ;f acsmif;NrKUd e,f? anmifyifomESihf awmifMum;acsmif;½GmtMum; cv& (36) ppfaMumif;udk jzwfawmufwu kd cf u kd &f m ¤if;wdu k yf w GJ iG f usq;kH onf/ A[dw k yfrv S maom udAk aqGav; udk,fwdkif awmif;íwdkufaom wdkufyJGjzpfonf/ Auy&JabmfwpfOD;rS udkAaqGav;tm; (55) vrf;pOform; jzpfwJhtwGuf A[dkrSao'Pfay;NyD;om; jzpfwJhtwGuf ¤if;wdkufyJGwGif vkyfMuHowfjzwfcJhaMumif; 0efcHcJhonf/ (vufa&;rl- ud, k af wGY MuKH &olwOD; jyefvnfajymjycsuf - &JabmfcspfaxG;- A[dkuif;wyfzJGU- - 15^2^2007? OD;ode;f 0if;) wdk;wufaom ausmif;om;vufa&;[k xif½Sm;aomvuf0JpmvHk;udk wDxGifa&;om;cJholjzpfonf/ ({&m0wDtifwmeufpmrsufESm? b0½kyfyHkvTmu@? wifrdk;- AaqGav; odkYr[kwf vuf0JpmvHk;wDxGifo)l

676

Nidrf;csrf;a&; 'Drdkua&pDa&;BudK;yrf;rI - 1962 - 'Drdkua&pDa&; ppftmPm&Sifpepfqefhusifa&; trsKd;om;a&;toGif

tcef; (25) Nird ;f csr;f a&; 'Dru kd a&pDa&;BuKd ;yrf;rI 'Dru kd a&pDa&; ppftmPm&SifpepfqefYusifa&;ESifY trsK;d om;a&;toGif ausmif;om;vIy&f mS ;rIordik ;f (1962)

(u) Zlvikd v f (7) &uf ta&;awmfyBkH u;D (7) &uf Zlvdkifvta&;awmfyHkonf zufqpfqefaom zdESdyfcsKyfcs,fa&; vIyf½Sm;rIBuD; w&yfyifjzpfonf/ jrefrmEdkifiHordkif;wGif 'kwd,urÇmppfBuD;aemufydkif; wcgrSray:aygufcJhbl;ao;aom &ufpufrIvnf; jzpfonf/ þ ta&;awmfyHkwGif wdkif;jynf\ tem*wf om;aumif;&wemrsm;pGm a&wdrfepfcJh&onf/ &efukefwuúodkvf e,fajronf &J&eJ aD om ausmif;om;xk\ aoG;rsm;acsmif;pD;rwwf jzpfc&hJ onf/ wuúov kd yf &0Pfwckv;kH usnfqefEiS hf ,rf;aiGUrsm; vTrf;rdk;cJhonf/ ppfwvif;yrm tavmif;csif;xyfum jrifraumif;aom ½Icif;onf wuúodkvftm; ted|m½kHum;csyf BuD;tjzpf zefwD;cJhonf/

(c) jzpfay:vmyHk tajccHtaMumif;t&if;rsm; þrQ qdk;½Gm;jyif;xefvSaom ta&;awmfyHkBuD;\ tjzpftrSef jzpf&yftajccHudk tav;teuf oHk;oyfzdkY vdkonf/ þZlvdkifta&;awmfyHkonf ppfwyftmPmydkifrsm;\(1) xif&mpdkif;í igwaumaumvdkaom ppf0g'ppfrme? (2) ausmif;om;xktay:wGif xm;½SdcJhaom zdESdyfcsKyfcs,fa&; tmCmww&m;? (3) jynfov l x l Ek iS hf ausmif;om;xk\qE´jzpfaom Nidr;f csrf;pGmajz½Si;f a&;rlukd ypfy,fum tMurf;zufenf;udk oHk;pGJjcif;wdkYrS aygufzGm;vmjcif;jzpfonf/ ausmif;om;vIyf½Sm;rI ordkif;wavQmufvHk;udk jyefMunhfvQifvnf; tmPmydkifwdkY\ tMurf;zuf0g'ESifh usL; ausmfolrsm;uom þjzpf&yfqdk;rsKd;udk aygufzGm;apcJhaMumif; txift½Sm; awGU&ayrnf/ udkatmifausmfonf Nidrf;csrf; pGmqE´jy&if; e,fcsJUorm;wdkY\ tMurf;zufESdrfESif;rIatmufwGif usqHk;cJh&onf/ zqyvvufxufwGifvnf; atmuf wdb k mta&;awmfyo kH nf tmPmydik w f Ykd \ wrifzefw;D usL;ausmfrrI sm;rS aygufzmG ;vmonfh tMurf;zuf ESyd u f yG rf BI uD;yif 677

jrefrmEdkifiHausmif;om;vIyf&Sm;rIordkif; - atmifxGef; jzpfonf/ [,f&Dwefta&;awmfyHkonfvnf; tmPmydkifwdkY\ csKdU,Gif;csufudk vlowfvufeufjzifh ajz½Sif;vdkufMu jcif;jzpfonf/ ausmif;om;xkurauseyfí qE´jyaomtcg tMurf;zufenf;udo k ;kH vsuf vufeufjzifv h o l wfí ESyd u f yG f vdu k Mf uonf/ 1961 ck rEÅav;wuúov kd \ f pepfopfta&;awmfyBkH uD;udk Munfv h Qiv f nf; tmPmydik w f Ykd\ wzufowf csrSwfxm;aom tajzESifh taopGJudkifrI? aemufqHk;tMurf;zufrIudk awGU&onf/ oifMum;rIrjynfhpHkaom pmar;yGJpepf wckudk twif;csrSwfcJhonf/ ausmif;om;rsm;u yxrOD;pGm vdktyfaeaom ausmif;oHk;y&dabm*rsm;? q&mrsm; wdk; csUJ yg? þoifMum;rI tajctaersm; rjynfph rkH u D mvwGif pepfopfukd &yfqikd ;f xm;[lí wifjycJo h nf/ odYk aomf tmPmydik f wdkYonf vdkufavsmhrIrjyKcJhbJ aemufqHk; pufwifbmvwGif vufeufjzifh tMurf;zufajz½Sif;vdkufonf/ ausmif;om; tajrmuftrsm; 'Pf&m&cJhonf/ zrf;qD;csKyfaESmifjcif;? 0&rf;ESifhqkaiGrsm; xkwfjcif;? ausmif;rS xkwfy,fjcif;wdkYudk jyKvkyfí jyif;xefpGm zdESdyfcsKyfcs,fcJhMuonf/ þordkif;pOfrsm;udk jyefMunfhvQif ausmif;om;wdkufyGJtm;vHk;ü tmPmydkifwdkY\ usL;ausmfrI? tMurf;zufrI? ausmif;om;xkESifh jynfolYqE´ ypfy,frIrsm;udk awGU&ayonf/ wqufwnf; ausmif;om;xk\ Nidrf;csrf;pGmynmoif Mum;a&;udk cspfjrwfEdk;jcif;? Nidrf;csrf;pGm qE´jyenf;jzifhom awmif;qdkvIyf½Sm;cJhjcif; jzpfonf/ ppfwyftpdk;&onf wufvmpOfuwnf;u Ade;f aAgi;f wD;íxGuv f monf/ xdt k mPmodr;f yGw J iG f ausmif;om; pyfrrD o D u kd rf mS paw;cHvu kd &f onf/ tmPmodrf;NyD; oufwrf; (3) v twGif;rSmyif ausmif;om;xktm; zdESdyfa&;vkyfief;udk pwifvmayonf/ ynma&; XmeESifh vHk;0rtyfpyfbJ ppfwyfoP²mefygaom pnf;urf;rsm; csrSwfvdkufMuonf/ csrSwf&mwGif ausmif;om;xk qE´,ljcif;? n§dEIdif;jcif;vHk;0r½SdbJ aMumfjimbkwfwGif trdefYxkwfenf;rsKd;jzifh wzufowf csrSwfcJhonf/ pnf;rsOf;\ tESpfom&ydkif;onf zdESdyfcsKyfcs,fa&;owfowfudkazmfjyvsuf vkyfrlvkyf[efonf ppf0g'ESifUppfrme? igwaumaum aom zufqpfvu©Pmudk aqmifaeonf/ tmPmydik w f Ykd\ xdv k yk if ef;onf ppfreS af om pnf;urf;rsm;jzpfonfh wdik af tmif ratmifjrifEdkifaom vkyfenf;vkyf[efom jzpfayonf/ pnf;urf;wck atmifjrifa&;onf(1) ¤if;pnf;urf;onf vdkufem&rnfh olrsm;\ b0ESifh [yfrd&ef? (2) vdkufem&rnfh olrsm;udk,fwdkif todESifh,SOfí vufcHvm&efwdkY vdkayonf/ ausmif;om;xk\qE´urkd ,ljcif;? n§Ed iId ;f rIrûyvkyjf cif;wdYkonf b0ESi[ hf yfrad om pnf;urf;rsm;jzpfrvmjcif;\ tajccHjzpfayonf/ wzufowf ppfrdefYqefqef csrSwfí ZGwftwif;vdkufemapjcif;onf todESifh,SOfívufcHvma&; udk r&,lEikd af om vky[ f efomjzpfonf/ xdYkaMumifh ppfwyftmPmydik w f Ykd\ pnf;urf;onf tESpo f m&a&m vky[ f eft&yg rSm;,Gif;cJhonfrSm xif½Sm;vSayonf/ ausmif;om;xkrSm pnf;urf;xm;½Sda&;udk rltm;jzifhvufcHaMumif; twdtvif; wifjycJhonf/ wqufwnf;wGif txufygtwdkif; ausmif;om;xkqE´,la&;? q&m? ausmif;om;ESifh tmPmydkifwdkY oHk;OD;oHk;zvS,f n§dEIdif;a&;qGJa&;? todESifhvufcHvmatmif ynmay;a&;wdkYudk jyKvkyf&ef tBudrfBudrf wifjycJhonf/ odYk aomf tmPmydik rf sm;\ rsufEmS pHn k aD wGUqkcH iG u hf ykd if cg;cg;oD;oD;jiif;y,fum wuo\ wifjycsufukd vH;k 0Oayu©m jyKcJhonf/ ausmif;om;xktaeESihf b0ESi[ hf yfrad om todjzifh vdu k ef mEdik af om pnf;urf;rsm;t& ausmif;aqmifu, kd yf ikd f tkycf sKyfciG u hf kd &,lvo dk nf/ ausmif;aqmifu, kd yf ikd t f yk cf sKyfciG o hf nf or*¾rsm;\ tpOfwpdu k af wmif;qdck ahJ om tcGit hf a&; vnf; jzpfayonf/ ausmif;aqmifudk,fydkiftkyfcsKyfcGifh ½Sdjcif;tm;jzifh(1) ausmif;om;rsm;\b0udk ausmif;om;rsm;u ydkrdkxdawGUod½Sdjcif;? (2) 'Drdkua&pD tkyfcsKyfrIpepfudk vufawGUusifhoHk;í tavhtusifhjzpfvdkjcif;? (3) ausmif;om;tcGifhta&;rsm;udk xda&mufpGm umuG,fEdkifjcif;? (4) q&m? ausmif;om; em;vnfrI ydkrdk&½SdEdkifjcif; wdkYaMumifh or*¾rsm;taeESifh tpOfwpdkufawmif;qdkcJh&jcif; jzpfonf/ udk,fydkiftkyfcsKyfcGifhonf ausmif;om;rsm; xif&mvkyfa&;twGuf r[kwfbJ q&m? ausmif;om; n§dEdIif;rIjzifh pepfuspGm tkyfcsKyfa&;om jzpfayonf/ xdkodkY tajccHusaom ausmif;om;xk\ wifjycsufrsm;udk vHk;0Oayu©mjyKjcif; cHc&hJ avonf/ Nidr;f csr;f pGmynmoifMum;a&;udk cspjf rwfE;kd aom ausmif;om;xkonf Nidr;f csr;f pGm qE´jyawmif;qdck o hJ nf/ Nidr;f csrf;pGmvIy½f mS ;awmif;qdrk ?I rsufEmS pHn k aD jz½Si;f rIonf ausmif;om;or*¾rsm;\ tajccHrjl zpfaMumif; ausmif;om;vIyf ½Sm;rIordik ;f u oufaocHvsuf ½Sad eayonf/ vufeufro hJ rl sm;yDyD tMurf;zufru I v kd nf; rvdv k m;cJah y/ aygufurJG w I ikd ;f vnf; tmPmydik w f Ykd \ usL;ausmfrrI S tMurf;zufrrI sm; ay:aygufvmaMumif;udv k nf; ordik ;f jzpf&yfrsm;u txift½Sm; jyovsuf½Sdayonf/ Zlvdkifv (7) &uf ta&;awmfyHkonfvnf; jzpfpOftrSefudk tmPmydkifwdkY\ usL;ausmfrI? tMurf; 678

Nidrf;csrf;a&; 'Drdkua&pDa&;BudK;yrf;rI - 1962 - 'Drdkua&pDa&; ppftmPm&Sifpepfqefhusifa&; trsKd;om;a&;toGif zufrrI sm;udk ½Si;f vif;pGm jrif&ayonf/ tmPmydik w f Ykd \wzufowf igwaumaumrIaMumifh jzpfay:vm&aom ausmif; om;jyóemtm; at;csrf;pGmajz½Sif;&rnfhtpm; vufeufpGJudkifí ajz½Sif;cJhMuayonf/

(*) rjzpfymG ;rD ausmif;om;rsm;rauseyfrrI sm; arv (9) &ufwGif-

&efukefwuúodkvftufOya'udk ½kyfodrf;onfUOya' EdkifiHawmfawmfvSefa&;aumifpD Ouú|onf atmufygOya'udk jy|mef;vdkufonf/ 1/ (1) þOya'udk 1962 ckESpf &efukefwuúodkvftufOya'udk ½kyfodrf;onfhOya'[k ac:wGifap&rnf/ (2) þOya'onf csufjcif; tmPmwnfap&rnf/ 2/ (1) &efukefwuúodkvftufOya'udk þOya'jzifh ½kyfodrf;vdkufonf/ (2) ,if;odkY½kyfodrf;onfhtcg(u) jrefrmEdkifiHpum;&yf Oya'yk'fr (5) yg jy|mef;csufrsm; tusKd;oufa&muf&rnf/ (c) &efukefwuúodkvfydkif ypönf;tm;vHk;onfvnf;aumif;? &efukefwuúodkvf\ a
yHk (Adkvfae0if;) Ouú| EdkifiHawmfawmfvSefa&;aumifpD 1962 ckESpf? arv (9) &uf 1962 ck azazmf0g&DvwGif usi;f ycJah om &efuek cf ½dik ?f wef;jrifah usmif;xGupf mar;yGu J dk zsuo f rd ;f vdu k af Mumif; awmfvSefa&;aumifpDtpdk;&u aMunmcJhonf/ xkdudpöESifh ywfoufí Auorsm;tzGJUcsKyf? &uowdkYu uefYuGufcJh Muonf/ awmfveS af &;aumifpt D pd;k &u ar;cGe;f aygufMum;rIjzifh wef;jrifah usmif;xGupf mar;yGu J kd zsuford ;f vdu k o f nf[k qdkavonf/ 679

jrefrmEdkifiHausmif;om;vIyf&Sm;rIordkif; - atmifxGef; ar;cGef;aygufMum;rI jyóemay:ayguf&jcif;rSm ynma&;Xmewm0efcHrsm;\ rormrI? csKdU,Gif;ysufuGufrI rsm;aMumifh jzpfonf[k Auorsm;tzGUJ csKyfrS ,lqcJah yonf/ tpd;k &tqufqufwYdkonf ar;cGe;f aygufMum;rIrsm;twGuf oufqikd &f mwm0efcrH sm;udk ta&;r,lbJ ausmif;om;rsm;tay: yHck sum ajz½Si;f cJah yonf/ ausmif;om;rsm;wGif tjypfr½S?d xdkYaMumifh oufqdkif&mwm0efcHrsm;tm; tjypfay;jcif;? ta&;,ljcif; rjyKvkyfbJ ausmif;om;rsm;tm; pmar;yGJcsypfjcif;? ausmif;om;rsm;tm; pmar;yGJy,fjcif;rsm; jyKvkyfum ausmif;om;rsm;tay:yHkcsenf;udk Auorsm;tzGJUcsKyfu tpOftjrJ uefYuGufcJhayonf/ xdkUjyif ZGefv (26) &ufaeYuvnf; wuorS ausmif;aqmifae&m r&ao;aom ausmif;om;rsm; twGuf ae&mr&ol (1300) ausmftwGuf taqmifjyóem ajz½Sif;ay;&ef wuúodkvfaumifpDrSwqifh ygarmu©csKyf OD;um (ygarmu©csKyf a'gufwmomvS ae&ma&mufvmol) xH pmay;ydkY vdkufavonf/ &efukefwuúodkvf ausmif;jyefzGifhNyD;aemuf ausmiff;om;? ausmif;olrsm; vdkufem&rnfh pnf;urf;rsm;udk wuúov kd t f yk cf sKyfa&; tmPmydik rf sm;u aMunmcJ\ h / ,if;pnf;urf;csuf w&yftaeESihf ausmif;aqmifae ausmif;om; rsm;twGuf npmpm;csdefudk nae (6) em&DcGJrS (7) em&DcGJtxd ajymif;vJuefYowfay;&ef ZGefv (25) &ufaeYu jyKvkyaf om wuúov kd o f [m,ESihf pmzwftoif;rS ausmif;aqmifjyóemESihf ywfoufaom tpnf;ta0;rS awmif;qdk cJhonf/ xkdYjyif ausmif;aqmifae ausmif;om;rsm; nzuf ausmif;aqmifodkY jyef0ifcGifhudk n (8) em&Dtpm; n (11) em&Dtxd cGifhjyK&ef ausmif;pnf;urf;rsm; a&;qGJ&mü ausmif;om;udk,fpm;vS,frsm;u awmif;qkdonf/

(C) wuúov kd af umifpu D kd zsuo f rd ;f jcif; arv (10) &ufaeY? (1) em&Dcw JG iG f &efuek Nf rdKU? '*H&k yd o f mü Edik if aH wmfawmfveS af &;aumifpD Ouú| Adv k cf sKyfBuD; ae0if;onf wuúov kd af umifpt D zGUJ ud, k pf m;vS,f toD;oD;jzpfMuonfh ynmrif;BuD; OD;bd;k xd?k ygarmu©csKyf a'gufwm omvS? aq;wuúov kd rf S a'gufwmarmifarmifat;? a'gufwmarmifarmifc? NrdKUawmf0efO;D ausmfrif;? twGi;f 0ef OD;ausmf ñGefY? q&mBuD;OD;azarmifwif? OD;tkef;? ygarmu©rsm;jzpfonfh OD;vSoGif? OD;at;vIdif? OD;bwkwf? OD;atmifcif? a'gufwm bvSD tp½Sdonfh yk*¾dKvfrsm;? ausmif;om;udk,fpm;vS,frsm; pkpkaygif; (28) OD;eJY awGUqHkcJhonf/ AdkvfcsKyfBuD;ae0if;u]]ausmif;awmfBuD;\ ta&;BuD;qHk;jzpfysufaeonfh tajctaeudkajym&vQif ausmif;om;ESifhq&m olYr½dkao? ighr½dak oqdo k vdk jzpfaeonft h csuf jzpfw,f/ q&mavmua&m ausmif;om;avmua&m Edik if aH &;ya,m*0ifvmaeMu w,f/ ½Sif;½Sif;ajym&vQif ta½SUtkyfpka&m? taemuftkyfpka&m ya,m*awG0ifvmaeMuw,f/ udk,fem;vnfxm;wJh q&morm;qdk&mrSm udk,fhzmomynmwwfae½HkeJY rNyD;bl;/ tusifhpm&dwåaumif;&rJhtjyif? tcufcJqHk; ywf0ef;usifvl trsm;&JU ½dak orI&½Sad &;yJjzpfw,f/ þausmif;awmfBuD;rSvv JG Qif ArmEdik if üH ynmay;&rnft h aqmufttHk r½Sad wmhaMumif;? 'Dtwdkif;qufoGm;ae&if wdkif;jynfb,fawmhrS aumif;rSmr[kwfbl;/ wuúodkvfavmuwGif tpdk;&tmPm½Sdol awGuvnf; 0ifa&mufNyD; EdkifiHa&;upm;aeMuw,f/ 'DuaeY aumifpDvlBuD;awGudk ac:NyD;ajym&wmuawmh wuúov kd f aumifpDudk zsufodrf;vdkufNyDqdkwmbJ}} ajymMum;cJhonf/

1961-62 ynmoifEpS f wuúov kd af umifpt D zJYG (10? 5? 62 &ufaehwGif zsufodrf;cH&onf/) t"dywd EdkifiHawmf0efBuD;csKyfOD;EkrSm awmfvSefa&;aumifpD\ xdrf;odrf;xm;jcif;cHae&onf/ 1/ 'k-t"dywd OD;pHvGif 2/ ygarmu©csKyf a'gufwmomvS 3/ ygarmu© rpöpfvif;pa'; 4/ a'gufwmudkudkav; 5/ 0DvsHayg 6/ a'gufwmausmfouf 7/ a'gufwmvSoGif 8/ a'gufwmqGef'&ef 9/ OD;at;vIdif 680

Nidrf;csrf;a&; 'Drdkua&pDa&;BudK;yrf;rI - 1962 - 'Drdkua&pDa&; ppftmPm&Sifpepfqefhusifa&; trsKd;om;a&;toGif 10/ OD;bwkwf 11/ ynmrif;BuD; OD;bdk;xdk 12/ rpöwmwDaubGef; (bJGU&olrsm;udk,fpm;vS,f) 13/ OD;pdefvS 14/ OD;atmifaz 15/ OD;ausmfjrifh 16/ OD;xGef;wif 17/ OD;at;armif (&efukefbm;aumifpD) 18/ OD;zdk;apm (aq;aumifpD) 19/ OD;yk (EdkifiHawmf&mxl;cefYxm;a&;tzJGU) 20/ OD;ausmfrif; (&efukefaumfydka&;½Sif;) 21/ OD;&m½Spf (ygvDrefudk,fpm;vS,f) 22/ ocifcspf 23/ OD;ausmfrif; 24/ apmqdk[kef; (ygvDrefudk,fpm;vS,f) 25/ OD;boif 26/ OD;oef;armif 27/ rpöwmwDyD0rf; (ausmif;om;udk,fpm;vS,f) 28/ a'gufwmarmifarmifausmf (ausmif;om;udk,fpm;vS,f) 29/ OD;jrwfxGef; (jrefrmEdkifiHausmif;q&mrsm;toif;udk,fpm;vS,f) 30/ a'gufwmOD;azarmifwif (t"dywdudk,fpm;vS,f) 31/ a'gufwmbvSD 32/ OD;tkef; 33/ OD;rdk;jrpf (ynma&;Xme) 34/ OD;ausmfñGefY (b@ma&;Xme) 35/ aq;odyHÜr[mXme-XmerSL; 36/ tif*sifeD,mXme-XmerSL; 37/ ynma&;r[mXme-XmerSL; 38/ OD;armifarmifpdef (t&m½Sd^ armfuGef;xdef;-oifMum;a&;) 39/ OD;vSatmif (t&m½Sd^ armfuGef;xdef;-tkyfcsKyfa&;) 40/ aiGpm&if;t&m½Sd

wuúodkvfaumifpDudk jyefvnfzJGYpnf;jcif; 17? 5? 62 &ufaeh awmfvSefa&;aumifpD trdefhtrSwf (30) 1962 ckESpf? arv (17) &ufaeYwGif awmfvSefa&;aumifpD trdefYtrSwf (30) udk xkwfjyefaMunmNyD; wuúodkvfaumifpDudk jyefvnfzJGUpnf;cJhonf/ t"dywd AdkvfrSL;csKyfoef;az tzJGU0ifrsm; AdkvfrSL;csKyfpef;,k AdkvfrSL;BuD;oef;pdef AdkvfrSL;BuD;wifpdk; ygarmu©csKyfOD;um

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681

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(i) Zlvikd v f (7) &uf ta&;awmfypkH wifjcif;

Source: Oway Magazines

Zlvdkifv (7) &uf? aeYv,f (1) em&DwGif &efukefwuúodkvfausmif;om;rsm; or*¾rS BuD;rSL;í ausmif;aqmifpnf;urf; ½kyfodrf;ay;a&;qE´jyyGJ usif;y&m obmywdtjzpf wuúodkvfausmif;om;rsm;or*¾ Ouú| udkAaqGav;u aqmif ½GufNyD;? tcrf;tem;rSL;tjzpf udkom'dk;u aqmif½Gufonf/ ausmif;om; (2000) cefY wufa&mufMuonf/ xdktpnf;ta0;wGif ausmif;aqmifpnf;urf;rsm; zsuf odrf;a&;? ausmif;aqmifaumfrwDwGif ausmif;om;udk,fpm;vS,f yg0ifcGifhay;&ef? ausmif;aqmifvdkolwdkif; ausmif;aqmif&a&;twGuf ausmif;aqmifopfrsm; aqmufvkyfay;&ef? zdESdyfcsKyfcs,fonfh ausmif;aqmifpnf;urf;rsm;udk ½kyfodrf;a&; twGuf uefYuGufyGJrsm;usif;yí qE´jyvSnfhvnf&ef qHk;jzwfonf/ xdkYaemuf wuotaqmuftODa½SUwGif pk½Hk;um rEÅav;ausmif;aqmif? awmifilausmif;aqmif? '*Hkausmif;aqmif? a½Tbdkausmif;aqmif? t"dywdvrf;rS bGJU wuo aemufq;kH Ouú| udAk aqGav; ESif;obifudk t"dywdvrf;twdkif; pDwef;vSnfhvnfí wuoa½SUü vlpkcGJvdkufMu onf/ pDwef;vSnfhvnf&mwGif]rw&m;pnf;urf;awG tvdkr½Sd} ]rw&m;csKyfcs,frIawG tvdkr½dS} ]ausmif;aqmifawGudk tusOf;aqmifrvkyfeJh} ]csKyfcs,frIawG tvdkr½Sd} ]rw&m;pnf;urf;awG zsufodrf;} ]ausmif;om;xk nDñGwfMu} xdkodkY a
Nidrf;csrf;a&; 'Drdkua&pDa&;BudK;yrf;rI - 1962 - 'Drdkua&pDa&; ppftmPm&Sifpepfqefhusifa&; trsKd;om;a&;toGif wJh ausmif;om;awGuo kd m enf;trsK;d rsK;d ajymif;vJNy;D zdEydS cf yUJ gw,f/ 'DaehwufvmwJaU wmfveS af &;tpd;k &[mvnf; ynma&; jyKjyifajymif;vJa&;udk rvkyfygbl;? trsKd;om;ynma&;twGuf pDrHudef;rsm;vnf; csrSwfjcif; r½Sdao;ygbl;/ 'gayr,fU wuúov kd yf nma&; tqift U wef;edru Uf saerI[m pnf;urf;csK, Yd iG ;f rIawGaMumifU jzpfw,fqw kd UJ urÇmrSmr½Sad o;wJU ynma&; oabmeJh ausmif;zGiu Uf mpu pwifNy;D wif;usyw f pUJ nf;urf;awGukd wzufowf vkyaf qmifvmygw,f/ pnf;urf;qdkwm

Source: The Student Movement and Civil War in Burma: page-84 (unknown)

Zlvikd v f (7) &uf ausmif;aqmifpnf;urf;rsm;½kyo f rd ;f a&; pnf;a0;yJt G Ny;D wuotaqmuftODrS ausmif;om;rsm;qE´jy&ef xGuv f mMupOf

683

jrefrmEdkifiHausmif;om;vIyf&Sm;rIordkif; - atmifxGef; tkycf sKyforl sm;omrubJ vdu k ef m&rnfh ausmif;ol? ausmif;om;awGyg yg0ifa&;qGrJ o S m obm0usygw,f/ usifo h ;kH Edik f wJh pnf;urf;awGvnf; jzpfvmEdkifygw,f/ 'DaeY wzufowfa&;qGJxm;wJh pnf;urf;awG[m rlt&udk rrSefygbl;/ wdk;wufwJhEdkifiHawGrSm taqmifawGudk udk,fydkiftkyfcsKyfcGifhrsm;yif ay;aewJhumvrSm 'Dvdkwzufowf pnf;urf;awGeJY csKyfcs,fxm;wm[m &mZ0ifudk aemufjyefqGJovdk jzpfaeygw,f/ uRefawmfwdkY[m txufwef;ynm oifMum;aeMu &olrsm; jzpfygw,f/ 'Dawmh wOD;eJYwOD; ESD;aESmzvS,fcGifhqdkwmawG ½Sd&ygr,f/ 'grS ynma&;twGuf ydkrdk tusKd;jzpf Edkifygw,f/ 'Dvdkr[kwfbJ n (8) em&Dxdk;vQif taqmifwHcg;awG aomhcwf? tcef;wcef;rS tcef;wcef;odkY rul;&? ud, k phf m;yGu J , kd x f ikd ?f pmzwf pnf;urf;rvdu k ef m&if ausmif;aqmifrx S w k w f ehJ nf;[m vufawGUrSmrjzpfEikd yf gbl;/ 'gwif ruao;bJ xrif;auR;csdefudk eHeuf (10) em&DrS nae (6) em&Dtxdjcm;wm[m vufawGUrSm ausmif;om;awG 'ku© a&mufMuygw,f/ 'gawGaMumifh ESpfOD;ESpfzuf tkyfcsKyfola&m? vdkufemolyg yl;wGJn§dEdIif;NyD; pnf;urf;awG jyefvnfqGJzdkY awmif;yefygw,f/ vuf½Sd pnf;urf;awGudkom qufvufusifhoHk;vQif atmifjrifp&m vrf;r½Sdygbl;/ zdESdyfa&;twGuf pnf;urf; trnfcHomjzpfygvdrfhr,f}} [k ajymMum;oGm;cJhonf/ ausmif;om;rsm;onf eD&Jaom cGyfa'gif;tvHudk avxJvTifh? ydkpwmrsdK;pHkudk udkif? a½SUqHk;rSm BuD;rm;vSaom cGyfa'gif;tvHBuD;udk jzefYvsuf ausmif;om; (10) a,mufcefY udkifaqmifvmMuonf/ ]]&JabmfwdkY ynma&;jyKjyifajymif;vJa&;udk pwifrjyKvkyfbJeJY csKyfcs,fa&;pnf;urf;awGudkom pepfwus vkyfaqmifaewmudk uRefawmfwdkY qufvufwdkufyGJ0if&OD;rSm jzpfw,f/ ynma&;jyKjyifajymif;vJa&;? trsKd;om;ynm a&; wnfaqmufa&;twGuf a½SUvkyfief;udk qufvuf vkyfaqmif&vdrfhOD;r,f? rw&m; ausmif;aqmifpnf;urf;awGudk vnf; ½kyfodrf;zdkY vufwGJwdkuf&OD;rSm jzpfw,f/ 'DwdkufyGJawGtwGuf taumif;qHk;vufeuf[m ausmif;om;xknDñGwf a&;yJ? ausmif;om;nDñw G af &;ukd r&raewnfaqmufNyD; ausmif;om;or*¾&UJ cGyaf 'gif;tvHatmufrmS pkpnf;nDñw G Nf yD; qufvuf wdkufyGJ0ifoGm;MuygpdkY}} [k trIaqmifwOD;u qE´jyyGJ ed*kH;csKyfrdefYcGef;udk or*¾taqmuftODa½SUwGif ay;NyD; aemuf us,favmif ½Snfvsm;vSaom vufckyfoHrsm;jzifh ed*kH;csKyf rdefYcGef;qHk;oGm;avonf/

(p) tMurf;zdEydS rf pI wifNyD qE´jyyGNJ yD;aomtcg ausmif;om;rsm;onf or*¾aqmif vufbuf&nfqikd w f iG f xdik af eMuonf/ taqmuftOD atmufxyfwGif rkefYpm;olpm;? aumfzDaomufolaomufESifh ½Iyfvsuf½Sdonf/ taqmuftOD tay:xyfwGif c½dkiftoif; wckonfvnf; armifr,fopfviG f BudKqdyk jJG yKvkyv f suf½o dS nf/ xdt k cdu k f t"dywdvrf;zufrS um;oH;k pD; or*¾taqmuf tODa½SUxd;k &yfNyD; ausmif;om;rsm;udk vdu k v f zH rf;qD;aeonf/ wdu k yf t kH usÐ0wfxm;olreS o f rQudk vdu k zf rf;onf/ ausmif; om;rsm; zrf;qD;&mwGif wuoOuú| udkAaqGav;? AuoOuú| udkouf? udkÓPf0if;? udkpdk;wifh? udk&Jjrifh? udkxdef0if;? udkMunfñGefY? udk0if;Munf? udkwifaiG? udkcsKdwdkYudk &efukef&JtzGJUu wuotaqmuftODay:wGif zrf;qD;&rdvdkufonf/ xdkowif;onf taqmifwckvHk; jyefYoGm;NyD;aemuf ]]ausmif;om;awG vmMua[h? igwdkh acgif;aqmifawG zrf;aeNy}D } [k owif;jyefYomG ;onf/ ausmif;om;rsm;onf taqmifwikd ;f rS xGuv f mum or*¾x0J if&ef BudK;pm;Muonf/ ausmif;om;rsm;udk zrf;qD;&m &Jrsm;udk jyefvnfckcHum ]ykvdyf tvdkr½Sd?} ]&J tvdkr½Sd}ponfjzifh atmf[pf Muonf/ wuo taqmuftODESifh rsufESmcsif;qdkifwGif½Sdaom rEÅav;ausmif;aqmifESifh tr&ausmif;aqmifrS ausmif;om;rsm;u cJrsm;jzifh aygufMuonf/ oxH?k yJc;l ausmif;aqmifrS ausmif;om;rsm;uvnf; cJrsm;jzifh ykvyd rf sm;udk ypfí ausmif;om;rsm;udk zrf;qD;rIxyfrvkyEf ikd af tmif umuG,Mf uonf/ cJaygufrrI sm;jym;vmí ykvyd rf sm; wuúov kd 0f if; tjyifodkY qkwfcGmay;vdkufonf/ xdkYaemuf ausmif;om;rsm;onf t"dywdvrf;½Sd wHcg;udk ydwfvdkufMuonf/ nae (4) em&DwGif oD;oefY&JtzGJUrS &Jom; (100) cefYonf t"du½kPf; ESdrfESif;a&;um; (2) pD;? aoewfudkif wyfrawmfum; (5) pD; a&mufvmonf/ 'kwd,AdkvfrSL;BuD;pdefvGif? 'k-AdkvfrSL;BuD;ausmf? 'k-AdkvfrSL;BuD;armifarmifc vufaxmuf&Jrif;BuD; OD;vSaiGwdkY urm½Gwf&JXmewGif a&muf½Sdaeonf/ oD;oefY&Jrsm;u rsuf&nf,dkAkH; (7) vHk; ypf azmufvdkufonf/ ausmif;om;rsm;u qufvuf qE´jya
Nidrf;csrf;a&; 'Drdkua&pDa&;BudK;yrf;rI - 1962 - 'Drdkua&pDa&; ppftmPm&Sifpepfqefhusifa&; trsKd;om;a&;toGif qufvufqE´jyaeí aemufxyfAkH; (4) vHk; xyfí azmufonf/ ausmif;om;rsm; vIyf½Sm;rI tenf;i,f &yfqdkif;oGm;aomf 'k-AdkvfrSL;BuD;pdefvGifonf ausmif;om;rsm;qD odkYoGm;NyD; ausmif;om;udk,fpm;vS,frsm; xGufyg[kajym&m udkusif? udkpdef0if;? udkxGef;ausmf? udk0if;ñGefY? wuúodkvf t&Hwyf&if;rS ppf0wfpHk0wfxm;aom udkvSxGef;wdkY xGufvmMuonf/ 'k-AdkvfrSL;BuD;pdefvGifu qlylrIudkxdef;ay;u rdrdwdkY&Jrsm; jyefvnf½kyfodrf;ay;rnf[k ajymonf/ ausmif;om;rsm;u ppf0wfpHk0wfxm;aom udkvSxGef;\tusÐudk 0dik ;f ícRwNf yD; ppfO;D xkyu f kd abmfv;kH vdv k yk Nf yD; uefMuonf/ xdYk aemuf qE´jyrIrsm;? cJypfrrI sm; qufvuf jzpfymG ;vmMuNyD; oD;oefY&Jrsm;u rsuf&nf,dkAHk; (6) vHk;xyfrHypf&m rsuf&nf,dkAHk;aMumifh 'Pf&m&oGm;aom ausmif;om;rsm;udk tcsif; csif;az;rí taqmiftwGif;odkY ac:,loGm;onf/ nae (5) em&D (45) rdepfwiG f 'k-Akv d rf LS ;BuD;pdev f iG u f &Jrsm;udk jyefvnf½yk o f rd ;f NyD; ppfwyfukd tapmifch svu kd f aomtcgwGif ausmif;om;rsm;onf t"dywdvrf;zufodkY ay (20) cefY qkwfoGm;NyD; ygarmu©csKyfOD;um\ pudk'g p^659? ausmif;½kH;ykdif abmufp*Gef p^6203 udk vrf;ray:odkY wGef;vmNyD; rD;½dIUvdkufMuonf/ ausmif;om;rsm; ydkrdkrsm;jym;vmNyD; qE´jyrIjrifhrm;vmum a
wuo taqmuftODa½SY t"dywdvrf;rBu;D ay:wiG f &JEiS aUf usmif;om; y#dyu©jrifuiG ;f

Source: Aung Tun's Original Copy

ausmif;om;wdu hk cJjzifaU yguf &Jrsm;u rsu&f nf,Akd ;kH ypfNy;D vlpck aGJ epOfawG&Y yHk

685

jrefrmEdkifiHausmif;om;vIyf&Sm;rIordkif; - atmifxGef;

Zlvikd v f (7) &uf ausmif;om;ESi&Uf J tjyeftvSef y#dyu©jzpfymG ;Ny;D ausmif;om;rsm;xyfrH zrf;qD;rIrvkyEf ikd &f ef t"dywdvrf; t"dut0ifayguf wHcg;Bu;D udk ausmif;om;rsm;u ydwx f m;vdu k o f nf

Source: Aung Tun's Original Copy

rEåav;aqmifEiS Uf tr&aqmifEpS cf Mk um;rS qE´jya
(q) aoqH;k ol? 'Pf&m&ol? aysmufq;kH ol? zrf;qD;cH&olrsm;pm&if;

686

aoqHk;olrsm;pm&if; 1/ armifcifñGefY(c)cifarmifñGefY 2/ armifpef;a½T 3/ armifausmf0if; 4/ armifpdef0if; 5/ armifusifrdk; 6/ armifoef;xGef; 7/ armifwifñGefY 8/ armifpdef0if; 9/ qlAm; 10/ udkwifxGef;

tcef; (83)? ppfudkif;aqmif rEÅav;aqmif tcef; (91)? awmifilaqmif xm;0,fausmif;? Am;u&m awmifilBuD; wuúodkvf0ifpmppfXme? pma&; xGef;tvGwfynmoifausmif; tvkyform; yJcl;aqmif

'Pf&m&olrsm; 1/ udkrif;vGif 2/ udkpdk;ñGefY 3/ udkÓPf

yif;,aqmif waumif;aqmif '*Hkaqmif

'k-ESpf (bDat) Oypmtydkif; (c) 0dZÆm (c) 0dZÆm (c)

bDtufpD (c) wef; tdkiftufpD (c) wef; tdkifat (c)

Nidrf;csrf;a&; 'Drdkua&pDa&;BudK;yrf;rI - 1962 - 'Drdkua&pDa&; ppftmPm&Sifpepfqefhusifa&; trsKd;om;a&;toGif 4/ udkwifvIdif 5/ udkwifxGef; 6/ udkpdk;0if; 7/ udkat;Munf 8/ udkcifOD; 9/ udkatmifrif; 10/ udkxGef;Nidrf; 11/ udkxGef;vIdif 12/ udkcspfatmif 13/ OD;zdk;pdef 14/ udkaxG;Edkif 15/ udkausmfodef; 16/ rpöwmtm*,Drif; 17/ armifpdefoD 18/ udkpm&Dvdwf 19/ udkaevif; 20/ udkÓPf 21/ udkwif½Sdef 22/ udkausmfrif; 23/ udkwifatmif 24/ udkjrifhvGif 25/ udkbaomf 26/ udkatmifjrifh 27/ udk*geywf 28/ udk[ife&D 29/ udkjrwfNidrf; 30/ udkxGef;jrifhqefeD 31/ udkarmifarmifvwf 32/ udkvSatmif 33/ udkcifOD; 34/ udkrdk;pdef 35/ udkpwefavaomif; 36/ udkoef;a|; 37/ udka½Tat;(c)tuf'0yfat; 38/ udkpdefwD 39/ udkpdk;0if; 40/ udkjrifhodef; 41/ udkpE´&mwm; 42/ OD;pdefarmif 43/ armifpdef0if; 44/ udkcspfarmif 45/ rjrifhjrifh 46/ roef;&if

yk*Haqmif waumif;aqmif jynfausmif;aqmif aeYausmif;om; yif;,aqmif aeYausmif;om; rEÅav;aqmif oxkHaqmif oxkH (3) vrf; "gwkaA'enf;jy rEÅav;aqmif *kHavQmfpuf? tvkyform; wHwm;jzLae tvkyform;wef;vsm;

jynfaqmif yJcl;aqmif yJcl;aqmif waumif;aqmif yk*Haqmif yif;,aqmif yif;,aqmif yif;,aqmif rEÅav;aqmif

tdkifat (c) bDat (at) tdkifat (bD) tdkiftufpD (at) bDat (bD) bDtufpD (bD) bDat (bD) bDat (bD) bDtufpD (bD) bDat (bD)

OypmodyÜH (c) Oypm (u) Oypm (c) 0dZÆm (u) 0dZÆm (c) 0dZÆm*kPfxl; 0dZÆm (u) Oypm (c) Oypm (c) 0dZÆm*kPfxl; Oypm (u) 0dZÆm (u) Oypm (u) Oypm (c) 0dZÆmwef; 0dZÆm (c) 0dZÆmodyÜH OypmodyÜH (c) OypmodyÜH (u)

t&yfom; t&yfom; t&yfom; t&yfom; a½Tbkdaqmif? rmvDrSL; vuform; pufrIvufrIausmif;om; puffrIvufrIausmif;om; wuúodkvf0if;? t&yfol wuúodkvf0if;? t&yfol

687

jrefrmEdkifiHausmif;om;vIyf&Sm;rIordkif; - atmifxGef; tzrf;qD;cH&olrsm; 1/ udkjynfñGefY 2/ udkwifaiG 3/ udkwifxGef;(c)udkodef;xdkuf 4/ udkcspfarmif 5/ udk0if;Munf 6/ udkxdef0if; 7/ udkb&if 8/ udkouf 9/ udkBuD;pdef 10/ udkÓPf0if; 11/ udkAaqGav; 12/ udkouf0if; 13/ udknDav;(c)udk&Jatmif 14/ udkapmr& 15/ udkcsKdcsKd(c)udkjroef; 16/ udkrif;atmif(c)atmifatmif 17/ udkxGef;wif 18/ udkcifxGef; 19/ udkav;jcpf(c)udkwifvIdif 20/ udkwifat; 21/ udk0if;Munf

awmifilaqmif (45)? tmwD;,m;vrf;

0dZÆm (u) OyZÆm (u) OyZÆm (u) 0dZÆm (c) 0dZÆm (c) 0dZÆm (c) 0dZÆmodyÜH (u) 0dZÆm*kPfxl;aemufqHk;ESpf OypmodyÜH (u)

tr&aqmif rEÅav;aqmif rEÅav;aqmif oufBuD;wuúodkvf Auo-Ouú| &uo-twGif;a&;rSL; wuo-Ouú| yJcl;aqmif ynmwefaqmifausmif; tif;0aqmif oxHkaqmif awmifilaqmif

OypmodyÜH (c)

atmufMunfhjrifwdkifvrf; trSwf (72)? vdIifjrpfvrf; awmifilaqmif rEÅav;aqmif

0dZÆm (u) 0dZÆmodyÜ H(c) Oypm (c) aq;odyÜHaemufqHk;ESpf t&yfom; t&yfom;

pm&if;rjyEdkifol? aysmufqHk;ol ausmif;om; (40) yg0ifonf/

(Z) wuotaqmiftODBu;D NzKd cjJG cif; 1962 ckESpf? Zlvdkifv (8) &uf? eHeuf (6) em&DwGif wuúodkvfor*¾taqmuftODudk 'dkif;erdkufjzifh NzdKcGJypf vdkufavonf/ e,fcsJUqefYusifa&;? zufqpfqefYusifa&;? trsKd;om;vGwfajrmufa&;ordkif; rSwfwdkifBuD;jzpfaom &efuek w f uúov kd o f r*¾ taqmuftODBuD;udk rdu k rf pJ mG NzdKcGv J u kd o f nf/ xkrd QESihf r&yfao;bJ wm0eft½Sq d ;kH yk*Kd¾ vfjzpfaom awmfvSefa&;aumifpD Ouú| AdkvfcsKyfBuD;ae0if;u ]¤if;taqmuftODrmS ausmif;om;rsm;udk tvGo J ;kH pm;vkyu f m ausmif; tmPmydik Ef iS Uf tpd;k &udk ykeu f efvaYHI qmfonft U aqmuftOD jzpfvmaMumif;ESiUf ajratmufoyl ek rf sm; vQK0Yd u S q f ufo, G &f m XmecsKyfBuD;jzpfí Mum½SnfcGifUrjyKEdkifojzifU NzdKcGJvdkuf&aMumif;? "g;"g;csif;? vSHvSHjcif;}[k ajymqdkoGm;avonf/ odkYaomf wuoonfvnf;aumif;? Auoonfvnf;aumif; raoqHk;? tNzdKcGJrcH&ay/ ausmif;om;ordkif;onf qufvuf xGef;ajymifaernf? ausmif;om;vIyf½Sm;rIonf qufvuf½Sifoefaernfom jzpfonf/ trSefw&m;onf rnfodkYaom tcgrQ zH;k uG,í f r&ay/ xm0&wnfjrJaeaom trSew f &m;twGuf trSew f &m;bufawmfom;rsm;u qufvuf avQmuf vSr;f aeMuOD;rnf? trSew f &m;udk qefYusiforl sm;vnf; ½Sad eOD;rnf? ausmif;om;ESihf ausmif;rsm;onfvnf; qufvuf½dS aeOD;rnf/ (wzufpmrsufESmrS yHkrsm;) tay:- wuotaqmuftOD aY½½S dS Adv k af tmifausmaf usmufwikd u f kd tysut f qD;rsm;Mum;wGif þodahk wG&Y onf atmuf- (*) &ufaeh reuf (6) em&DwGif 'dkif;erdkufESifU azmufczGJ suq f ;D tNy;D ½Si;f vif;aeMupOf

688

Nidrf;csrf;a&; 'Drdkua&pDa&;BudK;yrf;rI - 1962 - 'Drdkua&pDa&; ppftmPm&Sifpepfqefhusifa&; trsKd;om;a&;toGif

Source: Aung Tun's Original Copy Source: Unknown

689

jrefrmEdkifiHausmif;om;vIyf&Sm;rIordkif; - atmifxGef;

Source: The Student Movement and Civil War in Burma: page-84 (unknown)

1962 ck? Zlvikd v f (12) &ufaehxw k f [Hom0wDowif;pm a½SrY suEf mS zH;k wGif Zlvikd f (7) &ufta&; aemufqufwjGJ zpf&yfrsm;udk þodahk zmfjycJo h nf f u kd af Mumif;? ausmif;om;rsm; (tay:^0Jzuf- om;aoqH;k aMumif;od&í aiGa
690

a'gif;&moDjynfawmfvSefa&;

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(1) trSefw&m;&JU &rufuGef,ufxJ igh awmfvSefa&;twåawG 0JysHoGm;w,f/ (2) twdwf&mZ0ifqdk; yJhwifoH[m tmPmpufoHrPdtdrfudk jymcs &J&ifhwJhtem*wfrsKd;qufysKd urÇmraMuwJh vufoD;qkyfxJ tm;rmef acgif;ndwfwcsuf tjyHK;wvSnfh tpfudkBuD;opfykwfyif uMunfh 'gayr,fh ppfbdeyfoHawG ppfaoewfoHawG ppfrsuf&nf,dkAHk;awG ppf*ef;ydkufvHk;awGaMumifh olYtoJtrm&Gwfu awmufacgufaew,f/ uHah umf pdefyef; pG,fawmfawG[m '@m&Dr[kwfwJh usnfqHawGudk a'gormefeJY tHBudwfMunfhaew,f/

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rm,meJU vSnfhpm;xm;wJh ayvTmawG jcaoFh (2) aumifu [m;wdkuf&,farm csKd;jzLwdkY&JUcg;oD;yHk&dyf tdk;a0wdkY&JUawmifvdkyHkwJh [pfa
691

oefYpify,f½Sm; 'Drdkua&pDtysKd&nfzsufol vlYtcGifhta&;yef;a>col jynfolYtaoG;udkaomuf tom;udktjrnf;yGJvkyfaewJh rdpämewfqdk;arG;pm; rdef;rysuf&JUom; bmr[kwfnmr[kwf vlpmG vkyf bmrxl;nmrxl; wPSmcyf½l;½l;eJY yv’ifay:wuf rsKd;rppfwJh [dk[mpm;wJh 0pDyg'fawGeJY xkwfydk; 0dyguBudrfwHeJY &mZ0wfom;awG uGyfrsufwJh cHukef;rSm rif;&JUtm;rmefeJY ajrjr§KyfoN*KØ[fay;cJhyg ]r[m{&m0wD} a& - /

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692

(4) a&½dkif; ajr½dkif;u yef;½dkif;awG uEÅm&rJhtkdatppfawGjzwf ppfrJh&yf0ef;qDtoGm; odu©mysufyumawG&JU w&m;ysufwJhpum; tem;rowfwJhoGm;Mum;rSm [dkrSmwpfyGifha
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(5) tawG;acguf rsKd;wHk; todÓPfu edrfh½IH; tEkynmu a0;qHk;jzpfapwJh vrdkuf oufMum;tdk &ifjyifudk rif;&JUa'gif;aowJh qifaowJh a&pD;tm;rmefeJY wdkufpm; ]oHvGif} a& a&mifeDNzKd;armuf t½kPfta&muf &ifjyifopfodkY ydkYaqmifay;cJhyg/ (6) t½dk;NzdKif;NzdKif; cg;udkif;udkif; tykyfeHYwvdIifvdIif uifqmawmifrEdkif acsmif;w[Gwf[Gwfqdk; emwm½Snpf u JG yf tyifysuf [dkra&muf'Dra&muf tyGifh [dkrwnfh'Drwnfh toD; [dkvdkvdk 'Dvdkvdk tjrpf - awGckwfvSJ ajrr[DrSm pdrf;vef; Nidrf;csrf;wJh ESif;yef;awG pdkufay;cJhyg ]ppfawmif;} a&

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(7) awmfvSefa&; ESvHk;ysuftm;aq; aomufcsifolrsm; awmfvSefa&; aemufxrsm; awmfvSefa&; aiGpkpmtkyf vkyfcsifolrsm; awmfvSefa&; rsufrSefpdrf; wyfMunfholrsm; 'Dolrsm; 'Dolrsm; ]upäye'D} a& rif;&JUvIdif;eJY o,faqmif a&atmufocsØKif;rSm eef;awmfwnfaqmuf olwdkYudk urÜnf;wif ae&may;vdkufyg/ (8) aEG[m &moDtdrfr[kwf oP²mef½kyfryD a0'emav[yf iSufzsm;pGJuyfaew,f/ trSm;zufwJh w&m;ysufawG ykwD;wzufudkudkif ightwGufqdkwJh rmewufwJh pum;tufawGeJU "g;wpfvufudkqGJ ighaqGighrsKd; y&rJhawGzuf 'ku©dwpmaA' aoewfwpfvufudkxrf; tkdemusKd;uef; 'óeduawGwyfqif um&efrJhtqdyfawGvTwf

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waqGvufopf toGifeJY aEGobm0udkzsuf 'Dawmh jcpfjcpfawmuftylcsdefrSm ukwftusÐxlxl0wf rD;xdkifvIHae&w,f/ aEGxJuwaygif; waygif;xJu vli,fopfwdkYpsmye waygif;xJu oHzaemifhatmuf jzLpifwJhvGwfvyfa&;yef;yGifhrsm; waygif;xJrS awmfvSefa&;awGx aerif;u rsufaxmifheDeJYMunfh ik0gcufay:u rsuf&nfpuftwGuf wdrfoufwefYawGyifhouf½dIuf aeMuw,f/ aEG&JUt&dyf[m avjyifudkjzwf ½dk;rudkazmuf awmifawGudkausmf wdkufyGJ0ifvG,ftdwfvG,f aoG;*vJhpm; OD;xkyfudkaqmif; tpdrf;a&mif oHvGifcufudkcsD trsKd;om;vGwfajrmufa&;twGuf ,rf;aiGUudky,f (4) &ufaeYtysKdrudk u,fwifzdkY a'gif;jynfudk jzefYusufcJhao;w,f/ (9) rdk;[m ZGef? Zlvdkif&JU *E¦0iftedpaö wG jyefac:n§d Mo*kwfv&JUaeUopfrSm yef;ykxktoday; teufa&mifpufwifbmaeYudk tkwf*loGif;zdkY uwdjyKvdkufw,f/ 693

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694

ezm;BudK;wyfcH&wJh csnfwdkifuEGm; jcHapmifhacG; nwa&;Edk; tdyfa&;ysufoHeJY iSuf½kyfqdk;aMumif; rdk;pufyGifhvuFmawG om;aMumjywf rsKd;qufopfuAsmawG udk,f0efysufusoGm;w,f/ rdk;xJurkwfokH rkwfokHxJrSm a½T0ga&mifpyg;ESHawG OD;armh rkwfokHxJrSm pmtHoHawGwdwf rkwfokHxJrSm awmfvSefa&;awGquf wdrfjymutm;ay; a0[ifuvufckyfwD; ESif;qDjzLawG tm;wufcJhMuw,f/ rdk;&JUedrdwf[m a&jyifudkMuufajccwf urf;ajcudkajy;uyf ajcmufaoGUrIudkab;iwf ppfiwfrGwfolwdkYtwGuf Zmwfodrf;cef;c&mrIwf ppfESvHk;emolwdkYtwGuf at;Nidrf;wJhyef;awmfquf trsKd;om;vGwfajrmufa&;twGuf cJawmifhawGy,f (4) &ufaeY tysKdrudk vufqGJEIwfqufzdkY a'gif;jynfudk vTrf;jcHKcJhao;w,f/

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(10) ESif;ouú&mZfpuf jrLcdk;em&DtdkrSm tvif;a&mifawG pkwfjyJjcpm; tpawG zGmvefMuJ ,Ofaus;rIawGrIdwuf 'DZifbmaqmif;[m tyl'D*&DqufcJh&w,f/ aoG;r&SdwJh t"r®0g'D ayw&mrSm tMurf;zuf jynfolawG toufquf aqmif;tvSawG ysufcJh&w,f/ aqmif;xJu ESif;&nf ESif;&nfxJu rsKd;qufawG b0udkay; tnMw toufawGpaw; awmfvSefa&;u aoG;ykwfudkaq; yv’ifodrf;yGJ ½IH;edrfholawG usdefpmqdk vrif;rsufvHk;rSm ta&mif[yf ydawmufeJYtwl ryGifhwJhca&awG a
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(11) tzdk;rIdif;a& trsKd;½dkif;awGu ½kyfawGudkcsKyfaESmif pdwfawGudkydwfavSmif cHpm;rIawGysufjym; qmavmifawGBuD;xGm; aygufuGJrIudk avjzwfatmif taoowfaew,f/ tzqef;a& trsKd;uef;awGaMumifh vufxdyftopfeJY tdyfr&wJhn ausmcif;topfeJY tusOf;cswJhn a'gufajcusOf;eJY wdkufydwfcH&wJhn tdyfrufr[kwfwJh 'Dn 'Dn awmfvSefa&;rsufpdn a&wdrfepfatmif vkyfaeMuw,f/ tzdk;rIdif;eJY tzqef;a& awmfvSefa&;u 'l;raxmuf awmfvSefa&;u OD;rñGwf awmfvSefa&;u t½HI;ray; awmfvSefa&; tzsuform;rsm; pdwfawGarSmufrSm; aoG;avacsmufjcm;aew,f/ (12) tztdk&JU rajywJha
oli,fcsif;awG&JU acwfopfrSmaEG; - atmif tartdk&JU rsuf&nfudkwdwf cspfolawG&JU pdk;½GHUrIudktdyf ESrysKdawG&JU ½dIufoHudkydwf tdrfolawG&JU EGrf;vsrIudkrSdwf - atmif trdajr tzEdkifiHrSm rvGwfvyfrIawG usqHk;zdkY awmfvSefa&;apmifudktkyf aq;pufcyfrsm;rsm; pkwfcsufcyfjyif;jyif; awmfvSefa&; yef;csDum;qGJ ighcE¨m urÇmrSm awmfvSefa&; ZD0ydk;rTm;awG x
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(13) Owå&avawG tdrfjyeftem;,lwJhtcg awmifolawG ,mrD;½dIUNyD;wJhtcg aumufopfpm;yGJawG usif;ywJhtcg cgumbdk&mZD awmifxdyfa&muf v&dyfvIHaewJh (4) &ufaeYtysKdr tjrefjyefvmyg/ awmfvSefa&;om;ysKdav; usef;rmygap/ (atmifxeG ;f )

695

ausmif;om;vIy&f mS ;rI "gwyf t kH csKUd Source: Dr KTT (ASO's Students Movement

'kw, d urÇmppftNy;D u &efuek w f uúov kd f wuúov kd af umifpcD ef;r

Source: Unknown

t"dywdvrf;qE´jyyGJ (,mzufü tvHuikd Nf y;D qE´jyaeolrmS udv k aS 0jzpfonf/ 1988ckEpS af emufyikd ;f ü vlaY bmifopf'rD u kd &ufwpfygw\ D vTwaf wmfu, kd pf m;vS,af vmif;tjzpf urm½GwNf rKd eY ,frS pm&if;wifoiG ;f Ny;D a½G;aumufyrJG wdik rf w D &ufü e0wrS zrf;qD;jcif;udck cH &UJ onf/)

Source: Dr KTT (ASO's Students Movement

tif;0aqmifa½Y q S E´jyyGJ (0Jr, S m xdik af eolrsm;udck ifarmiftek ;f ? udak tmifcif? udek efZifvm)

Source: Dr KTT (ASO's Students Movement

696

&efuek w f uúov kd af usmif;om;rsm;or*¾ (wuo) taqmuftODwiG f usi;f ycJaU om tpnf;ta0;

&efuek w f uúov kd af usmif;om;rsm;or*¾ Ouú|rsm; (1930-1962) 1/ udkausmfcif 2/ udkxGef;pdef udkbdk;ul; 3/ udkpHazmfatmif 4/ udkodef;armif 5/ udkzdk;at; 6/ udEk k 7/ udk&m½Spf 8/ udkb*srf; 9/ udkatmifqef; udkA[def;

1930-31 1931-32 / 1932-33 1933-34 1934-35 1935-36 1936-37 1937-38 1938-39 /

10/ udkvSa½T 11/ udkAaqG 12/ udkvSarmif

1939-40 1940-41 1941-42

udkxGef;pdef EkwfxGufí Mum;jzwfa½G;aumufyJGjzifh a½G;cs,fonf/

udak tmifqef; oufwrf;ukeaf tmif raqmif½u G b f J wdYk Armtpnf;t½H;k odkY 0ifoGm;í udkA[def; qufvufaqmif½Gufonf/

('kwd,urÇmppftwGif; wuúodkvfausmif;om;rsm;or*¾ zJGYpnf;jcif;r½Sdyg/) 13/ 14/ 15/ 16/ 17/ 18/ 19/ 20/

udkoef; udkoef;armif (ol&d,) udkpdefvS udk&efa0; udkarmifarmifausmf udkudkav; udkpdefbef; udkudkBuD;

1945-46 1946-47 1947-48 1948-49 1949-50 1950-51 1951-52 1952-53

(1953-54 wuúodkvfausmif;om;rsm;or*¾ a½G;aumufyGJysufí wuúodkvfausmif;om;or*¾ r½Sday/) 21/ 22/ 23/ 24/ 25/ 26/ 27/ 28/

udkwifxGef; udkwifxGef; (ewfarmuf) udkpodef;[ef udkpdk;odef; udkcifarmiftkef; udkvSwif udkwifat; udkAaqGav;

1954-55 1955-56 1956-57 1957-58 1958-59 1959-60 1960-61 1961-62

697