Myanmar Student Movement 1a

or*¾ pmpOf {NyDv - 2007

© 88 ESpf - jrefrmEdik if aH usmif;om;vIy&f mS ;rIordik ;f - atmifxeG ;f a&;om;í? or*¾pmpOfrS 2007 ckEpS f {Nyv D wGif xkwaf 0onf/ {NyDv - 2007 yxrtBudrf tkyfa& - 500 wefzdk; -

$ 30 US

pmpDpm½du k f - &efEikd ?f jrifah Zmf? Zifarmif? rsK;d rif; 'DZikd ;f ^tjyiftqif - ausm0f if; tzH;k tjyiftqif - ausm0f if; yHEk ydS w f u kd f - Edb k &l yD EkH ydS w f u kd ?f csi;f rdik f e-mail: [email protected], [email protected] URL: http://www.abfsu.net The Union Publishing P.O Box (102), Mae Ping Post Office, Chiang Mai (50301) Thailand © rlyikd f - or*¾pmpOf ,ckpmtkyyf g taMumif;t&mrsm;udk xyfqifu U ;l ,la&mif;csjcif;? tjyKoabmraqmifaom toH;k jyKjcif;rsm;rSví TJ ul;,ljzefch sEd ikd o f nf/ &nfñeT ;f ud;k um;csuf azmfjyNy;D cGijhf yKcsuaf wmif;cH&ef rvdb k J toH;k jyKEikd o f nf/ © "gwyf rkH sm; td;k a0r*¾Zif;rsm;? udak tmifxeG ;f pmtkyyf g yHrk sm;? udak tmifapmOD;? a'guw f mausmo f mxGe;f ? ud0k if;atmif (*syef)? atatyDyb D ?D Auo? uvvw? zsucf eJawG&Y aom½kyyf v kH mT rsm;? igajymcsio f rQigt h Mumif;? rd;k BuKd ;owif;pm? jynfob Yl ufawmfom;rsm;? {&m0wDnaD emifpmay? &Jabmfo;kH usyd ?f a'guw f mode;f vGi?f &efuek w f uúov kd o f rdik ;f ? wdAhk rmtpnf;t½H;k ordik ;f (y^'k)? ,lteft,fv'f ?D wyfrawmfordik ;f (y)? 1300jynft U a&;awmfyrkH w S w f rf;? trsK;d om;aehEiS Uf trsK;d om;ynma&;vIy&f mS ;rIordik ;f ? ArmjynfueG jf rLepfygw\ D Edik if aH wmftmPmodr;f a&;vIy½f mS ;rIrsm;? taygi;f toif;a&mif;&if;wd\ hk ausm&f if? ausm0f if;? tifwmeuf? rl&if;&SmazGr&aom "gwyf rkH sm;/ © pmvH;k - 0if;tif;0? yife?D wdik ;f e,l;½drk ef? aumf&&D me,l; (Auo)rsm;tzGJYcsKyf EdkifiHjcm;a&;&maumfrwDrS Embassy of the Kingdom of the Netherlands & Open Society Institute wdkh\ axmufyHUulnDrIjzifU xkwfa0onf/ ISBN 9 7 8 - 9 7 4 - 7 1 7 8 - 0 1 - 2

usaemfta&;csifqHk;pmtkyf

ArmEdkifiHvHk;qdkif&mausmif;om;or*¾rsm;tzJGYcsKyf (EdkifiHjcm;a&;&maumfrwD) rS xkwfa0onf

THE UNION PUBLISHING P.O Box (102), Mae Ping P.O, Chiang Mai (50301) Thailand

aus;Zl;wifvTm ,ckpmtkyu f kd jzpfajrmufatmif 0dik ;f 0ef;vkyaf qmifcMUJ uaom udak tmifxeG ;f tygt0if zrf;qD;tusO;f cs cHcJU&ol (23) OD;? pmtkyfrdwÅLrsm;udk e,fpyftxda&mufatmif xkwfay;EdkifcJUaom trnfrazmfjyEdkifaom &Jabmfrsm;? vdktyfaom tMuHÓmPfrsm;ay;cJhaom trSmpma&;om;ay;cJUaom udkatmifapmOD;? udkcGefqdkif;? udo k m;ñGeOhf ;D wdhk tm;vnf;aumif;? wdAhk rmtpnf;t½H;k udk ]wd}hk eJh ]'d}hk rlut GJ oH;k udpu ö kd rqdik ;f rwGajz&Si;f ay;cJah om? tjcm; tcsuftvufrsm; &SmazG&ef qufoG,foifUolrsm;udk ñTefjyay;cJUaom uG,fvGefol q&mOD;wifrdk;? ud, k af wGY jzwfoef;rIrsm;ESiUf ywfoufNy;D ar;orQukd pdw&f n S v f uf&n S f jyefvnfajzMum;ay;aom q&mOD;vSaz? a'gufwmausmfomxGef;ESifhywfoufaom taMumif;t&mrsm; ajymjyay;aom q&mOD;odef;vGif? a'gufwm ausmo f mxGe;f \ ZeD; rpöpt f ,fx U a&mUreG u f b D mU? a'guw f mausmufcsr;f a,mifa0ESihf ywfoufaom tcsut f vuf rsm;udk ppfaq;ay;aom &Srf;oHawmfqifU owif;XmerS OD;cGefpdkif;? apmatrdk;vdkESifU apma';Apfoufuay:wdkh taMumif;udk jznfUpGufajymjycJUaom q&mapm*sufaumU (ArmjynfUuGefjrLepfygwD)? udkAaqGav;usqHk;rIESifU ywfoufNyD; pmrlMurf;a&;ay;aom q&mOD;odef;0if;? pmtkyfjzpfajrmufa&;twGuf wGef;tma;y;ajymMum;cJUNyD; vdktyforQ tcsuftvufrsm;? pm½Gufpmwrf;rsm;udk rNiD;rjiL &SmazGay;cJhaom atatyDyDrS udkwdwfEdkifESifh atatyDyDtzJGY? vdktyfonfU "gwfykHrsm;ESifU pmtkyfpmwrf;rsm;udk &SmazGulnDay;cJUaom rdkBudK;owif;pmrS OD;oef;xG#w f t hkd m; vnf;aumif;? td;k a0r*¾Zif;rS "gwyf rkH sm;ESiUf tjcm;pkaqmif;xm;aom "gwyf rkH sm;udk ydahk y;cJaU om udk0if;atmif (*syef) tm;vnf;aumif;? t*FvdyfvdkrSwfwrf;rsm;udk trSm;? trSefaxmufjyay;aom rpöwm uDAfpvif;? pmtkyftwGufvdktyfaom aiGaMu;&&Sd&ef ulnDaqmif½Gufay;aom udkbdkMunf (atatyDyD)? yHkrsm;&SmazGay;jcif;ESifU puifemqJGay;aom udk*Ref*vif;? pmtkyftwGuf udkatmifxGef;"gwfyHkudk &SmazGay;om udw k ifvidI f (udt k AD m;)? pmtkyx f w k af 0&ef aiGaMu;axmufyaUH y;cJaU om? pmtkyx f w k af 0csed x f uf rsm;pGmaemufusNy;D xkwaf 0Edik rf u I kd em;vnfay;aom e,fomvefo½H ;kH ESihf tdt k ufpt f ikd t f zJt YG m;vnf;aumif;? ausmif;om;oHrPdwyf ppfa&;jyavUusifUcef;rsm;twGuf &Sif;jycJhaom udkpdk;aX;? trSm;rsm;jyifqifEdkif&ef pmrlMurf;udk zwf½Iay;cJUaom rrD;rD;? udkxGef;xGef;atmif? trSm;jyifqifjcif;rsm; pmjyifjcif;rsm;udk ulnDvkyfaqmifay;cJUMuaom rrdk;OD;? udkrif;rif;? udkatmifatmif ({&m0wD)? pmrrlMurf;tcsKdYtydkif;rsm; ul½dkufay;cJUMuaom udkaersKd;? udk&JvIdif0if; wdt hk m;vnf;aumif;? tdik t f ufpb f t D rf eHygw&f a&;ESiUf yHEk ydS w f u dk u f pd &ö yfrsm;twGuf ulnv D yk af qmifay;cJaU om rpöpftdGKifwdkhtm; vnf;aumif;? aemufqHk;ydwf pufwifumeD; ausmif;om;or*¾oDcsif;udk tcsdefrD&SmazGay;cJU Muaom? oDcsif;pmom;rsm;udk BudK;pm;jznfay;cJUaom atbDtufpf'DtufzfrS &Jabmfrsm;jzpfaom udkvGrf;PD? udkrdk;ausmfOD;? udkatmifxGef; wdkhtm;vnf;aumif;? BudKwifcGifUjyKcsuf awmif;cHrIr&SdbJ ,ckpmtkyfyg udk;um; rDSjirf;cJU&aom tcsuftvufrsm;? "gwfyHkrsm;ESifUywfoufaom jynfwGif;jynfyxkwf pmtkyfpmwrf;rsm;? tifwmewfpmrsufESmrsm;? owif;Xmersm;? ,ckpmtkyfESifU ywfoufNyD; vkyfaqmifay;cJUMuaom tjcm; trnfrazmfjyEdkifaom olrsm;tm;vHk;udkvnf;aumif; tav;teuf rSwfwrf;wif*kPfjyKtyfygonf?? We also extend thanks to the Embassy of the Kingdom of the Netherlands and the Open Society Institute for the financial support which made the printing of this document possible.

EdkifiHjcm;a&;&maumfrwD ArmEdkifiHvHk;qdkif&mausmif;om;or*¾rsm;tzJGYcsKyf rwfv (13) &uf? 2007 - 1 -

FOR MY FATHER

jzwfoef;rIrsm;ay:wiG f pdw&f n S pf mG jzifU tbufbufu tm;ay;ulncD aUJ om rrtm; txl;aus;Zl;wifrIjzifU

'DEikd if u H Edik if o H m;wpfa,muf? ol&Y YJ tpGr;f ukeBf uKd ;pm;xm;wJU ½dk;om;rIwckyg/ tem*wfrsK;d quftwGuf oJwpfyiG t Uf jzpf taxmuftuljyK&if auseyfygw,f/ atmifxGef;

udak tmifapmOD;\ trSm (1) vGwfvyfa&;acwfausmif;om;or*¾eJh ausmif;om;vIyf&Sm;rIrsm;&JYordkif;[m udkvdkeDacwfausmif;om; or*¾eJh ausmif;om;vIyf&Sm;rIrsm;&JY tqufjzpfw,f? tusKd;qufjzpfw,f/ udkvdkeDacwf ausmif;om; or*¾eJh ausmif;om;vIyf&Sm;rIrsm;&JY EdkifiHa&;tpOftvmudk qufcHudk,fpm;jyKwJU ordkif;jzpfw,f/ (2) e,fcsJYqefhusifa&;? udkvdkeDpepfa[mif;? pepfopfqefhusifa&;? trsKd;om;a&;eJh jrefrmUvGwfvyfa&;udk xdef;odrf;Edkifa&;twGuf jynfolvlxkeJhtwl yg0ifcJUwJUordkif;jzpfw,f/ (3) urÇmppfqefhusifa&;? urÇmhNidrf;csrf;a&;? jynfwGif;ppf&yfpJa&;? jynfwGif;Nidrf;csrf;a&; wdkhtwGuf jynfolrsm;eJhtwl wdkufyGJ0ifcJUwJUordkif;jzpfw,f/ (4) ppftmPm&Sifpepfqefhusifa&;? vlYtcGifUta&;eJh taxGaxG'Drdkua&pDa&; wdkufyGJudk ykHpHrsKd;pkHeJhwdkufyGJ 0ifcJUwJUordkif;jzpfw,f/ txl;ojzifU ppftmPm&Sifpepf qefhusifa&;wdkufyGJtwGif;rSm ydkrdkta&;ygwJU vlxktiftm;BuD;w&yftjzpf yg0ifcJUwJUordkif;jzpfw,f/ (5) uarmufurynma&;pepf zsufodrf;a&;? trsKd;om;vu©PmaqmifwJU 0dZÆmodyÜHenf;uswJU? acwfrDwJU? trsm;twGufjzpfwJU trsKd;om;ynma&;pepf wnfaqmufa&;eJh ausmif;om;xkBuD;w&yfvkH;&JY ynm oifMum;rIeJh aexdkifrItajctae aumif;rGefa&;wdkhtwGuf wdkufyGJ0ifcJUwJUordkif;jzpfw,f/ ausmif;om; xk&JY trsKd;om;,Ofaus;rIeJh pm&dwÅzGHhNzdK;a&;wdkhtwGuf BudK;yrf;vkyfaqmifcJUwJUordkif;jzpfw,f/ (6) jrefrmEdkifiHausmif;om;vIyf&Sm;rI[m vufeufudkifwdkufyGJ qifETJwJUordkif;jzpfw,f/ 'Daygif;csKyfokH;oyfcsufawGudk 1988 ck? Mo*kwfv (28) &uf wuotaqmuftODa[mif;ae&m rSm Auoudk jyefvnfzGJYpnf;cJUwJUtcrf;tem;rSm ppfNyD;acwfeJhvGwfvyfa&;acwfOD; or*¾0ifausmif;om; a[mif;BuD;rsm;udk,fpm; pum;ajymcJUpOfu or*¾acgif;aqmifa[mif; udkvSa&Tu xnfUoGif;ajymMum;oGm;cJU ygw,f/ 'gayr,fU tJ'Dtcsdefumvu wnf&SdaewJU EdkifiHa&;avxkt&Sdeft& eHygwf (6) tcsufudkawmU xnfUoGif;rajymbJ csefxm;cJUygw,f/ tckxkwfa0vdkufwJUpmtkyf[m 'Daeh'DtcsdefumvrSm 1962 ck? Zlvdkif (7) &ufta&;awmfykH txdomyg&SdwJUtwGuf aemufaemif qufvufxkwfa0r,fU umvtydkif;rsm;&JY vIyf&Sm;rIrsm;rSmawmU azmf j yyg aygif;csKyfokH;oyfcsufrsm;udk &Sif;&Sif;vif;vif;awGY jrifzwf½I Mu&rSmyg/ 1948-49? 1963-69? 1988-90 umvrsm;twGif; ausmif;om;acgif;aqmifwcsKdYeJh wuf
6/ udkrsKd;xGef; (ac:) udkcGefqdkif; (aq;-1? 1971-76 rdIif;&mjynfU) 7/ udkatmifxGef; (pufrIwuúodkvfausmif;om;or*¾? 1988) 8/ udkrif;ol ("gwfykHrSwfwrf;) 9/ udkat;Edkif (rdwÅLul;puf) 10/ rcifrdk;at; 11/ rpkpk0if; 12/ r&D&DxGef; 13/ OD;pkd;odef; (wuoOuúX 1957-58) 14/ OD;baumif; (wuo 'k-OuúX 1958-59) 15/ OD;aomfaumif; (&efukefwuúodkvf? pmMunfUwdkufrSL;) - wdkhtm; av;pm;OD;ñTwf*kPfjyKvsuf

atmifapmOD; (rdIif;&mjynfU) oGm;zufqdkif&maq;wuúodkvf (1972-76) Mo*kwfv (28) &uf? 2004ckESpf

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nDawmfaemifawmf or*¾ausmif;om; &Jabmftaygi;f odhk OD;ñGwjf cif; þpmtkyfudkjyKpka&;om;ol udkatmifxGef; axmifrSvGwfrvmao;yg/ olY&JY&eHhrJhc&D;&Snfu (9) ESpf wdkifygNyD/ þpmtkyfudk ulnDjyKpkol vlyk*¾dKvf (23) OD; axmifuscJUygw,f/ trsm;pk[m acwftqufquf ausmif;om;or*¾ wdu k yf aJG wGMum; ta&;awmfyaHk wGMum;u ausmif;om;&JabmfawGcsn;f ygy/J tm;vk;H tenf;qk;H (7) ESppf aD wmU ay;qyf&ygw,f/ wcsKYd toufygay;cJ&U ygw,f/ usaemfw[ hkd m 'Dpmtkyu f kd vGwaf jrmuf&me,fajr a&mufatmif ydkhEdkifcJUMuygw,f/ EdkifiHwuma&muf ausmif;om; 'Drdkua&pDtiftm;pkrsm;uvnf; us,fus,f jyefhjyefh xkwfa0Edkifatmif BudK;yrf;&if; tckpmtkyfjzpfcJUygNyD/ ocifatmifqef; or*¾ausmif;om;b0u ykodrfpnf;½kH;a&;c&D;pOfrSm twlvdkufygvIyf&Sm;cJUwJU ocifOD;tkef;jrifUvnf; axmifusygw,f/ olYtouf (80) jynfUarG;aehudk usaemfeJhtwl oD;oefhaxmif oD;oefhwdkuf0if;rSm 1998 ckESpf OD;ydkif;rSm jzwfausmfcJUMuygw,f/ tbOD;tkef;jrifUudk pwifqkH&pOfuvnf; 1989 ckESpf tif;pdefaxmif wdkuf (4) rSmyg/ olh&JY EdkifiHa&;tawGYtMuHKawGudk em,lcJUMu&zl;ygw,ff/ ocifatmifqef;&JY i,foil ,fcsi;f or*¾tek ;f jrif[ U m (88) rsK;d qufawGxd ta&;awmfyt Hk vHukd vufqifu U rf; cJhygw,f/ 'DEpS x f J (2006ckEpS )f rSmyif uav;NrKd ?Y trsK;d om;'Dru kd a&pDtzGcYJ sKyrf S jynfov Yl w T af wmfu, kd pf m;vS,f OD;odef;0if;&JYpsmyerSm or*¾acgif;aqmif rif;udkEdkifudk vlwOD;u tom;vGwf0ifa&muf xdk;BudwfzdkhBudK;pm;wm MuHK&ygw,f/ tJ'DtcsdefrSm tjrefqkH;wkefhjyefckcHol[m or*¾OD;tkef;jrifUyg/ olYtouf (89) ESpf&SdygNyD/ q&m wa,mufvdk? zcifwa,mufvdk rsKd;qufopfawGudk apmifUa&SmufaeqJyg/ axmifxJrSm udkrif;ol toufay;cJU&ygw,f/ OD;wifat; (NrKdYr) udkvnf; uG,fvGefumeD;rS vTwfay;cJUvdkh tdrfta&muf rMumcifrSmuG,fvGefcJUygw,f/ a&SYaeBuD;OD;wifat;vnf; axmifxJu pdwfcE¨m 'Pf&mawGeJh vGwfNyD; wpfESpfrjynfUcifrSm ½kwfw&ufuG,fvGefcJUygNyD/ ausmif;om;vIyf&Sm;rIordkif;[m wdkif;jynfeJhvlrsKd;twGuf tpOfxGef;ajymifaeygvdrfUr,f/ e,fcsJY qefhusifa&;? trsKd;om;vGwfajrmufa&;? 'Drdkua&pDeJhvlYtcGifUta&;wdkh twGuf ausmif;awmfom;awGu acwfwdkif;rSm BudK;yrf;wdkufyGJ0ifcJUMuwmyg/ tckvnf; (88) rsKd;quf? (96) rsKd;qufawGu c&D;&SnfwdkufyGJ qufaeMuqJyg/ axmiftoD;oD; awmtaxGaxGeJh a0;ajr&yfjcm;u nDawmfaemifawmf or*¾ausmif;om; &Jabmftaygif;udk (udkatmifxGef;? udkÓmPf0if;? udkxGef;vSwdkh udk,fpm;) þpmtkyfjzifh av;pm;pGmOD;ñTwf *kPfjyKtyfygw,f/

cGefqdkif; atmufwdkbmv (29) &uf? 2006

þpmtkyjf zpfajrmufa&;twGuf &eHrh cUJ &D;&Snf csw D ufcMUJ uolwcsKYd 1/ udkatmifxGef; (pmtkyfjyKpkol) 2/ udkÓmPf0if;

axmifusqJ axmifusqJ - 7 -

3/ udkxGef;vS axmifusqJ 4/ OD;rif;ol axmifwGif;üuG,fvGef 5/ OD;wifat; (NrKdYr) axmifrSvGwfajrmufí rMumcifuG,fvGef 6/ OD;wifat; (a&SYae) axmifrSvGwfajrmufí wpfESpfcefhwGifuG,fvGef 7/ ociftkef;jrifU rdk;BudK;owif;pm 8/ a'gufwmarmifarmifausmf a&SYaeBuD; 9/ OD;vSa&T or*¾acgif;aqmifa[mif; 10/ OD;ombef; (a&SYae) or*¾acgif;aqmifa[mif; 11/ OD;tkef;armif (anmifav;yifNrdKYe,f jynfolYvTwfawmfudk,fpm;vS,f? trsKd;om;'Drdkua&pDtzGJYcsKyf) 12/ OD;tkef;jrifU (a&SYae) 13/ OD;atmifZif (a&SYae) 14/ OD;cifarmifcsKd (a&SYae) 15/ OD;cifarmifNidrf; (a&SYae) 16/ udk,OfxGef; 17/ udkausmf0PÖ 18/ udk[m&Gef (c) udkvS0if; 19/ udkpdk;vGif 20/ OD;jrifUatmif (a&SYae) 21/ rpkpk0if; 22/ rcifrdk;at; 23/ udkcGefqdkif;

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ordik ;f a&;oGm;wJU ordik ;f ppftpd;k &vufatmufrmS ausmif;om;tzJt YG pnf;awG w&m;0if&yfwnfciG &Uf zdhk Nird ;f csr;f wJaU usmif;om; vIyf&Sm;rIawG vkyfcGifU&zdkha0;a&m? ausmif;om;vIyf&Sm;rIordkif; jyKpkwmeJhwif BuD;av;wJU&mZ0wfrIxdkufygw,f/ ppftyk pf [ k m ausmif;om;awG&t YJ cef;u@eJh ordik ;f tpOftvmudk tJonfaU vmuf taMumufBu;D aMumufygw,f/ onftjzpftysufudk udkatmifxGef;&JY tjzpftysufu oufaocHygw,f/ udkatmifxGef;? olYuG,f&mrSm ukvm;BuD;vdkh usaemfwdkhac:ygw,f/ pdwfomcsdef nydkif;pum;0dkif; awGrSmawmU &Jabmf*dk&S,fvdkh olYudkac:&if jyHK;NyD; wkefhjyefwwfygw,f/ i,fi,fausmif;om;b0rSm tawmfUudk awawayay aecJUw,fvdkh olYtajymt&od&ygw,f/ olYtcef;udk rMumcPa&muf&if;? pmzwfoefwJUvlvdkh usaemfrw S , f x l m;ygw,f/ olrY mS trESpOf ;D ? tudw k OD;eJh nDwOD;&dyS gw,f/ olaY rG;csi;f tm;vH;k u olu Y w kd efz;kd xm; cspfcifoavmuf? olYzufuawmU rdom;pkeJhqdk&if cyfwef;wef;aeavU&dSwm owdxm;rdygw,f/ olYrdom;pk0if tm;vHk;u rGwfqvifbmom0if ynmwwfawGyg/ oleJhusaemf taotcsm&if;ESD;wmuawmU 1990 rwfv twGif;u pw,fvdkh ajym&ygvdrfhr,f/ ,cifuawmU wNrKd eY ,fwnf;twlae vrf;csi;f eD;ayr,fU vlcsi;f rwJjG zpfao;ygb;l / 90 rwfv? zke;f armfEpS yf wf vnf jzpfajrmufa&;aumfrwDudk ppfwyfuzrf;awmU wdrf;a&SmifMu&if; oleJhusaemf twJGrsm;vmygw,f/ {NyDvxJrSm Auorsm;tzJGYcsKyf atmufArmjynfudk wuúodkvftvdkuf tajccHor*¾awGeJh zGJYpnf;awmU olu pufrIwuúodkvfausmif;om;rsm;or*¾udk udk,fpm;jyKygw,f/ usaemfUrdcifor*¾ (aq;wuúodkvfausmif;om; or*¾) ehJ pufrIwuúodkvfausmif;om;or*¾eJh ,cifuwJGvkyfzl;wm tBudrfBudrf&dSayr,fU oleJhusaemfu Auo atmufArmjynfvIyf&Sm;rIrSm pwJGvkyfjzpfwmyg/ ,m,DzJGYpnf;a&;vkyfawmU olu twGif;a&;rSL;tzJGY0if (3) OD;xJu wOD;jzpfvmygw,f/ tJonfw U ek ;f u olyY o kH @mefu t&yf&n S &f n S f ydeyf ed yf g;yg;/ yg;odik ;f rkwq f w d v f nf; cyfyg;yg;xm;wwf ygw,f/ vrf;avQmuf&if udk,feJeJapmif;aeavU&dSwmrdkh usaemfwdkhu aemufavU&dSygw,f/ tjyifyef;t& Munf&U if pum;enf;ygw,f/ pum;ajym&mrSm cyfat;at; ajymwwfygw,f/ tpnf;ta0;awGrmS olo Y abmxm; udk wH;k wdajymavU&ySd gw,f/ Mum;&olem;xJ t0ifcufygw,f/ oabmw&m;eJh tawG;tac: ydik ;f qdik &f mawGukd tawmfavUvmxm;ovdk? 'geJhywfoufvm&if aqG;aEG;jiif;cHkrIvnf; oefygw,f/ vIy&f mS ;rIawGvyk &f mrSmvnf; at;aq;wnfNird Nf y;D aoG;at;ygw,f/ rSwrf w S &f &qd&k &if r[mAE¨Kv vrf;eJh vGpv ö rf;axmifrU mS usaemfw U q hkd E´jyawmU ppfwyfuydwzf rf;ygw,f/ qE´jyyJrG mS udak tmifxeG ;f tygt0if usaemfwdkh AuotrIaqmifawG tukef&dSaeNyD; OD;aqmifvIyf&Sm;aewmyg/ zrf;qD;cH&olawGvnf; &dSygw,f/ ppfwyfuvdu k af wmU usaemfew hJ csKYd teD;uwdu k w f ckay: wufajy;ygw,f/ tay:a&mufNy;D vrf;ay:jyefMunfaU wmh vrf;ray:rSm ppfom;awG? &JawG jynfUaeygw,f/ udkatmifxGef;udk olwdkhMum;xJrSmyJ at;at;wnfwnfeJh jzwfavQmufoGm;wm jrifvdkuf&ygw,f/ ppfaxmufvSrf;a&;awGvnf; olYudk owdxm;rdyHkr&ygbl;/ 1990 ausmif;om;nDvmcHudk ZGefvukef rEåav;rSmvkyfawmU olYudk Auo (atmufArmjynf) &JY twGif;a&;rSL;tzJGY0iftjzpf nDvmcHu a&G;cs,ftwnfjyKygw,f/ nDvmcHNyD;awmU nDvmcHqHk;jzwfcsufawGudk taumiftxnfazmf&mrSm tzJGYwm0ef&dSolwOD;taeeJh ZJG&dS&dStEHGwmcHvkyfaqmifrIudk awGY&ygw,f/ nDvmcH qHk;jzwfcsufawGeJh tzJGYtpnf;&JYoabmxm;udk aoGzDjcif;r&dSyJ &yfwnfvIyf&Sm;cJUwJU acgif;aqmifwOD;yg/ tjcm;tvkyform;or*¾? &[ef;ysKdor*¾? vli,for*¾awGeJh usaemfwdkh ausmif;om;or*¾awG pkzJGYxm;wJh trsKd;om;'Drdkua&pDawmfvSefa&;wyfaygif;pk wm0efudkvnf; wzufrSm olxrf;&ygw,f/ wm0efydkif;qdkif&meJh olzmomvkyfaqmifr,fvdkh qHk;jzwfvdkufwJU vkyfief;wdkif;udk rjzpfrae&atmif taumiftxnfazmfwwfwJU - 9 -

ZJeG hJ pdw"f gw[ f m olq Y rD mS pJpG NGJ rNJ ru J kd ude;f atmif;aeygw,f/ tzJt YG pnf;wGi;f jyóem? jyifyeJh &ifqidk &f wJjU yóem? or*¾vyI &f mS ;a&;rSL;awG&YJ jyóemawGuv kd nf; wm0ef&o Sd t l aeeJh &yfwnfcsu&f &Sd Sd rSerf eS u f efuef ajz&Si;f avU &dSwmaMumifhvnf; ausmif;om;tawmfrsm;rsm;u olYudk av;pm;cspfcifygw,f/ pufwifbmv (1) &ufaehrmS oleu hJ saemf wcsed w f nf; zrf;cH&ygw,f/ ppfum;awGukd taemf&xmeJh yef;qd;k wef; vrf;qHrk mS csxm;Ny;D usaemfu U kd yef;qd;k wef;tdru f ac:xw k v f mygw,f/ olu h kd bm;vrf;xdyt f rd u f ac:xkwfygw,f/ ppfaMuma&;pcef;a&mufawmU a&mufa&mufcsif; oleJhusaemfu tcef;uyfvsufyg/ olYudk ½dkufESufwm Mum;ae&w,f/ ppfaxmufvSrf;a&;t&m&dSawGu olYudk bmoma&;eJhcsdwfNyD; qJqdkaeMuw,f/ ]a[U ukvm; - ArmjynfEikd if aH &;eJh rif; bmywfoufovJ}qdNk y;D awmhvnf; rMumcPqJwm Mum;&w,f/ olq Y u D avoHat;at;eJh wkejhf yefwmudv k nf; Mum;&w,f/ ud, k t Uf zJt YG pnf;u wm0ef&o Sd w l a,muf- aemufNy;D wu,fu U kd jynfcspaf usmif;om;wpfa,mufukd tckvkd bmoma&;eJh vlrsKd ;a&;eJh aoG;cJyG w k cf wfqufqw H mtay: tckxuftxdawG;wdkif; pdwfempdwfraumif; jzpfrdygw,f/ tzJGYtpnf;rSm wm0efBuD;BuD;,lxm;ol jzpfwm aMumifUvnf; ppfaMuma&;rSm ol[m txktaxmif; tawmfcHvdkuf&ygw,f/ ppfaMuma&;NyD;awmU usaemfwdkhudk tif;pdefoD;oefhaxmif wdkuf (2) udk ydkhygw,f/ oleJhusaemf wcef;xJae&ygw,f/ tcef;twGif;rSm reufwdkif; cGyfa'gif;tvHtav;jyKzdkh olutqdkjyKwmaMumifU reufqdk tvHtav;jyKwmudk uk, d t Uf pDtpOfeu hJ , kd f vkyMf uygw,f/ olu tEkynmvnf; 0goemygoyl g/ wdu k x f rJ mS awmU usaemfukd cdik x f ;l oDcsi;f awG qdck ikd ;f avU&w Sd ,f/ usaemf pdwrf ygwahJ eh rqdb k ;l qd&k if olzmomol qdak vU&w Sd ,f/ 'gayr,fU oDcsif;pmom;awG xdkif&GwfaeovkdygyJ? oHpOfxGufrvmygbl;/ axmifu jyefvGwfawmUvnf; uAsmawGa&;NyD; pmtkyfxkwfwm ESpftkyfoHk;tkyf&dSr,fvdkh xifygw,f/ oD;oefhwdkufrSm&dSwkef;yJ aemufydkif; xyfrdvmwJU olawGaMumifU ol&,f? usaemf&,f? &Jarmfxl;&,f axmifwGif;ppfaMuma&; xkwfcH&ygao;w,f/ tJonfUrSm olYudk jyefvTwfay;r,fqdkNyD; ppfaxmufvSrf;a&;u tay;t,lvkyfcJUwmudk oljiif;qdkcJUygw,f/ pufwifbm (29) &ufaehrSm usaemfwdkhudk axmifa&SYuppfcHk½Hk;rSmxkwfNyD; em&Dydkif;twGif; trdefhcs ygw,f/ trdefhrcscifem;csdef usaemfwdkhtm;vHk;qHkcsdefrSm oluOD;aqmifNyD; usaemfwdkhudkaqGaEG;ygw,f/ cHk½Hk;udk b,fvdkwkefhjyefrvJ qdkwmudkyg/ usaemfwdkhtaeeJh tjypfr&dSbl;qdkwmyJ ajzNyD; bmrSwkefhjyefp&m rvdkbl;vdkh olu oabmxm;ay;ygw,f/ tm;vHk;u olYpum;udk vdkufemcJUygw,f/ trdefhcsawmU ol&,f? aevif;&,f usaemf&,fukd ig;ESppf /D ud, k u©;D (udn k aD xG;cdik )f eJh &Jarmfx;l ukd av;ESpef hJ &Jausmpf mG udk oH;k ESpq f Nkd y;D zwfjyygw,f/ tif;pdefaxmif oHk;aqmifrSm&dSaewkef; oleJhusaemfu xrif;pm;0dkif;twlwlyg/ xrif;pm;0dkif;rSm bkwfudkifvdkhqdkr,fU pDrHcefhcJGolwOD;taeeJh olwm0ef,lay;ygw,f/ rGwfqvifbmom0ifjzpfayr,fU usaemfwdkh pm;r,fUtpmawGudk csufjyKwfzdkh jyifqifvDS;jzwfwm [if;cJGay;wmawGukd olyJwm0efcH vkyfay;ygw,f/ xrif;pm;0dkif;u Ak'¨bmom udk&ifESpfyg;&JY a0,sm0pöeJh qGrf;uGrf;uyfwmawGvnf; oleJh udkwdk;u wm0ef,l vkyfavU&dSygw,f/ axmifwGif; rdciftzJGYtpnf;tvdkuf yHkrSefaqG;aEG;0dkif;awG vkyfawmUvnf; usaemfwdkh Auo atmufArmjynftpkawGtwGuf olu uruxvkyaf vU&ySd gw,f/ tjcm;taqmifawGu tzJ0YG ifawG udkvnf; aqG;aEG;yJGawGvkyfzdkh wdkufwGef;apUaqmfwm vkyfavU&dSygw,f/ usaemfwdkh tpktzJGYwGif;rSmom ruygbl; taqmifrSmjzpfvmwJU EkdifiHa&;tusOf;om;awGeJh tmPmydkifawGeJh xdyfwdkuf&ifqdkifrIwdkif;rSm olua&Sq Y ;kH u OD;aqmifrx I rJ mS wOD;tygt0ifjzpfygw,f/ 'gaMumifv U nf; 91 ukecf ge;D rSm olu Y kd oD;oefah xmif wdkufzufudk axmiftmPmydkifawGu oD;jcm;ydkhypfvdkufygw,f/ olu usaemfUxuf &ufydkif;apmNyD; om,m0wDaxmifu vGwfygw,f/ 1994 tukefydkif;jzpfr,f/ usaemf rHk&Gmaxmifu jyefvGwfNyD; tdrfa&mufvdkh em&Dydkif;yJ&dSwkef; ola&mufvmw,f/ axmifuvGwfvdkh ol ausmif;jyefwufNy;D &efuek pf ufrw I uúov kd u f bJ&YG ygw,f/ axmifuxGuv f mwJU usaemfwhkd Auo trIaqmif wOD;csif;pDuae NyD;cJUwJU vIyf&Sm;rIeJh axmifwGif;jzwfoef;rI oHk;oyfcsuftpD&ifcHpm wapmifpD awmif;ygw,f/ usaemf a&;ay;vdkufygw,f/ 'gawGjyefaygif;NyD; olYtaeeJh jyefoHk;oyfcsufwck xkwfcsifw,fvdkh qdkygw,f/ - 10 -

wcsdefwnf;rSmyJ olusdwfvkyfaewmwckudk usaemf odvdkufygw,f/ t&ifausmif;om;vIyf&Sm;rIrSwfwrf;awG &oavmuf olYudk&Smay;zdkh ajymygw,f/ bmvkyfrvdkhvJar;awmU olu ausmif;om;vIyf&Sm;rIordkif;wck jyKpk aew,fvdkhqdkygw,f/ olYtdrfu olYtcef;oGm;&ifvnf; onfordkif;pm&GufawGcsnf; awGYae&ygw,f/ tJonfU umvrSm ordik ;f a&;zdu hk pd u ö ykd J txl;tm½Hx k m;vkycf yUJ gw,f/ 96 atmufwb kd mta&;tcif; rjzpfcifavmufrmS olNyD;pD;cJUyHk &ygw,f/ usaemfUtdrfvmNyD; zwfMunfUzdkh ay;ygw,f/ tJonfUumvwkef;uawmU tao;pdwf rzwfjzpfcJUygbl;/ usaemf xkid ;f e,fpyfzufa&mufNy;D rMumcifrmS olpY mtkyaf wG onfzufrmS ysaYH eygNy/D olehJ zke;f &wJt U cg usawmfU onfpmtkyaf wGukd onfzufuwqifU tjyiftqifaumif;aumif;eJh jyefxw k af pcsiw f ,fvhkd ajymygw,f/ a&;ol oleY mrnfuakd wmU ]a'gi;f xGe;f } vdhk oH;k zdahk jymygw,f/ 'gayr,fU tJonft U csed t f xd onfpmtkyaf &;rIaMumifh axmifcscH&avmufwJUtxd &mZ0wfrIajrmufr,fvdkh usaemfrxifwm trSefyg/ pmtkyfa&;NyD; jzefhawmUvnf; 1962 ckEpS f rwdik cf ifu tydik ;f txdyjJ zpfovdk jyefxw k &f ifvnf; onftydik ;f yJ jzpfrmS rdhk vuf&pSd pftyk pf t k aeeJh trsufoifUavmufr,f awG;rxm;cJUbl;/ (88) ESpfwm ausmif;om;vIyf&Sm;rIqdkNyD; 62 aemufydkif; ausmif;om; vIy&f mS ;rIawGuykd g a&;xm;ayr,fU olt"du jzefch w UJ muawmU 62 ckEpS f tydik ;f txdyJ jzpfygw,f/ 'gah Mumifv U nf; pmtkyfawG&JY trSmpmrSmvnf; ulnDwJUvlBuD;awGudk aus;Zl;wifaMumif; azmfjyxm;w,fvdkh xifygw,f/ oleJhusaemf aemufqHk; zkef;tquftoG,f&csdefu usaemf Oa&myc&D;pOf a&mufaeygw,f/ e,fomvefEdkifiH todrdwfaqGtdrfuae oleJh zkef;&ygw,f/ tJonfUtcsdeftxd olYtajctaeu pdk;&drf&wJU taetxm;r&dSwJU oabmrSm&dSygw,f/ 96 NyD;vdkh usaemfwdkh onfzufa&mufawmU olYudk tenf;i,f apmifUMunfUwJUoabmrSmyJ &dSygw,f/ c&D;pOfuae usaemfxdkif;jyefa&mufawmU rMumcifrSmyJ oltzrf;cH& w,fvdkh Mum;&ygw,f/ oleJhtwl onfordkif;pmtkyfjzpfajrmufa&;twGuf ulnDolawGudkyg zrf;qD;cJUygw,f/ ulnDolawGtxJrSm vlBuD;ydkif;awGyg ygwmrdkh vlBuD;awGyg tzrf;cH&ygw,f/ onfUtwGuf olYudka0zefrI wcsKdY&dSayr,fU? olYpdwf"gwf olY&yfwnfcsufeJh olYapwemudk usaemfuawmU tjynfUt0em;vnfygw,f/ jynfya&mufrS ola&;xm;wmawGukd taotcsm jyefzwfMunfyU gw,f/ jyefzwfMunfrU S wefz;kd Bu;D Bu;D olay;qyfcw UJ ,fqw kd mudk oabmaygu&f ygw,f/ jrefrmEdik if aH &;rSm ausmif;om;vIy&f mS ;rItcef;u@eJh ywfoufNy;D ta&;Bu;D w,fqw kd mudk ordik ;f q&mawG Edik if aH &;orm;awG tygt0if jynfow l &yfv;kH u vufcx H m;ygw,f/ jrefrmUwyfrawmf&o YJ rdik ;f tcef;u@udk ajymr,fq&kd ifawmif ausmif;om;vIy&f mS ;rI&t YJ qufvhkd wifpm;Muygw,f/ 'gayr,fU onfausmif;om;vIy&f mS ;rIordik ;f taxmuftxm;awGukd cdik cf ikd v f v kH jkH zpfatmif pepfwus tm;vH;k pkpnf; wifjyEkid w f m r&dcS yUJ gb;l / onfuu G v f yfukd oljznfo U mG ;ygw,f/ ausmif;om;ordik ;f udk uGi;f quf&&Sd Sd tcdik t f rm jzpfatmif jyKpo k mG ;ygw,f/ ol&Y YJ tmabmfrygatmif BuKd ;pm;a&;xm;Ny;D ? ,cifrw S w f rf;awG aqmif;yg;awGuykd J udk;um;xm;wm awGY&ygw,f/ onfEpS yf ikd ;f twGi;f Edik if aH &;tusO;f om;tawmfrsm;rsm; vGwv f mygw,f/ olt Y rIwaGJ wGvnf; jyefvw G f vmygw,f/ 'gayr,fU onftxJrSm udkatmifxGef; rygygbl;/ axmifuxGufvmolawG tqdkt& ol[m axmifxJrSm MuHUMuHUcdkif&yfwnfaeqJ jzpfygw,f/ ol[m jrifUjrwfwJU wdkufyJG0if cGyfa'gif;tvHawmfatmufrSm jrJjrHpGm&yfwnf&if; ausmif;om;ordkif;udk pdkufxlaeqJ jzpfygw,f/

om;ñGehfOD; (12) Mo*kwf? 2005

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udkatmifxGef; 1967 ckESpfwGif arG;zGm;cJUonf/ 1988 ckESpfwGif &efukefpufrIwuúodkvf yÍörESpf (vQyfppf-tif*sifeD,m) ausmif;om;tjzpf oifMum;aeqJ jzpfonf/ 1987 rqvtpdk;&rS aiGpuúLrsm;w&m;r0ifaMumif; aMunmrIaMumifU ay:ayguf cJUaom ausmif;om;vIyf&Sm;rIrsm;rS pwifum awmufavQmuf yg0ifcJUonf/ &efukefpufrIwuúodkvfausmif;om;rsm;or*¾rS acgif;aqmifwpfOD;jzpfonf/ 198889 ckESpf wavQmufvHk;wGif ay:aygufcJUaom ausmif;om;vIyf&Sm;rIrsm;wGif yg0ifcJhonf/ 1990 {NyDvtwGif; Auorsm; tzGJYcsKyf (atmufArmjynf)udk zGJYpnf;cJU&m wGif A[dktvkyftrIaqmiftzGJY twGif;a&;rSL;tzGJY0iftjzpf yg0ifaqmif&GufcJUonf/ 1990 ckESpf rEåav;wGif usif;ycJUaom ArmEdkifiHvHk;qdkif&mausmif;om;or*¾rsm; tzGJYcsKyf nDvmcHü A[dktvkyftrIaqmiftzGJY twGif;a&;rSL;tzGJY0iftjzpf a&G;cs,f wifajr§mufjcif; cHcJU&onf/ nDvmcHrScsrSwfcJUaom &uf (30) twGif; vTwfawmf ac:,lEdkifa&;twGuf trsKd;om;'Drdkua&pDtzGJYcsKyftm; 0dkif;&HulnD&ef[laom tcsuf tm; t"dutaumiftxnf azmfcJhMuolrsm;wGif yg0ifonf/ 1990 *ED´nDvmcH tBudKvlxkvIyf&Sm;rIrsm;udk AuorS OD;aqmifvIyf½Sm;cJU&mwGif acgif;aqmifvIyf½Sm;cJU onf/ *ED´nDvmcHtNyD; pufwifbm (1) &ufaehü AuorS tjcm;acgif;aqmif rsm;ESifUtwl zrf;qD;cHcJU&onf/ 28? 10? 1990 wGif axmif'Pf (5) ESpfcsrSwfjcif; cHcJU&onf/ axmifrSvGwfNyD; ausmif;jyefwufcGifU&onfUtwGuf 1997 ckESpfwGif pufrIwuúodkvfrS ausmif;NyD;cJUonf/ 1996 ckESpf ESpfqef;rSpí]usaemfta&;csifqHk;pmtkyf} [k trnf& aom ]jrefrmEdkifiHausmif;om;vIyf½Sm;rIordkif;} (,ck) pmtkyfudk pwifjyKpkcJUonf/ 1998 ckESpf? Zefe0g&DvtwGif; ¤if;pmtkyf vQKdY0SufjzefhcsdrIaMumifU axmif'Pf (17) ESpf cscH&onf/ ,cktcg tif;pdefaxmiftwGif; ½Sdaeonf/ udak tmifxeG ;f udk urÇmw h 0Sr;f Edik if aH &;t& zdEydS jf cif;cHae&aom pma&;q&mrsm; tm; ay;tyfaom [,fref? [ef;rwf*&efhqk (Hellman/Hammett Grant) udk 1999 ckESpfwGif csD;jr§ifUcJUonf/ urÇmhpma&;q&mrsm;toif; tifwmae&Sife,fyef tzJGY0ifrsm;jzpfaom aemfa0? uifbm&m? uae'g&Sd yefpifwmrsm;u udkatmifxGef;tm; ¤if;wdkhtzJGYrsm;\ *kPfxl;aqmiftzJGY0ifwOD;tjzpf aMunm*kPfjyKcJUonf/ - 12 -

pma&;ol\ trSm yxrwJG 1991 ck? azazmf0g&Dvqef;ydkif;avmufu jzpfr,fxifygonff/ tif;pdefaxmif (3) aqmifwGif? bk&m;av;bufjcrf;wGif aumf&pf'gwck&Sdygonf/ xdkaumf&pf'gwGif reufydkif;qdkvQif vrf;avQmufavU &Sdygonf/ xkdaumf&pf'gonf ay (440) &Sdí pum;ajym&if; vrf;avQmuf&onfrSm uRefawmfwdkhtzdkh vkyfaeMu tvkyfwckvdk jzpfaeayonf/ uRefawmfUudk oD;oefhaxmifrS (3) aqmifodkh ydkhvdkufNyD;aemuf rMumrDtaqmifudk tbOD;tkef;jrifU a&mufvmygonf/ oleJhuRefawmf aumf&pf'gwGif vrf;avQmuf&if; ausmif;om;vIyf&Sm;rIordkif;pmtkyfa&;&ef tMuHÓmPf &&SdcJUygonf/ 1994 ck? pufwifbmv (23) &uf om,m0wDaxmifrS vGwfvmNyD;aemuf xdkpmtkyfa&;&ef rSwfwrf;rSwf&mESifU ordkif;taxmuftxm;rsm;udk pwifpkaqmif;cJUygonf/ xdkhodkhpkaqmif;&mwGif vwfwavmtajctaet& tcuftcJrsm;awGY&Sd&ouJUodkh wcsKdYyk*¾dKvfrsm;xHrS &&SdcJUaomfvnf; wcsKdY yk*¾dKvfrsm;rSmrl tb,fodkhaom taMumif;t&mrsm;aMumifUrod? uRefawmfr&&SdcJUyg/ þodkhjzifU uRefawmf &&SdcJUaom rSwfwrf;rSwf&m ordkif;taxmuftxm;rsm;udkom pkpnf;ía&;om;cJU&m jynfUpHkvHkavmufrI &Sdrnfr[kwfay/ pmtkyfrSmrl arQmfrSef;xm;onfxuf ydkrdkxloGm;í yxrwGJ (1903-1942) xd xkwfa0 vdkufygonf/ usefESpfrsm;udkvnf; twGJrsm;cGJí xkwfa0oGm;ygrnf/ (88) ESpf (1903-1991) ausmif;om; vIyf&Sm;rIordkif;pmtkyftjzpf a&;om;&ef &nf&G,fxm;ygonf/ NAdwdoQe,fcsJYqefhusifa&;? vGwfvyfa&; BudK;yrf;rI? Nidrf;csrf;a&;? vlYtcGifUta&;BudK;yrf;rIrsm;wGif ausmif;om;wdkh\ BuD;us,fjrifUjrwfvSaom trsKd;om;a&;BudK;yrf;rIrsm;udk a&;om;xm;ygonf/ xdkpmtkyfjzifU 'Drdkua&pDESifU vlYtcGifUta&;wdkufyGJ tqifUqifUwGif usqHk;oGm;olrsm;tm;vnf; aumif;? &Spfav;vHk;ta&;awmfyHkBuD;twGif;ü (3) ESpft&G,f cav;i,fav;rStp touf (100) ausmf tzdk;tzGm;rsm;tqHk; ¤if;wkdhyg0ifvIyf&Sm;rIudkvnf;aumif;? &Spfav;vHk;ta&;awmfyHkBuD;tm; vnf;aumif;? uRefawmfeJhtwlaxmiftwGif;ü opöm&SdpGmaexdkifcJUNyD; axmifwGif;wkdufyGJrsm;tm; opöm&Sd pGmyg0ifcJholrsm;tm;vnf;aumif;? 1988 rS 1990 txd uRefawmfyg0ifvIyf&Sm;cJhaom &efukefpufrI wuúodkvfausmif;om;rsm;or*¾? ausmufwHwm;NrdKYe,fausmif;om;or*¾? 'Drdku&ufwpfausmif;om; vli,frsm;tiftm;pk (&efukefwdkif;)? ArmEkdifiHvHk;qdkif&mausmif;om;or*¾rsm;tzGJYcsKyf (atmufArmjynf)? ArmEdkifiHvHk;qdkif&mausmif;om;or*¾rsm;tzGJYcsKyf (ArmEdkifiH)? trsKd;om;'Drdkua&pDawmfvSefa&;wyfaygif;pk (NDRF) wdkhtm; *kPfjyKOD;ñTwfvdkufygonf/ uRefawmftm; i,fpOfuyif avUvm&ef EdkifiHa&;pmayESifU rSwfwrf;rSwf&mrsm; ay;tyfcJUaom bBuD;t&if; ocifa
atmifxGef;

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NAw d o d Qe,fcsq YJ efusiaUf &; 'Drdkua&pDa&; zufqpf*syefawmfvSefa&; vGwfvyfa&;BudK;yrf;rI Nidrf;csrf;a&; vlYtcGifUta&;BudK;yrf;rIESifU (88) ESpf (1903 - 1991) ausmif;om;vIyf&Sm;rIordkif;

pmtkyx f w k af 0&jcif; trSm Edik if w H pfc\ k ordik ;f onf ,if;Edik if w H iG ;f &Sd ordik ;f acwfumvudk rodrrSv D u kd o f nfh vli,frsK;d qufrsm; twGuf ta&;BuD;ygonf/ vli,frsKd;qufrsm;taejzifU rdrdEdkifiH\ordkif;udk tjzpftrSeftwdkif; od&SdEdkif&ef vdktyfygonf/ od&Sd½kHwifru rdrdEdkifiH\ ordkif;jzpf&yfrsm;twGif;rS tm;aumif;csufrsm;udk vufqifhurf; qufcEH ikd &f efEiS hf tm;enf;csurf sm;udk oifcef;pmxkw, f w l wf&ef ydí k ta&;Bu;D ygonf/ odrhk o S m rdrEd ikd if t H wGuf rdrdykckH;ay:&Sd vuf&SdypöKyÜefumv wm0efrsm;twGufa&m tem*wfwm0efrsm;twGufyg wm0efausyGefEdkifrnf jzpfygonf/ jrefrmEdkifiHtaejzifU acwfumvtqufquf ordkif;jzpf&yfrSefrsm; pkpnf;azmfxkwfEdkifrI tm;enf; cJyU gonf/ txl;ojzifU Adv k af e0if;ppftmPm&Sit f yk pf rk S 1962ckEpS f ppftmPmodr;f Ny;D aemufyikd ;f ordik ;f tarSmif acwfudk usa&mufcJU&ygonf/ jrefrmEdkifiHordkif;wGif ta&;ygonfU tcef;u@wGifyg0ifcJUonfU ausmif;om; or*¾pdwf"mwfESifU ausmif;om;pdwf"mwfudktajccHonfU ausmif;om;or*¾vIyf&Sm;rI? ausmif;om;vIyf&Sm;rIrsm; udk taMumufBuD;aMumuf&GHY cJUaom ppftmPm&SiftkyfpkrS ppftmPmodrf;NyD;NyD;csif; ausmif;y&0PftwGif; aoG;pGe;f apcJo U nfU (7) &uf Zlvikd af usmif;om;vIy&f mS ;rIEiS hf ausmif;om;or*¾taqmuftODtm; &ufpuf½idk ;f jypGm rdik ;f jzifNU zKd ccJG jUJ cif;jzifU jrefrmEdik if aH usmif;om;vIy&f mS ;rI ordik ;f udk tpazsmufvufpwk;H ypf&ef BuKd ;pm;cJMU uygonf/ rnfonfU tkyfcsKyfolrqdk ordkif;trSefudk azsmufzsufvdrfnmí r&Edkifyg/ jrefrmEdkifiHausmif;om; vIy&f mS ;rIordik ;f udv k nf; ppftmPm&Sit f qufqufrS rnfoyhkd ifvrd n f mazsmufzsuaf pcsiu f mrl azsmufzsuyf pfí &rnfr[kwfyg/ rsKd;qufqdkonfum azsmufzsufypfvdkhr&ovdk jrefrmEdkifiH ausmif;om;rsKd;qufa[mif;rsm;rS ausmif;om;rsK;d qufopftoD;oD;odhk ausmif;om;or*¾ pdw"f mwfEiS hf ausmif;om;vIy&f mS ;rI ordik ;f tqufqufukd tpOftquf vufqifhurf;tarGay;cJhonfom jzpfygonf/ xdkhtwGufvnf; &ufpufMurf;MuKyfvSonfU ppftmPm&Sipf epfatmufwiG f ppftmPm&Siq f efu h siaf &; ausmif;om;vIy&f mS ;rIrsm; qufwu kd q f o kd vdk ay:aygucf UJ &onfom jzpfygonf/ ,ck jrefrmEdkifiHausmif;om;vIyf&Sm;rIrsm;ordkif;udk a&;om;jyKpkcJhonfU udkatmifxGef;onf 1988 ckESpf ausmif;om;vIyf&Sm;rIumvESifh &Spfav;vkH;ta&;awmfykHBuD;twGif; &efukefpufrIwuúodkvfausmif;om; acgif;aqmifwOD;jzpfygonf/ 1990 ckESpf ausmif;om;vIyf&Sm;rIrsm;twGif; ausmif;om;or*¾acgif;aqmifwOD; tjzpf ppftusOf;axmiftwGif; tusOf;uscHcJh&ygonf/ ppftusOf;axmiftwGif; olMuHKqkHcJh&onfh e,fcsJY qefhusifa&;umvrS ausmif;om;acgif;aqmifrsKd;qufrsm; rSonf acwftqufquf ausmif;om;acgif;aqmif rsKd;qufrsm;xHrS od&SdcJh&onfU ausmif;om;vIyf&Sm;rItawGYtMuHK? ausmif;om;vIyf&Sm;rIorkdif;rsm;rS jrefrmEdkifiH orkdif;twGuf vdktyfaeonfU uGufvyfjzpfaeonfh jrefrmEdkifiHausmif;om;vIyf&Sm;rIordkif;tm; jyKpk&ef pdwful;ay:aygufcJUygonf/ ppftusOf;axmiftwGif;rS jyefvnfvGwfajrmufvmonfU tcsdefrSpwifí ,ck jrefrmEdik if aH usmif;om;vIy&f mS ;rIordik ;f pmtkyt f m; tywfwukwBf uKd ;pm;tm;xkwf a&;om;jyKpck yUJ gonf/ pmtkyaf &; om;jyKpkNyD;cJUaomfvnf; ppftmPm&Sifpepfatmufü us,fjyefhpGm xkwfa0&efrjzpfEdkifcJhyg/ rdwÅLyGm;onfU tqifUrQom wwfEdkifcJUygonf/ ,if;pmtkyf jyKpka&;om;cJUonfUudpöjzpfyif udkatmifxGef;tygt0if pmtkyfjzpf ajrmufa&;twGuf ulnDyHUydk;ay;cJUonfh rsKd;quftoD;oD;rS ausmif;om;acgif;aqmifrsm;tm; ppftmPm&Sif rsm;rS tnd§K;taw;BuD;pGmjzifU zrf;qD;tusOf;cscJUygonf/ wcsKdYausmif;om;acgif;aqmif rsKd;qufrsm;um ppf tusO;f axmiftwGi;f usq;Hk uG,v f eG o f mG ;cJyU gNy/D wcsKu Yd m tusO;f axmifrS vGwaf jrmufNy;D rMumrD usq;Hk uG,f vGef oGm;&&Smonf/ wcsKdYum jyefvnfvGwfajrmufvmcJUNyD jzpfonf/ udkatmifxGef;rSmum ,aehwdkif ppftusOf;axmiftwGif; tusOf;uscHae&qJjzpfonf/ - 15 -

udak tmifxeG ;f a&;om;jyKpck o hJ nfU jrefrmEdik if aH usmif;om;vIy&f mS rIordik ;f pmtkyo f nf 1903 ckEpS rf pS wif í 1991 ckESpftxd jrefrmEdkifiHausmif;om;or*¾rsm;\vIyf&Sm;rI? ausmif;om;vIyf&Sm;rIrSwfwrf;rsm;? ,if;vIyf&Sm;rIrsm;wGif udk,fwdkifudk,fus yg0ifcJUolrsm;\ rSwfwrf;rsm;udktajccHí jyKpka&;om;cJUjcif; jzpfyg onf/ ,ckrdrdwdkh ArmEdkifiHvkH;qdkif&mausmif;om;or*¾rsm;tzGJYcsKyf-EdkifiHjcm;a&;&maumfrwDrS xkwfa0onfU udkatmifxGef;\ jrefrmEdkifiHausmif;om;vIyf&Sm;rIordkif;pmtkyfwGifrl rdrdwdkhvufcH&&Sdxm;onfU 1903 ckESpfrS 1962 ckEpS x f d pmrlrw d LÅ udo k m azmfjyxkwaf 0Edik yf gonf/ rdrw d v hkd ufc&H &So d nfU pmrlrw d LÅ rsm;rSmvnf; tqifq U ifU rdwÅLyGm;,lxm;&jcif;jzpfonfUtavsmuf pmvkH;? pmaMumif;? pmydk'frsm; rxif&Sm;jcif;? jywfawmufjcif;rsm; &SdaeygojzifU tm;enf;csufrsm; &SdaeEdkifygonf/ rdrdwdkhtaejzifUvnf; udkatmifxGef;\ ausmif;om;vIyf&Sm;rI ordik ;f pmtkyt f m; taumif;rGef tjynfpU q Hk ;Hk jzpfatmif BuKd ;pm;jyifqifc&UJ onft U wGuf xGu&f o dS ifo U nfu U mvxuf aemufusrS xkwfa0EdkifcJU&jcif;udkvnf; cGifUvTwfem;vnfay;yg&ef awmif;yeftyfygonf/ rdrw d hkd ArmEdik if v H ;Hk qkid &f mausmif;om;or*¾rsm;tzGcYJ sKy-f Edik if jH cm;a&;&maumfrwDtaejzifU udak tmifxeG ;f \,ckpmtkyt f m; xkwaf 0Edik cf jUJ cif;twGuf vuf&rdS sK;d qufausmif;om;vli,frsm;twGi;f jrefrmEdik if aH usmif;om; vIy&f mS ;rIordik ;f uGi;f quftm; vufqifu U rf;ay;Edik &f ef? jrefrmEdik if aH usmif;om;vIy&f mS ;rIorkid ;f tm; avUvmaeol rsm;twGuf qufpyfay;Edkif&efESifU aemiftem*wf jrefrmEkdifiHordkif;jzpf&yfrSefrsm; jyefvnfa&;om;jyKpkonfU tcg taxmuftuljyKEdkif&eftwGuf tusKd;jzpfxGef;vdrfUrnf[k ,kHMunfygonf/ ,ckpmtkyftm; a&;om;jyKpkcJUol? ,ckpmtkyfa&;om;jyKpkcJUonfU udpö&yfaMumifU ,aehxufwdkif ppftusO;f axmiftwGi;f tusO;f uscaH e&qJjzpfonfh (88) rsK;d qufausmif;om;acgi;f aqmif udak tmifxeG ;f tm; vnf;aumif;? e,fcsq YJ efu h siaf &;umvrSonf ,aehppftmPmqefu h siaf &;? 'Dru kd a&pDa&;wdu k yf u JG mvtxdwikd f wkdufyGJtqufqufü usqkH;cJU&aom? udk,fusKd;pGefhtepfemcHcJUMuaom ausmif;om;rsKd;quftoD;oD;tm; rdrdwdkh ArmEdkifiHvkH;qdkif&mausmif;om;or*¾rsm;tzGJYcsKyf - EdkifiHjcm;a&;&maumfrwDrS av;pm;pGm OD;ñTwf*kPfjyK tyfygonf/

EdkifiHjcm;a&;&maumfrwD ArmEdkifiHvkH;qdkif&mausmif;om;or*¾rsm;tzGJYcsKyf rwfv (9) &uf? 2007 ckESpf

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rmwdum yxrwGJ (1903 - 1942) -

aus;Zl;wifvTm (1) udkatmifapmOD;\ trSm (5) nDawmfaemifawmf or*¾ausmif;om;&Jabmftaygif;odkh OD;ñTwfjcif; (7) ordkif;a&;oGm;wJU ordkif; (9) udkatmifxGef; (pma&;oludk,fa&;tusOf;) (12) pma&;ol\ trSm - yxrwJG (13) pmtkyfxkwfa0&jcif; trSm (15) rmwdum - yxrwGJ (1903-1942) (17-21) pma&;ol\ trSm - 'kwd,wJG (23) rmwdum - 'kwd,wGJ (1945-1962) (25-32)

tcef; (1) udkvdkeDacwfOD;ydkif; e,fcsJUqefYusifa&; trsKd;om;a&;toGif (1903 rS 1906) ausmif;om;vIyf&Sm;rIordkif; (u) 1903-ckESpf &Sdcdk;jyóemESifh ausmif;om;vIyf&Sm;rI . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . (c) 0dkiftrfbDat (Y.M.B.A) tpausmif;om;u . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . tcef; (2) udkvdkeDacwfOD;ydkif; e,fcsJUqefYusifa&; trsKd;om;a&;toGif (1918 rS 1921) ausmif;om;vIyf&Sm;rIordkif; 1920 yxrausmif;om;oydwf (u) aumvdyfoydwfrwdkifrD ausmif;om;rsm;tajctae . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . (c) 1920 yxrausmif;om;oydwf jzpfay:vm&jcif;taMumif;t&if; . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . (*) oydwftwGufjyifqifMujcif; . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . (C) oydwfarSmufpOfjrifuGif;ESifh ausmif;om;wdkY\ckdifrmaompdwf"gwf . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . (i) pdefayg[kdufpul;ausmif;om;rsm; yg0ifvmjcif; . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . (p) rEÅav;NrKdUoydwf . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . (q) oydwft&Sdefwufvmjcif; . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . (Z) awmif;qkdcsufay;ydkYjcif;ESifh ausmif;rwuf&efqHk;jzwfjcif; . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . (ps) trsKd;om;ausmif;? trsKd;om;aumvdyfwnfaxmifjcif; . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . (n) 1920 yxrausmif;om;oydwf trsKd;om;a&;atmifjrifrIrsm; . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . - trsKd;om;aumvdyfausmif;rsm;odkY q&mBuD;ocifudk,fawmfrIdif;rdefYMum;csuf . . . . . . . . . . - trsKd;om;ynma&; aumifpDOuú| OD;armifBuD; (trfat) rdefYMum;csuf . . . . . . . . . . . . (#) trsKd;om;aeYowfrSwfjcif; . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . À "gwfyHku@ (9? 16? 22-34) tcef; (3) udkvdkeDacwfv,fydkif; e,fcsJUqefYusifa&; trsKd;om;a&;toGif (1922 rS 1930) ausmif;om;vli,frsm; vIyf&Sm;rIordkif; (u) 1922-23 wuúodkvfausmif;om;rsm;tajctae . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . (c) vli,frsm;BuD;yGm;a&;toif;ESifh ausmif;om;rsm; . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . (*) ArmEdkifiHvHk;qdkif&mvli,ftzGJUcsKyfESifh ausmif;om;rsm; . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . (C) EdkifiHjcm;jzpfpD;u&ufraomufa&;vIHYaqmfrIESifh ausmif;om;rsm; . . . . . . . . . . . . . (i) EdkifiHjcm;jzpft0wftxnfqefYusifa&;ESifh ausmif;om;rsm; . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . - 17 -

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4 4 5 8 11 13 14 14 15 16 17 19 20 20

35 35 36 36 36

(p) e,fcsJUtpdk;&qefYusifa&;ESifh ausmif;om;rsm; . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . (q) wdkYArmtpnf;t½Hk;tp ausmif;om;u . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . (Z) cGyfa'gif;tp &Jwyfu? wyfrawmftp ausmif;om;u . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . (ps) 1925 ckESpf rEÅav;aumvdyfausmif;om;rsm;\ trsKd;om;a&;vIyf&Sm;rI . . . . . . . . À "gwfyHku@ (38)

. . . .

. . . .

. . . .

37 37 39 39

tcef; (4) udkvdkeDacwfv,fydkif; e,fcsJUqefYusifa&; vGwfvyfa&; BudK;yrf;rI trsKd;om;a&;toGif (1930 rS 1931) ausmif;om;vIyf&Sm;rIordkif; (u) 1930 ckESpfESifh ¤if;ESpfrwdkifrD ausmif;om;rsm;tajctae . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 41 (c) wuo zGJUpnf;jzpf&eftajctae . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 41 (*) &efukefwuúodkvfausmif;om;or*¾ taqmuftODjzpfay:vmyHk . . . . . . . . . . . . . 42 (C) wuo pwifjzpfay:vmyHk . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 42 (i) pnf;rsOf;a&;qGJa&;tzGJU\ oabmxm; . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 44 (p) 1931 ck wuor*¾Zif; . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 44 (q) 1931 ck aemufydkif; o[m,ESifh pmzwftoif; . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 44 (Z) udkApdefESifh wuúodkvfajrvIyf&Sm;rI . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 45 (ps) &efukefwuúodkvfausmif;om;or*¾vIyf&Sm;rIESifh wdkYArmoDcsif; . . . . . . . . . . . . . 45 (n) &efukefwuúodkvfausmif;om;or*¾yxrqHk;Ouú| udkxGef;pdef . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 46 (#) udkxGef;pdefESifh trsKd;om;pdwf . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 46 (X) udkxGef;pdefESifh wuoa½G;aumufyGJ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 48 (!) 1931-32 wuoyxrOD;qHk;trIaqmiftzGJU . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 50 À wuojzpfajrmufa&; Ouú| OD;ausmfcif . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 51 À yxrqH k ; wuoOuú | OD ; xG e f ; pd e f . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 52 À "gwfyHku@ (42) tcef; (5) udkvdkeDacwfaESmif;ydkif; e,fcsJUqefYusifa&; vGwfvyfa&;BudK;yrf;rI trsKd;om;a&;toGif (1932 rS 1935) ausmif;om;vIyf&Sm;rIordkif; (u) 1932-33 wuú o d k v f a jrvI y f & S m ;rI . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 53 (c) ud k A pd e f E S i f h wuú o d k v f a jrvI y f & S m ;rI . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 54 - 1932-33 wuotrI a qmif t zJ G U . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 54 (*) 1933-34 wuotrI a qmif t zG J U . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 54 (C) 1934-35 wuotrIaqmiftzGJUESifh udkausmfNidrf;? udkEk? udkodef;az . . . . . . . . . . 55 (i) 1934-35 wuotrIaqmiftzJGU . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 55 (p) 1935 ausmif;om; (11)a,muf ausmif;xkwfcH&onfhudpö . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 56 À 1931-32 Ouú | OD ; bd k ; ul ; . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 57 À 1932-33 Ouú | OD ; pH a zmf a tmif . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 58 À 1933-34 Ouú| OD;odrf;armif . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 58 À 1934-35 Ouú| OD;zdk;at; . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 59 tcef; (6) udkvdkeDacwfaESmif;ydkif; e,fcsJUqefYusifa&; vGwfvyfa&;BudK;yrf;rI trsKd;om;a&;toGif (1935 rS 1936) ausmif;om;vIyf&Sm;rIordkif; (u) udkodef;az? q&mBuD;ocifudk,fawmfrIdif;ESifh wdkYArmtpnf;t½Hk; . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 60 (c) 1935-36 wuúodkvfausmif;om;rsm;tajctae . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 60 - 18 -

(*) udkEk? udkatmifqef;? udkausmfNidrf;? ukdodef;az? udktkef;ESifh wuo (1935) . . . . . . . . . . (C) 1935-36 wuotrIaqmiftzGJUESifh xdkig;OD; . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . (i) udkatmifqef;\ ausmif;om;b0 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . (p) or*¾ (wuo) r*¾Zif; ESpfapmif . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . (q) udkatmifqef;? udkndKjrESifh tdk;a0r*¾Zif; . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . (Z) tdk;a0r*¾Zif;yg udkatmifqef;\ t,f'Dwmhtmabmf . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . (ps) 1936 tdk;a0r*¾Zif;yg udkatmifqef;\ ausmif;om;avmu oHk;oyfcsufaqmif;yg; . . . . . . (n) q&mBuD;ocifu, kd af wmfridI ;f \ wuúov kd o f r*¾EiS hf a'gif;tk;d a0r*¾Zif;bGUJ tvuFmr*Fvm av;csK;d BuD; (#) 1936 ‘'kwd,wuúodkvfausmif;om;oydwfjzpfyGm;apaom taMumif;&if;rsm; . . . . . . . . . . . . (1) udkEka[majymrI . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . (2) tdk;a0r*¾Zif;ESifh i&JacG;BuD;aqmif;yg; . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . (3) xdkav;a,mufaMumifh oydwfay:aygufyHk . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . (4) tdk;a0r*¾Zif;yg i&JacG;BuD;vGwfaeNyDaqmif;yg; *,ufrsm; . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . (X) oydwfpwifjzpfay:vmjcif; . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . - udkodef;az\ ewftdk;uGJpmwrf; . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . (!) oydwfjrifuGif; . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . (¡) oydwft&Sdefwufvmjcif; . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . (P) awmif;qdkcsuf (10) csuf . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . (w) 1936 ref;Oypmaumvdyf? udkA[def;ESifh ppfudkif;0kdif;pOfu . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . (x) oydwfwm;xGufMujcif; . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . (') oydwfarSmufaphpyfjcif;ESifh oydwfvSefjcif; . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . (") 1936 oydwf\tusKd;aus;Zl;rsm; . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . (e) trsKd;om;wuúodkvfjzpfay:vmyHk . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . (y) trsKd;om;wuúodkvfzGifhyGJ qmOD;oGifrdefYcGef;tESpfcsKyf . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . (z) 1936 yxrtBudrf ArmEdkifiHvHk;qdkif&mausmif;om;rsm;or*¾ (Auo) nDvmcH . . . . . . . . . . . (A) e*g;eD pmtkyftoif;tp ausmif;om;u . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . (b) AuotzGJU\ r[mAsL[mESifh enf;AsK[m . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . À 1935-36 Ouú| OD;Ek . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . À "gwfyHku@ (82? 87? 91-97)

61 62 63 63 64 64 65 67 69 69 69 71 71 72 74 77 79 80 81 82 83 83 84 85 86 87 87 89

tcef; (7) udkvdkeDacwfaESmif;ydkif; e,fcsJUqefYusifa&; vGwfvyfa&;BudK;yrf;rI trsKd;om;a&;toGif (1937 rS 1938) ausmif;om;vIyf&Sm;rIordkif; 98 (u) &Srf;-ArmaoG;pnf;a&;tp wuo . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 99 (c) 1936-37 AuoESifh wuo . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 100 (*) twGif;pnf; (Inner Circle) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 100 (C) or*¾rsm; (Auo? wuo) ESifh ‘wdkYArmtpnf;t½Hk;qufoG,frI . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 101 (i) ‘'kwd,tBudrf Auo nDvmcH . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 101 (i-1) udkA[def;rS udkpdefcdkodkYay;ydkYaompm . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 102 (i-2) ukdatmifqef;rS ukdpdefckdodkYay;pm . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 103 (i-3) ukdatmifqef;rS ukdpdefckdxHay;pm . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 104 (i-4) ukdjrpdefokdY ukdatmifqef;rS ay;pm . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 104 (i-5) ukdjrpdefokdY ukdatmifqef;ay;pm . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 105 (i-6) ukdjrpdefokdY ukdatmifqef;rS ay;pm . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . - 19 -

(i-7) Auo nDvmcH usif;yjcif; jrifuGif; (arv (9)? (10) &uf 1937) . . . . . . . . . . - udkA[def;rdefYcGef; . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . (p) ‘'kwd,tBudrf Auo nDvmcH qHk;jzwfcsufrsm; . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . (q) 1937-38 wuoESifh AuotrIaqmiftzGJU . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . (Z) 'kw, d tBudrf ArmEkid if v H ;kH qdik &f mausmif;om;rsm;or*¾ uGezf &ifrh S wwd,uGezf &ifrh wdik rf D tpD&ifcpH m (Z-1) jrbl ; aumf r wD . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . (Z-2) rSwfwrf; . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . (Z-3) 1937-38 Auo\ vkyfaqmifrIrsm; . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . (ps) wwd,tBudrf AuouGefz&ifhusif;y&ef jyifqifjcif; . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . (n) Auo wwd,uGefz&ifhodkY zdwfMum;olrsm;pm&if; . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . (#) wwd,tBudrf AuonDvmcHusif;yjcif; jrifuGif; ({NyD 24-25 1938) . . . . . . . . (X) 1938-39 AuoESifh wuotrIaqmiftzGJU . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . (!) ykodrfuGefz&ifhrS aEG&moDpcef; . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . (!-1) ZD;csKdifhc&D; . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . (¡) wwd,tBudrf ykodrfuGefz&ifhwGif Ouú| udkatmifqef; ajymMum;aom tzGifhrdefYcGef; . . . . . . (P) rsKd;ñGefYr*¾Zif;aqmif;yg;tcsKdU . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . (P-1) "r®ESifht"r® (a&;ol-okyPÖu) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . (P-2) aoG;pnf;Muavmh (a&;ol- &J&Jawmufoef;wif- NrKdUrausmif; &efukef) . . . . . . . (P-3) qif;&Jom;ypönf;rJhrsm;ESifh ausmif;om;rsm; (a&;ol- armifA[def;) . . . . . . . . (w) Auo? wuo OuúX udkatmifqef;\ ausmif;ydwf&ufvkyfief;wm0ef vufrSwfygrl . . . (x) cGyfa'gif;tvHteDatmufcH? a½T0ga&mifcGyfa'gif;oHk;pGJyHk (1938? twGJtrSwf 1) tkd;a0 . . . . (') 1938 &efukefwuúodkvftufOya' jyifqifcsuf (rlMurf;) udpö . . . . . . . . . . . . . (") wuúodkvfOya'Murf;udk tb,faMumifh pGefYy,fvdkuf&oenf; . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ("-1) pufwifbm (5) &ufaeY owif;pmrsm;wGif Ouú| ukdatmifqef;\ rsKd;cspftrwfwkdYtm; wkdufwGef;EId;aqmfcsuf ("-2) AuoESifh wuo trIaqmifwkdY\ jyefwrf;rS aumufEkwfcsuf . . . . . . . . . . . . . ("-3) 1938 ck? pufwifbmv? (6) &ufaeY wuúodkvfor*¾"r®m½kHwGif usif;yaom ausmif;om;rsm; tpnf;ta0;wGif Ouú| udkatmifqef;ajymaom rdefYcGef; ("-4) Auo taxGaxGtwGif;a&;rSL; ukdA[def;\ xkwfjyefaMunmcsuf . . . . . . . . . . . . À 1936-37 Ouú | OD ; &m&S p f . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . À 1937-38 Ouú | OD ; b*srf ; (yk * H ) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . À 1938-39 Ouú| AdkvfcsKyfatmifqef; . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . À "gwfyHku@ (100? 129)

106 106 109 109 110 110 111 119 121 122 124 126 127 128 128 139 139 141 142 144 144 144 147 147 147 148 149 151 152 153

tcef; (8) udkvdkeDacwfaESmif;ydkif; e,fcsJUqefYusifa&; vGwfvyfa&;BudK;yrf;rI trsKd;om;a&;toGif (1938 rS 1939) ausmif;om;vIyf&Sm;rIordkif; 154 (u) &efukefwuúokdvf ausmif;om;rsm;or*¾ (wuo) zGJUpnf;yHkpnf;rsOf; . . . . . . . . . . . 170 (c) 1939-40 AuoESifh wuotrIaqmiftzGJU . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 170 (*) yxrtBudrfausmif;om;vTwfawmftwGuf jyifqifjcif; . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 171 (C) yxrtBudrfausmif;om;vTwfawmf . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 172 - ud k A [d e f ; rd e f Y c G e f ; . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 176 (i) 1300 jynfhta&;awmfyHkESifh ausmif;om;rsm; . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 179 (p) wwd,ausmif;om;oydwftwGuf jyifqifMujcif; . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . - 20 -

(q) yxre,fcsJUtmPmzDqefrI . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . (Z) wwd,ausmif;om;oydwfBuD; . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . (ps) wwd,ausmif;om;oydwf*,uf . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . (n) udkatmifausmfpmay . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . (#) udkatmifausmfpsmye . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . - AdkvfatmifausmfewfoH (rif;ok0Pf) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . (X) 'kdYausmif;om;oDcsif; ESpfyk'f . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . (!) ref;tmZmenf (17) OD; ta&;awmfyHk . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . (¡) ref;tmZmenf (17) OD; psmyetcrf;tem; . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . - armfuGef;0ifoDcsif;. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . - rEÅav;acgif;aqmif udkarmifudkrdefYcGef; . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . - AuoOuú|rdefYcGef; . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . (P) tmZmenfrsm;aeY t"d|mefjyKpmwrf; . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . À 1938-39 Ouú | OD ; A[d e f ; . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . À 1939-40 Ouú| a'gufwmvSa½T (tmPm&Sif) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . À "gwfyHku@ (178? 184? 186? 193? 199? 200? 212-221) À twGif;0ef½Hk;ü jzpfyGg;cJhaom t"du½kPf;ESihf ywfoufí pHkprf;a&;aumfrwD tpD&ifcHpm (0-41)

181 183 187 191 192 194 195 196 203 203 205 206 207 210 211

tcef; (9) udkvdkeDacwfaESmif;ydkif; e,fcsJUqefYusifa&; vGwfvyfa&;BudK;yrf;rI trsKd;om;a&;toGif (1939 rS 1940) ausmif;om;vIyf&Sm;rIordkif; (u) 1300 jynfh taxGaxGoydwfaemufydkif;umv . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 264 (c) udkatmifausmfusqHk;NyD;aemuf ausmif;om;oydwf t&Sdefjrifhwufjcif;ESifh taxGaxGoydwf . . . 265 (*) 'kwd,tBudrf ausmif;om;vTwfawmf . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 266 (C) ausmif;om;rsm;tpmiwfcHqE´jyjcif; . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 266 (i) qif h q d k j cif ; ES p f & yf . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 267 (p) a'gufwmbarmfjyKwfusjcif;ESifh ausmif;om;rsm;aphpyfjcif; . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 268 (q) ausmif;om;rsm; ESpftkyfpkuGJjcif; . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 270 271 (Z) wwd,tBudrf ausmif;om;vTwfawmf . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 272 (ps) 'kwd,urÇmppfrwdkifrD ausmif;om;vIyf&Sm;rI . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 273 (n) oHrPdwyfrsm;zGJUpnf;jcif; . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 273 (#) oHrPdtzGJUBuD; trdefYtrSwf (1) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 278 (X) oHrPdtzGJUBuD; trdefYtrSwf (2) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 283 (!) oHrPdtzGJUBuD; trdefYtrSwf (3) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 290 (¡) oHrPdtzGJUBuD; trdefYtrSwf (4) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 291 (P) ajratmufvIyf&Sm;rIESifh ausmif;om;rsm; . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 292 (w) 'kwd,tBudrfausmif;om;rsm;uGefz&ifhaMunmcsuf . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 292 (x) udkA[def;ESifh ta&;awmfyHkpmapmif . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 293 (') AuoES p f 0 uf tpD & if c H p m . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 296 (") wuúodkvftufOya' tqifhqifhjyifqifjcif; . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 299 À 1940-41 Ouú| OD;AaqG . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 300 À 1941-42 Ouú| OD;vSarmif . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . À "gwfyHku@ (268? 293) - 21 -

33 YEARS MY BIRTHDAY REMEMBERING

ordik ;f onf vufawGY tawGt Y MuKH jzpfonf/

pma&;ol\ trSm 'kwd,wJG uRefawmf 'kwd,wGJ (1945-62) ckESpftxd a&;om;&mwGif vrf;aMumif;wckay:wGifom a&G;cs,fa&;om;cJUygonf/ xdkacwfu&SdcJUaom tpdk;&rsm; (zqyv) (tdrfapmifUtpdk;&) (yxptpdk;&) wdkhESifU twdu k t f cHtzJt YG pnf;rsm; (ArmjynfueG jf rLepfygw)D (tvHeu D eG jf rLepfygw)D (yrnw) ponfwEhkd iS hf ausmif;om; rsm; qufpyfrrlS sm;udk ra&;om;rdap&ef txl;owdxm;cJo U nf/ zqyvtpd;k & rSm;onf? rSeo f nf/ tdraf pmift h pd;k & rSm;onf? rSeo f nf/ yxptpd;k & rSm;onf? rSeo f nf/ ArmjynfueG jf rLepfygwD rSm;onf? rSeo f nf/ qd&k , S v f pfygwD rSm;onf? rSefonf ponfwdkhudka&;om;xm;onf r[kwfyg/ qdk&S,fvpf0g'? uGefjrLepf0g'? t&if;&Sif0g' aumif;onf? qdk;onfwdkhudkvnf; a0zefa&;om;xm;onf r[kwfyg/ xdktcsdefumvu jzpfay:aeaom ausmif;om;trsm;pk\ qE´ESifUwxyfwnf;? teD;pyfqHk;jzpfonfU ausmif;om;vSKyf&Sm;rIudkom &SmazGBudK;yrf;a&;om; xm;jcif;jzpfygonf/ ausmif;om;qdkonfrSm rnfonfUacwf tcsdefwGif&Sd&Sd? rnfonfUacwf tcsdefwGifMunfUMunfU ½dk;om;pGm trSeftwdkif; jrifrIrsm;udkom azmfxkwfzGifU[ vIy&f mS ;rI jyKvyk Mf uygonf/ xdt k csed u f tpd;k &ESiUf oabmxm;wdu k q f ikd o f nfvnf; &Srd nf? rwdu k q f ikd o f nfvnf; &Srd nf/ ausmif;om;wd\ hk tcGit Uf a&;udk umuG,&f mü ¤if;tpd;k &ESiUf oabmxm;rwdu k q f ikd &f mwGif ¤if;ausmif;om; vIy&f mS ;rIrsm; jzpfay:vmonf/ jynfov l x l \ k toHrsm; om;orD;rsm;jzpfaom ausmif;om;rsm;tay: yJw U if½u kd cf wf vmaomtcg ausmif;om;vIy&f mS ;rIrsm; ydrk jkd yif;xefvmrnfom jzpfonf/ xdahk MumifU uReaf wmfonf xdv k rf;aMumif; rsKd;udkom a&G;cs,fa&;om;xm;ygonf/ xkdpmtkyfjzifU 'Drdkua&pDESifUvltcGifha&; wdkufyGJtqifUqifUwGif usqHk;oGm;olrsm;tm;vnf;aumif;? yg0ifvIyf&Sm;cJUolrsm;tm;vnf;aumif;? &Spfav;vHk;ta&;awmfyHkBuD;twGif;ü (3) ESpft&G,f cav;i,frStp touf (100) ausmf tzdk;tzGm;rsm;tqHk; ¤if;wdkhyg0ifvIyf&Sm;rIudkvnf;aumif;? &Spfav;vHk;ta&;awmfyHkBuD; tm;vnf;aumif;? uReaf wmfet hJ wl axmiftwGi;f ü opöm&Spd mG aexdik cf NUJ y;D axmifwiG ;f wdu k yf rJG sm;tm; opöm&Spd mG yg0ifcJUolrsm;tm;vnf;aumif;? 1988 rS 1990 txd uRefawmfyg0ifvIyf&Sm;cJUaom &efukefpufrIwuúodkvf ausmif;om;rsm;or*¾? ausmufwHwm;NrdKYe,fausmif;om;or*¾? 'Drdku&ufwpfausmif;om;vli,frsm;tiftm;pk (&efuek w f ikd ;f )? ArmEdik if v H ;kH qdik &f mausmif;om;or*¾rsm;tzGcYJ sKyf (atmufArmjynf)? ArmEdik if v H ;kH qdik &f mausmif;om; or*¾rsm;tzGJYcsKyf (ArmEdkifiH)? trsKd;om;'Drkdua&pDawmfvSefa&;wyfaygif;pk (NDRF) wdkhtm; *kPfjyKOD;ñTwf vdkufygonf/ uReaf wmftm; i,fpOfuyifavUvm&ef Edik if aH &;pmayESiUf rSww f rf;rSw&f mrsm; ay;cJaU om bBu;D t&if; ocifa
atmifxGef; (2? 11? 96) - 23 -

DEDICATION TO MY FATHER AND MOTHER WHO HAVE HELPED ME BECAUSE EVERYTHING I CAN BE, I CAN DO. THANKS.

rmwdum 'kw, d wGJ (1945 - 1962) tcef; (10) vGwfvyfa&;BudK;yrf;rI 'Drdkua&pDa&; vlYtcGifhta&;ESifh trsKd;om;a&;toGif (1945 rS 1947) ausmif;om;vIyf&Sm;rIordkif; (u) 1945 Mo*kwfvrS atmufwkdbmv ta&;ay:wuúokdvf oifwef; . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . - ,m,D wuotrIaqmifaumfrwD . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . (u-1) 1945-46 wuo trIaqmiftzGJU . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . (c) 1946-47 wuo trIaqmiftzGJU . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . (c-1) wuo 1946-47 \ vkyfaqmifrIrsm; . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . (c-2) wuo pnf;rsOf;jyifqifjcif; . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . (c-3) 1946-47ckESpf ausmif;om;vIyf&Sm;rIrsm; . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . (*) AuoESifh wuo yl;aygif;xm;aom ArmEkdifiHvkH;qkdif&moydwfaumifpD (1947) . . . . . . . . . . . (C) ta&G;cH&aom Auo trIaqmiftzGJU ( 1946-47) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . (C-1) Auo nDvmcH (1946-47) rS awmif;qdkcsufrsm; . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . (i) oxkHrD;yGm; eH&Huyfpmapmif (1946-47) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . (p) oxkHrD;yGm; qkwfjzJcH&jcif; . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . (q) oHrPdwyfESifh ausmif;om;wyfOD; (1947) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . (Z) twGif;0ef½kH;0kdif;pOfu (1947) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . (ps) AuoESifh ausmif;om;wyfOD; nDvmcH (1947) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . (n) trsKd;orD;XmetwGuf ñTefMum;vTm . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . À 1945-46 Ouú| OD;oef; . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . À 1946-47 Ouú| OD;oef;armif (ol&d,) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . À "gwfyHku@ (313) tcef; (11) Nidrf;csrf;a&; 'Drdkua&pDa&;BudK;yrf;rI 'Drdkua&pDa&; vlYtcGifhta&; jynfwGif;Nidrf;csrf;a&; trsdK;om;a&;toGif (1948 rS 1949) ausmif;om;vIyf&Sm;rIordkif; (u) 1947-48 AuotrIaqmiftzGJU . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . (c) 1947-48 ynmoifESpf a[majymyGJrsm; . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . (*) 1948-49 Auo tvkyftrIaqmiftzGJU . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . (C) 1947-48 wuotrIaqmiftzGJU . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . (C-1) 1947-48 wuotrIaqmiftzGJU vkyfaqmifcsufrsm; . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . (C-2) 1947-48 tdk;a0r*¾Zif;yg uAsm? aqmif;yg;rsm; . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . - acwfqef; (ndK0if;) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . - &JabmfcsD;usL;ygonf (0if;OD;) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . - urÇmhausmif;om;tzJGUtpnf;rsm; (armifarmifausmf) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . - cGyfa'gif; (rif;ndKOD;) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . (i) 1948-49 wuo trIaqmiftzGJU . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . (p) 1948-49 &uo trIaqmiftzGJU . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . (q) &efukeftpkd;&acwf wuúokdvftajcaeESifh vlrsKd;a&;jyóem . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . (Z) 1948 taqmiftajctae . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . (ps) 1948 ausmif;om;vIyf&Sm;rI . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . À 1947-48 Ouú| OD;pdefvS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . - 25 -

302 302 302 303 303 304 304 305 306 306 307 308 309 309 309 310 311 312

314 314 315 315 315 316 316 316 317 319 320 320 320 321 322 324

1948-49 Ouú| OD;&efa0; . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

325

tcef; (12) Nidrf;csrf;a&; 'Drdkua&pDa&;BudK;yrf;rI 'Drdkua&pDa&; vlYtcGifhta&; jynfwGif;Nidrf;csrf;a&;ESifh trsKd;om;a&;toGif (1949 rS 1950) ausmif;om;vIyf&Sm;rIordkif; (u) &efukefc½kdifausmif;om;rsm; pnf;½kH;a&; jyóem . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . (c) &uo pnf;½kH;a&;aumfrwD (1949) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . (*) axmiftwGif;rS 0ufom;ykyfta&;tcif;ESifh tjyifrSausmif;om;rsm;vIyf&Sm;rI . . . . . . . . . . . . (C) 1949 ckESpf &uoukd w&m;0ifzGJUpnf;jcif;ESihf trsKd;om;aeYusif;yjcif; . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . (i) 1949-50 wuo trIaqmiftzGJU . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . (p) ausmif;om;aeYusif;yjcif; . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . (q) Aef;armfausmif;om; ajcmufOD;udpö . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . (Z) urÇmhjidrf;csrf;a&; qE´jyvufrSwfaumufcHjcif; . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . (ps) wuúokdvfnaeoifwef; zGifhvSpfcJhjcif; . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . (n) 1949 ausmif;om;vIyf&Sm;rI . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . (#) 1949 tkd;a0r*¾Zif;yg uAsm? aqmif;yg; . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . - cGyfa'gif; (a0vif;) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . - or*¾ (udkudkav;) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . (X) 1945 rS 1949 xd Auo . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . À 1949-50 Ouú| a'gufwmarmifarmifausmf . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

326 326 327 327 328 328 329 329 329 329 330 330 330 331 332

tcef; (13) Nidrf;csrf;a&; 'Drdkua&pDa&;BudK;yrf;rI 'Drdkua&pDa&; vlYtcGifhta&;ESifh trsKdom;a&;toGif (1950 rS 1951) ausmif;om;vIyf&Sm;rIordkif; (u) pifjydKif &uorsm; zGJUpnf;&ef MudK;yrf;rI . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . (c) &uo jyefvnfzGJUpnf;jcif; (1950-51) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . (c-1) 1950 wuo trIaqmiftzGJU . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . (c-2) 1950-51 wuo trIaqmiftzJGU . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . (*) vufoD;xkd;? oHwkwf½kdufESifh ausmif;om;rsm; . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . (C) wuotrIaqmifwpfzGJUvkH; jyKwfusjcif; . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . (i) wuo a½G;aumufyGJ topfjyKvkyfjcif; (1950) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . (p) Auo jyefvnfzGJUpnf;a&; pnf;½kH;a&;aumfrwD . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . (q) ukdk&D;,m;ppfyGJESifh wuúokdvfausmif;om;tiftm;pktay: *,uf½kdufrI wk;d wuftiftm;pkay:vmjcif; - Stop! Ye Koreans, Yet There Is Hope . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . (Z) wuo tvkyftpnf;ta0;? oefY&Sif;trIaqmifrsm;ESifh wkd;wuftiftm;pk . . . . . . . . . . . . . (ps) 1950-51 wuo tpD&ifcHpm . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . À 1950-51 Ouú| OD;udkudkav; . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

333 334 334 334 335 337 337 338 338 339 340 341 346

À

tcef; (14) Nidrf;csrf;a&; 'Drdkua&pDa&;BudK;yrf;rI 'Drdkua&pDa&; vlYtcGifhta&; Nidrf;csrf;a&;ESifh trsdK;om;a&;toGif (1951 rS 1952) ausmif;om;vIyf&Sm;rIordkif; 347 (u) Auorsm;tzGJUcsKyf ay:aygufvmjcif; (1951-52) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 348 (c) Auorsm;tzGJUcsKyfESifh AuotzJGUtrIaqmifrsm; . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 348 (c-1) wdk;wufwdkY\ Auorsm;tzGJUcsKyf (A.B.F.S.U) trIaqmifrsm;rSm . . . . . . . . . . . . . . - 26 -

(c-2) 1951-52 wuo trIaqmiftzGJU . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . (c-3) oefY½Sif; AuotrIaqmiftzGJUrsm; (A.B.S.U) 1951-52 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . (*) Auorsm;tzGJUcsKyf vkyfaqmifcsufrSm;,Gif;rIrsm; ( 1951-52 ) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . (C) Auorsm;tzGJUcsKyfESifh jynfwGif;Nidrf;csrf;a&; . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . (i) 1952 tkd;a0r*¾Zif;yg q&mBuD;ocifukd,fawmfrIdif;\ uAsm . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . (p) 1951-52 wuo tpD&ifcHpm . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . (q) Auorsm;tzGJUcsKyf nDvmcH ( 1952-53 ) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . (Z) Auorsm;tzGJUcsKyf tvkyftrIaqmiftzGJU (aysmuf) (ps) wuowGif wkd;wufwkdY ta½G;cH&jcif; ( 1952-53 ) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . (n) 1952-53 wuo trIaqmiftzGJU . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . (#) 1952 tkd;a0r*¾Zif;yg uAsm? aqmif;yg; . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . - ausmif;om;ta&;awmfyHk (ukdb[def;) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . - urÇmYausmif;om;tzJGUcsKyf (udkvS0if;) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . - ppfudkrkef;onf (rif;vSñGefYMuL;) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . À 1951-52 Ouú| OD;pdefbef; . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . À "gwfyHku@ (349? 351? 357) tcef; (15) Nidrf;csrf;a&; 'Drdkua&pDa&;BudK;yrf;rI 'Drdkua&pDa&; ausmif;om;xktcGifhta&;umuG,fa&;ESifh trsKd;om;a&;toGif (1952 rS 1953) ausmif;om;vIyf&Sm;rIordkif; (u) 'Dtufpftkd arG;zGm;jcif; . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . (c) 1952-53 ynmoifESpf . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . (*) 1952 ausmif;om;tcGifhta&; umuG,fa&;wkdufyGJ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . (C) 1952 Zlvkdifv ausmif;aqmifvufcHa&;wkdufyGJ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . (i) 1953-54 wuoa&G;aumufyGJ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . (p) a½G;aumufyGJaeYjrifuGif; . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . (q) ref;wuúodkvfausmif;om;or*¾tajctaeESihf zqyv qkd&S,fvpfwkdY\ tMuH,kwf . . . . . . . . (Z) yJhwif½kdufcwfoHrsm; . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . (1) o[m,ESifU pmzwftoif;aygif;pHk\ arwåm&yfcHcsuf . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . (2) ausmif;om;xktpnf;ta0;yGJjzpfajrmufa&;aumfrwD xkwfjyefaMunmcsuftrSwf (1) . . . . . . (3) w&m;rQwaom a½G;aumufyGJ jzpfajrmufa&;twGuf n§dEIdif;MupdkY . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . (4) &efukefwuúodkvf wdk;wufaomausmif;om;tiftm;pk aMunmcsuf . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . (ps) 1953 atmufwkdbmta&;tcif; jzpfay:ykH . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . (n) 1953 atmufwkdbmta&;awmfyHk jzpfyGm;jcif; . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . (#) ausmif;xJodkY0ifpD;jcif;ESihf t&Sdefjr§ifhwufjcif; vlzrf;yGJrsm;usif;yjcif; . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . (#-1) atmufwkdbmv (2) &ufaeY &efukefwuúokdvfe,fajrü xkwfjyefcJhaomyk'fr ( 144 ) . . . (#-2) tif;0wHcg;rS aoG;pufrsm;odkY . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . (X) Ekd0ifbmausmif;zGifhcsdef ausmif;xkwfyGJESifh wkdufyGJt&SdefjrifhykH . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . (!) rEÅav;wuúodkvf ausmif;om;rsm;wdkufyJG . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . (¡) atmufwkdbmom;orD;rsm; . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . (P) trskKd;om;aeY usif;yjcif; . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . (w) w&m;½kH;wGif &ifqkdifa&;udpö . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . (x) 1952-53 wuo ESpfywfvnftpD&ifcHpm . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . - 27 -

348 348 349 350 350 352 357 358 358 358 359 359 363 366 370

371 371 372 373 373 374 376 377 378 379 380 381 382 387 396 397 398 403 407 409 410 410 410

À À

1952-53 Ouú| OD;udkudkBuD; . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . "gwfyHku@ (392? 393? 394? 396? 399? 400? 401? 402? 403? 405-406? 408? 416? 419-425)

419

tcef; (16) Nidrf;csrf;a&; 'Drdkua&pDa&;BudK;yrf;rI 'Drdkua&pDa&; ausmif;om;xknDñGwfa&;ESifh trsKd;om;a&;toGif (1954 rS 1955) ausmif;om;vIyf&Sm;rIordkif; 426 (u) Auorsm;tzGJUcsKyf nDvmcH . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 427 (c) 1954-55 Auorsm;tzGJUcsKyf trIaqmiftzGJU . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 428 (*) Auorsm;tzGJUcsKyfnDvmcHwGif wifoGif;aom tpD&ifcHpmrsm; . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 433 (C) ausmif;xkwfcH&aom ausmif;om;rsm; ausmif;jyef0ifa&;aumfrwDrS &efukefwuúokdvfaumifpDokdY ay;ykdYaompm 435 (i) &efukefwuúokdvf ausmif;om;nDñGwfa&;wyfOD; . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . À "gwfyHku@ - wwd,tBudrf Auorsm;tzJGUcsKyf nDvmcHBuD; - (439-442) À "gwfyHku@ - ausmif;om;nDñGwfa&;wyfOD;wGif yg0ifvIyf&Sm;cJholrsm; - (443-446) tcef; (17) Nidrf;csrf;a&; 'Drdkua&pDa&;BudK;yrf;rI 'Drdkua&pDa&; ausmif;om;xktcGifhta&;umuG,fa&;ESifh trsKd;om;a&;toGif (1954 rS 1955) ausmif;om;vIyf&Sm;rIordkif; (u) 1954-55 wuoa½G;aumufyGJ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . (c) 1954-55 wuo trIaqmiftzGJU . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . (*) wuo aiG&wkobif . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . (C) pwkw¬tMudrf ausmif;q&mrsm;toif; (&efukef) ESpfywfvnfnDvmcH . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . (i) urÇmYausmif;om;or*¾aeY . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . (p) oHk;cgus ausmif;xkwfpepfjyóem . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . (q) &efukefwuúodkvf ausmif;om;ppftiftm;pk (S.O.F) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . (Z) [,f&Dwefta&;awmfykHESihf uefYuGufyGJrsm; . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . (Z-1) or*¾ (3) ck yl;wGJaMunmcsuf . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . (Z-2) Auorsm;tzGJYcsKyf ñTefMum;vTm . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . (Z-3) EdkifiHawmf0efBuD;csKyfxHay;pm . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . (Z-4) ausmif;om;ta&;awmfyHkaumfrwD aMunmcsuf . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . (Z-5) ta&;awmfyHkaumfrwD aMunmcsuf . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . (Z-6) jynfaxmifpkjrefrmEdkifiHawmftpdk;&? jynfxJa&;0efBuD;Xme trIwGJtrSwf (156-[p) (56) aumufEkwfcsuf (Z-7) t"d|mefpmwrf; . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . (ps) wuo\ ausmif;om;tcGifhta&; awmif;qkdcsufrsm;. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . (n) 34 Mudrfajrmuf trsKd;om;aeYtwGuf Auorsm;tzGJUcsKyf\tqkdrsm; . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . (#) 35 Budrfajrmuf trsKd;om;atmifyGJaeYtqkdrsm; . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . (X) Auorsm;tzGJUcsKyf pwkw¬tMudrfnDvmcH . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . (!) taxGaxGtwGif;a&;rSL; ukdaZmf0if; (Auorsm;tzGGJUcsKyf) wifoGif;aom tpD&ifcHpm . . . . . . . . (¡) &efukefwuúodkvfausmif;om;or*¾ trIaqmiftzGJU\ tpD&ifcHpm . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . À 1954-55 Ouú| OD;wifxGef; . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

- 28 -

447 447 448 448 448 448 453 454 455 455 456 457 457 459 460 461 467 468 471 471 474 481

tcef; (18) Nidrf;csrf;a&; 'Drdkua&pDa&;BudK;yrf;rI 'Drdkua&pDa&; vlYtcGifhta&;ESifh jynfwGif;Nidrf;csrf;a&; trsKd;om;a&;toGif (1955 rS 1956) ausmif;om;vIyf&Sm;rIordkif; (u) ausmif;jyefvnf0ifcGifh&a&;vIyf½Sm;rI . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . (c) wuoa&G;aumufyGJ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . (*) 1955-56 wuo trIaqmiftzGJU . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . (C) wuo OuúXopf udkwifxGef; usrf;opömusdefqkdyGJ (1955-56) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . (i) urÇmYausmif;om;aeY . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . (p) 1955-56 ausmif;om;vIyf½Sm;rI . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . (q) ukdvS0if;ESifh ukdbaumif;aMunmcsuf . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . (Z) yxrtMudrf wuúodkvfESifhaumvdyfaygif;pkH awGUqHkaqG;aEG;yGJ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . (ps) 'kwd,tMudrf wuúodkvfESifhaumvdyfaygif;pkH awGUqHkaqG;aEG;yGJ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . - jynfwGif;ppf&yfpJa&; yefMum;vTm . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . - wuúodkvfESifUaumvdyfaygif;pHk aqG;aEG;yGJtqdkrsm; . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . (n) ukdwifat;udpö uefYuGufvTm . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . (#) 1955-56 wuo tpD&ifcHpm . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . À 1954-55 Ouú| OD;wifxGef; (ewfarmuf) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . À "gwfyHku@ (505) tcef; (19) Nidrf;csrf;a&; 'Drdkua&pDa&;BudK;yrf;rI 'Drdkua&pDa&;? ausmif;om;xktcGifhta&; Nidrf;csrf;a&;ESifh trsdK;om;a&;toGif (1956 rS 1957) ausmif;om;vIyf&Sm;rIordkif; (u) wwd,tMudrf wuúodkvfESifhaumvdyfaygif;pkHaqG;aEG;yGJ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . (c) 1956-57 wuo trIaqmiftzGJU . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . (*) rjyD;jywfao;aom oHk;cgusausmif;xkwfpepfwkdufyGJ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . (C) ausmif;om;or*¾rsm; zsufodrf;a&;ESifh ywfoufaom ynma&;0efMuD;Xme\ trdefYjyefwrf; . . . (i) 1956 ck? atmufwkdbm 16 &uf? n 8 em&D ocifwif\ rdefYcGef; . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . (p) ausmif;omrsm;0efcH*wdvTmyHkpH . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . (q) AkdvfcsKyfatmifqef; ausmif;om;b0a&;cJhaomaqmif;yg; . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . (Z) 1956-57 tkd;a0r*¾Zif;yg uAsmrsm; . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . (ps) wuo tvkyftpnf;ta0;ü awGU&Sd&aom jyóemrsm; . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . (n) &JacgifudkarG;zGm;jcif; . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . (#) 1956-57 wuo 0g'ESifhvkyfief;pOf . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . (X) wuu Ouú|opf podef;[ef usrf;opömusdefqdkyJGtcrf;tem;rdefYcGef; . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . (!) wuo aMunmcsuf . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . (¡) 1956-57 wuotpD&ifcHpm . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . À 1956-57 Ouú| OD;podef;[ef . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . À "gwfyHku@ (507? 530-531)

482 482 482 483 484 485 486 489 490 490 491 496 497 504

506 506 507 507 508 510 510 512 514 516 516 519 521 524 531

tcef; (20) Nidrf;csrf;a&; 'Drdkua&pDa&;BudK;yrf;rI 'Drdkua&pDa&; 'Drdkua&pDynma&; Nidrf;csrf;a&;ESifh trsKd;om;a&;toGif (1957 rS 1958) ausmif;om;vIyf&Sm;rIordkif; 532 (u) 1957-58 wuoa&G;aumufyGJ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 533 (c) wuo trIaqmiftzGJU (1957-58) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . - 29 -

(*) wuo ukdpkd;odef; usrf;opömudsefqkdyGJtcrf;tem; . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . (C) 1957-58 wuo vIyf½Sm;rIESifh pwkw¬tBudrf wuúokdvfESifhaumvdyfaygif;pkHaqG;aEG;yGJMuD; . . . (i) rEÅav;wuúokdvfausmif;om;rsm;or*¾ vIyf½Sm;rIrsm; . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . (p) ArmEdkifiHvHk;qdkif&m ausmif;om;or*¾rsm;tzGJUcsKyf yÍörtBudrfajrmuf jynfvHk;uRwfnDvmcHBuD;rS qHk;jzwftwnfjyK awmif;qdkcsufrsm; (q) 1958 OD;EkESifh ausmif;om;qufqHa&; . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . (Z) Ek-wif^aqGNidrf;tuJGtjyJESifh or*¾rsm; . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . (ps) 1958 ck? 'DZifbmv (2) &ufaeY bGJUESif;obifcef;rü rdefYMum;aom wuúodkvft"dywd EdkifiHawmf 0efMuD;csKyf AdkvfcsKyfae0if;\ rdefYcGef;tESpfcsKyf (n) 1957-58 tkd;a0r*¾Zif;yg aqmif;yg; . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . - wuúodkvfe,fajrrS ajcukwfpcef; (armifoD[) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . (#) ausmif;om;rsm;OD;pD;usif;yonfh 38 Mudrfajrmuf trsKd;om;atmifyJGaeY csDwuf&efEId;aqmfpm . . . (X) oD;jcm;rEÅav;wuúokdvf txdrf;trSwfyGJawmf . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . (!) 1957-58 wuotpD&ifcHpm . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . (¡) pmMunfhwdkufvkyfief;XmetpD&ifcHpm . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . À 1957-58 Ouú| OD;pdk;odef; . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . À "gwfyHku@ (532? 547? 564-568)

533 534 542 543 546 546 548 548 548 550 551 552 562 564

tcef; (21) Nidrf;csrf;a&; 'Drdkua&pDa&;BudK;yrf;rI 'Drdkua&pDa&; 'Drdkua&pDynma&; Nidrf;csrf;a&;ESifh trsKd;om;a&;toGif (1958 rS 1959) ausmif;om;vIyf&Sm;rIordkif; 569 (u) jynfaxmifpkjrefrmEkdifiHvkH;qkdif&m ausmif;om;rsm;ynma&;ESD;aESmzvS,fyGJ . . . . . . . . . . . . 570 - 'k-0efBuD;csKyfocifwifo0PfvTm . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 571 - ynma&;0efBuD; OD;ausmfZH\rdefYcGef; . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 573 - ynmrif;BuD; pnfola'gufwmOD;b\rdefYcGef; . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 574 - A[dkjyifqifa&;aumfrwD obmywd wuoOuú| udkpdk;odef;\rdefYcGef; . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 576 - ESD;aESmzvS,fyGJwGif wifjycJhaompmwrf;rsm; . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 577 - ynma&;ESD;aESmzvS,fyGJjzpfajrmufa&;twGuf wuo\wifjycsuf . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 581 - ausmif;om;rsm;ynma&;ES;D aESmzvS,yf JG ay:aygufvmyHEk iS t hf ajccHoabmxm; taxGaxGtpD&ifcpH m 582 - A[dkjyifqifa&;aumfrwD . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 585 - ynma&;vGwfvyfcGifhpmwrf; (aumfr½Sif) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 588 - jynfaxmifpkjrefrmEdkifiHvHk;qdkif&m ausmif;om;rsm;ynma&;ESD;aESmzvS,fyGJrS xkwfjyefaMunmcsuf 591 (c) EdkifiHjcm;c&D;pOfrsm; . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 592 (*) 1958-59 ck wuoa&G;aumufyGJ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 592 (C) yÍörtBudrfajrmuf wuúodkvfESifhaumvdyfaygif;pHk aqG;aEG;yGJ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 594 (i) cGJxGufcGifhESifh ½Srf;ausmif;om;rsm;aMunmcsuf . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 597 (p) wuúodkvftufOya'udkjyifqifa&;ESifh ausmif;om;rsm; . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 598 À OD;cifarmiftkef; (1958-59) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . À "gwfyHku@ (569? 582? 591? 599-601) tcef; (22) Nidrf;csrf;a&; 'Drdkua&pDa&;BudK;yrf;rI 'Drdkua&pDa&; ausmif;om;xktcGifhta&;umuG,fa&;ESifh jynfwGif;Nidrf;csrf;a&; trsKd;om;a&;toGif (1959 rS 1960) ausmif;om;vIyf&Sm;rIordkif; (u) 1959-60 wuoa½G;aumufyGJ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . - 30 -

602

(c) tdk;a0r*¾Zif;rS ay;tyfaom0efcHcsufrsm; . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . (*) rGefjynfe,fazmfxkwfa&;twGuf &efukefwuúodkvfrGefausmif;om;rsm; oabmxm; . . . . . . . . . (C) jrefrm&mZ0ifta&; . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . (i) wuo? Auorsm;tzGJUcsKyf? &uowdkYOD;pD;usif;yaom ausmif;om;xktpnf;ta0;tqdkrsm; . . (p) q|rtBudrfajrmuf ArmEdkifiHvHk;qdkif&mausmif;om;or*¾rsm;tzGJUcsKyf nDvmcH . . . . . . . . . . . . - q&mBuD;ocifudk,fawmfrIdif;\ o0PfvTm . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . - obmywd udkaZmf0if;rdefYcGef; . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . (q) &efukefwuúodkvfausmif;om;rsm;or*¾ 1959-60 trIaqmiftzGJUtpD&ifcHpm . . . . . . . . . . . À OD;vSwif (1959-60) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . À "gwfyHku@ (630) À "gwfyHku@ - AdkvfcsKyfBuD;tpdk;&acwf wuo (17) vc&D; (631-641) tcef; (23) Nidrf;csrf;a&; 'Drdkua&pDa&;BudK;yrf;rI 'Drdkua&pDa&; vlrsKd;pkausmif;om;ta&;ESifh jynfwGif;Nidrf;csrf;a&; trsKd;om;a&;toGif (1960 rS 1961) ausmif;om;vIyf&Sm;rIordkif; (u) 1960-61 &efukefwuúodkvfausmif;om;or*¾trIaqmiftzGJU . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . (c) &efukefwuúodkvfausmif;om;rsm;or*¾ (1960-61) Ouú|opf usrf;opömusdefqdkyGJ . . . . . . . . . (*) 1960-61 ck ausmif;om;vIyf&Sm;rI . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . (*-1) aemufqufwGJpmar;yGJudpö . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . (*-2) tar&duefoH½Hk;qE´jyyGJ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . (*-3) ygarmu©csKyftm; qefYusifrI . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . (*-4) ref;aq;ausmif;om;rsm;vIyf½Sm;rI . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . (*-5) [oFmwausmif;om;rsm;vIyf½Sm;rI . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . (*-6) ref;ausmif;om;rsm;vIyf½Sm;rI . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . (*-7) wef;cGJwef;cs&yfqdkif;ypfa&; ausmif;om;xkqE´jyyGJ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . (*-8) udkvdkeDpHepfqefYusifa&;aeYvIyf½Sm;rI . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . (C) &efukefwuúodkvf vlrsKd;pkausmif;om;rsm;tzGJUcsKyf (1960-61) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . - jyifqifa&;aumfrwD Ouú| apmatrdk;vdk rdefYcGef; . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . - ausmif;om;vIyf&Sm;rIwGifyg0ifcJhaom vlrsKd;pkausmif;om;acgif;aqmifrsm; . . . . . . . . . . . . (i) 1960-61 &efukefwuúodkvfausmif;om;rsm;or*¾ tpD&ifcHpm . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . À OD;wifat; (1960-61) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . À "gwfyHku@ (666) tcef; (24) Nidrf;csrf;a&; 'Drdkua&pDa&;BudK;yrf;rI 'Drdkua&pDa&;ESifh ausmif;om;xktcGifhta&;umuG,fa&; trsKd;om;a&;toGif (1961 rS 1962) ausmif;om;vIyf&Sm;rIordkif; (u) &efukefwuúodkvfausmif;om;or*¾ trIaqmiftzGJU (1961-62). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . (c) uarmufurynma&;wdkufyGJ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . (c-1) jzpfay:vmyHk . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . (c-2) vIyf½Sm;rI . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . (c-3) yxptpdk;&wkefYjyefrI? ausmif;om;wefjyefvIyf&Sm;rI . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . (c-4) yHkpHajymif;vJjcif; . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . (c-5) uarmufurynma&; wdkufyGJumvwGifusif;yaom Auorsm;tzJGUcsKyfuGefz&ifh . . . . . . - 31 -

603 604 605 605 606 606 606 611 629

642 642 645 645 645 645 647 647 648 648 648 648 649 651 652 666

667 667 667 668 668 670 671

(c-6) ig;c½dkifqE´jyyGJ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . (*) wuúodkvftwGif;rS *,ufrsm; . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . (C) rEÅav;vIyf&Sm;rI . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . (i) wyfOD;wdkY rlrrSefrIrsm; . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . À OD;AaqGav; (1961-62) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . À "gwfyHku@ (671? 673) tcef; (25) Nidrf;csrf;a&; 'Drdkua&pDa&;BudK;yrf;rI 'Drdkua&pDa&;ESifh ppftmPm&Sifqefhusifa&; trsKd;om;a&;toGif (1962) ausmif;om;vIyf&Sm;rIordkif; (u) Zlvdkifv (7) &uf ta&;awmfyHkBuD; . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . (c) jzpfay:vmyHk tajccHtaMumif;t&if;rsm; . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . (*) rjzpfyGm;rD ausmif;om;rsm;rauseyfrIrsm; (arv 9 &uf xkwfjyefcsuf) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . (C) wuúodkvfaumifpDukd zsufodrf;jcif; . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . - zsufodrf;cH wuúodkvfaumifpDtzJGU 1961-62 ynmoifESpf . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . - wuúodkvfaumifpDudk jyefvnfzJGUpnf;jcif; trdefYtrSwf (30) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . (i) Zlvdkifv (7) &uf ta&;awmfyHkpwifjcif; . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . (p) tMurf;zdESdyfrIpwifNyD . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . (q) aoqHk;ol? 'Pf&m&ol? aysmufqHk;ol? zrf;qD;cH&olrsm;pm&if; . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . (Z) wuotaqmiftODBuD; NzdKcGJjcif; . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . - a'gif;&moDjynfawmfvSefa&; (atmifxGef;) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . À &efukefwuúodkvfausmif;om;rsm;or*¾ Ouú|rsm; (1930-1962) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . À "gwfyHku@ (683? 685? 686? 689-690? 690? 696) aemufqufwJG aemufqufwJG aemufqufwJG aemufqufwJG aemufqufwJG aemufqufwJG aemufqufwGJ

À À

(24) (26) (28) (30) (30) (31)

All Burma Student's Conference (1936)

ArmEdkifiHvHk;qdkif&mausmif;om;rsm;or*¾\ tkyfcsKyfa&; - pnf;rsOf;Oya' INTERNATIONALUNION OF STUDENTS

tqifhtrsKd;rsKd;½Sdaom AuotzGJUrsm;\ Ouú|pm&if; (1945-1958) Auorsm;tzGJYcsKyf zGJUpnf;tkyfcsKyfykHpnf;rsOf;Oya' (1960? atmufwdkbm) t"dywdrsm;? tkyfcsKyfa&;t&m&Sdrsm;? armfuGef;xdef;rsm; (1920-62) ArmEkdifiHvHk;qdkif&mausmif;om;rsm;or*¾ ('Dtufpftdk) zGJUpnf;tkyfcsKyfyHkpnf;rsOf;Oya'

ordkif;0ifpm½Gufpmwrf;rsm; - ( 1 - 107 ) rSDjirf;pmtkyfrsm; - ( u - i )

- 32 -

672 674 674 675 676

677 677 679 680 680 681 682 684 686 688 691 697

(1) (2-13) (14) (15) (16-27) (27-28) (29-43)

yxrwGJ (1903 - 1942)

jzwfoef;rIrsm;ay:wGif pdwf&SnfpGmjzifU tbufbufu tm;ay;ulncD aUJ om ]rr (EG,)f } tm; txl;aus;Zl;wifrIjzifU

udkvdkeDacwfOD; - 1903 rS 1906 - e,fcsJYqefhusifa&; trsKd;om;a&;toGif

tcef; (1) udv k ekd aD cwfO;D ydik ;f e,fcsUJ qefu Y siaf &; trsK;d om;a&;toGif ausmif;om;vIy&f mS ;rIordik ;f (1903 rS 1906) usaemfwYkd ausmif;om;vIy½f mS ;rIordik ;f udk e,fcsJUqefYusifa&;? trsdK;om;a&;wdu k yf w JG cktjzpf avhvmMunfrh nfqv kd QifNAdwo d Qe,fcsJUonf 1885? Ek0d ifbmv (29) &ufaeY Armbk&ifoaD ygrif;udk zrf;qD;í rEÅav;aejynfawmfukd odr;f ydu k cf NhJ yD;aemuf? 1886 ck? Zefe0g&Dv (1) &ufaeYwiG f ArmEkid if u H kd NAdwo d Qtifyg,mtwGi;f vufatmufow G o f iG ;f í udv k ekd t D jzpf owfrw S t f yk cf sKyfonfh tcsed rf pS í wdik ;f &if;om;vufeufuikd f tiftm;pkrsm;onf rdrw d Ykd xrf;aqmifEikd o f nfh twdkif;twmjzifh qefYusifwdkufyGJ0ifcJhMuonf/ xdkodkY qefYusifrIaMumifh NAdwdoQwdkYonf (15) ESpfausmf ArmEkdifiH tkyfcsKyfa&;udk aumif;rGefEkdifeif;pGm rtkyfcsKyfEkdifcJhay/ xdkodkYqefYusifrIrsm;? ckcHrIrsm;? rauseyfrIrsm;? olYuRefrcHvdkaom ZmwdaoG;? Zmwdrmef wuf
(u) 1903 ckEpS f &Scd ;kd jyóemESihf ausmif;om;vIy&f mS ;rI 1903 ckESpfwGif e,fcsJUwdkYonf ArmEdkifiHudk odrf;ydkufNyD;onfhaemuf Armrsm;tm; ESdrfhcsxm;&ef? ArmvlrsKd; rsm;tm; woufvHk; bk&m;xl;? uRefcHtjzpfodkY csxm;&ef? pDpOfrIrsm; wckNyD;wck wDxGif zefwD;cJhavonf/ xdkodkY zefwD;&mwGif atmifjrifrI½Sd? r½Sd od½Sd&avatmif &efukef [kdufpul;ausmif;om;rsm;tm; yxrOD;pGm pwif prf;oyfcJh onf/ xdkpOfu ynm0efrSm Arm&mZ0ifa&;om;ol t*FvdyfvlrsKd; rpöwmaumhqdkol jzpfonf/ ¤if;u ausmif;om;rsm;tm; q&mrsm;ESifh ynma&;XmerS t&m½Sdrsm;tm; ½Sdcdk; t½dktaojyK&ef trdefYxkwf jyefcJhonf/ xdktrdefYudk ausmif;om;rsm; vkdufem&ef &efukef[kdufpul; aMumfjimoifykef;wGif uyfxm;cJhonf/ xkdtrdefY rxGufcif ausmif;om;ESifh q&mqufqHa&;rSm ausmif;om;rsm;onf q&mrsm;udk acgif;iHkY t½dktaojyKcJh&onf om ½Sdayonf/ rpöwmaumh ½Sdcdk;trdefY xGufvmaomtcg &efukef tpdk;&[kdufpul; ausmif;om;rsm;ESifh &efukefaumvdyf ausmif;om;BuD;rsm; rausreyfjzpfcJh&onf/ xdktcg aumvdyfausmif;om;BuD;rsm;u ¤if;wkdYESifh cifrif&if;ESD;í ausmif;om;pdwf rukefao;aom a½SUae ylylaEG;aEG; OD;yk (az? yk? ½Sdef) tm; ¤if;udpu ö dk oGm;a&muf aqG;aEG;Muonf/ xdktcg OD;yku ]]tck [kdufpul;ausmif;om; 1

jrefrmEdkifiHausmif;om;vIyf&Sm;rIordkif; - atmifxGef; awG rsufESmjzKtpdk;&eJY t&m½SdawGudk ½Sdcdk;&r,fwJhvm;? olwdkYu bmawGrdkYvJ? 'dkYvlrsKd;udk wrifzdESdyfcsKyfcs,fxm;wJh e,fcsJUawGbJ? 'gudk 'dkYu bmjzpfvdkY ½Sdcdk;&rSmvJ/}} (pum;csyf/ / xdkacwfu q&mrsm;? ynma&;XmerS t&m½Sdrsm; tm;vHk;onf t*FvdyfvlrsKd;rsm;ESifh tdE´d,vlrsKd; rsm;rSm tm;vHk;eD;yg; jzpfMuonf/) ]][dk;wkef;u q&mawGudk wynfhausmif;om;awGu ½Sdcdk;Muw,f/ bmjzpfvdkY ½Sdcdk;&ovJqkdawmh q&mawGu tJ'Dtcsdefwkef;u wynfhawGudk ynmvnf;oifay;&w,f? aemufqHk; orD;yg ay;Muw,fuG? 'Dawmh [kdwkef;u q&m awGu wu,fh aus;Zl;½SifawG? tckacwfu wynfhausmif;om;awGqDu aiGn§pf,lMuw,f/ aiG&rS ynmoifay;Mu w,f? tck q&mu ausmif;om;awG&JU taptyg;yJ? 'gaMumifh r½Sdcdk;xdkufbl;uG}} a½SUaeav; OD;yk\ ajymcsufudk aumvdyfausmif;om;BuD;rsm;u [kdufpul;ausmif;om;rsm;tm; jyefajymjyí ½Scd ;kd trdeUf udk uefYuu G Mf u&ef vIUH aqmfay;onf/ xdt k cge*du k rausreyfjzpfaeaom ausmif;om;rsm;onf wd&pämefO,smOf (,cifu wd&pämefO,smOfrSm AdkvfcsKyfatmifqef;vrf;? ,ck &efukefaq;½HkBuD;ae&mwGif jzpfonf) wGif pka0;í aqG;aEG; Muonf/ xdktpnf;ta0;rS]]&efukef[dkufpul;ausmif;om;rsm;onf ynm0ef rpöwmaumh\ trdefYtwdkif; q&mrsm;ESihf ynma&;t&m½Sd rsm;tm; ½Sdrcdk;bJae&ef? oufqdkif&m ynma&;t&m½Sd wOD;OD; vma&mufcJhvQif ½Sdckd;enf; (3) enf;½Sdonfh teuf rnfonfhenf;jzifh ½Sdckd;&rnfudk ar;&ef}} qHk;jzwfvdkufMuonf/ aemuf&ufwGif ynm0efaxmufrif; OD;a0vif;onf &efukef[kdufpul;ausmif;odkY a&mufvmcJhaomtcg ausmif;om;rsm;u atmufygtwdkif; ar;cJhonf/ ]]usaemfwdkY ausmif;om;rsm;u q&mrsm;udk ½Sdckd;&r,fvdkY trdefYxkwfcJhw,f? 'Dvdk½Sdckd;jcif; ae&mrSm ½Sdckd;jcif; trsKd;rsKd;½Sdw,f? vufESpfzufudk,Suf ezl;eJYxdNyD; ½Sdckd;jcif;? vufESpfzuf,Suf &ifbwfa½SUrSmxm; ½Sdcdk;jcif;? vufESpf zuf,Suf &ifbwfab;apmif; em;rSmxm; ½Sdcdk;jcif;&,fvkdY (3) rsKd;½Sdw,f? b,fenf;eJY ½Sdcdk;&rSmygvJ}} xdktcg ynm0efaxmufrif; OD;a0vif;u atmufygtwdkif;jyefajymcJhonf/ ]]rif;wdkY ajymwJh ½Sdcdk;jcif; (3) rsKd; teuf vufESpfzufudk,Suf ezl;eJYxdNyD; OD;cs ½Sdcdk;enf;eJY ½Sdcdk;&r,f}} ,if;udpEö iS hf ywfoufí ausmif;om;rsm;? rdbrsm;ESihf ausmif;tkyq f &mBuD;jzpfol ArmvlrsKd;rsm; tay: cifrif &if;ES;D oHa,mZOfw, G af eaom t*Fvyd t f rsK;d om; rpöwma0;vf&pfyif rausreyfjzpfí ynm0ef rpöwmaumhxH uefYuw G f cJah vonf/ xdYk aemuf ausmif;om;rsm;ESihf rdbrsm;wdYk onf 0dw&kd , d a[mvf (ac:) avQmfwef;½Hk (,ck*vky½f )kH ae&mwGif tpnf;ta0;usif;yNyD; ynm0ef rpöwmaumh tqdkudk uefYuGufaMumif; wcJeuf qHk;jzwfcsufcsMuonf/ qHk;jzwfcsufrSm ]ynm0ef rpöwmaumUonf Ó PfopfxGifum taumufÓ PfaESmí ausmif;om;rsm;ESifU rdbrsm; oabmrusatmif ausmif;om;u q&mESifU t&m½Sdrsm;udk ½Sdckd;&ef trdefhxkwfjcif;onf roifUavsmf? xdkhaMumifU þtpnf;ta0;BuD;rS tjypfqdk uefhuGwfaMumif;} þodkY ausmif;om;rsm;? ausmif;om;rdbrsm; pkaygif;uefYuGwfjcif;aMumifh ¤if; ynm0ef rpöwmaumhonf xdktrdefYudk twnfrjyKbJ zsufodrf;cJh&onf/

(c) 0dik t f rfbaD t (Y.M.B.A) tp ausmif;om;u jrefrmhordik ;f ESihf NAdwo d Qe,fcsJUqefYusifa&;? vGwv f yfa&;BudK;yrf;rlordik ;f wdYk wiG f yxrOD;qH;k ay:aygufco hJ nfh toif;BuD;jzpfaom 0kid t f rfbaD t (Y.M.B.A= Young Men’s Buddhist Association) toif;BuD;udk pwif xlaxmif cJholrsm;rSmvJ &efukefaumvdyf ausmif;om;rsm; jzpfonf/ &efukefaumvdyf ausmif;om;BuD;rsm;jzpfaom armifbab? armifarmifBuD;? armifvSaz? armifpdefvSatmif? armifb,Of? armifb'Gef;paom ausmif;om;vli,frsm;onf jrefrmouú&mZf 1265 ck? yxr0gqdkvqef; (15) &uf? t*Fvdyfouú&mZf 1904 ckESpf? ZGefv (26) &uf we*FaEGaeYü &efukefwuúodkvf Ak'¨bmomtoif; (Rangoon College Buddhist Association) udk pwifwnfaxmifcJhonf/ xdkYaemuf &efukefNrdKU 'gv[kdZDvrf; (,ck r[mAE¨Kvvrf;) ü vrf;avQmuf&if;ESifh ¤if;\ ausmif;om; oli,fcsif;rsm;jzpfaom armifarmifBuD;? armifvSazwdkYtm; armifbabu EkdifiHa&;tjrifjzifh xlaxmifaom Y.M.C.A uJhodkY toif;BuD;rsKd; wnfaqmuf&ef Y.M.C.A taqmuftODBuD;tm; ñTefjyíaqG;aEG;cJhMuonf/ 2

udkvdkeDacwfOD; - 1903 rS 1906 - e,fcsJYqefhusifa&; trsKd;om;a&;toGif xdkYaemuf armifbab? armifarmifBuD;? armifb,Of? armifb'Gef;wkdYuyif jrefrmouú&mZff 1267 ckESpf? wydkYwGJvqkwf (4) &uf? t*Fvdyfouú&mZf 1906 ckESpf? azazmf0g&Dv (11) &uf? we*FaEGaeYü &efukefNrdKU Ak'¨bmom uvsmP,k0toif;udk pwif wnfaxmifcJhMu avonf/ þonfum; jrefrmEkdifiHwGif e,fcsJUqefYusifa&;toGifudk azmfaqmifrnfh ausmif;om;rsm; pwifwnfaxmif cJhaom Y.M.B.A toif;BuD;\ tpyifjzpfavonf/

3

jrefrmEdkifiHausmif;om;vIyf&Sm;rIordkif; - atmifxGef;

tcef; (2) udv k ekd aD cwfO;D ydik ;f e,fcsUJ qefu Y siaf &; trsK;d om;a&;toGif aumvdyaf usmif;om;rsm; vIy&f mS ;rIordik ;f (1918 rS 1921)

1920 yxrausmif;om;oydwf (u) aumvdyo f ydwrf wdik rf D ausmif;om;rsm;tajctae NAdwo d Qe,fcsUJ wdYkonf e,fcsUJ pepfukd &if0,fyu kd í f jrefrmjynfukd 0ifa&muf odr;f yku d af omtcg ,if;wdYk\ pD;yGm; a&; vuf0g;BuD;tkyfrIESifh tkyfcsKyfa&;,EÅ&m;vG,fulpGm vnfywfacsmarGUap&ef tkyfcsKyfa&; t&m½Sduav;rsm;? pma&; pmcsDrsm;? ukefonf yGJpm;i,frsm;yg0ifaom wdkif;&if;om; vlvwfwef;pm;w&yf arG;xkwf&ef vdktyfvmayonf/ ,if;vlvwfwef;pm;udk e,fcsJUwdkYonf a½S;ya'o&mZfydkif½Sifrsm;? ukefonfaygufprsm;ESifh vlvwfwef;pm;wdkYrS qGJ,l pnf;½Hk; odrf;oGif;cJhavonf/ xkdvlvwfwef;pm;wdkYudk t*FvdyfpmayESifh acwfynm tenf;i,f oifMum;ay;jcif;tm; jzifh olwdkYtvdk½Sdaom EkdifiHa&;t,ltq tawG;tac:? vlwef;pm; tjrifESifh ynma&;pepfudk tvdktavsmuf yHk½dkuf oGif;NyD;om; jzpfatmif &nf½G,fMuHaqmifayonf/ ArmjynfwGif aumvdyfynma&;udk 1878 uyif tpjyKcJhonf/ xdkpOfu aumvdyfynmudk oifMum;EdkifolrSm 1891 wGif ausmif;om;OD;a& (44) OD;om½Sdonf/ aumvdyfynm oifMum;Edkifol OD;a&enf;&jcif;rSm ynma&;p&dwf jrifhrm;NyD; NAdwdoQwdkYu wrifjr§ifhxm;jcif; jzpfonf/ awmifolv,form; qif;&Jom; trsm;pkrSm txufwef;ynmudk oifMum;zdkY tem;roDEkdifaom tajctaersdK;aMumifh aumvdyfynmudk oifMum;&ef wwfEdkifolrSm vGefpGm enf;yg;&jcif; aMumifh jzpfonf/ 1912 wGif aumvdyfynmoifMum;ol (300) rQ ½Sdvmonf/ tpdk;&rif;wkdY\ vufa0cH t&mxrf;? trIxrf; rsm;u ydkí tm½HkpkdufvmMuonfrSm txufwef; ynmwwfvQif ydkíBuD;rm;aom &mxl;rsm;udk &½Sd&ef arQmfrSef;Mujcif; aMumifh jzpfonf/ odkYaomf NAdwdoQe,fcsJUtpdk;&rSm odyÜHynm? aq;ynm? tif*sifeD,mynm tm;ay;rI tvGefenf;yg; onf/ 1914 ck txd odyÜHbGJU&ol wOD;rQr½Sday/ odyÜHynmvdkufpm;rI r½Sdap&ef t*Fvdyfpmudk ydkítav;ay;NyD; pmar;yGJrsm;wGif ESdyfuGyfí ppfaq;cJhonf/ 4

udkvdkeDacwfOD; - 1918 rS 1921 - e,fcsJYqefhusifa&; trsKd;om;a&;toGif

(c) 1920 yxrausmif;om;oydwf jzpfay:vm&jcif; taMumif;t&if; &efukefaumvdyfordkif; uvuwåm;wuúodkvf rufx&pfulav;½Sif; pmar;yGJudk 1877 wGif ArmjynfrS atmifjrifol (2) OD;um; &efuek f tpd;k &txufwef; ausmif;om;rsm; jzpf\/ ,if;ausmif;udk 1879? Zefe0g&D (1) &ufaeYwiG f &efuek af umvdyrf S uvuwåm;wuúov dk u f todtrSwjf yKcJo h nf/ ausmif;om; (4) a,mufjzifh pwif zGiv hf pS cf o hJ nf/ 1883 wGif bDat wef; zGihfEkdifaom tajctaea&muf\/ 1885 wGif Armwdkif;&if;om;xJrS armifwl * yxrOD;pGm 0dZÆmbGJU qGwfcl;avonf/ ,k'oefaumvdyf 1894 wGif wnfaxmifonf/ 1894 wGif &efukefaumvdyfü ausmif;om; (69) a,muf? ,k'oefaum vdyfü (5) a,muf ½Sdonf/ 1900 jynfh &efukefaumvdyfwGif AdkvfcsKyfatmifqef;vrf;ESifh a½Twd*Hkbk&m;vrf;axmifhwGif ae&mopf wnfaqmufcJhonf/ 1909 wGif jrefrmjynf wuúodkvftufOya'Murf; a&;qGJ&ef ynma&;pif'Dudwfu cefYxm;aom aumfrwD (txl;) udk zGJUonf/ odYk&mwGif &efuek af umvdyüf ausmif;om; (208) a,muf? ,k'oefaumvdyüf (36) a,mufrQom ½Sí d wuúov kd f xlaxmifay;Ekid &f ef ausmif;om;tiftm; rBuD;rm;[k ,if;aumfrwDu qH;k jzwf\/ 1916 wGif &efuek af umvdyüf (567) a,muf? ,k'oefaumvdyüf (7) OD;½Sí d jrefrmbk&ifcH jrefrmjynfwiG f wuúov kd w f ck zGUJ ay;&ef? Oya'Murf;wck jyKvkyí f tdE´d,tpdk;&xH wifjycJhonf/ ,if;txl;aumfrwDonf 1919 rwf (27) &ufwGifyif wuúodkvfzGJUpnf;yHk pepftwGuf tpD&ifcHpmudk ynmrif;BuD;xH ydkYay;cdkif;cJhonf/ 1920 jynfh Zlvdkifv (31) Y.M.B.A uefYuGufí 1922 txd qdkif; xm;&ef qHk;jzwfcJhonf/ Mo*kwfv (28) &uf ruf[ef;wm; Oya'jyKtzGJUonf 1920 &efukefwuúodkvfOya'udk trsm;oabmwl jy|mef; twnfjyKcJo h nf/ bk&ifcu H pufwifbmv (26) &ufwiG f oabmwlaMumif; vufrw S af &;xd;k NyD; atmufwb kd mv (24) &ufwGif tdE´d,bk&ifcHcsKyfu ,if;Oya'udk vufcH twnfjyKcJhonf/ 1920 Zlvdkifv (12) &ufaeY bk&ifcH qm&,f*sDe,fu&ufa'guf (Sir Reginal Craddock) aetdrfü rif;wdkifyiftpnf;ta0; jyKvkyfonf/ ¤if;tpnf;ta0;rSm ArmjynfwGif wuúodkvfwnfaxmif&ef tpnf;ta0;jzpf onf/ wuúodkvftufOya'Murf; a&;qJGaumfrwD tpD&ifcHpmudk rpöwmruf[ef;wm;u wifjyonf/ ¤if;tzGJUwGif(1) rpöwm ruf[efwm; (Mr. Mark Hunter**, Director of Public Instruction-Vice-Chairman) (2) OD;aratmif (3) rpöwm *Gwfvpf (4) rpöwm bdkY*a& ADvD (5) rpöwm *smrm; (6) OD;bdk;om (7) rpöwm a[mbmwef (8) rpöwm &ufvpf (9) rpöwm ruúepfwdkYjzpfonf/ rpöwmruf[ef;wm;u wifoGif;onfhtqdkudk OD;aratmifu axmufcHaomfvnf; OD;bdk;omu vufrcH OD;bd;k omESihf OD;ñGeYf rmS OD;aratmifukd a'goxGuMf uonf/ ArmjynfEiS hf rnfoYkd rQ rtyfpyfaom Oya'udk Armwa,muf u csD;usL;axmyemjyKí Munfhr& jzpfaeonf/ OD;bkd;omESifh OD;ñGefYrSm uefYuGufcJhMuonf/ 1920 ckEpS f txd jrefrmjynfwiG f wuúov kd w f ckrQ r½Sad o;acs/ &efuek w f uúov kd Ef iS hf ,k'oefaumvdyaf usmif; rsm;rSm tdEd´,EkdifiH uvuwåm;wuúodkvf\ vufatmufcH aumvdyfausmif;rsm; jzpfonf/ xdkwuúodkvfrS jyXmef;aom ynm&yfrsm;udk oifMum;&NyD; xdkwuúodkvfrS ppfaom pmar;yGJrsm;udk ajzqdkMu &\/ xdYk aemuf Y.M.B.A toif;BuD;u jrefrmEkid if w H iG f oD;jcm;wuúov kd w f ck ½S&d rnf[k vIYH aqmfa
jrefrmEdkifiHausmif;om;vIyf&Sm;rIordkif; - atmifxGef; (1) OD;bab (bDat) (2) OD;armifBuD; (trfat) (3) 0wfvHkawmf& OD;aratmif (4) OD;bvIdif (bDat) (5) OD;uGrf; (bDat) (6) OD;trftHk;cdkif wkdY (6) OD;om jrefrmtrsKd;om;rsm; yg0ifcJhonf/ OD;bab? OD;xGef;½Sdef? 0wfvHkOD;odef;armif wkdYu owif;pmxJrS uefYuGufcJhonf/ xdkYaMumifh 1920? Zlvdkifv (4) &ufaeYwGif &efukefNrdKU? ql;avbk&m;vrf; 0dkiftrfbDattoif;csKyf½Hk; tpnf;ta0;cef;rü A[dktoif;csKyf (*sife&,faumifq,f) tpnf;ta0;usif;y&m OD;cspf vIdifu obmywdaqmif½GufNyD; atmufygqHk;jzwfcsufrsm; yg0ifchJonf/ qHk;jzwfcsuftrSwf (3) wGif3/ ,cktcg &efuek Nf rdKUü,leAD mpDwD (wuúov kd )f ausmif;BuD; zGiv hf pS pf rD aH &;udpEö iS hf yufoufí ynmrif;BuD; ruf[ef;wm;u Oya'Murf;a&;qGNJ yD;? 'kw, d bk&ifcH twkid yf ifct H zGUJ odYk wifoiG ;f jy|mef;&ef pDpOfaeMuonf[k Mum;od& aMumif;? &efukef,leDAmpDwD ausmif;awmfBuD;onf jrefrmwkdif;&if;om;w&yfvHk;ESifh oufqkdifaom ausmif;awmfBuD; jzpfojzifh xdak usmif;awmfBuD;twGuf Oya'Murf;a&;qGJ twnfjyKjy|mef;jcif;udpu ö kd jrefrmEkid if t H yk cf sKyfa&; jyKjyifajymif; vJNyD;onftxd qkid ;f ihx H m;&efEiS hf xdak usmif;awmfBuD;qkid &f m pDrrH I t&yf&yfwYdkuv kd nf; wdik ;f oljynfom;wkYd u a½G;aumuf wifajr§mufvdkufaom trwfrsm;tm; vTJtyf&eftqdkukd OD;vSazu wifoGif;í tm;vHk;oabmwl qHk;jzwfMuonf/ 0dkiftrfbDat NrdKUvHk;uRwf tpnf;ta0;rsm;uvnf; Oya'Murf; qkdif;iHhxm;&ef tpkd;&odkY tMuHay;awmif;qkdcJhonf/ xdktMuHay;awmif;qkdonfh twGif;rSmyif 1920 ck? Zlvdkifv (12) &ufwGif 'kwd,bk&ifcHu ol\ twkdifyifcHtpnf;t a0;udk ac:,lNyD; ynmrif;BuD;ruf[ef;wm; wifoiG ;f aom ],leAD mpDwt D ufOya'} udv k ufcNH yD;vQif pdppfí aemufwBudrf tpnf;ta0;ü twnfjyKa&;twGuf wifoGif;&ef aumfrwDw&yf zGJUpnf;vTJtyfvdkufonf/ ¤if;Oya'Murf;udk OD;ar atmif tygt0if tpkd;&bufawmfom;rsm;u axmufcHonf/ xdkYaemuf t*FvdyfAsL½dku&uf tpdk;&onf wdkif;jynfrS a0zefEdkif&ef aMunm\/ ¤if;Oya'Murf;rSm jrefrmvlrsdK;rsm;ESifh oifhawmfonf[k bk&ifcHu ajymqkdcJhonf/ ¤if;Oya'wGif AsL½dku&uf e,fcsJUtpdk;&u jrefrmvlrsKd;rsm; txufwef;ynm roifMum;Ekdifap&ef csKyfcs,f onfh atmufygtcsufrsm;yg0ifcJhonf/ (1) jrefrmjynfwGif wuúodkvf wckwnf;om ½Sd&rnf/ (2) xkdwuúodkvfvufatmufwGif aumvdyfausmif; wausmif;wnf;om ½Sd&rnf/ (3) xdkwausmif;wnf;aom aumvdyfonf &efukefNrdKUü ½Sd&rnf/ (4) xdkaumvdyfausmif;wGif pmoifvkdaom ausmif;om;rsm;onf ausmif;tdyf ausmif;pm; jzpf&rnf/ (5) rufx&Dual v;½Si;f (ac:) wuúov kd 0f ifpmar;yGrJ xm;bJ tpd;k &ujyKvkyaf om [du k pf ul;zdik ef ,f q,fwef; pmar;yGJudk atmif&rnf/ (6) odkY&mwGif atmifolrsm;onf t*FvdyfbmomESifh tjcmbmomwck xl;cRefpGmwwfajrmufí atmifjrif &rnf/ (7) q,fwef;atmifí wuúokdvf0ifcGifh&aomfvnf; wuúodkvfynm&yfrsm;udk wcgwnf;pí roif&bJ xdw k uúov kd yf nm&yfrsm;udk aumif;pGm vdu k Ef idk &f eftwGuf (Preliminary Class) ac: jyifqifrt I wef; wGif wESpf ae&OD;rnf/ (8) xdkjyifqifrItwef;wGif wESpfaeaomfvnf; ESpfukefonfhtcg wuúodkvfynm&yfrsm;udk vkdufEkdif&ef t&nftcsif; r½Sdao;[k ,lqvQif wuúodkvfynmudk qufvufoifcGifh&OD;rnf r[kwf/ (9) a&;ajz pmar;yGJtjyif EIwfwdkuf ajzqkd&rnfh pmar;yGJrsm;vnf; ½Sdao;\/ (10) odyÜHwef;atmifNyD; 0dZÆmwef;udk *kPfxl;ESifh atmifaomolrSomvQif r[m0dZÆmbGJUpmar;yGJudk 0ifa&muf ajzqkdEdkifcGifh ½Sdrnf/ 0dZÆmbGJU½dk;½dk;atmifjrif½HkrQESifh r[m0dZÆmbJGUpmar;yGJ r0ifEkdif/ (11) *kPfxl;wef;ESifh 0dZÆmbGJUwef; pmar;yGJudk odyÜHwef;atmifNyD; (3) ESpfMumrS 0if&rnf/ (12) *kPfxl;wef;ESifh 0dZÆmbGJUwef;udk wcgwnf; 0ifa&mufajzqkdí ratmifvQif aemufxyfr0ifEkdifawmhacs/ ¤if;tcsufrsm;udk avhvmMunfhvQif aumvdyfausmif; wausmif;wnf;ESifh jrefrmvlrsKd; tajrmuftjrm;udk txufwef;ynm oifray;Ekdifay/ xdkwausmif;wnf;rS tmPmydkifrsm;u pDrHcsifovkd pDrHí ausmif;om;OD;a&udk uefYowfEkdif\/ rnfonfhynm&yfonf jrefrmrsm;ESifh oifhawmfonf ¤if;wkdYu owfrSwfEdkifonf/ jrefrmrsm;ESifh 6

udkvdkeDacwfOD; - 1918 rS 1921 - e,fcsJYqefhusifa&; trsKd;om;a&;toGif oifah wmfaom ynm&yfjzpfaeaomfvnf; xdyk nm&yfukd roifMum;&[k ydwyf ifEidk o f nf/ pmar;yGrJ sm;udv k nf; Muyfwnf; atmif vkyfEkdif\/ csKyfcs,frI trsKd;rsKd;udkvJ vkyfEkdifonf/ xdkacwftcgu jrefrmEkdifiH vlOD;a& (85) &mcdkifEIef;ausmfrSm awm½Gmrsm;wGifaeaom awmifolv,form; qif;&Jom;rsm; jzpf\/ NrdKUae jrefrmukefonf pma&;pmcsDrsm;rSmvnf; rsm;aomtm;jzifh 0ifaiG tenf;i,fom½Sd\/ rdrdwkdY NrdKUwGifaomfvnf;aumif;? rdrdwdkYaus;½Gmrsm;ESifh eD;uyfaom NrdKUrsm;wGifaomfvnf;aumif;? (7) wef;? (10) wef;ausmif;rsm;wGif awmausmif;om;rsm;tjzpff ausmif;rxm;Ekid af y/ &efuek Nf rdKUodYk ynmoifMum;&efvJ rapvTwEf ikd af y/ xdktcgu aumvdyfausmif;wGif ynmoifp&dwfrSm tenf;qHk; wvvQif (60) usyfjzpfNyD; wv (60) usyfrQom 0ifaiG½Sdaom (85) &mckdifEIef;jzpfonfh awmifolv,form; qif;&Jom;wkdYrSm rdrdwdkY om;orD;rsm;udk txufwef;ynm oifMum;ap&ef pdwfrul; EkdifMuay/ xdkaMumifh wuúodkvfOya'Murf;t& jrefrmwkdYrSm txufwef;ynm roifEkdifay/ t*Fvdyf0g'twdkif; jrefrmrsm;udk olwdkYckdif;í aumif;atmif xif;ckwf? a&cyfwwf½Hkavmufom &nf½G,faom ynma&; pepfjzpfonf/ xdktcsdefu &efukefwuúodkvf ausmif;om;wOD;\ wESpfukefusaiGrSm (378) usyf½Sdonf/ þtcsdefwGif atmufpzdkYESifh uif;b&pfwuúodkvf ausmif;om;wa,muf\ wESpfukefusaiGrSm (3500) usyfrQom jzpf\/ q,fyHk wyHkomvQif ½Sdonf/ odkY&mwGif xdkrQaom aiGudk jrefrmrsm; rwwfEkdifay/ (10) wef;atmif&ef (10) ESpfvHk;vHk; aiG tajrmuftjrm; tukeftuscHNyD; aumvdyfynm&yfrsm;udk wqufwnf; roifEkdifbJ &efukefNrdKUü jyifqifrItwef;wGif wESpfxyfrH ae&OD;rnfqkdvQif aiGtukeftus ydkrsm;rnfjzpffonf/ (10) wef;udk (10) ESpfESifh atmif&ef tbufbufrS taMumif;nDñGwfrnfjzpfNyD; wESpfwwef; rSefrSefatmif&rnf jzpfonf/ xdktcsdefydk? xdkp&dwfudk trsm;tm;jzifh qif;&J aom Armrsm; rwwfEkdifay/ ¤if;tjyif jyifqifrt I wef;ü wESpaf eNyD; aumvdyaf usmif; tmPmydik rf sm;u aumvdyyf nm&yfrsm;udk qufí oifMum;Ekid &f ef t&nftcsi;f rjynfph [ kH k owfrw S v f Qif qufvufí oifciG rhf &awmhay/ [ku d pf ul;zkid ef ,fac: (10) wef; atmif&mwGif t*Fvdyfbmomü xl;cRefpGmwwfaMumif; xif½Sm;ap&rnf[k qkd&mü rnfrQtqifhtwef;[k uefYowfrI rxm;½Sdonfhtjyif rsm;aomtm;jzifh jrefrmausmif;om;rsm; twGuf tcsKyftcs,fwck jzpfonf[k qdkEkdif\/ rnfrQcsKyf cs,foenf;qdkaomf wuúodkvf0ifpmar;yGJudk oD;jcm;rxm;jcif;udk odEkdif\/ ¤if;tcsufrsm; tm;vHk;rSm jrefrmrsm;udk? txufwef;ynm wwfajrmufa&;twGuf trsKd;rsKd;csKyfcs,frIrsm; om jzpfonf/ tdE, d´ Ekid if H uvuwåm;wuúov kd Ef iS hf tjcm;wuúov kd rf sm;wGif þuJo h Ykd aom Oya'rsm; csKyfcs,fjy|mef; jcif; r½Sday/ jrefrmrsm;udk txufwef;ynm rwwf&ef t*FvdyfAsL½dku&uf tpkd;&u pDrHjyKvkyfxm;jcif; jzpfonf/ ArmjynfESifh tdE´d,jynfonf NAdwdoQwdkY\ aer0iftifyg,mtwGif;ü rukef;crf;Edkifaom o,HZmw ayg
jrefrmEdkifiHausmif;om;vIyf&Sm;rIordkif; - atmifxGef; (2) OD;om owfrSwfxm;onf/ þodkYArmwdkif;&if;om;rsm; vHkavmufpGm yg0ifapjcif;r½Sdjcif;rSm roifhavsmf ay/ xdYk aMumifh ,leAD mpDwt D yk cf sKyfa&;tzGJUESihf qD;edwt f zGUJ wdkYwiG f Armwkid ;f &if;om;rsm; vHak vmufpmG yg0ifap oifhaMumif; tqkdukd OD;wkwfBuD;u wifoGif;í OD;bvIdifu axmufcHNyD; trsm;oabmwl qHk;jzwfonf/ 4/ wuúov kd Of ya'Murf;t& q,fwef;atmifNyD;aemuf ,leAD mpDw0D ifciG &hf &ef aemufxyf wESpx f yfrH oifMum;& OD;rnf[k qdo k nfukd vH;k 0vufoifh rcHoifah y/ [ku d pf ul;zdik ef ,f (10) wef; atmifjrifNyD;olwikd ;f ,leAD mpDwD odYk 0ifciG jhf yKoifah Mumif; tqku d kd om,m0wDO;D yku wifoiG ;f í OD;oif;armifu axmufcNH yD; trsm;oabmwl qHk;jzwfonf/ 5/ ynmrif;BuD;\ Oya'wGif bDat? bDtufpDudk *kPfxl;ESifh atmifjrifrSom trfat? trftufpfpD oifvdku oifMum;Ekid cf iG hf ½Sad prnfqadk om tcsuu f kd y,fzsuí f bDat? bDtufpD atmifjrifow l ikd ;f trfat? trftufpD oifMum;EdkifcGifh ½Sdap&rnf[laom tqkdudk OD;pdefvSatmifu wifoGif;í OD;odef;armifu axmufcHNyD; trsm; oabmwl qHk;jzwfonf/ 6/ rpöwmruf[ef;wm;udk ynmrif;BuD;tjzpf cefYtyfaqmif½u G af ponfh tcsderf pS í ArmEkid if H ynmoifMum;a&; wGif wdk;wufaumif;rGef aqmif½Gufonfudk rawGU&/ qkwf,kwfysufjym;atmif jyKvkyfaejcif;omjzpfonf/ xdYk aMumifh rpöwmruf[ef;wm;udk ynmrif;BuD;tjzpfrS z,f½mS ;ajymif;a½TU ypfoifah Mumif; tqku d kd vufyw H ef; NrdKU OD;vlBuD;u wifoGif;í anmifav;yifNrdKU OD;bdk;awu axmufcHNyD; trsm;oabmwl qHk;jzwfonf/ txufygqHk;jzwfcsufrsm;udk 'kwd,bk&ifcH? ArmEdkifiHtpdk;& ynma&;0efBuD;csKyfESifh tdEd´,EkdifiH A[dktpdk;& tzJGJUodkY qHk;jzwfcsuf tjynfhtpHkudk wifydkYawmif;qkdMuonf/ odYk &mwGif xdt k cg oHvufo;D [kac:aom vufaxmufb&k ifcH qm&,f*sDe,fu&ufa'guf acgif;aqmifonfh NAdwo d Qe,fcsJU AsL½dku&uftpdk;&u ]rif;wkAhd rmawG ynma&;udk bmem;vnfvv hkd }J [kqdkum wkdif;jynfrS uefYuGufcsuf rsm;udk *½krpdkufbJ vspfvsL½Ium 1920 'DZifbmv (1) &ufaeYwGif xdkwuúodkvfOya'Murf;udk twnfjyKNyD;[k aMunmvkdufonf/ 'DZifbm (7) &ufaeYrS pwifusifhoHk;rnf[k owif;xGufvmonf/

(*) oydwt f wGujf yifqifMujcif; &ef u k e f w uú o d k v f Oya'onf 'D Z if b mv (1) &uf a eY ü twnf j zpf v mcJ h a yonf / od k Y & mwG i f wuúodkvfzGifhvSpfyGJ tcrf;tem;udk w&m;0if rusif;y&ao;acs/ jrefrmEkid if \ H 'kw, d bk&ifcH qm&,f*seD ,fu&ufa'gufonf Oya't& wuúov kd t f "dywdBuD; tjzpf 'DZifbm v (7) &ufaeYwGif ]&efukefwuúodkvfausmif;awmfBuD;} udk zGifhvSpf&ef aMunmxm;avonf/ &efukefwuúodkvf ausmif;awmfom;rsm; jzpfvmMurnfh &efukefaumvdyfrS ausmif;om;wdkYtaejzifhum; wuúodkvf Oya'onf wuúodkvfynma&;udk ysufpD;aponfomru trsKd;om;a&;*kPfodu©mESifh jrefrmvlrsKd;wdkY\ a,bk,stqifhtwef;udkyif ,kwfavsmhvmvdrfhrnf[k oabm&½Sdxm;NyD; jzpfonf/ xdYk tjyif wuúov kd Of ya'onf trsK;d om;wdYk tm; aESmifBuKd;jzifh tpOfcsKyfaESmifxm;&ef NAdwo d Qtpd;k &u zefw;D xm;onfh vufeufaumif;wck jzpfonf[lívnf; rrSdwfrokef ,HkMunfMuonf/ xdkYaMumifh &efukefaumvdyfrS ausmif;om;BuD;wkdYonf wuúodkvfOya' ysufpD;oGm;&ef vnf;aumif;? ,if; Oya't& wuúodkvfrzGifhjzpf&ef vnf;aumif;? jrefrmtrsKd;om;wdkY\ tpDtrHjzifh trsKd;om;wuúodkvf wnfaxmif&ef vnf;aumif; pdwftm;xufoefpGmawG;awm MuHqcJhMuavonf/ &efukefwuúodkvf Oya'ysufjym;&efESifh wuúodkvfausmif; rzGifhvSpfEkdif&ef ta&;rsm;udk BudKwifawG;awm MuHqvsuf ½SdaeMuaom &efukefaumvdyfausmif;om;BuD;wdkYu Oya'yif½Sdaevifhupm; ausmif;om;r½Sdaom ausmif; onf tcsnf;ESD;yifjzpfí ausmif;udk oydwfarSmufMu&ef aemufqkH; tMuH&Muavonf/ ,if;uJhodkY tMuH&onfhtwdkif; 1282 ckESpf? wefaqmifrkef; vqkwf (8) &uf ('DZifbmv 3 &ufaeU) aeYv,fwiG f &efuek af umvdyrf S ausmif;om;BuD; (11) OD;wdYkonf a½Tw*d Hk uke;f awmfay: paeaxmifw h iG f wuúov kd af usmif; udk oydwfarSmufa&;wGuf vQKdU0Sufpnf;a0; wdkifyifMuonf/ tqkyd g ausmif;om; (11) OD;rSm1/ udkbOD; (bDat txufwef;) (aemif ta&;ydkif OD;bOD;? oHwGJ) 2/ udkzdk;uGef; (bDtufpD txufwef;) (aemif ocifAdkvfzdk;uGef;) 8

udkvdkeDacwfOD; - 1918 rS 1921 - e,fcsJYqefhusifa&; trsKd;om;a&;toGif

Source: RU History (Diamond Jubilee)

oydwaf rSmufausmif;om;Bu;D rsm; opömt"d|mefjyK&m a½Tw*d akH pwD taemufawmifaxmifw U iG f pdu k x f x l m;aom txdr;f trSwaf usmufwikd f

3/ udkb½Sif (bDtufpD txufwef;) (aemif tif*sifeD,m) (&efukef) 4/ udkb½Sif (tkdifat txufwef;) 5/ udkxGef;0if; (tkdifat txufwef;) 6/ udkazodef; (tdkifat txufwef;) 7/ udknDydwf (bDtufpD txufwef;) (aemif puf½Sifw&m;olBuD;) (&efukef) 8/ udkat; (bDat txufwef;) (aemif ,pfrsdK;rif;BuD;) 9/ udkvSwif (bDat txufwef;) (aemif vTwfawmfa½SUae) 10/ udkatmif'if (tdkifat txufwef;) (aemif yifpif½Hk;tkyf) 11/ udkbcif (tkdifat txufwef;) (rEÅav;) wkdU jzpfonf/ þaumvdyaf usmif;om;BuD; (11) OD;wdYkonf (2) em&De;D yg;Mumatmif tzufzufrS av;eufpmG qifjcifpOf;pm; NyD;aemuf trdEidk if \ H *kPo f u d m© udk u,fwifa&;twGuf aumvdyaf usmif;rsm;udk oydwaf rSmuf&ef qH;k jzwfvu kd Mf uonf/ ,if;udpöudk rnfuJhodkY xajrmufatmifjrif&ef jyKvkyfMurnfudk wdkifyifESD;aESmMuNyD;vQif (1) tjcm; ausmif;om;rsm; rvdkufaomfvnf; xdk (11) OD;wdkYonf ausmif;udk rysufruGuf oydwfarSmuf NyD;vQif wdkif;jynf qlylx
jrefrmEdkifiHausmif;om;vIyf&Sm;rIordkif; - atmifxGef; ausmif;om;BuD;rsm;\ vQKdU0Supf mG vIy½f mS ;aeyHu k kd tjcm;ausmif;om;rsm;uvnf; &dyrf w d efoavmuf &dyrf Md u avonf/ ],leDAmpDwDtufOya'udk wwdkif;jynfvHk;u uefhuGufaeygvsuf tpdk;&u yrmrcefhjyKonfUtwGuf oydwf arSmuf&ef MuHpnfMuonf} [lí tcsif;csif; odem;vnfaecJhMuonf/ 'DZifbmv (4) &ufaeY? eHeufyikd ;f wGif &efuek af umvdyEf iS hf ,k'oefaumvdyf ausmif;om;rsm;\ pum;tajc twifajymyGJ tNyD; nae (3) em&D rdepf (30) wGif A[ef;&yf OD;t&d,ausmif;wdkufodkY ausmif;om;rsm; tpnf;ta0; qufvuf wufa&muf&ef zdwfMum;Muavonf/ xdkaeYnae (3) em&DcGJwGif aumvdyfESpf&yfvHk;rS ausmif;om;aygif; (600) cefY pka0;a&muf½SdvmMuonf/ &efuek faumvdyfrS acgif;aqmif (11) OD;ESifh ausmif;om;rsm;tjyif ,k'oefaumvdyfrS udkzdk;usm;? udkjrifh? udkzdk;vwf tp½Sdaom acgif;aqmifrsm;ESifh ausmif;om;rsm; wufa&mufvmMuonf/ tpnf;ta0;wGif &efukefaumvdyf tdkiftufpfpD atmufwef;rS udkvSpdefudk Ouú|wifajr§mufí udkbOD;u tpnf;ta0; ac:,l&jcif; taMumif;rsm;udk tus,fw0ifh ½Sif;vif;ajymjyonf/ xdYk aemuf aumvdyEf pS &f yfpvk;H rS ausmif;om;rsm;onf oydwaf rSmufa&; udpu ö kd jyif;jyif;xefxef aqG;aEG;Mu onf/ t,ltqtrsKd;rsKd;udkvnf; aumvdyfESpf&yfpvHk;rS ausmif;om;rsm;u wifjyMuonf/ aqG;aEG;ndE§ idI ;f Mu&mwGif wuúov kd Of ya'udk wdu k zf sufa&;twGuf oydwaf rSmuf&efuu kd m; a,bk,stm;jzifh oabmwlMu\/ odkY&mwGif (1) wuúodkvfOya'udk jyifqifay;&ef bk&ifcHxH avQmufxm;í vdkufavsmjcif; rjyKorQ oydwf arSmuf&efESifh? (2) rauseyfrIrsm;udk xdxda&mufa&muf jyonfhtaeESifh oydwfarSmufNyD;rS vdkvm;csuf awmif;qdkvTmudk wif&ef[laom enf;vrf;ESpf&yf uGJvGJMuavonf/ xdkYaMumifh ,if;udpöudk rJqE´,l&ef pDrHMuonf/ qE´r,lrD ½IH;aomzufrS EkdifaomzufodkY razmufjyef vdkufyg&ef ESpfOD;ESpfzuf uwday;Muonf/ xdkYaemuf qE´rJ tqHk;tjzwf,l&mwGif OD;pGm oydwfarSmufNyD; aemufrS vdv k m;csufrsm;udk ta&;qdak om awmif;qdv k mT wif&efzufrS tEkid &f ½Sad vonf/ xdpk Oftcgu udzk ;kd usm;ESihf tjcm;acgif; aqmifrsm;rSm rJqE´½IH;Muaomfvnf; oydwfarSmuf vIyf½Sm;rIwavQmufvHk;ESifh trsKd;om;ynma&; c&D;pOfwavQmufvHk; wGif razmufrjyef vdkufygcJhMuonf/ ,if;tpnf;ta0;rS(1) 1920 jynfhESpf? 'DZifbmv (7) &uf? t*FgaeYwGif jrefrmEkdifiH 'kwd,bk&ifcH &efukefaumvdyfausmif;odkY vma&mufNyD; ]jrefrmEkdifiHwGif &efukefwuúodkvf zGifUvSpfaMumif;} aMunmaomtcg aumvdyfausmif; ESpaf usmif;½Sd ausmif;om;BuD;rsm;onf rdrw d Ykd pmtkyrf sm;udk ydu k í f ]&efuek w f uúov kd u f kd oydwaf rSmufNy}D [k atmf[pfum ausmif;rsm;rS xGufvm&ef? (2) oydwfarSmufNyD;rS xdk&efukefwuúodkvfOya'onf jrefrmrsm; txufwef;ynm oifMum;a&;twGuf epfematmif csKyfcs,fonfhOya'rsm;jzpfí ,if;wkdYudk jyKjyifay;&ef t*FvdyfAsL½kdu&uftpdk;&odkY ta&; qdk&ef? (3) jyKjyifay;&ef awmif;qdkaom tcsufrsm;udk jyKjyifíray;orQ umvywfvHk; ausmif;jyefí rwuf&ef qHk;jzwfcsufrsm;udk csrSwfMuonf/ xdkYtjyif oydwfarSmuf udpöESifhywfoufí udpöt00udk aqmif½GufoGm;&ef ausmif;ESpfausmif;rS udk,fpm; vS,rf sm; yg0ifonfh 26 OD;aumfrw D D (Council of Twenty-six) udk a½G;cs,cf efYtyfum wm0eft&yf&yf vTt J yfavonf/ ,if; 26 OD;aumfrDwDwdkYum;(pwifOD;aqmifcJUaom ausmif;om;BuD; (11) OD; tygt0if) &efukefaumvdyfrS 12/ udkvSpdef (Oya'ynm) (aemif NrdKUrq&ma[mif;) 13/ udkbwif (Oya'ynm) (aemif Oya'jyK vTwaf wmftrwf? uefe0D efBuD;\ ajr;) 14/ udkpkd;0if; (bDat txufwef;) (aemif ynma&;txl;t&m½Sd) 15/ udkxGef;az (tdkifat txufwef;) (aemif xGef;aeUpOf t,f'DwmcsKyf) 16/ udkb[ef (bDatwef;) (aemif [dkufukwfpmawmfjyef) 17/ udkvlaz0if; (bDDat txufwef;) (aemif a½S;a[mif;okawoe? ausmufpm0ef) 18/ udkbausmf (tdkifat txufwef;) (aemif tpdk;&yHkESdyfwdkufnTefMum;a&;0ef) 10

udkvdkeDacwfOD; - 1918 rS 1921 - e,fcsJYqefhusifa&; trsKd;om;a&;toGif 19/ rpöwm tifpDqif; (bDat txufwef;) 20/ rpöwm tD;armifpdef (bDat txufwef;) *syfqifaumvdyfrS (,k'oefaumvdyf) 21/ udkjrifh 22/ udkjr (bDtufpfpD txufwef;) 23/ udkzdk;usm; (bDat atmufwef;) 24/ udkzdk;vwf (bDat txufwef;) 25/ udkarmifudk (bDat txufwef;) 26/ rpöwm bkdYpf wdkYjzpfonf/

(aemif w&m;½Hk;csKyfa½SUae)

(aemif ae½Sife,f OD;jrifh) (aemif 'k-0efBuD;csKyf ocifjr) (aemif trsKd;om;ynm0ef) (aemif ,Ofaus;rI twGif;0efa[mif;) (aemif xDrif;BuD;)

pwifoydwfarSmufjcif; ausmif;om;rsm;onf ,leDAmpDwDOya'ESifh xkdOya't& wnfaxmifrnfh wuúodkvfausmif;BuD;udkyg oydwf arSmufMu&ef qHk;jzwfonfqdkaom wpHkwpfa,muf\ owif;ay;csuft& &efukefaumvdyf ausmif;tkyfBuD; rpöwm rwfo,l;[efwm; (Mr. Matthew Hunter***) od½o dS mG ;avonf/ ausmif;tkyBf uD;onf owif;&vQi&f jcif; ausmif; q&mrsm;? t&m½Srd sm;? rdbrsm;rSwqifh ausmif;om;rsm; oydwrf arSmufjzpfatmif zsuaf vonf/ tpd;k &trIxrf;jzpfonfh ausmif;om; rdbwdkYtm; om;orD;rsm; oydwfarSmufvQif oifwdkYtvkyfrS xkwfypfcH&rnf[k Ncdrf;ajcmufonf/ ausmif;tkyBf uD;ESihf q&mrdbrsm;u oydwrf arSmufjzpfatmif zsufaeonfo h wif;rsm;udk csufjcif;Mum;od&í 1282 ck? wefaqmifrkef; vjynfhausmf (10) &uf? 1920 'DZifbmv (5) &ufaeY? aeYvnf (2) em&DwGif udkbOD;tdrfü tpnf;ta0; jyKvkyfcg ausmif;om;BuD; (11) OD;onf rlvowfrSwfxm;aom 'DZifbmv (7) &ufudk rapmifhawmhbJ ,aeY 'DZifbm (5) &uf (wefaqmifrkef; vjynfhausmf 10 &uf) üyif oydwfarSmuf&ef qHk;jzwfMuonf/ xdkYaemuf naewGif A[ef;a½Tusif&yf ausmif;wkduf wkdifw&mausmif;ü ausmif;tdyfausmif;pm; &efukefaumvdyfESifh ,k'oef aumvdyrf S ausmif;om; (50) ausmfonf pkpnf;NyD;vQif ynmrif;BuD;ruf[ef;wm;\ Oya'ESihf xdOk ya't& zGiv hf pS rf nfh wuúokdvfausmif;awmfBuD;udk pwif oydwfarSmufcJhMuonf/

(C) oydwaf rSmufpOf jrifuiG ;f ESihf ausmif;om;wkYd cdik rf maompdw"f gwf

Source: National Day (Golden Jubilee)

ausmif;om;rsm; xdo k Ykd oydwaf rSmufjcif;rSm ynmqufvufoif&ef ysi;f &d í r[kwf? ArmjynfESifh ArmwrsdK;om;vHk; tem*wf aumif;pm;a&;twGuf ¤if;wkdY ynmoifMum;a&;ESifh aemifa&;udk tqHk;½IH;cHum? tepfemcHum xGufvmcJhjcif;jzpf onf/ t*Fvyd Af sL½du k &uf e,fcsJUtpd;k &u pDrv H yk u f idk o f a½GU vnf;aumif;? rw&m; zdEydS rf rI sm;udk vnf;aumif;? iHYkrcHbJ xdxad &mufa&muf wHYkjyefwu kd cf u kd jf cif;jzpfonf/ t*Fvdyftpdk;&udk BuD;us,faom yxrOD;qHk; qefYusifrIBuD; jzpfonf/ ArmawG txufwef;ynmrwwfvQif wd;k wufrI r½S?d wk;d wufrI r½Sv d Qif olYuRef? olYvufatmufwGif olwdkYvkyfoí iHkYcHum ArmawGu t½dk;pm;? olwdkYu tqDtESpfudk xm0pOf oHk;pGJoGm;&ef jzpfonf/ ynmrwwfvQif atmufwef;pm; tvkyt f udik Ef iS o hf m a&mif&h w J if;wdrNf yD; olwYkd tkycf sKyfa&; 0ifa&muf rpGuzf ufEidk af y/ ynmrwwfí wdk;wufrIr½SdvQif olwdkYvufatmuf uRefoabmufrS b,fawmhrQ BudK;pm;awmhrnf r[kwfay/ Ouú| udb k OD; ausmif;om;xk w&yfv;kH tdrrf jyefawmhbJ A[ef;a½Tusifausmif;wku d Ef iS hf OD;t&d,ausmif;wkduf twGif;½Sd Z&yfrsm;wGif oydwfarSmufpcef;rsm; jyKvkyfaexdkifMuonf/ ausmif;om;rsm; oydwf arSmufonfudk Mum;odvQif odcsif; q&mBuD;OD;bESifh OD;bvdIifwdkYu yxrtBudrfoydwf rarSmuf&ef ajymqdkonf/ ausmif;om;rsm; vufoifhrcHí jyefoGm;Muonf/ aemufwBudrfwGif q&mBuD;rwf[ef;wm;ESifh OD;jrifh (rif;wkdifyiftrwf) wdkYvma&mufNyD; trsKd;rsKd;tzHkzHk aoG;aqmif ac:iifMuonf/ trsm;pku acgif;aqmifwifajr§mufxm;aom Ouú| udkbOD;ESifh udkjrifhwdkYu rauseyfonfh tcsufrsm;udk ajymjyaomfvnf; q&mrwf[ef;wm;u vufrcHbJ aoG;aqmif ac:iifvsufyif½Sdonf/ 11

jrefrmEdkifiHausmif;om;vIyf&Sm;rIordkif; - atmifxGef; xkdtcg udkazodef;u ]],Ofaus;onfqdkaom q&mBuD;wkdY\ t*FvdyfjynfESifh taemufwdkif;jynfrsm;wGif jynfolrsm; oabmrwl onfh Oya'rsm;udk Oya'jyKtzGJUu twnfjyKygoavm}} ar;&m q&mBuD;rwf[ef;wm;u ]]rjyKaMumif;}} jyefajz\/ ]]odkYjzpfvQif usaemfwkdYrESpfNrdKUaom ,leDAmpDwDtufOya'udk q&mBuD;wkdY t*Fvdyftpdk;&onf twnfjyKí oH;k pGaJ pjcif;rSm ,Ofaus;ygoavm? w&m;ygoavm? usaemfwYkdu vufatmufcH Ekid if o H m;awGrYkd oif;wkYd qrD mS xifovkd vkyfrnfqdkaom oabmESifh vkyfygovm;}} ar;&m q&m[ef;wm; rnfodkYrQ rajzEkdifbJ tm;avsmhum xGufcGmoGm;\/ udv k ekd aD cwfO;D wGif yxrqH;k ay:aygufcahJ om oydwjf zpfí pdw"f mwfa&;&mt& MuHUcdik rf rI ½S?d pnf;urf;bufvJ avsmhwdavsmh&J pnf;½Hk;rIüvJ ysufjy,fvdrfhrnf[k wGufqp&m ½Sdonf/ odkYaomf ausmif;om;oydwfu xkdodkYr[kwf/ oydwfarSmufausmif;om;rsm;\ aMunmcsufudk MunfhvQif]usaemfwo hdk nf wwdik ;f jynfv;kH uRet f wGi;f u rnfonft U cgrQ rvGwu f if;aponfU AsL½du k &uf\ odyaHÜ usmif; Oya'udk xkacszsuq f ;D &efEiS Uf ckcjH cif;rSwyg; tjcm;aomenf;jzifU wdik ;f jynfukd u,fq,fz&hkd m enf;vrf;r½S[ d k ,HMk unfygonf/ usaemfwo hkd nf *kPo f a&apmifaU ½SmufonfU ausmif;om;rsm;jzpfonfU tm;avsmpf mG wu,fta&;MuKH vmvQif wdik ;f jynftwGuf toufpeG &hf ef toif½U MdS uygonf/ usaemfwhkd ckcw H u kd &f if;om aoygap/ aemufq;kH txd ckcyH grnf[k pdwyf ikd ;f jzwfxm;olrsm; jzpfygonf/} oydwfarSmufausmif;om; Ouú|udkbOD;u ]AsL½du k a&pDtpd;k &onf ArmvlrsKd ;rsm;udk b,faomtcg tavsmaU y;bl;ygovJ/ b,fawmUrS ray;yg/ b,feaH &m tcgrSvJ ay;vdrfUrnfr[kwf/ usaemfwdkhudk qlylaom vl½l;wpk[k t,l½SdMuonf/ e,fcsJYwdkhonf usaemfwdkhudk touf r½Sdaom opfwHk;rsm;[k atmufarUMu\/ usaemfwdkh ajymwmawG bmrS tav;rjyK? *½krjyKonfU tjyif 'DZifbm (23) &ufwGif ausmif;jyef rwufaomtcg ausmif;om;tm;vHk;udk xkwfypfrnf[k Ncdrf;ajcmufygao;onf/ ausmif;om;rsm; ausmif;jyef0ifí Oya'udkzsuf&ef BudK;pm;tyfonfqkdaom t,ltqvufcHolwkdhrSm &dyfrdMu[ef rwlao;ay/ tusdK; taMumif; jyoí ajymqdkawmif;yefvQifvnf; ta&;r,l? tvGefaESmifUaES;pGm tcsdefqGJ xm;wwfonf/ rnfonfUtcgrQ Ny;D qH;k atmif rvky?f [k[ d 'dk 'D D ajymqkí d MuufOwvH;k uGm vkyx f m;jcif;rQom jzpfacsonf/ pOfpm;vsu½f adS o;onfqadk om pum;udk tjrJoHk;vsuf½Sdonf/ tkdif,mveftkyfcsKyfa&;ESifU ywfoufí vGefcJhaom ESpf (300) rS ,cktxd pOf;pm;vsuf ½Sdonf/ tdEd´,ta&;ESihf ywfoufí tESpf (30) ausmf ,cktxd pOf;pm;vsuf ½Sdonf/ a½Twd*Hkbk&m;ajrudk cHwyfukyf xm;&m ajymif;a½TY&ef ,ckwdkif pOf;pm;vsuf½Sdonf/ þonfwdkhudk axmufaomf wuúokdvfOya'Murf; jyifqifa&;udpö rSmvJ {uefrck s tqH;k r½So d avmuf pOf;pm;tH;k rnfrmS ajrBu;D vufcwfrvGJ jzpfawmUonf/ 0dik t f rfbaD tESiUf Armwjynfv;kH u tvDvDtvmvmrsm;pGm Oya'udk zsuf&efBudK;pm;cJUMuonf r[kwfygavm? em;axmifyg\avm? ta&;,lyg\avm} þuJhodkU xufjrufjywfom;aom tjrifrsm;aMumifh ausmif;om;oydwfonf vlxk\ tm;ay;rIudk&cJhonf/ ausmif;om;xkw&yfvHk; tdrfrjyefawmhbJ oydwfarSmufMu&m &efukefNrdKUrdNrdKUztaygif;ESifh tdrfjyeftdrfpm; ausmif;om;rsm;odap&ef armfawmfum;ESifh wNrKdUvHk;vSnfhvnfaMunm\/ odrfBuD;aps; aps;ol? aps;om;rsm;ESifh NrdKUa&m e,fyg jynfolwdkYu qef? qD? ig;yd? ig;ajcmufrSpí aiGaMu;ygrusef tultnDay;Mu\/ ausmif;om;rsm;twGuf bke;f BuD;rsm;u nwGi;f csif; tdy&f m? acgif;tH;k xkwaf y;\/ NrKdUrdNrKdUzESiv hf Bl uD;rsm;u apmif? arGU&mydYk ay;\/ txl;ojzifh odrBf uD;aps; jrefrmh[w d ukrm® &Dtoif;rS uGr;f ½GBJ uD; a':a':ode;f onf tvGepf w d t f m;xufoefpmG olu, kd w f idk f aqmfMoí qeftdwf? qDyHk;wdkYudk vufwGef;vSnf;ay:txd wifay;onf/ ]'dkY Armausmif;om;awG xGufvmMuukefNyD? wkdif;jynftusdK;udkomonf onfydk;aqmif½Gufrnf/} ]AmpDwD? AmpDwD} ]oydwfarSmuf oydwfarSmuf} ]jrefcGifrSm wdkif;a,mufsm; [JUvkdh? rcHcsif½Sm bGdKif;aumufom;awGrjzifU pGefhpm;cg? ½kef;nmwef;cJUordkh} þuJhodkY &efukefNrdKU e,l;bm;rm;yHkESdyfwdkufrS ½dkufESdyfay;onfh ydkpwmrsm;udk vefcsm;rsm;wGif uyfí vnf; aumif;? tcsKdUausmif;om;rsm;u ausmif;om;awG ]]oydwfarSmufMuyg}} ]] trsdK;om;ynma&;udk tm;ay;Muyg}} [laom ydkpwmrsm; vdyf,lum "mwf&xm;pD;Muonf/ "mwf&xm;ay:a&mufrS ydkpwmrsm;udk jzefYa0Muonf/ odrfBuD;aps;rS OD;armifuav;? a':odef;wdkYu OD;aqmifí aps;olaps;om;rsm;u ig;ydaMumf? a*G;oD;rsm;udk A[ef;oydwfpcef;odkY ydkYMuavonf/ A[ef;&yfuGufrSm MuufysHruspnfum;aom a½TNrdKUav; jzpfvmcJhayonf/ ausmif;om;acgif;aqmif 12

udkvdkeDacwfOD; - 1918 rS 1921 - e,fcsJYqefhusifa&; trsKd;om;a&;toGif udkbOD;\ BudK;yrf;rIaMumifh oydwfrSm wqifhwufvmEkdifayonf/ e,l;bm;rm;owif;pm t,f'DwmOD;bvdIif? vufyH wef; OD;vlBuD;? OD;xGef;oef;paom jrefrmowif;pmq&mrsm;ESifh yl;aygif;í oydwfarSmufausmif;om;aumifpDtzGJU½Hk; wnf½&dS m A[ef;Z&yfrsufEmS pmwGif ],leAD mpDwo D ydwaf rSmufausmif;om;rsm;tzGYJ jyefMum;a&;Xme}[laom puúLqkid ;f bkwf wcsyf csdwfqGJxm;onf/ oydwfarSmufaumifpD jyefMum;a&;XmezGifhí e,l;bm;rm;owif;pm? &efukefwdkif;owif;pm? &efukefa*Zufowif;pmrsm;wGif oydwfarSmufowif;ESifh tcef;rsm;yg½Sdvm&m t*Fvdyfpmwwf Armausmif;om;rsm;\ ta&;tom;udk tHhMocsD;usL; rqHk;jzpfonf/

(i) pdeaf yg [ku d pf ul;ausmif;om;rsm; yg0ifvmjcif; &efukefaumvdyf aemifawmfBuD;rsm;onf ,leDAmpDwDtufOya'udk oydwfarSmufvdkufaom owif;onf wr[kwfcsif; pdefaygausmif;odkY owif;a&muf½Sdvmonf/ xdktcg udkwifhonf udkarmifarmif? udkav;armifwkdYESifh oGm;a&muf wkdifyifum ausmif;tdyfausmif;pm;tm;vHk; tusÐ (2) xnf? vHkcsnf (2) xnfpD ,lí ausmif;*dwfaygufrS wqifh a½Tw*d b kH &k m;odYk csDwuf&ef jyifqifMuonf/ 6? 12? 1920 ckEpS w f iG f armif*rkd m&D ql;avbk&m;vrf;rS o&ufcEk pS f yifvrf; twdkif; A[ef;vrf;rBuD;rS a½Twd*HkapwDawmfodkY (2) a,mufwGJ csDwufMuonf/ xdkYaemuf pdefaygausmif;om; (150) ausmo f nf "r®ock ausmif;wku d af ½SU OD;em*dEa´ usmif;odYk 0ifMuavonf/ ausmif;om;BuD;rsm; aemifawmfBuD;rsm;ESihf ajymqdkaqG;aEG; Mo0g'cH,lMuonf/ pdefaygausmif;om;rsm; udkwifh (acgif;aqmif) udkwif (tusdK;aqmif) tzGJU0ifrsm; udkarmifarmifBuD; udek D udkav;armif tm;ay;ulnDolrsm; apmcGefwdkif (usKdif;wHkapmfbGm;om;) apmbkef;vl (usKdif;wHkapmfbGm;om;) (7) wef;? (10) wef;ausmif;om;rsm; vdkufyg oydwfarSmufjcif; aumvdyaf usmif; (2) ausmif;rS ausmif;om;BuD;rsm;\ oydwu f kd Armwjynfv;kH ½Sd [ku d pf ul; (7) wef;? (10) wef; ausmif;om;rsm;u olwdkYausmif;rsm;udk oydwfarSmufí xGufvmMu\/ olwdkY t,ltqrSm ,leDAmpDwDtuf Oya'onf aumvdyaf usmif;rsm;odYk a&mufvmNyD; ausmif;om;BuD;rsm;udk rnfoYkd rQ xdcu kd pf &mr½Sad y/ xdak usmif;om;BuD; wkYd\ oydwaf rSmufjcif;onf olwYkd ausmif;om;i,frsm;ESiw hf uG aemifvmaemufom; Armrsm;tzdYkomjzpf\/ olwYkdvnf; 0ifa&muf ulnD&ef0wå&m;½Sd\/ olwdkY,lqrIrSm rSefonf/ &efukefaumvdyfESifh ,k'oefaumvdyf ausmif;om;BuD;rsm; tzdYk qv kd Qif ,leAD mpDwOD ya'onf rsm;pGmxdcu kd pf &m r½S?d bDat? bDtufpD (ac:) 0dZmÆ txufwef; ausmif;om;BuD;rsm; twGuf pmar;yGJusif;y&ef (3) vom vkdawmhonf/ pmar;yGJatmifvQif olwdkY ynmoifMum;a&; NyD;awmhrnf/ tjcm; ausmif;om;BuD;rsm;twGufvJ &efukefwuúodkvfOya' twnfjzpfaomfvJ ¤if;wuúokdvfOya'wGif yg0ifaom jy|mef; csufrsm;udk ½kwfw&uf wu,fwef; raqmif½GufEkdifao;ay/ aumvdyfausmif; wausmif;wnf; ½Sd&rnf[k qkd&mwGif ,k'oefaumvdyaf usmif;udk zsuyf pf&efEiS hf tm;vH;k aom aumvdyaf usmif;om;rsm; ausmif;tdyaf usmif;pm;tjzpf aeEkid &f ef taqmuftOD aqmufvkyf&ef tvG,fwul rNyD;Ekdifao;ay/ tenf;qHk; (5) ESpfavmuf MumOD;rnfjzpfonf/ xdktcg aumvdyfausmif;rsm;wGif atmufqHk;wef;jzpfonfh odyÜHatmufwef; ausmif;om;rsm;rSm aemif (3) ESpfwGif 0dZÆmwef;udk atmifMuawmhrnf/ [dkufpul;zdkife,fac: (10) wef;atmifí t*FvdyfbmomESifh tjcm;bmomw&yfwGif xl;cRefpGm atmifjrif&rnfqakd om jy|mef;csu?f (10) wef;txd atmifNyD; aumvdyjf yifqifrw I ef;wGif wESpaf e&rnfqakd om jy|mef; csufwYkd rmS oydwaf rSmufausmif;om;BuD;rsm;udk vH;k 0rxdcu kd af y/ oydwaf rSmufausmif;om;BuD;rsm;rSm wu,fh trsKd;cspf pdwfESifh wkdif;jynfvlrsKd;twGuf olwdkYynmoifMum;a&;ESifh aemifa&;udkyg tepfemcHMuonfrSm ,HkrSm;p&mr½Sday/ olwYkd oydwaf rSmufvu dk í f Armrsm;\ pdwx f w J iG u f ed ;f atmif;aeaom rsKd;cspfpw d "f gwfrsm; tH
jrefrmEdkifiHausmif;om;vIyf&Sm;rIordkif; - atmifxGef; wGif a,mufsm; ntdyf (2000) ausm½f v dS mMuonf/ ausmif;olrsm;rSm oydwaf rSmuf&mwGif yg0ifaomfvJ oydwpf cef;wGif vmraeay/ xdkYtwl rEÅav;? armfvNrdKif? ykodrf? jynfponfh tNrdKUNrdKUrS t*Fvdyfausmif;om;rsm;vnf; vkdufí oydwfarSmuf Muavonf/

(p) rEåav;NrKd Uoydwf rEÅav;NrdKUoydwfudk 'DZifbmv (10) &ufaeYrS pí armifbaomif; (aemif ocifbaomif;) acgif;aqmifí ausmif;om;rsm; oydwfarSmufap&ef vdkufvHpnf;½Hk;vIHYaqmfwuf
]vlwikd ;f ud, k u Uf , kd u f kd acgi;f aqmifaeMuwmbJ} t*Fvdyfvdk jyefajymvkdufaomtcg &mZ0wf0ef rufa'ge,f rwwfEkdifbJ jyefoGm;onf/ rEÅav;oydwfarSmuf ausmif;om;udk,fpm;vS,fxJrS (5) OD;udk a½G;cs,fí &efukefNrdKUü usif;yrnfh Arm EdkifiHvHk;qkdif&m oydwfausmif;om;rsm; udk,fpm;vS,f tpnf;ta0;odkY apvTwfcJhonf/ ¤if;wkdYrSm(1) armifbaomif; aemif (ocifbaomif;) (10) wef;ausmif;om; rEÅav;Ak'¨bmom omoeEk*¾[ txufwef;ausmif; (2) armifausmf0if; (pdefyDwmausmif;) (3) armifyGifhopf (aemif a½SUae) (4) armifxGef;armif (aemif trsKd;om;ausmif;q&m) (5) armifboD (aemif 'dkiftmcD b@ma&;0efBuD;) wkdYjzpfonf/ xkYd aemuf jrefrmEkid if w H 0ef;vH;k ½Sd t*Fvyd jf refrm (2) bmomausmif;rsm;tm;vH;k vdu k í f oydwaf rSmufMuojzifh wEkdifiHvHk; odrfhodrfhwkefoGm;onf/ oydwfpcef;ae ausmif;om;ta&twGuf rsm;jym;vmNyDjzpfonf/

(q) oydwt f &Sed w f ufvmjcif; 1920 ckESpf? 'DZifbmv (20) &ufaeYwGif ArmwjynfvHk; oydwfarSmufausmif;om;rsm; oydwfpdwf xdyfwef; a&mufaeaom tcsed yf ifjzpfonf/ xdak eY eHeuftcsed w f iG f bdvyfatmufygvDref avbmygwD0iftrwf ume,f0uf*s0'k f ESifh ZeD;wkYd (Colonel & Mrs. Wedgwood) onf a½Tw*d akH pwDawmfajc&if;ü Ak'b ¨ mom0ifrsm;uJo h Ykd zdeyfcRwfí oydwaf rSmuf ausmif;om;rsm;½S&d m oydwpf cef;okYd oGm;a&mufco hJ nf/ ¤if;ZeD;armifEo HS nf ausmif;om;rsm;ESit hf wl OD;vSaz? OD;oGif (a½Tw*d kH a*gyuvlBuD;)? OD;ukwBf uD;? OD;Nidr;f ? a':a':pk? pdefar&Dausmif;ol rpD (q&mra':pD)? OD;oif;armifpaom yk*¾dKvfrsm;ESifh trSwfw& "mwfyHk½dkufoGm;onf/ oydwfausmif;om;acgif;aqmifrsm;u tdE´d,uGef*&uf toif;acgif;aqmif rpöwm tbwfw&yf*sEiS v hf nf; tem*wfocifynma&;twGuf aqG;aEG;cJo h nf/ oydwpf cef;wnf&m A[ef;Z&yfuav;wGif tcef; (3) cef; ½So d nf/ a½SUqH;k tcef;udk {nfch ef;tjzpfvnf;aumif;? uset f cef;udk vlaecef;tjzpfvnf;aumif; oHk;pGJcJhonf/ bkef;awmfBuD;rsm; pGefYxm;aom xef;pm;yGJ0dkif;BuD;ay:wGif oydwfudpö aqmif½GufzG,f&m pm½Gufpmwrf;rsm;udk a&;om;Muonf/ jrefrmowif;pmrsm;udk tcrJh&onf/ t*Fvdyf owif;pmrsm;udk 0,f,lMu&onf/ t*Fvyd o f wif;pmrsm;wGif oydwaf rSmuf ausmif;om;rsm;taMumif; ykwcf wfa&;om;cJo h nfh owif;ygvmvQif acgif;aqmif Ouú| udkbOD;u owif;pmyg pmrsufESmay:wGif zaemifhESifh aygufavh½Sdonf/ oydwfarSmuf ausmif;om; rsm;onf pmoifcef;wGif roifMum;Ekdifaom vlrI0dZÆmynm&yfrsm;udk vufawGUqnf;yl;cGifh &cJhonf/ e,l;bm;rm; owif;pmwkduf? 0dkiftrfbDattoif;wkdYrS pmtkyftrsKd;rsKd;o,f,lum zwfjcif;jzifh A[kokw&cJhonf/ ntcsdefwGif za,mif;wkdif rD;xGef;í trIaqmifrsm;tpnf;ta0; jyKvkyfonf/ 14

udkvdkeDacwfOD; - 1918 rS 1921 - e,fcsJYqefhusifa&; trsKd;om;a&;toGif

(Z) awmif;qkcd suaf y;ydjYk cif;ESihf ausmif;rwuf&efq;kH jzwfjcif; 'DZifbmv (17-19) &ufaeYwGif oydwfausmif;om;rsm;tzGJUu 'DZifbmv (4) &ufaeY tpnf;ta0; qHk;jzwfcsuf (2) t& tcsuf (16) csufyg awmif;qkdcsuf pmwapmifudk 'kwd,bk&ifcHxHokdY ydkYvdkuf&m atmufyg twkdif;jzpfonf/ 1/ 2/

3/ 4/ 5/ 6/ 7/ 8/ 9/ 10/ 11/ 12/

13/ 14/ 15/ 16/

wuúodkvfausmif;om;? ausmif;olrsm;tm;vHk; ausmif;tdyf? ausmif;pm;jzpf&rnf[k owfrSwfxm;onfh twGuf qif;&Jaomausmif;om;rsm;twGuf tcuftcJjzpfojzifh xdktcsufudk y,fzsuf&ef/ wuúodkvfausmif;aecGifh&½SdEdkif&ef t*FvdyfbmomESifh tjcm;bmomw&yf xl;cRefpGm wwfajrmuf&rnf [laomtcsurf mS t*Fvyd b f momonf rdrt d rsK;d om;bmom r[kwo f nfh Armwkid ;f &if;om;rsm;ESihf tdE, d´ trsKd;om;rsm;twGuf cufcJrI½Sdojzifh xdktcsufudk y,fzsuf&ef/ wuúodkvfwGif tBudKoifwef; wESpfxm;½Sdjcif;rSm pmoifESpfydkrdkNyD; p&dwfydkrdkrsm;jym; vmrnfjzpfí xdk tcsufudk y,fzsuf&ef/ EIwfwdkufpmar;yGJxm;&ef rvdkívnf; xdktcsufudk y,fzsuf&ef/ bDat? bDtufpD*kPfxl;ESifhatmifrS trfat? trftufpDoifcGifh&rnf qkdaomtcsufudk y,fzsuf&ef/ *kPfxl;wef;oif,lvdkolrsm;onf pmar;yGJwBudrfwnf;om ajzqkdcGifhjyKxm;onfrSm Muyfwnf;vGef; ojzifh jyifqif owfrSwf&ef/ tdkifatatmifNyD; (3) ESpftwGif; *kPfxl;wef; ajzqdk&rnfqkdaom tcsufrSm Muyfwnf;vGef;vSí jyif qif&ef/ xdkenf;wl trfat? trftufpD*kPfxl;wef;rsm;twGuf tcsdefuefYowfay;xm;jcif;rSmvnf; roifh avsmfí y,fzsuf&ef/ trfat? trftufp*D P k x f ;l wef;rsm;ü ESpBf udrf (odYk) aemufraS tmifjrifvQif xkad usmif;om;udk twef;vdu k f cGJjcm;í tatmifay;&ef/ bDtufpD½dk;½dk;bGJUESifh*kPfxl;wef;rsm;twGuf t*Fvdyfpm pmpDpmuHk;ajz&ef rvdktyf[k,lqonf/ wuúodkvfaumifpDESifh ygarmu©rsm;tzGJU? wuúodkvftkyfcsKyfa&;tzGJUrsm;ü vlrsKd; vlwef;pm;aygif;pHkESihf ausmif;om;udk,fpm;vS,frsm; yg0ifEkdifa&;twGuf pnf;rsOf;Oya'jyifqif&ef/ trsm;pkqE´t& qH;k jzwfaqmif½u G o f nfh pepfusio hf ;kH aom þtcsed t f cgrsK;d wGif wuúov kd f ausmif;q&m rsm; cefYtyf&mü wOD;wnf;oabmrjzpfapbJ q&mrsm;tzGUJ u a½G;cs,cf efYxm;&ef/ ('k-t"dywdu, kd pf m;? t"dywdEiS hf wuúov kd yf garmu©rsm;udk t"dywdu rcefYbJ ygarmu©tzGUJ uom a½G;aumufwifajr§muf&ef) tjcm;wuúodkvfrsm;rSmuJhodkY pmar;yGJukd tpdwftydkif;xm;í ajzqdkcGifh&½Sd&ef/ Oya'twef;rsm;udk eHeufydkif;wGif oifMum;a&;twGuf pDpOfay;&ef/ wuúokdvfpmar;yGJrsm;wGif jyifyESifh tvGwfynmoif ausmif;om;rsm;tm; ajzqkdcGifhay;&ef/ txufyg awmif;qkcd surf sm;udk ajyvnfatmif ajz½Si;f ray;orQ umvywfv;kH ausmif;om;rsm; ausmif;jyef wufrnf r[kwfygaMumif;/ bOD; (Boycotters)

(trIaqmiftzG)YJ (oydwfarSmufausmif;om;? olrsm;udk,fpm;) xdkawmif;qkdcsufudk bOD;u vufrSwfa&;xdk;íbk&ifcHxHydkYvkdufonf/ xdkodkYydkY&jcif;rSm ynmrif;BuD; rpöwm ruf[ef;wm;u 'DZifbm? (23) &uf ausmif;jyefwuf&ef &mZoHay;jcif;aMumifh jzpfonf/ txuf-atmuf Armjynf vHk;qkdif&m oydwfarSmufausmif;om; udk,fpm;vS,frsm; tpnf;ta0;u ausmif;om;trnfrsm;udk ausmif;pm&if;rS y,fxkwf&ef pdefac:vdkufNyD; xkdawmif;qdkcsufudk ay;ydkYjcif;jzpfonf/ xdktcg 1921? Zefe0g&DvwGif aemufqHk;xm; í ausmif;jyefwuf&ef &mZoH xyfay;avonf/ xdkaeYrSmyif ausmif;om;rsm;tpnf;ta0; usif;yí &moufyef oydwfarSmufvdkufonf/ 1921? Zefe0g&Dv? (14) &ufaeYwGif tpdk;&u vdkufavsmay;onfjzpfap? ray;onfjzpfap 15

jrefrmEdkifiHausmif;om;vIyf&Sm;rIordkif; - atmifxGef; &efuek w f uúov kd f vufatmufcH aumvdyaf usmif;rsm;odYk b,fawmhrS jyefrwuf[k qH;k jzwfaMunmvku d o f nf/ 'DZifbm v? (19) &ufaeY awmif;qkdcsuf (16) csufudk rvdkufavsmí 'DZifbmv (20) &ufaeYwGif tpnf;ta0; usif;yum qHk;jzwfí 'DZifbmv (21) &ufaeYwGif wuúodkvfausmif;om;rsm; vufrSwfa&;xdk;í rdrdwkdY trnfrsm;udk ausmif; pm&if;rS y,fzsuf&ef wefjyefta&;qdkvdkufonf/ þqHk;jzwfcsuft& bDatwef;rS udkbOD;? ukdvlaz0if;? udk&mZwf tygt0if ausmif;om; (8) OD;? bDtufpt D xufwef;rS udb k ;kd uGe;f tygt0if ausmif;om; (30) OD;? bDatatmufwef;rS (28) OD;? bDtufpDatmufwef;rS (13) OD;? bDtufpDtxufwef;rS (86) OD;? tdkifatatmufwef;rS (37) OD;? tdkiftufpD atmufwef;rS (100) ausmfwdkYESifh wjynfvHk;½Sd (7) wef;? (10) wef;ausmif;rsm;rSvnf; tpdk;&ESifh tpdk;&taxmuftyhH cHausmif;rsm;udk &moufyef oydwfarSmufvdkufonf/ xkq d ;kH jzwfcsuftwdik ;f t*Fvyd v f ufxuf &efuek w f uúov kd f vufatmufcaH usmif;rsm;odYk ausmif;jyefrwuf aom ausmif;om;BuD;rsm;rSm (300) avmuf½Sd\/ (7) wef;? (10) wef; oydwfarSmufausmif;om;rsm;rSmvnf; tajrmuftjrm;½Sdí oydwfarSmuf ausmif;om;acgif;aqmif udkbOD;\ bDatbGJUrSm 1921 ck? Mo*kwfvwGif Armjynf trsKd;om;ynma&;aumifpDrS usif;yaom bDatpmar;yGJudk 0ifa&mufajzqkd atmifjrifcJhjcif; jzpfonf/ xdktrsKd;om; ynma&;aumifprD &S aom bDatbGUJ udk vGwv f yfa&;&½SNd yD; 1952 wGif &efuek w f uúov kd u f vufcH todtrSwjf yKcJo h nf/ ausmif;om;rsm; awmif;qdkcsufudk Armrsm;udk tvGeftxifao;aom bk&ifcHu wm0efrJh ausmif;om;wOD; wa,muf vufrw S x f ;dk í wifoiG ;f aompmvTmudk vufcpH Of;pm;&ef jiif;qkv d u dk o f nf/ aemufrMumrD vufaxmufb&k if cH\ wdwfwqdwfpDpOfrIaMumifh oydwfarSmufausmif;om;rsm;\ awmif;qkdcsuftwdkif; armfvNrKdifNrKdUrS 0wfvHkawmf& OD;cspfvS tp½Sdaom yk*¾dKvfBuD;rsm;u vufrSwfxdk;NyD; epfemcsufrsm;udkjyKjyif&ef toem;cHpmwapmif wifoGif;\/ xdktoem;cHpmudk vufaxmufbk&ifcHu vufcHpOf;pm;\/ odkh&mwGif taMumif;trsKd;rsKd;jyum bmwckrQ rjyifay;acs/

(ps) trsK;d om;ausmif;rsm; trsK;d om;aumvdyw f nfaxmifMujcif; oydwfarSmufausmif;om;rsm;aumifpDu 1921 ckESpf? 'DZifbmv (11) &ufaeYü ]uREyfk w f o hdk nf rsK;d apUcsxm; aomolrsm;} jzpfonf/ "We are the Sowers" [k acgif;pOfwyfum xkwfjyefaMujimcsufxJwGif trsKd;om;ynma&; aemufq;kH &nf½, G cf suo f nf trsK;d om;vGwv f yfa&;ESihf ArmvlrsK;d wkYd \ t*Fvyd v f ufatmufrS vGwaf jrmufa&;yifwnf; [k xkwfazmfxm;avonf/ xYdktwl oydwfarSmufausmif;om;rsm;aumifpD (University Boycotters Council) rS 1920 ck? 'DZifbm (24) &ufaeYü (National Education in Bahan) [k trsKd;om;ynma&; acgif;pOfwyfNyD; xkwfjyefvdkufonfh aMunmcsufwGif-

Source: National Day (Golden Jubilee)

1920 oydwf\ toD;tyGifUrsm;tjzpf jrefrmjynft&yf&yfwGif trsKd;om;ausmif;rsm;ay:aygufcJU&m tBuD;qHk;jzpfaom &efukefNrdKY½Sd NrdKYrausmif; BuD;yHk

16

udkvdkeDacwfOD; - 1918 rS 1921 - e,fcsJYqefhusifa&; trsKd;om;a&;toGif ]trdArmjynfuckd sp&f ef vlrsK;d \ ydrk t kd &ma&mufaom ta&;udprö sm;wGif ud, k u f sK;d ukjkd zKwyf pfEidk &f efEiS Uf aoaomf vnf; rdrdtrsKd;udk cspfaompdwfESifU aoEkdif&efwkdhonf A[ef;½Sd trsKd;om;ausmif;rsm;\ [kef;[kef;awmuf &nf½G,f csufrsm;jzpfonf} [k xkwfazmfxm;cJhavonf/ oydwfarSmufausmif;om;rsm;aumifpDonf ,leDAmpDwDtufOya'udk jyifqifay;&ef qdkif&mtmPmydkifrsm;xH xdkodkU wifjyawmif;qdkcJhaomfvnf; r&½Sdojzifh oydwfarSmufausmif;om;rsm;tzdkY trsKd;om;aumvdyfESifh trsKd;om; ausmif;rsm; xlaxmif&efom ½Sdawmhonf/ 1920? 'DZifbmv (29) &ufaeYwGifjyKvkyfaom *sDpDbDattoif;csKyfBuD;u tpnf;ta0;w&yf jyKvkyfum wuúodkvfoydwfudpöudk wifjyaqG;aEG;í atmufygqHk;jzwfcsufrsm;udk qHk;jzwfcJhonf/ 1/ ArmEkdifiHt&yf&yfü trsKd;om;ausmif;rsm; wnfaxmifzGifhvSpf&ef/ 2/ &efukefNrdKUü trsKd;om;wuúodkvfausmif;BuD; wausmif; wnfaxmifzGifhvSpf&ef/ 3/ toif;csKyfBuD;ESifh qufoG,fxm;aom toif;cGJrsm;u wnfaxmifxm;aom pmoifausmif;rsm;udkvnf; trsKd;om;ausmif;rsm;tjzpf ajymif;vJ&ef/ 4/ trsKd;om;ausmif;rsm; pkaygif;tkyfcsKyf&ef vdktyfaom pDpOfñTefMum;csuf ponfwdkYudk jyKvkyfEkdif&ef trsKd;om;ynma&;tzGJU zGJUpnf;&efwdkY ygavonf/ ¤if;qH;k jzwfcsuft& wcsdew f nf;rSmyif trsKd;om;ausmif;tjrKawrsm;udk tNrdKUNrdKUüyif oydwaf rSmuf ausmif; om;BuD;rsm;\ apwemh0efxrf; tm;ay;jcif;jzifhvnf;aumif;? tNrKdUNrKdU½Sd 0HomEkBuD;rsm;\ apwemo'¨gw&m;rsm;udk cH,l&&SdrI taMumif;jyKí vnf;aumif; wr[kwfcsif; ysHUESHYay:xGufvmonf/ aEG&moDpmar;yGJrsm;trD ausmif;om; vli,frsm; qufvufynmoifMum;cGifh &½Sdvmonf/ xdktrsKd;om;ausmif;rsm;wGif aumvdyfoydwfarSmufausmif;om;rsm;ESifh (7) wef;? (10) wef;rS oydwfarSmuf ausmif;om;rsm;u 0ifa&mufí q&mvkyfMu\/ xkdoydwfarSmufausmif;om;rsm;onf rsKd;cspfpdwf tvGefjyif;xefí rnfonft h &yfrqdk jiif;y,fjcif;r½Sb d J xkt d &yf½t dS rsK;d om;ausmif;rsm;wGif tenf;i,frQaom vcESihf q&m0ifvyk Mf u\/ NrdKUrdNrdKUzrsm;uvnf; ausmif;om;rsm;udk wwfEkdifonfh enf;jzifh ulnDonf/

(n) 1920 yxrausmif;om;oydwf trsK;d om;a&;atmifjrifrrI sm;¨ 1/ G.C.B.A (*sDpDbDat) rS vlBuD;rsm;ESihf oydwfarSmufausmif;om;rsm; yl;aygif;í trsKd;om;ynma&; aumifpDudk atmufygyk*¾dKvfrsm;jzifh zGJUpnf;cJhonf/ trsKd;om;ausmif; tkyfcsKyfa&;tzGJY (1) OD;armifBuD; Ouú| (2) OD;armifarmiftkef;cdkif wGJzuftwGif;a&;rSL; (3) udkzdk;uGef; wGJzuftwGif;a&;rSL; (4) udkbOD; (5) udkpdk;0if; (6) udkzdk;vwf (7) udkjrifh (8) udkzdk;usm; (9) udkjr (om,m0wD) (10) udkbcif (11) udkbdk;wuf (12) udkbvdIif (e,l;bm;rm;) (13) udkbav; (14) udkpdefb (15) udkoma½T (ykord )f (16) udkyk (om,m0wD) (17) OD;bab 17

jrefrmEdkifiHausmif;om;vIyf&Sm;rIordkif; - atmifxGef; (18) OD;yk (a½Tusif) (19) OD;xGef;atmif (20) udkzdk;cdkif 2/ 1921 ck? rwfvwGif ¤if;trsKd;om;ynma&;aumifpDu Muyfrwfí (7) wef;? (10) wef; pmar;yGJrsm; jyKvkyfay;onf/ 3/ Armjynfw0Srf;vHk;wGif trsKd;om;ausmif;aygif; (150) zGifhvSpfEkdifcJhonf/ &efukefNrdKUwGif NrdKUrtrsKd;om; ausmif; xlaxmifa&;uddk OD;bdk;vwfu pwifwm0ef,lvkyfudkifcJhonf/ 4/ A[ef;? vdyfuefajrmufbuf Z&yfMum;wGif trsKd;om;ausmif;udk pwifzGifhvSpfay;cJhonf/ ¤if;aemuf ydktqifajyap&ef vrf;rawmf o&ufawmausmif;odkY ajymif;a½TUzGifhvSpfcJhonf/ ykZGefawmifESifh Munfhjrifwkdif trsKd;om; ausmif;rsm; qufvufzGifhvSpfí MunfhjrifwkdifwGif ausmif;olrsm;twGuf ausmif;zGifhcJhjyefonf/ 5/ trsKd;om;ausmif;rsm; zGifhvSpf&mwGif ausmif;om;? ausmif;olrsm;\omrefynma&;udk t"duxm;cJhonf r[kwf/ t*FvdyfvufatmufuRefoabmuftjzpfrS vGwfajrmuf&ef &nf½G,fcJhonf/ oydwfarSmufausmif;om;rsm; aumifpD (University Boycotters Council) rS (We are the Sowers) aMunmcsufudk MunfhvQifodEkdifonf/ 6/ ArmhrsKd;cspfpdwfay:vGifapaom ausmif;oHk;pmtkyfrsm;udk q&mvGef;? OD;zdk;usm;? OD;boef; (armfvNrdKif) wdkYu jyKpkjzefYcsdEdkifcJhonf/ 7/ t*FvdyfpmrSty tjcm;bmom&yfrsm;udk jrefrmbmomodkY jyefqdkí jzefYcsdEdkifcJhonf/ 8/ a½Twd*Hkbk&m;odkY wufa&mufolwdkif; zdeyfcRwf&rnfqdkaom pnf;urf;udk Armjynf½Sdt*Fvdyfrsm;u rvku d ef mcJah cs/ odYkaomf yxraumvdyf ausmif;om;oydwf jzpfvmcsed rf pS í &efuek Nf rdKUodYkvmaom t*Fvyd yf gvDreftrwf rpöwm0uf*s0k'fwdkY ZeD;armifESHu ArmhxHk;pHudk av;pm;pGm zdeyfcRwfcJhonf/ a½Twd*Hkbk&m; zdeyfcRwfa&;jyóemrSm xdkZeD;armifESH\ erlemaMumifh ajyvnfNyD;pD;oGm;onf/ 9/ 1920 aumvdyaf usmif;om;BuD;rsm; oydwrf wdik rf D ArmwdYk rmS t*Fvyd Af sL½du k &uftpd;k &u pDrjH yKvkyo f nfukd acgif;iHkYcHcJhMu&onf/ EkdifiHa&;Ekd;Mum;rIr½SdonfhtwGuf t*Fvdyftpdk;&ESifh,SOfNydKifum xdxda&mufa&muf ajymqdkcGifh ½SdrSef; rodMuay/ ausmif;om;rsm; oydwfarSmufí xGufvmum t*Fvdyftpdk;&\ tjypftemtqmrsm;udk yGifhyGifh vif;vif; azmfxw k í f &J&aJ wmuf qefYusif a[majymMuaomtcgrS aMomf- t*Fvyd t f pd;k &udk þodYk ajymcGi½hf ydS gvm;[k odvmMu\/ xkdodkY odvmMuonfESifh wNydKifeuf rsKd;cspfpdwfrsm; jyif;xefpGm aygufuGJvm\/ 10/ 1917 tdE´d,jynf½Sd b*Fvm;? bHkbdkif? r'&yf? yef*syfe,frsm;udk 'dkiftmcDtkyfcsKyfa&; ay;aomtcg ArmjynfrmS tdE, ´d ydik jf ynfe,frsm;twGi;f 'dik t f mcDtyk cf sKyfa&;ESihf rwefao;yg[kqNdk yD; ajymonf/ tb,faMumifq h akd omf bDatatmifol (400) rQ r½Sad o;íjzpfonf/ ,kwn f ahH om u&ufa'gufprD u H ed ;f (ac:) vufaxmufb&k ifcaH &;qGo J nfh tkyfcsKyfa&;udk ay;&ef&nf½G,fonf/ ArmwdkY vef'efodkU udk,fpm;vS,fapvTwfí 'dkiftmcDtkyfcsKyfa&;ay;&ef awmif;qkd onfhtwGuf u&ufa'guf pDrHudef;tkyfcsKyfa&;udk qdkif;iHhxm;onf/ aumvdyfausmif;om;rsm; oydwfarSmufí EdkifiHa&; Ekd;Mum;rI jzpfvmaomtcg 'dkiftmcDtvdkr½Sd? [kr®½l; udk,fydkiftkyfcsKyfa&;udkom tvdk½Sdonf[k [pfa
udkvdkeDacwfOD; - 1918 rS 1921 - e,fcsJYqefhusifa&; trsKd;om;a&;toGif jzifh oifcGifh&Mu\/ aemufydkif;wGif trsKd;om;ausmif; (145) ausmif; jzpfvm\/ 13/ trsKd;om;ausmif;rsm; ay:vmonfhtwGuf tcsdefwdkwdkESifh p&dwfusOf;usOf;? qif;&Jcsrf;omra½G; ynm oifMum;cGifh &\/ 14/ trsKd;om;ausmif;rsm;wGif Ak'¨bmomudk oifMum;cGifh&&m Ak'¨omoemrSmvnf; ydkrdkxGef;um;vm\/ 15/ trsKd;om;ausmif;rsm;ü ausmif;om;rsm;udk Zmwdrmef? ZmwdaoG; wuf
trsKd;om;aumvdyfausmif;om;rsm;okdh q&mBuD;ocifudk,fawmfrIdif;\ rdefhMum;csufrSm ]]tdkwynfhtaygif;wkdY? tdktmZmenf a,mufsm;av;awGyDyD? ArmyDyD wnDwnmwnf; uRefynmoif ,leDAm pDwrD S xGuv f mukeaf om wynfrh sm;\ q&mwkYd onf wynfrh sm;\ pdwjf rifjh rwf&m jrifjh rwfaMumif; Zmwdrmefwuf
jrefrmEdkifiHausmif;om;vIyf&Sm;rIordkif; - atmifxGef; NyD; ususee pkduf&ifawmh o&ufyif[m oD;rSmyJ/ 'Dawmh 'dkYtarG&xm;wJh owådudk jyKpkysdK;axmifzdkY vdkw,f/ tJ'Dowåd rsKd;aphrS ocifvkyfief; opfyifBuD; aygufap&r,f/ 'Dvkyfief;BuD;u (0g) 'Dvkyfief;BuD;wnf;[laom o&ufyifBuD;rS vGwfvyfa&;? ocifvlrsKd;jzpfa&;wnf;[laom o&ufoD;rsm; oD;ap&r,f/ tck q&mwdkY vkyfief;[m o&ufyifpdkufMu wJv h yk if ef;? o&ufyifpu kd zf Ykd jzpfajrmufzYkd&m wdYkwm0efbJ wynfw h Ykd/ wynfw h Ykd[m Armrsm;jzpfí a½S;bd;k ab;? rdbrsm;xHrS owådpGrf;tm;udk tarG&xm;w,f/ 'DowådpGrf;&nfudk tvGJoHk;pm;rjyKMueJY/ q&mwdkY ArmjynfwGif yxrOD;qHk;aom omuD0ifrif;rsKd;rsm;u wdkif;jynfvlrsKd;udk wnfaxmifcJhMuw,f/ Armtp waumif;u qdkwJhpum;udk MunfhvQif odEkdifw,f/ waumif;rSm rif;quf (50)? oa&acwå&mrSm rif;quf (27)? yk*HwGif rif;aygif; (55) quf? yif;,wGif (6) quf? tif;0wGif (29) quf? awmifilwGif (35) quf? jynfwGif (17) quf? ukef;abmifwGif (13) qufrQ tqufrjywf wdYk Armbk&ifawG tkypf ;dk cJw h ,f? ocFg&"r® urÇmYoabm avmu"Hw&m;t&? ude;f cef;tvdu k f tcdu k t f cg uHMur®mtavsmuf t*Fvyd w f Ykd&UJ tvHatmufa&mufMu&aom acwfwiG f 'dYk b;kd bGm;rdb vufxufu &cJah om Armhowå?d ArmpGrf;&nfudk xufonfxuf xufatmif BuD;onfxuf BuD;atmif aqmif½GufMuyg}} [kajym&if; q&mBuD; rsufESm onf eDjref;vm\/ q&monf q&mudk,fq&m arhavNyD/ q&mYpdwfrS tqD;twm;r½Sdaom owåd? awmfvSefvdkpdwfrsm; xGuv f m\/ ]]wynfw h Ykd Zmwdrmefonf? tawmfyifnK§ ;d EGr;f cJ\ h igwdYk ukd pd;k rd;k onfh rif;u igwdYk \ rsK;d cspf tñGeYf uav;rsm; udk a&aEG;ylylESifh avmif;onf? uyfaus;ESifh n§yfonf? igwkdYtrsKd;onf uRefb0ü Mum½Snf ae&avatmif ¤if;wdkY MuHpnfBudK;ukwfaeonf/ onfvdktvkyfudk wm;qD;&ef igwdkYtm;vHk; wm0efjzpfw,f}} paom rdefY>rufaom pum;rsm;udk trsKd;om;aumvdyfausmif;om;rsm; Mum;emcJh&onf/

trsK;d om;ynma&;aumifpt D zGYJ Ouú| OD;armifBu;D (trfat) rdeMhf um;csuu f kd MunfrU nfqv kd Qiv f J ]]Armjynftpdk;&eJY bdvyftpkdk;&u Armjynfudk olwdkYay;xm;wJh ynm[m uRefynmr[kwfbl;vkdY ajymw,f/ ajAmifvdrf&m rusbl;vm; (y&dowf ausmif;om;rsm;u ½SufzG,f? ½SufzG,f ysuf&,fjyKMuonf/) olwdkY qifajcay;yHkudk em;axmifMuygtkH;/ olwdkYay;wJh ynm[m uRefynmqdk&if cifAsm;wdkYvdk wdkif;jynfacgif;aqmifr,fholawG ArmawG ocifawG ay:vmyghrvm;wJ/h ArmjynfrmS ½Sw d hJ tckacgif;aqmifawG[m uREkyf w f Ykd ay;xm;wJh t*Fvyd yf nm? txufwef; ynmwwfawG csnf;yJ r[kwfovm;? enf;vrf;usovm; (y&dowfESifh ausmif;om;rsm;u Ekd;Edk;[k atmfMujyefonf)/ vHk;vHk;rusbl;? 'Dawmh usaemfwdkY jyefajymw,f? ig;uav;awG a&xJuq,fNyD; ukef;ay:wif&if trsm;aom ig;awG aor,f/ wcsKdU toufjyif;wJh ig;awGuawmh ½Sifaewmaygh/ 'DwcsKdU ig;awG ½Sifaeao;wmaMumifh a&xJu ig;rsm;udk ukef;ay:wif&if ig;awG touf½Sifw,fvdkY qdkwJh enf;vrf;rSefw,fvdkY qdk&rSmvm;/ toufjyif;wJhig;udkom csD;rGrf;zdkY aumif;ygw,f/ ig;awGudk a&xJuwifwm enf;rSefw,fvdkY rqdk&ygbl;/ 'DvdkyJ rsm;pGmaom ArmawG uRefjzpfatmif vkyaf y;wJh ynma&;pepfukd enf;rSew f ,fvYkd rqd&k ygbl;? uRefynm&aomfvnf; ArmawG ocifjzpfatmif aqmif½u G af e wJh acgif;aqmifawGudkom toufjyif;wJh ig;vkdyJ ¤if;wkdYtm; csD;rGrf;&r,fvdkY}} ajymcJhonf/

(#) trsK;d om;aeYowfrw S jf cif; 1922 ck? ZGefv (17) &uf (1282 ck? e,kefvjynfhausmf 8 &uf) wGif &efukefNrdKU a½Twd*Hkbk&m;vrf; *sLAvDa[m½HkBuD;ü G.C.B.A (*sDpDbDat) A[kdtoif;csKyf tpnf;ta0; xyfrHjyKvkyfonf/ xdkaeYü 1924 ck? atmufwkdbm (24) &uf rEÅav;ü jyKvkyfaom G.C.B.A e0rajrmuf uGefz&ifhBuD;u trsKd;om;aeY (National Day) &uf w&uf owfrSwf&efudk aqG;aEG;&mwGif qHk;jzwfxm;onfudk qufvufaqG;aEG;Muonf/ (1) oDaygrif;udk t*FvdyfwkdY ac:aqmifoGm;aom&uf? (2) t½SifOD;Owårudk,fawmfBuD; axmifusaom&uf? (3) aumvdyfausmif;om;rsm; oydwfarSmufaom&uf? þ (3) &ufudk tjrJwrf;aumfrwDwGif yg0ifaomolwdkYu rdrdqE´½Sd&m toD;oD; n§dEdIif;Mu&m rNyD;rjywf jzpfaeonf/ uefBuD;a'gifhNrdKUrS OD;baomif; wifoGif;í OD;bpdefu axmufcHNyD; acgif;aqmifrsm;uvnf; vdkvm;onfh rnfonhaf eYukd owfrw S Mf urnfukd wkid yf ifaqG;aEG;&m oydwaf rSmuf ausmif;om;acgif;aqmif OD;jrifu h ygawmfral omaeY ESifh axmifusaomaeYrSm tusudp?ö tpkefudpjö zpfonf/ ,leDAmpDwDtufOya'udk oydwfarSmufaomaeYrSm twufudpö 20

udkvdkeDacwfOD; - 1918 rS 1921 - e,fcsJYqefhusifa&; trsKd;om;a&;toGif tqefudpjö zpfí 'DaeYudk trsKd;om;aeY owfrSwfoifhaMumif; tqdkwifoGif;vdkufonf/ þtcsdef rwdkifrDuyif oydwf arSmuf aumvdyfausmif;om;BuD;rsm;onf pwifoydwfarSmufaom 1282? wefaqmifrkef;vjynfhausmf (10) &ufudk ausmif;om;rsm;aeY[k owfrSwfNyD; jzpfonf/ xdo k Ykd rNyD;rjywfí tjrJwrf;aumfrwDonf trsm;pkoabmxm;udk &,lppk nf;NyD; A[dt k oif;csKyf tpnf;ta0; odkY atmufygtwdkif; wifjyonf/ (u) trsKd;om;aeYudk w&ufwnf; owfrSwfvkdygu aumvdyfausmif;om;rsm; oydwfarSmufaomaeY wefaqmifrkef;vjynhfausmf (10) &ufudk owfrSwf&ef/ (c) trsKd;om;aeYudk w&ufxufydkí owfrSwfvkdygu oDaygrif;udk t*FvdyfwkdY ac:aqmifoGm;onfh wefaqmifrkef;vjynfhausmf (8) &ufrS vjynfhausmf (10) &uftxd (3) &uf owfrSwf&ef/ xdt k pnf;ta0;wGif OD;jrifh (ae½Sief ,f OD;jrif)h u trsKd;om;aeYukd aumvdyaf usmif;om;rsm; oydwaf rSmufaeY udk owfrw S &f ef tqdw k ifoiG ;f í uGr;f jcHuek ;f ESihf ewfwvif;ud, k pf m;vS,rf sm;u axmufcH aqG;aEG;Muonf/ xdYk aMumifh wefaqmifrek ;f vjynfah usmf (10) &ufukd trsK;d om;aeYtjzpf *spD b D aD t 0HomEkA[dt k oif;csKyfBuD;u jyXmef;owfrw S v f u kd f onf/ þaeYonfyifvQif ausmif;om;rsm; NAdwdoQe,fcsJUtkyfcsKyfa&;udk NAdwdoQwdkYvufatmuf a&mufcJhNyD;aemuf ArmEkdifiHwGif yxrqHk;BuD;rm;pGm wGef;vSefqefYusifcJhaomaMumifh ausmif;om;wdkY\ owdå? pGrf;&nf? trsKd;om;Zmwd rmefukd &J0x hH w k af zmfí NAdwo d QwdYk wkev f yI af jcmufjcm;cJ&h aom aeYBuD;waeU jzpfonf/ ArmwrsKd;om;vH;k ausmif;om;wdYk OD;aqmif qefYusifrIaMumifh EkdifiHa&;Ekd;Mum;rI? olYuRefrcHpdwf"mwfrsm; jyefvnfay:xGef;vmaom aeYwaeYjzpfonf/ þaeYudk NAdwdoQwdkY\ pdwfykwf? pdwf,kwf? pdwfrdkuf? pdwfysif;wdkYudk csKd;zJhESdrfeif; atmifjrifaomaeY tjzpf ]trsK;d om; atmifyGJaeh}[k ac:Muavonf/

Source: National Day (Golden Jubilee)

OD;bOD;\ 1920 oydwfESihf trsKd;om;aehjzpfay:vmyHktusOf; vufa&;rlMurf;

21

jrefrmEdkifiHausmif;om;vIyf&Sm;rIordkif; - atmifxGef;

(tay:) 1920 oydwfarSmufausmif;om;rsm; wnf;cdkaeMuaom A[ef;Mum;awm&vrf; OD;t&d,ausmif;wdkuf twGif;½Sd Z&yfwck (tv,f) 1282 ckESpf (1920) ausmif;om;oydwfwGif toHk;jyKcJUaom a'gif;tvH (ua'gif;) (atmuf) 1920 jynfUESpf aumvdyf oydwfarSmuf ausmif;om;rsm; aumifpDXmecsKyf jyKvkyfcJU&m a':MuKwfZ&yf

Source: National Day (Golden Jubilee)

22

udkvdkeDaoyd cwfOw D; -af 1918 efhusmiiffa&;;om;acg trsKd;om;a&;toG 1920 rSmufrSa1921 umif-pe,f 0D ifcsJYqaus i;f aqmifirf sm;

(yxrwef;- 0JrS,m) OD;bOD; OD;aunDyw d f OD;zd;k uGe;f OD;atmif'if ('kwd,wef;- 0JrS,m) ocifjr trsKd;om;ynm0ef OD;zdk;usm; OD;bausmf

(wwd,wef;- 0JrS,m) OD;at; rpöwmqif; OD;vlaz0if; (jrefrmpmygarmu©)

(pwkw¦wef;- 0JrS,m) ae½Sife,fOD;jrifh OD;zdk;vwf ol&d,OD;xGef;az

Source: National Day (Golden Jubilee)

1920 jynfUESpf ausmif;om;oydwfBuD;udk acgif;aqmifcJUMuaom ausmif;om;acgif;aqmif (26) OD; teufrS pkaqmif;&½SdorQaom "gwfyHk½Sif (13) OD;\ yHkrsm;udk txufwGif azmfjyxm;ygonf/

'D;'kwfOD;bcsKd trsKd;om;aumvdyfausmif; jrefrmpmuxdu

OD;bOD;- jynfNrdKY trsKd;om;ausmif;? ausmif;tkyfBuD;/ ae½Sife,fOD;jrifU- trsKd;om;aehjzpfajrmufa&; tqdkwifoGif;ol/ OD;zdk;vwf- &efukeftrsKd;om;ausmif;udk xlaxmif&ef wm0ef,lcJhol/ OD;zd;k uGe;f - Adv k rf LS ;zd;k uGe;f / ocifjr- trsK;d om;ausmif;q&mtjzpf wm0efxrf;aqmifcNUJ y;D ? wdAhk rmtpnf;t½H;k wnfaxmifaomtcg ocifjrjzpfvmonf/ Adv k cf sKyaf tmifqef;? 'D;'kwOf ;D bcsKd wdEhk iS t hf wl 19? 7? 1947 wGif vkyBf ucH &H onf/

23

jrefrmEdkifiHausmif;om;vIyf&Sm;rIordkif; - atmifxGef;

Source: RU History (Diamond Jubilee)

ausmif;om;rsm; oydwfarSmufNyD;aemuf oHk;&uftMum 1920 'DZifbm (8) &ufaehwGif wdkif;jynfodkh xkwfjyefcJUonfU oydwfarSmufaumifpD\ aMunmcsuf (jrefrmjyefqdkcsuf wzufpmrsufESmwGif MunfUyg/)

24

udkvdkeDacwfOD; - 1918 rS 1921 - e,fcsJYqefhusifa&; trsKd;om;a&;toGif

wdik ;f oljynfom;rsm;odhk 1920 ckESpf? 'DZifbmv (8) &uf

]]&efuek af umvdyEf iS hf ,k'oefaumvdy½f dS uRefawmfwYkd ausmif;om; tm;vH;k wdYkonf tqk;H ü b,fvjkd zpfrnfukd aocsmrod&aom udpw ö ck udk pwifjyKvkyMf uygonf/ odYk &mwGif uRefawmfwYkd onf w&m;enf; vrf; rSeu f efaMumif;udk aumif;rGecf ikd jf rJpmG od½&dS ygonf/ uRefawmf wdYkonf wwdik ;f jynfv;kH uRew f iG ;f u rnfonft h cgrS rvGwrf uif;rnfh AsL½kdu&ufwdkY\ odyÜHausmif;Oya'udk xkacszsufqD;&ef tMuH½Sdyg onf/ uReaf wmfwYkdonf wdik ;f oljynfom;wkYd\ pdwt f m;xufoefaom tultnDtm;jzifh vli,frsm;wdYk u ckcNH zdKzsufjcif;rsm;rSwyg; tjcm; aomenf;jzifh wdik ;f jynfukd u,fq,fzYkd&m enf;vrf; r½SNd yD[k ,HMk unf yg\/ uRefawmfwdkYonf jrefrmEkdifiH½Sd vltrsm;wdkY\ ynmtqD tESpEf iS hf jynfph akH om ausmif;om;rsm; jzpfrnfukd &nfoefí ulnD apmifrzdYk&ef awmif;yefajymMum;ygonf/ uReaf wmfwYkd pdwx f üJ pGjJ rJpmG ,HMk unfaom þvky&f yfBuD;onf wdik ;f jynfü vdt k yfaom tcsuBf uD; wckukd xkwaf zmf ajymqdjk cif;yif rnfygonf/ (þum;tjcm;r[kwf trsKd;om;odyÜHBuD; aywnf;/) xdkausmif;BuD;rSm jrefrmEkdifiH\ om;orD;rsm;ESifh oifhavsmfaom ynm&yfrsm;udk &Ekdifay&monf/ tdE, ´d Ekid if üH trsKd;om;ausmif;awG tvdt k avsmuf ay:aygufvm Muay&m jrefrmEkdifiHuvnf; aemufrus&atmif jrefrmwdkYonf Ekid if o H m;ppfí cspcf yhJ gvQif b,feaH &mtcgrQ rwnfaxmifEidk yf J ½Sv d rd hf rnf r[kwyf g/ pdwyf gvufygvkyv f Qif rkcsjzpfygvdrrhf nf/}}

25

jrefrmEdkifiHausmif;om;vIyf&Sm;rIordkif; - atmifxGef;

Source: National Day (Golden Jubilee)

ausmif;om;oydwfukd axmufcHa&;om;cJUaom 1920 jynfUESpf? 'DZifbmv (11) &ufaehxkwf ynUmtvif;owif;pm acgif;BuD;ydkif; (wzufpmrsufESmwGif jyefvnf azmfjyay;xm;onf/)

26

udkvdkeDacwfOD; - 1918 rS 1921 - e,fcsJYqefhusifa&; trsKd;om;a&;toGif

ausmif;om;rsm;ESihf &efuek , f el AD mpDwD odyaHÜ usmif;awmfBu;D udk MuOfa½Smifjcif;taMumif; BOYCOTT OF UNIVERSITY vGefcJhaom rsm;rMumrDtcgu? uRefyfwdkY jrefrmjynfbGm; wdkif;&if;om;taygif;wdkYu tpnf;ta0;BuD;rsm; jyKvkyfusif;yí &efukef,leDAmpDwD odyÜHausmif;awmfBuD;\ Oya'rsm;udk oabmrus rESpfoufEkdifaMumif;udk uefYuGufajymqdkMuonfhtjyif OD;vSazpaom rif;wdkifyif trwfrsm;uvnf; twnfhtvif; xkwfazmfajymqdk uefYuGufcJhMuonf jzpfaMumif;/ xdkuJhodkU uRefyfwdkY jrefrmjynfbGm; wdkif;&if;om;wdkYu uefYuGufMuaomfvnf; tpdk;&rif;wdkYonf ta&;,lí jyKjyifajymif;vJay;jcif;udk rjyKvkyfbJ ,ck 'DZifbmv (1) &ufaeYu ¤if;,leDAmpDDwD odyÜHausmif;awmfBuD;\ trsKd;om;wdYk rESpo f ufaom Oya'udk twnfjyKvdu k af Mumif;udk xkwjf yefaMujimcJ&h m wdik ;f oljynfom;taygif;wdYk onf rsm;pGmyif 0rf;enf;aMuuGv J suf aeMuonfh twGi;f rSm &efuek af umvdyf ausmif;om;rsm;ESihf *syfqifaumvdyf ausmif;om;taygif;onfvnf; ¤if;Oya' twnfjyKvkyfvmonfhtwGuf wnDwñGwfwnf; pnf;a0;wdkifyif MuNyD;vQif ,ck Oya'twdik ;f twnfjzpfomG ;cJyh gvQif odyaHÜ usmif;awmfMuD;ü ynmoifMum;a&;ESiw hf uG trsKd;om; wdkY\ tusKd;aus;Zl;rsm;onf vGefpGmepfemjcif;rsm;udk rjzpfMuap&ef vGefcJhaom wevFmaeYu pí ausmif;om; aygif;rsm;pGmwdkYonf ausmif;rwufbJ aecJhMuavonf/ xdkuJhodkY &efukef,leDAmpDwD odyÜHausmif;awmfBuD;\ Oya'twdkif; ausmif;om;rsm;aomfrS vdkufemoifMum; vdkaompdwf tvsOf;uif;rJhaMumif;udk tpdk;&rif;wdkYonf ,cktcg aumif;pGmxif½Sm; odomvmNyD jzpfaMumif; odkYjzpfí jrefrmtrsKd;om;taygif;wdkY rESpfoufaom Oya'rsm;udk twnfjyK&mü tcsnf;ESD; tv[ó jzpfaom aMumifh ESpfoufí vdkufemaqmif½GufMurnfjzpfaom Oya'udk topfwzef jyKjyifpDrHay;vdrfhrnf[k ,HkMunf ayaMumif;/ ,cktcg &efukef,leDAmpDwD Oya'udkyif rBudKufrESpfoufMuonfhtwGuf ,ckuJhodkU tjzpftysufrsm;udk vufiif;'d|awGUMuHKae&NyDudk axmufqaomtm;jzifh xdkYxufrsm;pGm ta&;BuD;aom jrefrmjynf jyKjyifajymif;vJ a&;udk ay;&mü tu,fí jrefrmtrsKd;om;taygif;wdkY rESpfoufaom qm&,f*sDe,fu&ufa'guf puif;udk twnfrsm;jyKcJyh gvQif 0rf;enf;aMuuGpJ &mBuD;rsm;ESihf awGUMuHKMu&vdrt hf ek ;f rnfvm; [lí awG;awm pd;k &drv f sufyif ½Sd&ayonf/ odkYjzpfí uRefyfwdkY udk,fpm;vS,fBuD;rsm; awmif;qdkonfhtwdkif; txuftpdk;&BuD;rsm;u tu,fí ay;vmcJhygrl? atmuftpdk;&wdkYu uefYuGufaESmuf,Sufjcif; jyKvkyf&ef tvsOf;yif roifhravQmf jzpfayaMumif;/ ¤if;&efuek af umvdyEf iS hf *syfqifaumvdyf ausmif;om;taygif;wdYk ausmif;rwufbJ raeMujyD;tcg tvHu k ½l iS f [dkufpul;ausmif; Ak'¨bmom jrefrmtrsKd;om; ausmif;om;uav;wdkY\ pdwfysuf&yHk taMumif;t&mrsm;udk aocsmpGm awG;awmMunfhvdkuf jyefyguvnf; wrsKd; 0rf;enf;bG,fBuD;yif jzpf&jyefaMumif;/ ¤if;ul½iS f [ku d pf ul;ausmif;om;rsm; ynmoifMum;&onfrmS vnf; t*Fvyd pf mudo k m oifMum;&onf r[kwb f J Ak'¨bmomw&m;awmfBuD;ESifh qefYusifonfh c&pf,mefusrf;pmudk oifapjcif; c&pf,mefw&m;udk em&jcif;rsm;udk jyKvkyfMu&onfhtwGuf ynmEke,fi,f½G,faom uav;vli,frsm;udk rdrdwdkYbmom ouf0if,HkMunf&ef? zsm;a,mif; aoG;aqmifjcif; jzpfonf[k qd&k ayvdrrhf nf/ xdu k o hJ Ykd aoG;aqmif jyKvkyo f jzifv h nf; ynmEke,faom uav;tcsKdUonf c&pf,mef t,l0g'bufodkY vdkufygoGm;MuonfrSmvnf; rsm;pGmyif 0rf;enf;bG,fBuD; wck jzpfayawmhonf/ xdu k o hJ Ykd jzpf&jcif;taMumif;rsm;udk aocsmpGmpOf;pm;ygu Ak'b ¨ mom jrefrmtrsK;d om;uav;wdYk\ bmoma&;ü qHk;½IH;&onfh tcsufrsm;udk uGufuGufuGif;uGif; xif½Sm;pGm od½SdMuayjyD/ xdkuJhodkY trsKd;om;rsm; epfem&jcif; taMumif;&if;udk pdppfvdkufvQifvnf; jrefrmtrsKd;om; wnfaxmifzGifhvSpfxm;aom Ak'¨bmom [dkufpul; ausmif;rsm; r½Sdjcif;aMumifhyif jzpf&onf[kqdkvQif vGJEkdifrnf r[kwfacs/ odkYjzpfí ,ckta&;onf &efukefjrdKU&Sd vlBuD;vlaumif;taygif;wdkYESifhwuG toif;BuD; toif;i,fwdkY\ tay:odkY txl;ojzifh wm0efusa&mufvmNyD jzpfaomaMumifh &efukefNrdKUwGif Ak'¨bmom [dkufpul;ausmif;BuD; waqmif tjrefjzpfajrmufatmif tm;xkwfoifhMuygaMumif;/

27

(0J) 1282 ckESpf xkwfa0aom trsKd;om;ynma&;r*¾Zif;ü wuúodkvfOya'udk ½kyfajymifjzifU þodkh ceJhcJUonf (,m) 1922 ck? ZGefvwGif &efukefNrdKY ü usif;yaom *sDpDbDat tpnf;ta0;BuD;u 1920 ausmif;om;oydwf jzpfyGm;cJhonfUaeh wefaqmifrkef;vjynfUausmf (10) &ufaehudk trsKd;om;atmifyJGaehtjzpf owfrSwfvdkufonfU owif;udkazmfjyay;aom jrefrmUtvif; owif;pm tcsyfydk

28

Source: National Day (Golden Jubilee)

jrefrmEdkifiHausmif;om;vIyf&Sm;rIordkif; - atmifxGef;

udkvdkeDacwfOD; - 1918 rS 1921 - e,fcsJYqefhusifa&; trsKd;om;a&;toGif

Source: National Day (Golden Jubilee)

(tay:) 1921 ckESpfu ygarmu© q&mrIdif;? uxdu 'D;'kwfOD;bcsKdwdkh yg0ifxlaxmifaom A[ef;aumvdyf tzJGY0ifrsm;? q&mrsm; (atmuf) OD;t&d,ausmif;wdkufrS trsKd;om;aumvdyfausmif; 1924 ckESpf aemufqHk;usef½Sdaom ausmif;om;rsm;ESifU q&mrsm; 'kwd,wef; xdkifvsuf? 0JrS,m- 'D;'kwfOD;bcsdK (5 a,mufajrmuf)? rpöwmarmifrIdif; (ac:) q&mvGef; (6 a,mufajrmuf)

29

jrefrmEdkifiHausmif;om;vIyf&Sm;rIordkif; - atmifxGef;

(tay: 0J) trsKd;om;aumvdyfrS apwemU0efxrf; ausmif;tkyfBuD; ygarmu©q&mBu;D OD;vGe;f (ocifu, kd af wmfridI ;f ) (tay: ,m) 19? 12? 1923 u zGifhvSpfcJhaom A[ef;Mum;awm&vrf; OD;t&d,ausmif;wdkufrS trsKd;om;aumvdyfausmif;ae&m

30

Source: File photo; National Day (Golden Jubilee)

(atmuf) NrdKYr trsKd;orD; txufwef;ausmif; q&mrrsm; (1921 ckESpf)

udkvdkeDacwfOD; - 1918 rS 1921 - e,fcsJYqefhusifa&; trsKd;om;a&;toGif

Source: National Day (Golden Jubilee)

1282 ckESpf (1920) oydwfarSmuf ausmif;om;acgif;aqmif OD;bOD;\ vufa&;rl rSwfwrf;

31

jrefrmEdkifiHausmif;om;vIyf&Sm;rIordkif; - atmifxGef;

Source: National Day (Golden Jubilee)

(21) Budrfajrmuf trsKd;om;aehtwGuf trsKd;om;aehaumfrwDu a
32

1971 ckESp?f (50) Budrfajrmuf trsKd;om;atmifyGJaeh a½T&wkobif txdrf;trSwf awGYqHkyJGodkhwufa&mufcJUMuaom 1920 ausmif;om;oydwf ausmif;om;a[mif;rsm; a½SYwef;^xdkifvsuf (0JrS,m)- Ouú| OD;vlaz0if;? OD;odrf;armif? em,u OD;bab? qmarmifBuD;? OD;atmifZHa0

Source: National Day (Golden Jubilee)

33

udkvdkeDacwfOD; - 1918 rS 1921 - e,fcsJYqefhusifa&; trsKd;om;a&;toGif

jrefrmEdkifiHausmif;om;vIyf&Sm;rIordkif; - atmifxGef;

Source: Unknown

(50) Budrfajrmuf trsKd;om;atmifyGJaeh a½T&wkobif txdrf;trSwf jyu©'def

34

udkvdkeDacwfv,f - 1922 rS 1930 - e,fcsJYqefhusifa&; trsKd;om;a&;toGif

tcef; (3) udv k ekd aD cwfv,fyikd ;f e,fcsUJ qefu Y siaf &; trsK;d om;a&;toGif ausmif;om;vli,frsm; vIy&f mS ;rIordik ;f (1922 rS 1930) (u) 1922-23 wuúov kd af usmif;om;rsm;tajctae wuúov kd af usmif;BuD;\ taxGaxGtajctaerSm wd;k wufrb I mrQr½S?d xkid ;f xkid ;f rIid ;f rIid ;f ESihf usqif;&efbufoYkd ,drf;,dkifpjyKaeonf/ ausmif;om;? ausmif;olwdkif; tvGefpdwfyg0ifpm;pGm tm;ay;onfh abmvHk;toif;rSmyif tvGef qkkwf,kwfpjyKaeonf/ ausmif;om;ausmif;olwkdY\ pdwf"mwfrSmvnf; wufwuf
(c) vli,frsm;Bu;D yGm;a&;toif;ESihf ausmif;om;rsm; 1925 ckESpfwGif rD;&xm; pm&if;udkif udkbpdef? jynfxJa&;ESifhvHkjcHKa&;pma&; udkodef;wkdY OD;aqmifí vli,frsm; Bu;D yGm;a&;toif; (Youth Improvement Society) udk wnfaxmifcJhonf/ ¤if;toif;wGif ausmif;om;tcsKdUyg0if vIyf½Sm;cJhMuonf/ ¤if;toif; pwifzGJUpnf;pu vlrIa&;ESifh pum;&nfvkyGJtoif; jzpfaomfvnf; oufwrf;Mum vmaomtcg ausmif;om;vli,f pm&dwåwkd;wufa&;ESifh trsKd;om;a&;pdwf"mwf ½Sifoefa&;wdkY twGuf jyKvkyfcJhonf/ 35

jrefrmEdkifiHausmif;om;vIyf&Sm;rIordkif; - atmifxGef; ¤if;toif; rSm 1931 ckEpS f txd BuD;yGm;a&;r*¾Zif;udk xkwaf 0cJo h nf/ tjcm; pmtkyt f oif;rsm;ESiv fh nf; qufo, G rf jI yK um pmzwfcef;rsm; wnfaxmifcJhonf/

(*) ArmEkid if v H ;kH qkid &f mvli,ftzGUJ csKyEf iS hf ausmif;om;rsm; 1930 ckEpS f tapmydik ;f umvrsm;ü trsKd;om;a&;wGif [du k pf ul;ESihf wuúov kd ?f aumvdyaf usmif;om;rsm; pdwt f m;xufoefpGm yg0ifvmMuonf/ ]ArmEkid if v H ;kH qkid &f mvli,frsm;tzGcYJ sKy}f (ArmEkdifiHvkH;qkdif&mvli,frsm;toif;[k tp yxrydkif;wGif ac:onf) wnfaxmif&mwGif ausmif;om;trsm;pk yg0ifvmMuonf/ ¤if;tzGJUudk 1930 tapmydkif;ü wnfaxmifcJh&m(1) q&mwif - Ouú| (NrdKUrtrsdK;om;ausmif;tkyfBuD;) (2) udkxGef;xGef; - 'k-Ouú| (aumvdyfausmif;om;) (3) udkbaomif; - 'k-Ouú| (aumvdyfausmif;om;) (wkdYArmtpnf;t½Hk; pwifwnfaxmifol) (4) udkEk - tusKd;aqmifwGJbuf (aumvdyfausmif;om;) (5) udkApdef - tusKd;aqmif wGJbuftwGif;a&;rSL; (,k'oefaumvdyfausmif;om;) (ocifApdef) (6) udkcefY - pm&if;ppf (aumvdyfausmif;om; OD;oefYtudk) (7) udkpdef - aiGxdef; (aumvdyfausmif;om;) (8) udktkef; (aumvdyfausmif;om;) (9) udkav;armif (aumvdyfausmif;om;) (10) udkbwif (aumvdyfausmif;om;) (11) udkoD[ef (aumvdyfausmif;om;) (12) udkpHodrf; (aumvdyfausmif;om;) (13) q&m[def (NrdKUrtrsdK;om;ausmif;q&m) -wkdY yg0ifzGJYpnf;cJhonf/ ¤if;toif;BuD;onf 1931 ckESpf? Zlvdkifv (29) &uf? 1293 ckESpf? 0gqkdvqef; (15) &ufaeYwGif a½Twd*Hk bk&m; pwk'domZ&yfü pkpnf;í EkdifiHjcm;jzpf pD;u&ufraomufa&;udk vdkufvHpnf;½Hk;cJhonf/ ¤if;wkdYrSm 1931 ZGefvwGif a½Twd*Hkbk&m;½Sd pwk'domZ&yfüjyKvkyfaom tpnf;ta0;qHk;jzwfcsuft& EkdifiH\ pD;yGm;a&;? EkdifiHa&;udpö&yfrsm;wGif trsKd;om;a&;vIyf½Sm;rIrsm; jzpfay:&ef vkyfaqmifcJhjcif;jzpfonf/

(C) Ekid if jH cm;jzpfp;D u&ufraomufa&;vIUH aqmfrEI iS hf ausmif;om;rsm; ¤if;toif;onf Zlvdkifv (29) &ufü a½Twd*Hkbk&m;apwDawmfodkY wufí &ifjyifatmufü aq;vdyfaomuf olrsm;tm; tvSLcHí EdkifiHjcm;jzpf aq;vdyfraomuf&efudk vnf;aumif;? vufbuf&nfqdkifrsm;ü ArmtrsKd;om;rsm; aq;vdyfaomufaeonfudk 0ifa&muf awmif;yefívnf;aumif;? ArmvlrsKd;rsm; EkdifiHjcm;pD;u&uf raomufa&;twGuf awmif;yefí tvSLcHMuonf/ xdktcg ArmtrsKd;om;^orD;rsm;uvnf; 0rf;omtm;&vdkvm;pGm EdkifiHjcm;jzpf pD;u&uf raomuf&ef tvSLcHrIudk vufcHMuonf/ xdkodkY vdkufvHawmif;yefMuolrsm;wGif Ouú| OD;wif? udkApdef? udkwifvwf? udkvSaz? (tm;vHk;wuúodkvfausmif;om;rsm;) ESifh udkxGef;pdef? udkwifOD;? udkwifñGefY? udkcspfwD; (xGef;vDa&mif)? udkarmifodef;ESihf tjcm; (2) OD; yg0ifcJhavonf/ þuJhodkY ZlvdkifvrS pufwifbmvtxd EkdifiHjcm;jzpf pD;u&uf raomufa&; twGuf ausmif;om;rsm;u vli,frsm;ESifh vufwGJí vIyf½Sm;cJhMuonf/ þonfum; ArmEkdifiHordkif;\ ausmif;om;? vli,f yl;aygif;vIyf½Sm;rI yxrOD;qHk; jzpfonf/

(i) Ekid if jH cm;jzpft0wftxnfqefu Y siaf &;ESihf ausmif;om;rsm; 1930-31 pmoifESpfwGif aumvdyfausmif;om;rsm;\ e,fcsJUtarGcH 0wfpm;qif,ifrIjzpfonfh ydk;tusÐ? rmzvm? t*Fvdyfbdeyf? a½Tem&D? wkwfaumufESifh aq;wHwdkYudk trsKd;om;a&;toGifjzifh ajymif;vJ0wfqif&ef aumvdyfausmif;om; udkEk? udkxGef;pdef? udk[defwdkYtkyfpkonf vdkufvHEdI;aqmfvmMuonf/ EkdifiHjcm;jzpf pD;u&ufvHk;0 36

udkvdkeDacwfv,f - 1922 rS 1930 - e,fcsJYqefhusifa&; trsKd;om;a&;toGif raomufa&;? Ekid if jH cm;jzpfy;kd zJ? uwåyD gt0wfrsm;tm;vH;k oydwaf rSmufNyD; yifeED iS hf a,mvHck snfukd OD;pm;ay;0wfqif&ef acgif;u bkdauudk uwHk;wHk;NyD; ¤if;wdkY udk,fwkdifu yifeDwkdufyHktusÐESifh a,mykqdk;om 0wfqifMuonf/ trsKd;orD;rsm; tusÐyg; r0wfa&;? aygif'grsufESmacs roHk;&efESifh yifeDtusÐ0wfí n§yfbdeyfpD;Mu&ef? ykodrfxD; aqmif;Mu&efwdkYudk udkEk? udkxGef;pdef? udkApdef? udk[defwdkY tkyfpku vdkufvHEdI;aqmfavonf/ þodkYjzifh Arm jzpf toH;k taqmifuo kd m tm;ay;&ef tm;oGecf eG pf u dk f vkyaf qmifraI Mumifh vnf;aumif;? Ekid if jH cm;jzpf oydwaf rSmufa&;rSm ausmif;om; vli,fxk\ wuf
(p) e,fcsUJ tpd;k &qefu Y siaf &;ESihf ausmif;om;rsm; þuJhodkY e,fcsJUtpdk;&udk qefYusif? e,fcsJUpD;yGm;a&;udk ½dkufcsKd;? e,fcsJU,Ofaus;rIudk tjrpfrS NzdKvJcsNyD;½Hk omru &efukefwuúodkvf ausmif;om;rsm;onf at;aq;pGm ynmroifbJ e,fcsJUqefYusifa&;w&m;rsm;udk t&yfxJ qif;NyD; vdkufvH a[majymjcif;aMumifh e,fcsJUNAdwdoQwdkYrSm rsufpdpyg;arG;pl;vmonf/ þodkYjzifh ausmif;om;vli,f acgif;aqmifrsm; &yfuGufxJ qif;um e,fcsJUqefYusifa&; w&m;rsm; a[majym&mwGif &yfuGufxJü e,fcsJUqefYusifa&;? e,fcsJUpD;yGm;a&; qefUusifrIrsm;jzifh ½kwf½kwfoJoJ usef&pfcJhonf/ q&mpH BudK;rdeYf ay;NyD;aemuf q&mpHawmfveS af &; ½H;I edro hf mG ;aomtcgüvnf; wuúov kd f ausmif;om;rsm;xJrS wdkYArmtpnf;t½Hk;odkY yxrOD;qHk; ocifjzpfvmaom udkApdefu q&mpHawmfvSefa&;udk trTrf;wifí aoG;xkd;vIHYaqmf pmwrf;rsm;udk nOfhtcsdefwGif vdkufvHuyffonf/ ]q&mpHawmfvSefa&;onf rSefaMumif;? q&mpHawmfvSefa&; atmifjrifrnf r[kwfaomfvnf; qufvuf awmfvSef&rnf jzpfaMumif;} 0g'jzefYcsdí t*Fvdyfudk awmfvSef&ef vQKdU0SufpGm pm½Gufpmwrf;rsm;udk yvlysHatmif jzefYa0onf/ xkdudpaö Mumifh &efukefwuúodkvfausmif;rS xkwfy,fí ,k'oefaumvdyfodkY ajymif;a½TUcH&aom udkApdefrSm ,k'oefaumvdyfrS xyfrH xkwfy,fcH&jyefonf/

(q) wdAYk rmtpnf;t½H;k tp ausmif;om;u

Source: Year 1300

1920 jynfh yxrausmif;om;oydwfwGif rEÅav;NrdKU Ak'¨omoeEk*¾[ txufwef;ausmif; (BTM) wGif ynmoifMum;aeaom udb k aomif;onf &efuek f NrdKUodYk a&muf½í dS wuúov kd f bmomjyef enf;jyq&mtjzpf aqmif½u G pf Of q&mBuD; OD;azarmifwif? OD;quf? rpöwmzmeDA,fwkdY\ wdkufwGef;csuft& urÇmh&mZ0ifcsKyf pmtkyfudk jrefrmbmomodkY wifoGif;í oufqkdif&modkY wifjycJh&m Prince Wales a0vrif;om;pmayqk (Moliere Classic) bmomjyef pmayqkaiG 1000d^&½SdcJhonf/ udkbaomif;onf ausmif;om;rsm;udk tajccHí t*Fvdyfe,fcsJUtm; qefYusif&ef uspfvspfcdkifrmaom tzGJUtpnf; w&yfvdktyfaMumif; odvmonf/ xdYk aMumifh wduscdik rf mí jywfom;&J&ifah om Ekid if aH &;tzGUJ tpnf;BuD;w&yf ay:xGe;f vma&;twGuf udkbaomif;onf "mwkaA'udkvSabmf (aemif ocifvSabmf)? Arm jynfpmtkyftoif;rS udkodef;armif (aemif ocifodef;armif)? tjrwfawmfaMu;½Hk;rS udt k ;kH cif (ajcvsi)f wdYk yg0ifMuonf/ xdak usmif;om;vli,frsm;ESiu hf kd baomif;onf ocifbaomif; wkdYArmtpnf;t½Hk;udk wnfaxmif&ef vnf;aumif;? xdktpnf;t½Hk;0ifrsm; a½SUwGif ocifqdkonfrSm uRefESifh qefYusifzufjzpfaMumif;? waumif;tbd&mZmrS ,aeYwdkif ArmvlrsdK;rsm;onf ocifrsm;jzpf aMumif;? xdkYaMumifh ocif[k a½SUuwyfac:&efqHk;jzwfNyD; 1930 jynfhESpf? arv (30) &ufaeYwGif jzpfyGm;aom ulvD 37

jrefrmEdkifiHausmif;om;vIyf&Sm;rIordkif; - atmifxGef; t"du½kPf; (ukvm;-Arm t"du½kPf;) udk taMumif;jyKí wdkYArmtpnf;t½Hk; aMujimcsufudk xkwfa0vdkufonf/ ¤if;aMujimcsufwiG f aoqH;k aomolrsm;pm&if;ESihf trsKd;om;a&;ESihf e,fcsJUqefYusifa&;pdw"f mwfrsm; jyefvnf½iS o f efvm ap&eftwGuf &nf½, G í f xdak eY 1930 arv (30) &ufaeYrmS yif ]wdAhk rmtpnf;t½H;k } udk wnfaxmifco hJ nf/ xdak Munm pmwrf;wGif ocifbaomif;? wdkYArmtpnf;t½kH;? jcHtrSwf (33)? a&wm½Snfvrf;? A[ef;NrdKUe,f[k azmfjyxm;onf/ ¤if;aMujimcsufü-

wkdYArmpmwrf; Armjynfonf Armpmonf Armpmonf Armjynfudk Armpmudk Armpum;udk

-

'kdYjynf 'dkYpm 'dkYpum; cspfyg csD;jr§ifhyg av;pm;yg

-[kazmfjyxm;onf/ wdkYArmtpnf;t½Hk;[k qkd&mü wdkYArmjynfxJü½Sdaom vlrsKd;tm;vHk;udk udk,fpm;jyKonfh t"dyÜg,f azmfaqmif jcif; txdrf;trSwf jzpfonf/ jrefrm[laom pum;rSm ]jrefonf? rmonf}[laom t"dyÜg,faqmifaomfvnf; ESmoHygí abmifusOf;onf/ tm;enf;onf/ ½Srf;? u&if? ucsif? rGef? &cdkif? yavmif? awmifol? qvHk? em*? jrefrmpaom Arm wkdif;&if;om; tm;vHk;udk jcHKiHkrdap&ef Arm[laom pum;vHk;udk a½G;onf/ bukef;ESifh ]brm} [kra&;bJ ]A} vcsKduf ESifh a&;jcif;rSmvnf; ]b}onf &Hzef&Hcg ]A}oHxGufojzifh pdwfrcs&í ]A}vcsKdufESifh ]Arm}[k a&;jcif;jzpfonf/

Source: Tamadaw History (Vol-1)

ArmEdik if v H ;kH qdik &f m wdAhk rmtpnf;½H;k trIaqmifrsm;tpnf;ta0;yJG rSww f rf;"gwyf kH (ckEpS f rod&)

38

udkvdkeDacwfv,f - 1922 rS 1930 - e,fcsJYqefhusifa&; trsKd;om;a&;toGif

(Z) cGyaf 'gi;f tp &Jwyfu? wyfrawmftp ausmif;om;u 1930 jynfh? ZGefv (15) &ufwGif wdkYArmtpnf;t½Hk;rS udkvSabmf (ocifvSabmf) OD;aqmifNyD; ausmif;om; vli,f (25) OD;onf&efrvdkvsif &efydkonf &efvdkrS &efNydKonf -[laom pmwrf;aMunmcsuf trSwf (1) xGufNyD;aemuf wdkYArmocifrsm;\ 'dkYArm&Jwyf zGJUpnf;&efvdkvm; aom qE´jyyGJudk a½Twd*HkapwDawmf awmifbufrk'frS qif; a'gif;tvHBuD;a½SUqHk;rS vTifhxlum AdkvfwaxmifuGif;odkY ppfa&;jy csw D ufouJo h Ykd csw D ufNyD; ]'dAhk rm&Jwyf} (Yetat) udk pwifzUJG pnf;cJo h nf/ csw D uf&m vrf;aMumif;wavQmufwiG f wOD;u ]'dAhk rm} [k toHwidk af y;vku d v f Qif usefvrl sm;u ]'dAhk rma[h 'dAhk rm} [k oHNydKiaf
(ps) 1925 ckEpS f rEåav;aumvdyaf usmif;om;rsm;\ trsK;d om;a&;vIy&f mS ;rI rEÅav;NrdKUrS A[dpk nf OD;bOD;ESihf trsKd;om;ausmif;tkyBf uD; OD;&mZwfwYkd \ BudK;yrf;rIaMumifh &efuek w f uúov kd f tmPmydkifrsm;onf txufArmEkdifiHNrdKUawmfjzpfaom rEÅav;NrdKUwGif e,fcsJUtpkd;&\ cGifhjyKcsuft& tifwmrD'D&dwf (0g) ref;Oypmaumvdyfudk 1925 ckESpfwGif zGifhay;cJhonf/ xkdpOfu ref;Oypmaumvdyf ausmif;om;rsm;rSm a[mif;EGrf; EkHcsm pkwfjywfNyD; rdk;½GmvQif wpdrfhpdrfh,dkwwfaom taqmuftODav;ü xD;aqmif;NyD; oifwef;rsm; wufcJh&onf/ a[mif;EGrf; ,dk,Gif;aeaom rsufESmusufrS t*Fawrsm; uGmusvQifvnf; acgif;ay:usrnfpdk;í &ifwxdwfxdwfESifh owdxm;NyD; pmoifcJh&onf/ odkYaomf ausmif;tkyfBuD; at'Drm½S,frSm ausmom;&ifom;rcGJjcm;bJ tm;vHk;ajyjypfpGm qufqHonf/ aiGaMu;rzlvHkaom ausmif;om;rsm;udkvnf; jzpfonfhenf;jzifh tultnDay;onf/ xdktcsufudk &efuek af umvdyf ausmif;tkyBf uD; rpöwm'Da*spavmhonf rauseyfay/ xdYkaMumifh rpöwm'Da*spavmhrmS rpöwmat'Drm½S,f ausmif;tkyfBuD; tjzpfrS jzKwf&eftwGuf rEÅav; Oypmaumvdyfudk ydwf&ef qD;edwfodkYwifí qHk;jzwfvdkufonf/ 39

jrefrmEdkifiHausmif;om;vIyf&Sm;rIordkif; - atmifxGef; &efukefwuúokdvfrS AsL½dku&uf rsufESmjzLq&mBuD;rsm;uvnf; rpöwmpavmh ausmif;ydwfrnfh tqkdudk oabmwlMu onf/ ref;Oypmaumvdyfudk tNyD;tydkifydwfypfrnf[k qHk;jzwfcsufaMumifh 1928 wGif ref;Oypmaumvdyfü 1920 yxrausmif;om;oydwfuJhodkY oydwfarSmufvkrcef; jzpfoGm;onf/ rEÅav;NrdKU rif;wkdifyiftrwf A[kdpnf OD;bOD;onf &efukefü½SdaepOf ref;Oypmaumvdyfydwf&ef qHk;jzwfcsuf csvdkufaom qD;edwftpnf;ta0;NyD;qHk;onfESifh wNydKifeuf OD;bOD;onf &efukef ol&d,owif;pmrSaeí ref;Oypm aumvdyaf usmif;om;rsm; Nidrrf aebJ oydwaf rSmufMu&ef Ed;I aqmfvu kd o f nf/ xdt k csdef ref;Oypmaumvdyüf ausmif;om; rsm;or*¾vnf; r½Sdao;ay/ EkdifiHa&; pdwf0ifpm;jcif;vnf; r½Sdao;ay/ trnfrazmfbJ OD;bOD;\ vIHYaqmfrIaMumifh &efukef qD;edwftpnf;ta0;NyD;qHk;onfh aemufwaeYrSmyif OypmaumvdyfrSausmif;om;rsm; rdrdwdkY zmodzmomaeí rjzpfrSef; odvmMuNyD; pk½Hk;pk½Hk;jzpfvmMuonf/ rD;cJjymzHk;yrm olwkdY&ifwGif; udef;atmif;aeaom ZmwdrmefwkdY yGifhxGuf vmMuonf/ xdktcgausmif;tkyfBuD; rpöwmat'Drm½S,fu ausmif;om;acgif;aqmifwOD;jzpfol udkcifarmifuav; (aemif zqyv0efBuD; Adkvfcifarmifuav;) tm; ]q&mu wuúov kd t f rIxrf;jzpfvhkd 'Dupd rö mS ygvhkd rjzpfb;l / rif;wku hd pd ö jzpfw,f/ tvsOf;oifUovdk MunfUaqmif½GufMu/ ref;Oypmaumvdyfydwf&if q&m &efukefrjyefawmUbl;/ q&mU NrdKYudkbJ q&mjyefawmUr,f} [k ajymonf/ ref;Oypmaumvdyfü q&mBuD;rpöwmrm½S,f cGifhoGm;wkdif; udk,fpm;vS,f ausmif;tkyfBuD; vkyfaom ocFsm uxdu q&mBuD; OD;vSazmfOD;uvnf; aemufuG,fuae tultnDay;rnf[k ajymMum;cJhonf/ ygVdq&m OD;vSatmif uvnf; xdkodkY ajymonf/ ausmif;q&mtm;vHk; ausmif;om;rsm;vkyfrnfh tpDtpOfudk taESmuft,Sufray;acs/ xkdYaemuf q&mBuD; OD;vSazmfOD;onf pufbD;wpD;ESifh NrdKUrd? NrdKUz? ausmif;om;rdbrsm;xHoGm;í tultnD ay;&ef wdkufwGef;onf/ trsKd;om;ausmif;tkyfq&mBuD; OD;&mZwftdrfodkY oGm;a&mufívnf; q&mBuD; (2) OD; ausmif; om;rsm; ta&; aqG;aEG;Muonf/ ausmif;om;rsm;tpnf;ta0; usif;yaomtcg tqdkwifoGif;&ef t*Fvdyfpmjzifh q&m (2) OD; a&;om;oDuHk; ay;onf/ ausmif;om;rsm;uvnf; q&mrdbrsm;ESifhwuG rEÅav;NrdKUrS &[ef;awmft½Sifjrwfrsm;xH csO;f uyfMuonf/ xdt k cg rEÅav;NrdKU? tdraf wmf&m (14) cef; Z&yfBuD;ü NrdKUvH;k uRwf tpnf;ta0; usif;yonf/ ref;Oypmaumvdyf rydwfa&; tqkdudk ausmif;om;rsm;u &J&JawmufwifoGif;NyD; ¤if;tqdkudk &efukefwuúodkvf rvdkufavsmvsif a½SUodkY wvSrf;wufrnf[k &mZoHay;vdkufonf/ e,fcsJUNAdwdoQ AsL½dku&uftpkd;&onf 1920 ausmif;om;rsm;oydwfuJhodkY jzpfoGm;rnfpkd;í ausmif;om;rsm; vdv k m;csufukd tjrefq;kH vdu k af vsmcJo h nf/ þodYk ref;Oypmaumvdyf ausmif;om;rsm; qE´jy&m (14) cef;? tdraf wmf&m Z&yfBuD;rSm aemifwGif OD;ausmfNidrf;? Adkvfcifarmifuav;? OD;vSarmif? OD;odef;azjrifh? OD;odef;atmifwkdY\ EkdifiHa&; oaE¨wnf&m XmeBuD; wckjzpfcJhonf/

40

udkvdkeDacwfaESmif; - 1930 rS 1931 - e,fcsJYqefhusifa&; vGwfvyfa&;BudK;yrf;rI trsKd;om;a&;toGif

tcef; (4) udv k ekd aD cwfaESmif;ydik ;f e,fcsUJ qefu Y siaf &; vGwv f yfa&;BuKd ;yrf;rI trsKd ;om;a&;toGif ausmif;om;vIy&f mS ;rIordik ;f (1930 rS 1931)

(u) 1930 ckEpS Ef iS hf ¤if;ESprf wkid rf D ausmif;om;rsm;tajctae 1930 rwkdifrD tajctaewGif ausmif;om;trsm;pkonf aumvdyfausmif;om;vIyf½Sm;rIwGif yg0ifcJhMuaomf vnf; wuúokdvftmPmydkifrsm;\ tajctaeudk aumif;pGm owdxm;ae&onf/ ausmif;om;topf (z&uf½Sm) rsm;udk ygarmu©ESifh q&mrsm;\ enf;y&d,m,fudk aumif;pGmem;rvnf? wuúodkvftajctaeudkvnf; oabmraygufaom aMumifh q&mrsm;ESifh XmerSL;rsm; csay;aomyHkpHxJokdY a&muf½SdMuonfu rsm;\/ ygarmu¨tcsdKUESifh q&mrsm;onf ausmif;om;rsm;udk pmoifcef;ESifh rnfodkY qGJaqmif&rnfudk aumif;pGmem;vnfMuonf/ ausmif;om;trsm;pkrSmvnf; q&mrsm;udk twkcdk;í q&mrsm;tay: pdwf0ifpm;MuNyD; ausmif;om;b0udk ydkrdkwyfrufvmMuonf/ q&mwdkY\ xl; jcm;aom pdwfaepdwfxm;? t,ltq? pOf;pm;yHkpOf;pm;enf;rsm;udk tzGJUrsm; tpkrsm;zGJUí avhvmMuonf/ odkYaomf ausmif;om;trsm;pkrmS trsKd;om;ausmif;rsm;ü Ak'b ¨ momESihf Armh,Ofaus;rI xH;k wrf;pOfvmrsm; xdawGUvmaomaMumifh wuúov kd af &mufaomtcg trsKd;om;ausmif;rsm;rS atmifvmonfjzpfap? rpf½iS [ f u dk pf ul;ausmif;rsm;rS atmifvmonf jzpfap? Ak'¨bmomtoif;rsm; zGJUpnf;í Ak'¨bmomESifh vlrIa&;vkyfief;rsm; vkyfaqmifcJhonf/ ¤if;wdkYonf yHkrSeftm;jzifh a½Twd*Hkbk&m;odkY oGm;a&mufí wHjrufvSnf;jcif;? 0wfjyKjcif;rsm; jyKvkyfayonf/ ausmif;om;tm;vHk;u xkdvkyfief;udk wuf
(c) wuo zGUJ pnf;jzpf&eftajctae 1930 ckESpf tpydkif;wGif wuúodkvfausmif;om; trsm;pkrSm aysmfyGJ½TifyGJ tm;upm;NydKifyGJrsm;ESifhom wuúodkvf 41

jrefrmEdkifiHausmif;om;vIyf&Sm;rIordkif; - atmifxGef; ausmif;om; b0jynfhpHkaeonf[k ,lqaeMuonf/ bGJU'D*&D&NyD;vQif tpdk;&tvkyf 0ifvkyf&efom pdwf0ifpm;Muonf/ odkYaomf trsKd;om;a&;pdwf"mwfrsm;onf wuúodkvfausmif;om;rsm; twGif;odkY wkdif;jynfrS enf;rsKd;pHkjzifh 0ifa&mufvm Muonf/ ¤if;wdkYxJrS trsKd;om;a&; pdwf"mwfxufoefaom udkEk? udkApdef? udkav;armifwkdYonf wkdYArmtpnf;t½Hk; pwif wnfaxmifcJh&mü ocifbaomif; (udkbaomif;) ESifhtwl vnf;aumif;? ArmEkdifiHvHk;qkdif&mvli,frsm;tzGJUcsKyf zGJUpnf;&müvnf;aumif; qufoG,fyg0ifcJhMuNyD; ¤if;wkdYrSm trsKd;om;vGwfajrmufa&;twGuf wuúodkvfrS EkdifiHa&; jyifqifrItaejzifh tzGJUtpnf;wck zGJUpnf;vdkMuonf/

(*) &efuek w f uúov dk af usmif;om;or*¾ taqmuftODjzpfay:vmyHk 1926 ckESpftxd &efukefwuúodkvfwGif ausmif;om;or*¾tzGJU r½Sdao;acs/ xdktcsdefu wuúodkvft"dywd qm[mukwb f wfwvm (Sir Harcourt Butler G.C.I.E., I.C.S) \ arwåm&yfccH sut f & qefuek o f nfEiS hf qefpufyikd f ½Sif OD;ndKonf wuúodkvfausmif;om;or*¾ jzpfajrmufa&;twGuf aiGusyf wodef;ckESpfaomif; (170000) udk 1926 wGif vSL'gef;cJhonf/ 1929 ckESpfwGif or*¾taqmuftODudk pwifaqmifvkyfcJh&m 1930 ckESpf aEG&moDausmif;ydwf&uf rprD (3) vcefYtvdw k iG f aqmufvyk Nf yD;pD;oGm;onf/ ¤if;taqmuftODBuD;onf aemifwcsdew f iG f e,fcsJUtpd;k & qefYusif a&;XmecsKyfjzpfcJhvQif e,fcsJUu aqmufcGifhay;rnfr[kwf/ OD;ndKvnf; a'gufwmbGJU r&awmhay/ or*¾taqmuftOD aqmufvyk Nf yD;pD;aomtcg ausmif;tkyBf uD; rpöwmpavmh (D.J Sloss) onf ,leAD mpDwu D Rrf;bm; tm;upm;½Hak b;em; ½Sd jrufcif;jyifü vufbuf&nfyjJG zif{h nfch NH yD; OD;ndKtm; *kPx f ;l aqmifa'gufwmbGUJ tyfEiS ;f onfh tcrf;tem;[kajymvdu k f onf/ OD;ndKrSm aiGt½Sdeft0gjzifh a'gufwmbGJU &oGm;onf/ a'gufwmOD;ndK (K.S.M, L.L.D) jzpfoGm;avonf/

Photo: Kyaw Zaw (OwaY)

1930 ckEpS w f iG f Ny;D pD;onfU olaX;OD;ndK vSL'ge;f cJah om &efuek w f uúov kd af usmif;om;or*¾ taqmuftOD

(C) &efuek w f uúov kd af usmif;om;or*¾ (wuo) pwifjzpfay:vmjcif; wuúov kd t f "dywd a'gufwma*spavmhrmS NAdwo d QMoZm vTr;f rd;k cH&qH;k olwOD;jzpfonf/ ¤if;\oabmxm;rSm wuúodkvfausmif;om;rsm; pmoifí bGJU ('D*&D) &NyD;aomtcg NAdwdoQtpdk;&\ Xmetvkyfrsm;wGif vnf;aumif;? tdEd´,tpkd;&\ Xmetvkyfrsm;wGif vnf;aumif;? NAdwdoQtifyg,m\ &JwyfzGJUwGif vnf;aumif;? tdEd´,tpdk;&\ opfawmESifh ynma&;XmewGif vnf;aumif; paom tvkyfrsm;üom 0ifvkyf&ef vdkvm;onf/ odkYaomf xdkae&mrsm;ü ArmtrsKd;om;rsm; twGuf ae&mtenf;i,fom &½SdNyD; tvkyfvkyf&ef pdwfxufoefaom vli,frsm; NydKifqdkifaeMu 42

rSwfcsuf- or*¾taqmuftODudk a'gufwmOD;ndK (K.S.M., L.L.D.) u vSL'gef;NyD; 1927 ck? 'DZifbm (5) &ufaeYwGif wuúodkvft"dywd Armjynfbk&ifcH qm[mukwfbwfwvm (G.C.I.E., K.C.S., I.C.S.) u tkwfjrpfcsonf/

udkvdkeDacwfaESmif; - 1930 rS 1931 - e,fcsJYqefhusifa&; vGwfvyfa&;BudK;yrf;rI trsKd;om;a&;toGif &onf/ xdktajctaeaMumifh ArmtrsKd;om;rsm;rSm aus;½Gmrsm;ü q&mtvkyfom&½Sdonf/ xdo k Ykd tajctaersm;ü trsKd;om;a&;pdw"f mwfjyif;xefaom udEk ?k udAk pde?f udak v;armifwYdk \ vIy½f mS ;rIaMumifh vnf;aumif;? or*¾tzGJUjzpfay:ap&ef or*¾taqmuftODNyD;onfhaemuf 1930 pufwifbmvqef;wGif wuúodkvf ausmif;om;BuD;rsm; tcsif;csif; aqG;aEG;NyD; ausmif;aqmifrsm;ü ausmif;aqmifae ausmif;om;rsm; tpnf;ta0;? aeYausmif;om;rsm; NrdKUxJwGif tpnf;ta0;usif;yum ¤if;tpnf;ta0;rsm;\ wnDwñGwfwnf; qHk;jzwfcsuft& 1930 pufwifbmv? (12) &uf? aomMumaeYü udkausmfcif (0dZÆmodyÜH)? udkwifhaqG (0dZÆm)? udkb*srf; (*syfqif) wkdY onf wuúodkvft"dywdudk,fpm; w&m;olBuD; OD;btm; oGm;a&mufawGUqHkí or*¾zGJUpnf;&ef? zGJUpnf;yHkpnf;rsOf;a&; qGJa&; twGuf aumfrwDzGJUcGifh&&ef awmif;qdkcJhonf/ xdkYaemuf AmpDwDESifh ,k'oefausmif;om;rsm;pkaygif;NyD; 1930 pufwifbmv (20) &uf? paeaeYwGif ausmif;om;xk tpnf;ta0;BuD;udk wuúodkvf tm;upm;½HkopfBuD;wGif usif;ycJhonf/ ¤if;tpnf;ta0;rS &efukef wuúov dk af usmif;om;rsm;or*¾ pnf;rsOf;a&;qGaJ &;aumfrwD zGUJ pnf;cJo h nf/ udak usmfcif (0dZmÆ ody)HÜ u obmywdtjzpf aqmif½Gufonf/ xdkYaemuf 1930 pufwifbmv (20) &uf? paeaeYwGif ausmif;om;xktpnf;ta0; qHk;jzwfcsuft&(1) ausmif;om;xkqE´jzifh trIaqmifaumfrwD a½G;aumufwifajr§muf&ef (2) wuúodkvfausmif;om;rsm;or*¾\ zGJUpnf;yHkpnf;rsOf;Oya'a&;qGJ&ef (3) trIaqmifaumfrwD a½G;aumufwifajr§muf&efwdkY jzpfonf/ pnf;rsOf;a&;qGJa&; aumfrwDtzGJYrSm (1) udkausmfcif Ouú| (2) udkb*srf; twGif;a&;rSL; (3) udkausmfodef; (4) udkwifhaqG (5) udkxGef;wif (6) udkbodef; (7) udk&m½Spf (8) udkarmiftkef; (9) rpöwm yumqif (10) udkpHazmfatmif (11) udkbaz (12) udkarmifñGefY wdkYyg0ifavonf/ ¤if;tzGUJ onf Ek0d ifbmv (24) &ufaeYwiG f pnf;rsO;f a&;qGNJ yD;í tpD&ifcpH mudk ausmif;om;xk tpnf;ta0;odYk rwifjyrD wuúodkvfaumvdyfausmif;om;rsm;xHrS rSwfcsufESifh a0zefcsufrsm; awmif;cHcJhonf/ 1930 'DZifbm (17) &ufwGif qmb*srif tdyfcsf [Dvf (Sir Benjamin H. Heald Kt, M.A., I.C.S) u aumfrwDu, kd pf m;vS,Ef iS hf ausmif;tkyBf uD;rsm;tm; tpnf;ta0;w&yfjyKvkyí f ajymif;vJ&ef wifjyavonf/ wuúov kd f tmPmydkifrsm;onf or*¾pnf;rsOf;udk atmufpzdkYpf or*¾twkdif; jzpfvdkonf/ 1931 ckESpf? Zefe0g&D (9) &ufwGif ausmif;om;xktpnf;ta0;ü udo k ed ;f armif (*syfqif) u obmywdtjzpf aqmif½u G í f rlMurf;udk oabmwlncD o hJ nf/ ¤if;tzGJUtpnf;u (9) OD;ygaom tvkyftrIaqmiftzGJUudk a½G;cs,fwifajrmufcJhonf/ ¤if;wkdYrSm(1) udkausmfcif (2) udk&m½Spf (3) udkxGef;wif (4) udkbaz (5) rpöwm yumqif (6) udkausmf'if (7) udkodef;armif (8) udkpHazmfatmif (9) udkApdef wkdYjzpfonf/ 43

jrefrmEdkifiHausmif;om;vIyf&Sm;rIordkif; - atmifxGef; ¤if;trIaqmifaumfrwDonf or*¾taqmuftODEiS hf yufoufaomudp&ö yfrsm;? or*¾u, kd pf m;aqmif½u G cf iG ?hf pnf;rsOf;Oya' rlacsma&;qGJa&;ESifh wuúodkvftmPmydkifrsm;ESifh aphpyfaqG;aEG;&ef tcGifhtmPm½Sdvmonf/ or*¾ESifhwuúodkvftmPmydkifMum; oabmxm;uGJvGJaom t"dutcsufrSm wuúodkvfausmif;om;a[mif; rsm;ESihf bJUG &ausmif;om;rsm;tm; or*¾tzGUJ 0iftjzpf vufc&H ef udpjö zpfonf/ wuúov kd t f mPmydik f wuúov kd af umifprD S wifjyaom ¤if;tcsufrmS or*¾pnf;rsOf;Oya'ESihf qefYusifaMumif; or*¾u wifjyaomfvnf; wuúov kd t f mPmydik rf sm; u oabmrwlay/ okdYaomf tBudrfaygif;rsm;pGm aqG;aEG;í 0wfvHkawmf& OD;pkd;ñGefY (M.A, M.L.C) ESifh wuúodkvf aumifpD trIaqmifvlBuD;tcsKdU tultnDay;í 'k-t"dywdu vufcHNyD; zGJUpnf;yHkpnf;rsOf; tacsmudprö Sm ajyvnfoGm; avonf/ 1931 ckESpf? azazmf0g&D (27) &ufwGif usif;yaom or*¾tvkyftrIaqmifESifh wuúodkvftmPmydkifwdkY oabmwlncD suf jyifqifcsurf sm;udk vufct H wnfjyKvku d o f nf/ azazmf0g&Dv (28) &uf? eHeuf (11) em&DwiG f pnf;rsO;f tm; twnfjyKvdkufaomtcg zGJUpnf;yHkpnf;rsOf;Oya'onf twnfjzpfvmonf/ wuo taqmuftODudk q&mBuD; ygarmu© OD;azarmifwifu &efukefwuúokdvfausmif;om;or*¾ Ouú| udkausmfcifxH vTJtyfay;vkdufonf/

(i) pnf;rsO;f a&;qGaJ &;tzGUJ \ oabmxm; pnf;rsOf;a&;qGJa&;tzGJU\ ajymMum;csufrSm]ausmif;om;rsm;tay: vHk;0BudK;udkifydkifcGifUonf pnf;rsOf;Oya'\ aomUcsufyifjzpfaMumif;? tem*wf Arm Ekid if o H m;wk\ hd ud, k pf m;vS,jf zpfonfEiS t Uf nD wuúov dk af usmif;om;rsm;tm; Ekid if aH wmftusK;d xrf;½Guaf p&ef? vGwv f yfa&; pdwf"mwf oGif;ay;&efESifh wm0efodpdwf"mwfrsm; zefwD;ay;&ef BudK;yrf;oGm;rnf jzpfaMumif;/ wuúodkvfausmif;om;rsm;tm; vlrIa&;vkyfief;rsm; pDpOfay;jcif;? rdwfqufawGYqHkyGJrsm; pDpOfay;jcif;? pm;aomufqkdifrsm; xm;½Sdjcif;? upm;ckefpm; pnf;½Hk;jcif;rsm; vkyfaqmifí pnf;½Hk;jcif;? ydkíta&;BuD;aom trsKd;om;a&; pdw"f mwfoiG ;f ay;jcif;ESiUf vlaY vmu0ifa&mufaomtcg ud, k af &;ud, k w f mqkid &f m b0wavQmufv;kH twGuf jynfpU akH p&ef jzpfonf/ or*¾wckonf vGwv f yfpmG awG;awmMuq H jcif;ESiUf vGwv f yfpmG xkwaf zmfajymqdak &;om;a&;twGuf &yfwnf aeNyD; ausmif;om;vli,fwkdhonf EkdifiH\tem*wfudk ydkifqkdifaeonfomru ¤if;wdkh\ pdwf"mwfonf trsKd;om;a&;ESifU rsKd;cspfpdwf"mwf tajccHyifjzpfonf} [k yg&Sdonf/

(p) 1931 wuor*¾Zif; 1931 ckESpf? Zefe0g&DvwGif EkdifiHa&;vIyf½Sm;rI OD;aqmifyg0ifaom ausmif;om;rsm;OD;aqmifí ]wuúodkvf ausmif;om;rsm;r*¾Zif;} wapmifxw k af 0cJo h nf/ xkrd *¾Zif;onf Ekid if aH &;vIy½f mS ;aom ausmif;om;rsm;twGuf wku d yf 0JG if vufeufaumif; wck jzpfvmonf/ ]"m;oGm;xuf? uavmifoGm;xufonf} [laom aqmifyk'fudk trdt&,lí uavmifwkdufyGJ 0ifcJhMuonf/

(q) 1931 ck aemufyikd ;f o[m,ESihf pmzwftoif; 1931 ck aemufyikd ;f wGif &efuek w f uúov kd af usmif;om;rsm;or*¾rS OD;aqmifí ausmif;aqmifrsm;ü o[m,ESihf pmzwftoif; a[majymyGJrsm; jyKvkyfvmMuonf/ ¤if;a[majymyGJrsm;ü wdkYArmoDcsif; oDqkd&ef vIHYaqmfvmjcif;ESifh NAdwdoQe,fcsJUqefYusifa&; trsKd;om;vGwfajrmufa&;twGuf pnf;½Hk;vIHYaqmfrIrsm; jzpfvmMuaomtcg wuúodkvf ausmif;tkyfBuD;onf xkda[majymyGJrsm;udk ydwfyifvkdonf/ yxrOD;pGm q&mrsm;tm; ausmif;om;rsm;\ tpnf;ta0;ESifh a[majymyGJrsm; rwufa&muf&efESifh 0ifa&muf a[majymjcif; rjyKvyk &f ef wm;jrpfco hJ nf/ xkt d cg bmomjyefq&m udb k aomif; (ocifbaomif;) rSm qufvufyg0ifaeí udb k aomif;udk tcsdeyf ikd ;f enf;jyq&mtjzpf uefx½du k f wESpfjynfhaomtcg q&mtjzpfrS &yfpJvkdufavonf/

44

udkvdkeDacwfaESmif; - 1930 rS 1931 - e,fcsJYqefhusifa&; vGwfvyfa&;BudK;yrf;rI trsKd;om;a&;toGif

(Z) udAk pdeEf iS hf wuúov dk af jrvIy&f mS ;rI

Photo: Year 1300

ocifApdef

wuúov kd af usmif;om; udAk pdeo f nf ausmif;pmoifcef;rsm;ü q&mrsm; trnf ac:vQif ]y&JqifUqm} "Present Sir" [k ausmif;om;tm;vH;k u xl;íaeMuonfukd udkApdefu xkdodkYrxl;bJ ]a&mufygNyDcifAsm;}[k udkApdefu yxrOD;qHk; xl;cJhonf/ taqmifo[m,ESifh pmzwftoif;rsm;wGifvnf; udkApdefonf tjcm;aom udkb aomif; (enf;jy) wdkYESifh wGJí trsKd;om;vGwfajrmufa&;ESifh e,fcsJUqefYusifa&; w&m; rsm;a[mí &efukefwuúokdvfrS ,k'oefaumvdyfodkY ajymif;a½TUcH&onf/ q&m OD;az armifwifonf udAk pdeEf iS hf udb k aomif;wkYd \ Ekid if aH &;vIy½f mS ;rIukd tm;ay;cJo h nf/ odkYaomf udkApdefonf ,k'oefaumvdyfodkY a&mufaomfvnf; q&mpH awmfvSefa&;ESifh yufoufaom axmufcHcsufrsm;? rSefuefaMumif; aMunmcsufrsm;? t*Fvdyfe,fcsJUtm; qufvufawmfvSef&ef vkyfaqmif&rnf[k aMunmcsufrsm;udk jzefYcsdcJhjcif;aMumifh vnf;aumif;? &efukefwuúokdvfrS ajymif;a½TUvdkufaom udkApdef udk ,k'oefaumvdyfrS ausmif;xkwfypf vdkufonf/

(ps) &efuek w f uúov kd af usmif;om;or*¾vyI &f mS ;rIEiS hf wdAYk rmoDcsi;f wuúokdvfausmif;(enf;jy) ocifbaomif;onf wdkYArmoDcsif;udk wuúodkvfajrwGif ysHUESHY&eftwGufvnf; aumif;? wuúokdvfajr wdkYArmtpnf;t½Hk;ESifh ocifvli,frsm; MoZmysHUESHY&eftwGufvnf;aumif;? ocFsmenf;jy (aemif Oya'? yxrESp)f ausmif;om; udx k eG ;f pde?f oxHak qmifraS usmif;q&m jrefrmpm r[m0dZmÆ bGUJ & OD;ñGeYf ? Oya'ausmif;om; udkEkwkdYESifh wkdifyifí 1930 ckESpf? Zlvdkifv (19) &uf? paeaeYnü oxHkaqmifo[m,ESifh pmzwfcef;ü yxrqHk; oDqdkMuonf/ yJcl;aqmifrS udkav;armif? yk*HaqmifrS ausmif;om; udkApdefESifh ausmif;om;BuD;rsm;? oxHkaqmifrS ausmif;om;rsm; cef;vH;k jynfh wufa&mufMuonf/ taqmifrLS ; ygarmu© OD;azarmifwifuvnf; oDqcdk iG jhf yKvdu k o f nf/ xkdoDcsif; udpjö zpfNyD; rMumrD udkav;armifESifh udkApdefwdkYrSm ausmif;om;b0xJrS yxrOD;qHk;aom ocifbJGUudk cH,loGm; aom vGwfvyfa&;BudK;yrf;rI ocifacgif;aqmifrsm; jzpfvmonf/ ¤if;wdkYArmoDcsif; wuúodkvfausmif;rS xkwfa0aom wuúokdvfr*¾Zif;wGif t*FvdyfArm (2) bmomjzifh azmfjycJhonf/ wkdYArmoDcsif;udk 0dkiftrfbDat ocifwifu a&;pyfí ocifvSabmfESifh ocifbaomif;wkdYu ulnDcJhonf/

wkAhd rmoDcsi;f (0g) wdAhk rmur®0g waumif;tbd&mZm? 'dkYArm omuDrsKd;[mrdkY rnd§K;*kPfawZm? ,dk;',m;eJY ukvm;udkyg? wkdufcdkufum atmifcJhwm 'dkYArm? pdefrSefuif;tppf tjzpfBuD;jzpfvsuf xif;wvSnfhMuHK&? xHk;ESifhraoG? avmu"r®wmay- igwdkYuHac? jzpf&jyefoav? odkYaomf t&if;udkppfvQif Armajy? ig'dkY ig'dkYajy/ aemifO'gef; b,fraMup&m &mZ0ifwifxm;? rsKd;½dk;EG,fvm? urÇmwcGifrSmjzifh Armtxift½Sm;? 'dkYacwfwGifrS nHhMuawmhrSmvm;? 'dkYArm/ 'dkYArm r[kwfavovm;/ ('dkhArm? ig'kdUArm) ('dkhArm? ig'kdYArm) ('g-ig'kdYArm) ('g-ig'kdYArm) (tm; . . . . . vHk; . . . . nDnD? a,musfm;bom; 'kdhArm aemufvmaemufom; &J&JArmyDyD Armajy? 'dkhArmbdkhyg? ocifusifUudkusifUMuyg? ocifrsKd;a[U 'dkhArm? rdk;atmufajrjyifrSm txufwef;pdwfeJh? Zmr&DaoG; . . . . . 'kdhArm/) (oHNydKif) urÇmraMu . . . . . ArmwawG ('g 'dkhajy? 'g 'dkhajr? 'g ig'dkhajy)3 ('dkhArm)2 ajy . . . . . udk wdkif;&if;om; tukeftpif 'dkYajy? 'dkYrSwfxif? 'dkY0wå&m;yif 'dkYArmocif/ trsKd;om;a&; BudK;yrf;Muyg? 'dkYArm a[h 'dkYArm/ aMomftrsKd;om;a&; BudK;yrf;Muyg? 'dkYArma[h 'dkYArm/ ta½SYuae0ef;xGufonfhyrmy- 'kdYacwfudk a&muf&rnfrSm rvGJyg- 'dkYArm-a[h 'kdYArm/ Armjynfw0Srf; tukef? 'dkYtdrfrSwfyg? wdkY,mrSwfyg? tJ'g 'kdYArm/ (oHNydKif jyefaumuf) 45

jrefrmEdkifiHausmif;om;vIyf&Sm;rIordkif; - atmifxGef;

(n) &efuek w f uúov kd af usmif;om;rsm;or*¾ yxrOD;qH;k OuúX udx k eG ;f pdef 1931 Zefe0g&D (9) &ufaeY ausmif;om;xktpnf;ta0;\ qHk;jzwfcsuft& ,m,Dor*¾ Ouú|tjzpf udkausmfcifudk a½G;aumufwifajr§mufí trIaqmifa½G;aumufyGJBuD;Muyf&efESifh ,m,DtrIaqmif tzGJUi,fav;rsm; zGJYpnf;ay;vkdufonf/ xkdtzGJUi,fav;rsm;onf or*¾pnf;rsOf;Oya'a&;qGJNyD; xkwfa0&efESifh ausmif;om;or*¾ a½G;aumufyGJBuD;Muyf&efyg wm0ef vTJay;vkdufonf/ xdktzGJUav;\ oufwrf;rSm av;vausmfomMumcJhonf/ 1931-32 pmoifESpf or*¾tpnf;ta0;rS wuúokdvfocFsmXmerS EkwfxGufí yxrESpf Oya'oifwef; wufa&muf oifMum;aeaom ausmif;om; udkxGef;pdef\ ajymyHkqdkyHk? owdå½SdyHkrsm;udk ausmif;om;rsm; txifBuD;Mu\/ udkxGef;pdeftm; ausmif;om;or*¾ Ouú| tqifhtwef;ESifh oifhawmfoljzpfí udkApdefu udkxGef;pdeftm; Ouú| tqdk wifoiG ;f vku d o f nf/ tpnf;ta0;wGif a½G;aumufyBJG uD;Muyfa&;aumfrwD Ouú| udak usmfcifu a½G;aumufyJG usif;yrnfh aeY&ufudk wvcefYcGmí owfrSwfvdkufonf/ a&;qGJNyD;jzpfaom pnf;rsOf;Oya'rsm;ukd wifBudKa0iSNyD;aemuf ,m,DtrIaqmifaumfrwDonf or*¾taqmuftODü tpnf;ta0; ac:,lcJhjcif;jzpfonf/

(#) udx k eG ;f pdeEf iS hf trsK;d om;pdwf

Source: Oway Magazines

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udkvdkeDacwfaESmif; - 1930 rS 1931 - e,fcsJYqefhusifa&; vGwfvyfa&;BudK;yrf;rI trsKd;om;a&;toGif owif;ajy;aeaomfvnf; udt k ed b f ufro S rl sm; bmoma&;taMumif;jy rJq, G í f udt k ed u f kd oabmrusaomolrsm;yifvQif bmoma&; cvkwf'Pf rcHEdkifí udktdefbuf a&mufukefMu\/ xdkYaMumifh udkxGef;pdefESifh udktdefwdkY rJqE´wlnDoGm; avonf/ udkxGef;pdefwdkYacwfu or*¾Ouú| a½G;aumufyGJrSm tar&duefor®w a½G;aumufyGJESifh cyfqifqifwlonf/ or*¾tzGUJ 0if ausmif;om;rsm;u vQKdU0Surf pJ epfjzifh Ouú|udk wdu k ½f u kd af ½G;cs,fwifajr§mufonf/ or*¾trIaqmifrsm;udk vnf; þpepfjzihf a½G;aumufwifajr§mufMuonf/ reuf (8) em&Dü a½G;aumufyGJaumfr½SifOuú| udkausmfcifonf a½G;aumufyGJrSm w&m;rQwrI ½Sd r½Sd? ]]a½G; aumufyJG pnf;rsO;f Oya'twkid ;f aumfrwDu aqmif½u G af y;onf [kwf r[kw?f a½G;aumufyaJG umfrwD aqmif½u G cf surf sm; auseyfrI ½Sd r½Sd}} ar;jref;onf/ a½G;aumufyGJaumfrwDonf w&m;rQwpGm aqmif½Gufygonf/ tm;vHk;uyif auseyf ygonf/ aumfrwDu wdusrSeu f efpmG tqH;k tjzwfay;rnf[k ajymMum;onf/ a½G;aumufyaJG umfrwD\ qH;k jzwfcsufukd udkausmfcifu wifjyavonf/ ]](2) OD;pvHk;\ t&nftcsif;udk ,Hk;rSm; oHo,r½Sdyg/ (2) OD;pvHk;yif &efukefwuúodkvfausmif;om;or*¾\ Ouú| wm0efrsm;udk ausyGefpGmaqmif½GufNyD; ausmif;om;rsm;udk OD;aqmifEdkifvdrfhr,fvdkY ,HkMunfygw,f/ Ouú|ae&m topf a½G;aumufyt JG opf xyfru H si;f yay;&rnfvm;? usaemfuyJ tEkid rf u J kd rnfoYlukd ay;&rvJ? xku d pd ö (2) &yfukd tcsed f Mumjrifph mG tcsde, f Nl yD; pOf;pm;Munfah omtcg ,ckNyD;pD;aom a½G;aumufyrJG mS w&m;rQwaom a½G;aumufyJG jzpfonf[k (2) OD; (2) bufrS twdtvif; zGifh[ajymqkdonf/ odkYjzpfí usaemf ay;ydkifcGifh½Sdaom tEdkifrJudk toHk;jyKí tqHk;tjzwf ay;ygrnf/ udkxGef;pdefESifh udktdefwdkYrSm t&nftcsif; wlnDMuaomfvnf; udkxGef;pdefonf olYaumvdyfoufwrf; wavQmufü rsKd;cspfpdwf"mwf tvGefxufoefvSNyD; AsL½dku&ufrsm;ESifh ,SOfNydKifcJh&mwGif owdåajymifajrmufvSonf/ wuúodkvfausmif;om;rsm;twGuf omru wwdkif;jynfvHk;rS wdkif;&if;om;rsm; tusKd;twGufyg arQmfudk;NyD; trsKd; om;a&; udprö sm;wGifvnf; 0ifa&muf aqmif½Gufvdkaom pdwfqE´jyif;jypGm½Sdonfudk awGU&w,f/ odkYjzpfí aumfrwD cs,f,mrif usaemfonf &efukef Oya'yxrESpfwGif wufa&mufoifMum;aeol udkxGef;pdefbufokdY tEkdifrJ ay;vkdufNyD jzpfaMumif; þae&mrS ausmif;om;xktm; aMujimvdkufygw,f}} or*¾taqmuftODwckvHk; vufckyfoHrsm; qlnHoGm;aponf/ ]usaemf þae&m z,fay;ygawmUr,f/ rJqE´eJhta½G;cH&aom udkxGef;pdefcifAsm;? Ouú|ukvm;xkdifay:okdh vma&muf xkid yf g&ef zdwaf c:ygw,f} [k udkausmfcifu ajymMum;NyD; pifjrifhay:rS qif;oGm;avonf/ udkxGef;pdefonf pifjrifah y:wufvmNyD; &efuek w f uúov dk af usmif;om;rsm;or*¾ (wuo) Ouú| ukvm;xkid f 0ifa&muf xkid v f u kd Nf yD;aemuf ]&Jabmfwhdk usaemfu U kd rJqE´ay;MuwJt U wGuf tvGeaf us;Zl;wifygw,f/ þor*¾ trIaqmifaumfrwD Ouú|a½G;aumufyJG [m wuúov dk o f rdik ;f rSm yxrOD;qH;k tBurd f ay:ayguv f mwJU a½G;aumufyjJG zpfygw,f/ a½S;uwBurd rf Q 'Dvt dk aqmuftOD rsKd;? 'Dvdk or*¾rsKd; ray:ao;ygbl;/ ,ckausmif;om;xkeJh ArmEkdifiHol? EdkifiHom; tm;vHk;twGuf trsKd;om;a&; BudK;yrf; vIyf½Sm;&ef ajcukwf&r,fU A[kdtcsuftjcmae&mBuD; ay:vmwm 0rf;omp&myJ/ usaemfuawmh þausmif;om;or*¾ Bu;D uae waehusvQif ArmEkid if BH u;D udk vGwv f yfa&;&atmif OD;aqmifEidk rf ,fU om;aumif;&wemrsm; ay:xu G v f mvdrrUf ,fvhkd cdkifrmpGm,HkMunfygw,f/ 'Dvkday:xGufvmEkdifa&;twGuf ,ckupNyD; usaemfwkdhtm;vHk; pkaygif;NyD; BudK;yrf;oGm;&ygr,f/ vGwfvyfa&;yef;wkdif a&mufatmifoGm;&r,fUc&D;u ½Snfa0;vSygw,f/ c&D;wavsmufrSm tEå&m,ftaESmifUt,SufawG? ql ; anS m if U c vk w f a wG ? &ef o l a wG trsm;&if q k d i f & r,f q k d w m od x m;zd k h v d k y gw,f / ausmif ; om;or*¾ t zG J Y [ m wuúokdvftkyfcsKyfa&;tzGJYeJh ausmif;tkyfBuD;vufatmufrSm r½Sdao;ygbl;/ ,cktcsdefupNyD;awmh or*¾tcrf;tem;awGeJh taqmuftODawGrSm vTifUavU½SdwJU t*Fvdyfe,fcsJYawG&JY ,leD,H*suftvHudk wuúokdvfor*¾taqmuftODrSm rvTifUbJ usaemfwdkh&JY ArmtvHjzpfwJU a'gif;tvH (cGyfa'gif;tvH r[kwf) udkom vTifUxlygr,f/ usaemfwkdh todtrSwfjyKwJU tvH[m a'gif;tvHjzpfw,f/ a½S;ArmtvHvnf; jzpfw,f/ usaemfwkdhwawG a'gif;tvHudkom tav;jyK&r,f/ ,leD,H*suftvHudk tav;rjyKMu&awmUbl;/ ,cifu usaemfwdkh tqkdwifoGif;cJUwJUtwdkif; wuúodkvfausmif;zGifUyGJ tcsdefupNyD; a[majymyGJawG tpnf;ta0;awG usif;ywJhtcg Arm trsKd;om;oDcsif;udkom oDqkdNyD; ArmtrsKd;om; a'gif;tvHudkom tav;jyKí NAdwdoQe,fcsJY trsKd;om;oDcsif;eJh NAdwdoQ e,fcsJY&JY ,leD,H*suftvHudk z,fxkwfvdkufygw,f/} udkxGef;pdefrdefYcGef;qHk;aomtcg or*¾taqmuftODwckvHk; vufckyfoHrsm; [def;nHoGm;onf/ ][kdt&ifwkef;u NAdwdoQ[m usaemfwdkh Armwkdif;&if;om;awG pnf;vHk;nDñGwfoGm;rSm odyfpkd;&drfw,f/ wkdif; &if;om;awGuv kd nf; vlrsK;d a&;&m? 0g'a&;&m? bmoma&;&mawGehJ tjraJ oG;cG?J jyóemtjrJ zefw;D aew,f/ tJ'grsK;d aoG;cGrJ S olwt hkd yk cf sKyaf &; vG,rf ,f/ usaemfwhkd udAk pdew f [ hkd m rsK;d csppf w d "f mwfxufoefwUJ ausmif;om;awG pnf;vH;k nDñw G af tmif 49

jrefrmEdkifiHausmif;om;vIyf&Sm;rIordkif; - atmifxGef; jyKvkyfcJUw,f/ EkdifiHa&;pdwf"mwf e,fcsJYqefhusifa&;pdwf"mwf Ekd;Mum;vmatmif pnf;½Hk;cJUw,f/ rpöwmpavmUuodawmU usaemfwhdk pnf;½H;k rIysuaf tmif olt h vdak wmf&ad wGukd ajrm§ ufay;Ny;D a½G;aumufyJG 0ifcidk ;f wmyJ/} vGwfvyfa&;&NyD;aemuf udkxGef;pdefu þokkdYajymMum;cJhjcif; jzpfonf/ udkxGef;pdefESifh ra½S;raESmif;yif olYudkaxmufcHaom trIaqmifaumfrwD0if trsm;tjym; ta½G;cH&onf/ wa,mufESpfa,mufu vGJí tm;vHk;eD;yg;rSm ausmif;tkyfBuD; tvkdawmf&drsm; r[kwfay/ 1931 &efukefNrdKUü (10) ESpfajrmuf trsKd;om;atmifyGJaeY usif;y&m ausmif;om;vli,frsm;? q&mrsm;? 0HomEkrsm;? ,leDAmpDwDausmif;om;rsm;? wdkYArmtpnf;t½Hk;rS ocifrsm;? udkApdef (ocifApdef)? ocifav;armif? udkxGef; pdefwkdY pkpnf;í yg0ifcJhonf/

(!) 1931 ckEpS f &efuek w f uúov kd af usmif;om;rsm;or*¾ yxrOD;qH;k trIaqmiftzGUJ udkxGef;pdef udkb*srf; ukdxGef;wif udkcspfwif udkApdef udkOD;wkwf udkwifarmif udkxGef;wif q&mOD;vlaz0if;

Ouú| taxGaxGtwGif;a&;rSL;

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rSwfcsuf- wdkYArmtpnf;t½Hk;udk a&;om;&mwGif ]]wdkY}} ESifh ]]'dkY}} ESpfrsKd;vHk; oHk;onfudk awGU&onf/ odkYaomf rl&if;wHqdyfESifh acgif;pD;pmwrf;wGif wdkYArm[k oHk;xm;onf/ ocifAwif\ 1300 jynfh ta&;awmfyHkrSwfwrf; (jr0wDyHkESdyfwdkuf)? pmrsufESm (15) atmufajcrSwfpkwGif ]]wdkYArmtpnf;t½Hk; ay:pwGif 'dkYArm[k ra&;om;bJ? wdkYArm[koma&;onf/}} [k azmfjyxm;onf/ ,ckpmtkyfwGif wdkYArmtpnf;t½Hk;udk a&;om;vsif ]]wdkY}} [k oHk;oGm;rnf/ a
50

udkvdkeDacwfaESmif; - 1930 rS 1931 - e,fcsJYqefhusifa&; vGwfvyfa&;BudK;yrf;rI trsKd;om;a&;toGif

wuo jzpfajrmufa&; ,m,DOuú| OD;ausmcf if B.Sc., B.L. (1930-31) Source: Oway Magazines

&efuek w f uúov kd af usmif;om;rsm;or*¾ (,m,D) yxrqH;k Ouú|jzpfonf/ &ckid t f rsK;d om; wOD;jzpfí oHwNJG rdKUwGif zGm;jrifc\ hJ / oHwNJG rdKU tpd;k &txufwef;ausmif;wGif owårwef;txd ynmavhvm qnf;yl;cJo h nf/ &efuek Nf rdKU A[kt d pd;k &txufwef;ausmif;odk ajymif;a½TUynmqnf;yl;NyD;? 1925 ckEpS w f iG f (10) wef; pmar;yGu J kd atmifjrifchJ onf/ &efuek w f uúov kd w f iG f qufvuf ynmoifMum;cJo h nf/ 1929 ckEpS w f iG f olaX;OD;ndKu or*¾taqmuftOD aqmufvyk v f LS 'gef;&m? 1930 ckEpS w f iG f NyD;pD;cJ\ h / or*¾taqmuftOD ½Sad omfvnf; or*¾tzGUJ tpnf; r½Sjd zpfae ojzifh OD;ausmfcifonf or*¾ jzpfajrmufa&;twGuf BudK;yrf;rIwiG f acgif;aqmifco hJ l wOD;jzpfonf/ or*¾tzGUJ tpnf; ray:aygufap&ef acsm?h ajr§muf? Ncdr;f ajcmufjcif;udk cHc&hJ \/ wuúov kd af usmif;om; ynmwwf rsm;\ ]]rufvHk;}} jzpfaom tdEd´, y#dnmOfcH0efxrf; tkdifpDtufpf &mxl;jzifh acsmhjrLjzm;a,mif;jcif; cHcJh&\/ OD;ausmcf ifum; r,dr;f ,dik ?f or*¾jzpfajrmufa&;twGuf acgif;rmpGm BuK;d yrf;cJo h o l m jzpfonf/ or*¾jzpfajrmufap&ef &efuek w f uúov kd ½f dS ausmif;om;BuD;rsm;onf yxrqH;k aqG;aEG;wkid yf ifc\ hJ / xdak qG;aEG;yGw J iG f OD;ausmfcifonf obmywdjzpf\/ or*¾pnf;rsOf;a&;qGJa&;aumfrwDzGJUpnf;&ef wuúodkvfudk,fpm; t"dywdESifh aqG;aEG;yGJwGif ud, k pf m;vS,o f ;kH OD;teuf yg0ifow l OD;vnf; jzpfayonf/ or*¾pnf;rsOf;a&;qGJa&; aumfrwDzGJUpnf;aomtcg OD;ausmfcifonf obmywdtjzpf wm0ef,l vkyfaqmif cJ\ h / or*¾pnf;rsO;f a&;qGNJ yD;aemuf wuúov kd t f yk cf sKyfa&;tzGEJ iS hf awGUqHak qG;aEG;yGw J iG f ud, k pf m;vS,f tjzpfjzifh yg0ifcJhonf/ or*¾pnf;rsOf;udk twnfjyKaom 1931 ck? Zefe0g&Dv (9) &ufaeUwGif usif;yonfh ausmif;om;xktpnf;ta0;rS? wuotrIaqmif (9) OD; a½G;cs,faomtcg OD;ausmfcifonf wuo Ouú| jzpfvmcJah yonf/ 1931 ckEpS w f iG f Oya'oifwef;rsm;udk atmifjrifco hJ nf/ rdrZd mwdNrKd Ujzpfaom oHwNJG rKd UwGif a½SUaetjzpf vkyaf qmif&if;? jrLeDpDy,ftzGJU0if? jrLeDpDy,fOuú|tjzpf NrdKUjya&;&mrsm;udk aqmif½GufcJhonf/ ppfNyD;acwf 1951 ckwGif jynfoUl vTwaf wmftrwftjzpf &efatmifrq J E´e,frS a½G;aumuf wifajr§mufjcif; cH&NyD;? qGpZf mvefjynf bef;NrdKUü usif;yaom urÇmhvTwfawmfrsm; nDvmcHokdY jrefrmukd,fpm;vS,ftzGJUudk acgif;aqmifum wufa&mufcJhzl; avonf/ OD;ausmfcifonf ,ck &efuek Nf rKdUwGif vTwaf wmfa½SUaetjzpf vkyaf qmifvsuf½adS yonf/

51

jrefrmEdkifiHausmif;om;vIyf&Sm;rIordkif; - atmifxGef;

yxrqH;k wuoOuú| OD;xGe;f pdef B.Sc., B.L. (1931-32) Source: Oway Magazines

&efuek w f uúov kd f ausmif;om;rsm;or*¾\ yxrOD;qH;k a½G;aumufwifajr§mufc&H aom Ouú|jzpfonf/ &ckid jf ynf oHwGJNrdKU Zmwd jzpfonf/ 1924 ckESpfwGif &efukefwuúodkvfwGif pwifynmqnf;yl;í 1928 ckwGif 0dZÆmodyÜH bGUJ xl;udk qGwcf ;l cJah vonf/ 1931-32 ckEpS w f iG f Oya'ynmrsm;udk avhvmqnf;yl;aepOf wuoOuú|tjzpf a½G;aumufwifajr§mufjcif; cHc&hJ oljzpfonf/ t*Fvdyfe,fcsJUorm; bkef;rD;aevawmufyonfh umvjzpfí tpnf;ta0;yGJrsm;wGif? a*smhbk&ifrif;jrwf\ bke;f awmfbUJG rsm;udk oDqu kd m tpnf;ta0; zGiv fh pS cf MhJ u&\/ OD;xGe;f pdef wuoOuú| jzpfvmaomtcg? a*smb h &k if bke;f awmfbUJG tpm; wdYk ArmtrsdK;om;oDcsif;jzifh zGiv hf pS cf ahJ vonf/ wuúov kd f bGUJ ESi;f obifcef;ronf jrefrmrqef? w½kwb f &k m;ausmif;ESihf wlaeí jrefrmtrsK;d om; o½kyaf y:ap&ef jcaoF½h yk rf sm; xm;&ef awmif;qkcd \ hJ / wuúov kd t f aqmuftODrsm;wGif t*Fvefjynfvyk f oHwcH g;rsm;udk oH;k rnfh tpm;? jrefrmjynfjzpf opfom;wHcg;rsm;ukd toHk;jyK&efvnf; awmif;qdkcJhonf/ 1931 ckEpS w f iG f trsK;d om;atmifyaJG eU pwifusi;f y&m trsK;d om;atmifyaJG eUwGif a'gif;tvH (cGyaf 'gif;tvHr[kw)f udk or*¾rS pwiftoH;k jyKcJ\ h / pD;u&ufoydwaf rSmufa&;wGif or*¾onf ArmEdik if v H il ,frsm;tpnf;t½H;k (,ck Avp r[kwf)? wkdYArmtpnf;t½Hk;wdkYESifh yl;wGJ vkyfaqmifcJhonf/ OD;xGe;f pdeo f nf or*¾Ouú|tjzpf oufwrf;rukerf D Ekwx f u G o f mG ;cJo h nf/ wuorS xGufNyD;aemuf ausmif;q&mtjzpf vnf;aumif;? Oya'pmar;yGJ atmifjrifNyD;aemuf a½SUaetjzpf vnf;aumif; vkyaf qmifco hJ nf/ *syefacwfwiG f c½dik 0f eftjzpf Ekid if w hH m0efudk xrf;aqmifc\ hJ / 'kw, d urÇmppftNyD; t*Fvdyfrsm; jyef0ifvmaomtcg OD;xGefpdeftm; axmif'Pf (25) ESpf tjypfay;cJh\/ (9) v ESifh (4) &uf tMumwGif vGwaf jrmufco hJ nf/ ,ck &efuek Nf rdKUwGif vTwaf wmfa½SUaeBuD; wOD;tjzpf aqmif½u G v f suf ½So d nf/

52

udkvdkeDacwfaESmif; - 1932 rS 1935 - e,fcsJYqefhusifa&; vGwfvyfa&;BudK;yrf;rI trsdK;om;a&;toGif

tcef; (5) udv k ekd aD cwfaESmif;ydik ;f e,fcsUJ qefu Y siaf &; vGwv f yfa&;BuKd ;yrf;rI trsK;d om;a&;toGif ausmif;om;vIy&f mS ;rIordik ;f (1932 rS 1935)

(u) 1932-33 wuúov dk af jrvIy&f mS ;rI 1931-32 or*¾rS udkxGef;pdef EkwfxGufoGm;í udkbdk;ul;rSm Ouú|tjzpf ,SOfNydKifolr½SdbJ ta½G;cH&onf/ xdktcsdefu udkvdkeD0g'usifhoHk;aom wuúodkvftmPmydkif rsufESmjzLrsm;onf wuúodkvfynma&;udk wwfEkdiforQ oabmw&m;e,fy,frmS ydwaf vSmifxm;NyD; vufawGU tvSr;f a0;aponf/ wuúov kd yf nm? wuúov kd q f &m? wuúov dk f ausmif;om;rsm;udk wuúov dk yf &0Pfxw J iG f jzpfEidk o f rQuefYowfxm;NyD; jyifyvlxEk iS hf uif;Ekid o f rQ tqufjzwfxm;&ef BudK;pm;ygonf/ wuúokdvfynmwwfrsm;udk vufa½G;pifwpk? rdk;usa½Tudk,ftjzpf zefwD;NyD; jynfoltxuf tjrifhBuD;rSm xm;&ef &nf½G,fonf/ 1932 rS 1934 txd or*¾ (wuo) Ouú|rsm;onfvnf; wuorS wqifh trsKd;om;a&; vIy½f mS ;rIrsm; aqmif½u G Ef idk o f nf[k r,HMk unfMubJ ½Sad eMuonf/ udak tmifjrifh (oHw)JG onf ]qm} rxl;í ausmif;xkwf cH&aom 'kwd,ajrmufausmif;om; jzpfvmonf/ ¤if;onf ¤if;epfemcsufrsm;twGuf a½SUaersm;xH tMuHÓPf oGm; awmif;í w&m;½H;k rS ausmif;xkwcf &H jcif; epfemrItwGuf &½S&d ef awmif;qkrd I tay:wGiv f nf; NAdwo d Qe,fcsJU tpd;k &onf ¤if;tm; Oya't& xyfrH0efcHuwd jyKckdif;vdkufavonf/ odYk aomf ausmif;om;trsm;pkEiS hf jynfow l YkdrmS udv k ekd 0D g'\ tqdyk g wuúov kd yf nma&;ay:vpDukd qefYusií f wuúodkvfynma&;wGif oabmw&m;ESifh vufawGUaygif;pyfrdatmif vufawGUtoHk;cs&atmif vIHYaqmfawmif;qkdae Muonf/ q&mpHudk (ao'Pf) BudK;rdefYay;vdkufaomtcg q&mpHawmfvSefa&;udk axmufcHaom &efukefwuúodkvf ausmif;om;rsm;or*¾onf ausmif;om;xk tpnf;ta0;ac:,lNyD; uefYuGufcJhonf/ ¤if;tpnf;ta0;wGif NAdwdoQ e,fcsJUtpdkd;&tm; jypfwif½IwfcsNyD; acgif;aqmifBuD;q&mpHtm; (2) rdepf rwfwyf&yfítav;jyKcJhonf/ odkYaomf 1932 ESpfukefydkif;wGif wuúokdvfü trsKd;om;awmfvSefa&; 'Da&usqif;aeonf/ trsKd;om;EdkifiHa&; wGif tdEd´,ESifh wGJa&;cGJa&;jyóemrsm; vTrf;rdk;aeonf/ bdvyfudk rsufESmpHknDtpnf;ta0;wufjcif;jzifh awmfvSef 53

jrefrmEdkifiHausmif;om;vIyf&Sm;rIordkif; - atmifxGef; aom vlxkEkdifiHa&;vIyf½Sm;rIudk tpm;xkd;aeonf/ wuúodkvfy&0PfxJwGifvnf; ausmif;om;or*¾udk tvdkawmf&d ausmif;om;rsm;u acgif;aqmifaeonf/ rsuEf mS jzLtmPmydik rf sm;ESihf twku d t f cHjyKaom ausmif;om;rsm;rSm ab;a&muf aeonf/

(c) udAk pdeEf iS hf wuúov dk af jrvIy&f mS ;rI udkApdef EkdifiHa&;t,ltq ydkrdkjyif;xefvmaomtcg wuowGif 1932-33 ü taxGaxGtwGif;a&;rSL; wm0efxrf;aqmif&onf/ 1932-33 wuotrIaqmiftzGJY 1/ udkpHazmfatmif Ouú‘| 2/ udkApdef taxGaxGtwGif;a&;rSL; 3/ udkatmifoef; 4/ udkxGef;atmif 5/ udk&m½Spf 6/ udkcspf 7/ udkoufwif (udkodef;armif) 8/ udk[efaomf 9/ udkbwif wkdYjzpfonf/ udkpHazmfatmifESifh udkApdefwkdYonf wuorSaeí e,fcsJUqefYusifa&; pum;&nfvkyGJrsm; jyKvkyfay;onf/ tvdkawmf&d ausmif;om;rsm;xuf udkApdefonf ykdrdkí or*¾vkyfief;rsm;ukd tav;xm;vkyfaqmifcJhonf/ &J&ifhaom udAk pdeo f nf e,fcsUJ qefYusiaf &; udprö sm;wGif a½SUokYdwvSr;f NyD; wvSr;f wufvmonf/ wuúov dk f ausmif;tkyq f &mBuD;\ MoZmrSm BuD;vSonf/ ausmif;om;wa,mufukd woufv;kH aumif;pm;oGm;&ef vkyaf y;Ekid o f nf/ þodYk e,fcsUJ vufuikd f wkwfrsm; udk;uG,faecsdefwGif xkdtxJü udkApdef rygay/ udkApdefu ]tpOftvmtwkdif; oGm;ae&ifawmU Armjynf[m b,fawmUrQ uRefb0u vGwfrSmr[kwfbl;As} EkdifiHa&;pdwf"mwf jyif;xefaom udkApdefudk *ED´pdef[k olY&Jabmfrsm;u ac:onf/ udkApdefonf *ED´BuD;udk av;pm;jrwfEkd;í acgif;ay:rS qHyifudk ajymifatmif ½Sif;vkdufonf/ wdkYArmtpnf;t½Hk;odkY yxrqHk;0ifa&mufcJhaom wuúov dk af usmif;om; jzpfNyD; aemif wuúov kd af usmif;om; rSwyf w kH ifpm&if;üvnf; ocifApde[ f k ajymif;vJvu kd o f nf/ ausmif;ac:csdef udkApdef tvSnfha&mufaomtcg q&mu ocifApdef[k ac:aomtcg ausmif;om;? ausmif;olrsm;u 0kdif;&,fMuonf/ xkdtcg ocifApdefu ]y&JZifq U m} [k rxl;? ArmoH Arm[efjzifh ]a&mufygNyD cifAsm;} [kcyfus,fus,f atmfxl;vkdufonf/ ocifApdefudk EkdifiHa&;vIyf½Sm;rIjzifh e,fcsJUpHkaxmufrsm;u vlqdk;pm&if;0ifatmif vkyfxm;NyD; ausmif;tkyfBuD; rpöwmpavmhonf udkApdefudk &efukefwuúokdvfrS ausmif;xkwfvkdufonf/ wuúokdvfwGif EkdifiHa&; vIyf½Sm;rIjzifh yxrqHk; ausmif;xkwfcH&aom ausmif;om;wOD; jzpfonf/ taygif;toif;rsm;\ Munfh½IapmifrrIjzifh ,k'oefaumvdyfwGif ausmif;jyefwufcGifh&onf/ 1934 ,k'oefaumvdyfwGif pmoifMum;pOf ynmoifMum;zdkYxuf vGwfvyfa&;wkdufyGJ0if&ef pdwfvTrf;rdk;aeí ausmif;rS xkwfcH&jyefonf/ q&mpHawmfvSefa&;ESifh ywfoufNyD; udkApdef ESifhtwl udk&m½SpfvJ wuúokdvfü vlodrsm;cJhonf/

(*) 1933-34 wuo trIaqmiftzGYJ 1/ udkodef;armif 2/ ukdausmfxGef; 3/ udkOD;wkwf 4/ udkvSarmif 5/ udkatmifwif 6/ Mr. Zorn Swingh 54

Ouú| twGif;a&;rSL; 'k-Ouú| or*¾r*¾Zif; t,f'Dwm pmMunfhwdkufrSL; aygif;oif;qufqHa&;rSL;

udkvdkeDacwfaESmif; - 1932 rS 1935 - e,fcsJYqefhusifa&; vGwfvyfa&;BudK;yrf;rI trsdK;om;a&;toGif 7/ udkvSarmif tm;upm;rSL; 8/ udkarmiftkef; 9/ udkcsrf;jr 10/ udkapmpdefuDG wdkYjzpfonf/ xdck Ek pS rf sm;ü wuúov kd f tvdak wmf&d ausmif;om;acgif;aqmifrsm;rS wqifh wuúov dk af usmif;om;rsm;or*¾ukd trsKd;om;awmfvSefa&;ESifh uif;uGmatmif vkyfxm;Ekdifayonf/ urm½Gwfe,fajrudk 'kp½dkufe,fajr[k owfrSwfNyD; ausmif;om;rsm;twGuf (Out of Bound) wm;jrpfe,fajr vkyfxm;onf/ odkYaomftajctaeu wm½SnfwnfwHhí r&ay/ wkYd Armtpnf;t½H;k \ rD;yGm;onf awmrD;BuD;tjzpf ul;ajymif;vmaomtcg rD;'kwu f ikd f ociftzGUJ tpnf;rSwqifh vlxktzGJUtpnf;odkY ajymif;vJvmonf/ tdEd´,ESifh cGJa&;wJGa&;? bdvyfrsufESmpHknD EkdifiHa&;vkyfief;rsm; arS;rSdefvmNyD; e,fcsJUqefYusifa&;? vlxv k YHI aqmfa&;? vlxpk nf;a0;yG?J vlxq k E´jyyGrJ sm; a½SUa&mufvmonf/ wuúov kd yf &0Pfüvnf; ocifaygufp? axmifajcmufv ausmif;om; rD;'kwf ausmif;om; zsi?f yifeD ausmif;om; -rsm; ay:xGef;vmonf/ udkatmifqef;? udkausmfNidrf;? udkoD[ef? udkxGef;tkef;? udkvSaz? udkodef;az (odef;az jrifh) wkdY tvdkawmf&drsm; vTrf;rdk;aeaom ausmif;om;or*¾rS acgif;aqmifrsm;udk qefYusifwdkufcdkufMuonf/ udkausmf Nidrf;ESifh udkodef;azwdkYrSm ref;OypmaumvdyfrS a&mufvmonf/ udkausmfNidrf;? udkodef;azwdkYonf ref;Oypmaumvdyf üaepOf ref;Oypmaumvdyf ydwyf pf&ef qH;k jzwfcsuu f kd twlvufwq JG efYusicf o hJ rl sm; jzpfonf/ ¤if;wkYdEiS t hf wl udck ifarmif uav; (aemif 0efBuD;)? udkxGef;tHk? udkvSarmif (aemif oHtrwfBuD;) wkdYvnf; yg0ifonf/

(C) 1934-35 wuotrIaqmiftzGUJ ESihf udak usmNf ird ;f ? udEk ?k uko d ed ;f az trsKd;om;a&;Ekd;Mum;rIESifh EkdifiHa&;pdwf"mwf½Sdaom ausmif;om;rsm;jzpfonfh udkausmfNidrf;? ukdoD[ef? udkEk? udktkef;? ukdodef;azwdkYonf 1934-35 wuo trIaqmifa½G;yGJ0ifa&mufí tvdkawmf&dausmif;om;rsm;ESifh ,SOfNydKif ta½G;cHonf/ udak usmNf idr;f ESihf udo k ed ;f azEdik í f udak tmifqef;ESihf udo k [ D ef½;IH oGm;onf/ udak usmNf idr;f rSm 0g'jzefYcsad &;udik f í or*¾jyefwrf;udk xkwfa0onf/ usefvlrsm;rSm tvkdawmf&drsm;jzpfonf/ ¤if;or*¾jyefwrf;wGif q&mBuD;trnfjzifh q&mjzpfoifaumvdyf wDwDpD oifwef;om; udkoef;xGef; (aemif ocifoef;xGef;) onf uavmif0ifa&;onf/ udk ausmfNidr;f ESihf udo k ef;xGe;f rSm ausmif;om;b0xJu oduRrf;cifrifNyD; aemufyikd ;f wGif udo k ef;xGe;f ESihf udEk ?k udak tmifqef; wkdY tuRrf;0ifoGm;onf/ wuoxJwGif ukdausmfNidrf;ESifh udkatmifqef;wkdY twdkuftcHvkyfrIaMumifh vnf;aumif;? trIaqmiftzGJUxJ tjyif ausmif;om;xkMum;üyg vGefpGmpnf;½Hk;a&; ajcoGufí vnf;aumif;? tvdkawmf&drsm;ESifh udkausmfNidrf;wkdY rsm;pGm wif;rmvmonf/ 'k-Ouú| udkausmfxGef; tvkyf&í ausmif;xGufoGm;aomtcg udkEkrSm 'k-Ouú|tjzpf ta½G;cH&onf/ udkatmifjrifhESifhudkpdk;jrifhwdkYudk (Sir) rxl;í ausmif;xkwfjcif;udpt ö wGuf uefYuGuf&ef udkEku udkausmfNidrf;udk ausmif; tkyfBuD;ESifh awGU&efvTwfvkdufonf/

(i) 1934-35 wuo trIaqmiftzGUJ 1/ udkzdk;at; 2/ udkausmfxGef; (aemif ukdEk) 3/ udkomxif 4/ udkodef;az 5/ udkausmfNidrf; 6/ udkeef;EG,f 7/ udkboef;

Ouú| 'k-Ouú| taxGaxGtwGif;a&;rSL; (pmMunfhwkdufrSL;? odef;azjrifh) (vlxkqufqHa&;ESifh 0g'jzefYcsda&;) (t,f'Dwm? or*¾r*¾Zif;) (aiGxdef;) 55

jrefrmEdkifiHausmif;om;vIyf&Sm;rIordkif; - atmifxGef; 8/ udk0if; 9/ udkodrf;armif

(tm;upm;rSL;) (pnf;½Hk;a&;)

(p) 1935 ausmif;om; (11) a,muf ausmif;xkwcf &H onfu h pd ö 1935 'DZifbm ausmif;ydw&f ufrwdik rf D ausmif;om; (11) a,muf pmar;yGu J sí rpöwmpavmh (ausmif;tkyBf uD;) u ausmif;xkwfvkdufonf/ r[kwfrcH ausmif;om;rsm;jzpfaom udkEk? udkausmfNidrf;? udkodef;az? udkb½Srf;wkdYu ausmif;tkyfBuD; rpöwmpavmhESifh oGm;a&mufawGUqHkNyD;? ausmif;om;rsm; pmar;yGJus½HkESifh ausmif;xkwfonfrSm rw&m; aMumif;? ¤if;wkdYrSm tusifhpm&dwå aumif;rGefí ausmif;pnf;urf; ½kdaoaMumif;? ausmif;tkyfBuD;tm; ausmif;om;rsm; jyefvnf vufc&H ef ½Sif;jyaomfvnf; ausmif;tkyfBuD;u vufrcHay/ wuotaeESifh ta&;,l&ef BudK;pm;aomfvnf; udak usmNf idr;f ? udEk ?k udo k ed ;f az (3) a,mufom½SNd yD; uset f rsm;pkrmS tvkad wmf&rd sm;jzpfaeí ratmifjrifay/ udak usmNf idr;f rSm acgif;iHkYrcHbJ &efukefNrdKU½Sd qmOD;oGifESifh EdkifiHa&;acgif;aqmifrsm;udk a½Twd*HkapwD &ifjyifodkY zdwfac:í ausmif;om; ta&;ESihf wuúov dk q f &mrsm;\ AsL½du k &uf tusiq hf ;dk rsm;udk bk&m;ukw d idk w f nf opömqkd ½Si;f jyonf/ wuúov dk t f mPm ydik rf sm; ausmif;om;rsm;vIy½f mS ;rI tpjyKvmonfukd owdjyKrdí raxhrjhJ rifrjyK&JMuawmhbJ &moufyef ausmif;xkwx f m; aom (11) a,mufudk (1) ESpo f m y,fí aemifEpS rf sm;wGif ausmif;qufwufciG ahf y;onf/ þonfum; 1936 'kw, d ausmif; om;oydwf oaE¨wnfjcif; jzpfonf/ wuonf aemufydkif;ü e,fcsJUqefYusifa&; ausmif;om;rsm; vTrf;rdk;oGm;onf/ tjyifu awmfvSefa&; acgif;aqmifrsm;udk wuúodkvfacgif;aqmifrsm;ESifh awGUxd&ef wuúokdvfor*¾ pifjrifhay:odkY zdwfac:onf/ ocifudk,f awmfridI ;f udk wuúov kd o f r*¾wiG f a[majym&ef zdwMf um;rnf[k udak usmNf idr;f ? udo k ed ;f azwkYd tqkjd yKaomtcg tvdak wmf&d ausmif;om;rsm;u uefYuGufMuonf/ OD;Owårudk w&m;a[m&ef zdwfMum;&mwGifvJ tvdkawmf&drsm;u twkduftcH jyKMuonf/ OD;Owåru ]rif;wkhd wuúov dk yf nma&;u bmtoH;k usvv hdk ?J rD;jcpfqw H acsmif;? qyfjymwcJ vkyEf idk zf hkd twwfynmay;wJ?h ArmawG udk,fUtm;udk,fudk;jzpfatmif vkyfay;wJU pepfr[kwfbl;} [k a[majymcJhonf/ þokkdYjzifh EkdifiHa&;Edk;Mum;rI r½Sdaom wuúokdvfausmif;ESifh q&mrsm;? ausmif;om;rsm;ukd oD;oefYy&0PfxJ aexkdifvdkrIrS trsKd;om;awmfvSefa&; tiftm;pkrsm;jzpfvm&ef udkEk? udkausmfNidrf;? ukdodef;azwkdYu BudK;pm;Mu\/ Armpmayudk tok;H jyKí e,fcsJUqefYusifa&; trsKd;om;vGwv f yfa&;twGuf 0g'jzefYonf/ ArmpmaywGif e,fcsJUqefUusif a&;ESifh vGwfvyfa&;wkdufyGJrsm; xif[yf&ef BudK;yrf;onf/ wuúokdvfy&d0kPftwGif; wuúodkvfr*¾Zif;? *E¦avmu pmapmifrsm;jzifh usufpm;½HkrubJ jyifypme,fZif;rsm;wGifyg uavmifjzefYcJhMuonf/ '*kefr*¾Zif;u wuúokdvfu@ w&yfzGifhvSpfay;NyD; jyifyavmuESifh tquftoG,f ausmif;om;rsm;\ wHcg;aygufjzpfvmonf/ us,fjyefYaom vlxky&dowfESifh &ifqkdifawGUMuHKvm&onf/ þkodkYjzifh wuúokdvfynma&;pepfESifh wuúokdvfausmif;om;rsm;onf y&d0Pfudkausmfí jynfolvlxkxH ta&muf csDwufrnf[k tcsufay;c&m rIwfvkdufjcif;jzpfonf/

56

udkvdkeDacwfaESmif; - 1932 rS 1935 - e,fcsJYqefhusifa&; vGwfvyfa&;BudK;yrf;rI trsdK;om;a&;toGif

OD;bdk;ul; (1931-32) Source: Oway Magazines

or*¾Ouú| OD;xGe;f pdef oufwrf;rukerf D Ekwx f u G o f mG ;ojzif?h Ouú|ae&mtwGuf Mum;jzwf a½G;aumufyJG usi;f y ay;&onf/ Mum;jzwfa½G;aumufyGJwGif OD;bdk;ul;onf ta½G;cHcJh&jcif; jzpf\/ vufyHwef;NrKdU? ewfpifukef;½GmwGif zGm;jrifí ewfpifukef;½Gm bkef;awmfBuD;ausmif;? vufyHwef;NrKdU tpdk;& txufwef;ausmif;? vufyw H ef;NrKdU trsK;d om;ausmif;? oH;k cGNrKdU rufo'pfausmif;rsm;wGif ynmoifMum;cJo h nf/ (10) wef; pmar;yGu J kd 1927 ckEpS w f iG f &efuek Nf rKUd ul½iS af usmif;rS ocFsm*kPx f ;l ESihf atmifjrifco hJ nf/ wuúov kd w f iG f qufvufynmoifMum;&m? Oypmtxufwef;udk wkduf½dkufwufa&muf oifMum;cGifh &½Sdoljzpf\/ 1931 ckEpS w f iG f v,form;olyek af cgif;aqmifBuD; q&mpHtm; NAdwo d Qtpd;k &u ao'PftrdeYf ay;cJ&h m? wuorS ausmif;om;xktpnf;ta0;ac:NyD; uefYuu G cf o hJ nf/ tpnf;ta0;wGif NAdwo d Qtpd;k &tm; jypfwif½w I cf sNyD;? acgif; aqmifBuD;q&mpHtm; (2) rdepf rwfwwf&yf tav;jyKcJMh uavonf/ tdE, ´d ESihf jrefrm cGaJ &;-wGaJ &;ESihf yufoufí wuorS Ekid if aH &;acgif;aqmifBuD;rsm;udk zdwaf c:um pum;&nfvyk JG usi;f yay;cJ\ h / cGaJ &;bufrS OD;bab? OD;bpD? OD;xGe;f 0if;wdYku ajymí? wGaJ &;bufrS a'gufwmbarmf? a'gufwm b[ef? OD;ay:xGe;f wdYk u ajymqdk acsyMuavonf/ or*¾Ouú|tjzpf aqmif½GufaepOf OD;bdk;ul;tm; ausmif;xm;vQif aiGaMu;ukefus½Hkomjzpfí ausmif;rS Ekwo f ifah Mumif;jzifh wuúov kd af usmif;tkyBf uD;u OD;bd;k ul;zcifxH pma&;Ncdr;f ajcmufjcif; cHc&hJ \/ OD;bd;k ul;onf wuúov kd rf x S u G Nf yD; wdYkArmtpnf;t½H;k wGif yg0ifaqmif½u G cf o hJ nf/ ,ck ppfbufuek pf nf jzefYcsd a&;Xme trSwf (3) wGif refae*smtjzpf aqmif½Gufvsuf½Sdonf/ rSwfcsuf - 1952 ckESpfxkwf? tkd;a0r*¾Zif; 'órwGJ? trSwf (5) wGif? OD;bkd;ul; Ouú|tjzpf aqmif½GufpOf t,HktMunfr½Sd tqkdwifoGif;í? OD;xGef;pdef Ouú|tjzpf qufvufaqmif½Gufonf[k azmfjy xm;jcif;rSm? rSm;,Gi;f vsu½f o dS nf/ 1931-32 ck Ouú|tjzpf aqmif½u G cf o hJ l um,uH½iS rf sm;ESiw hf uG twGif;a&;rSL; jzpfcJhol ocifApdefwdkYtm; awGUqHkar;jref;&m? OD;xGef;pdef EkwfxGufNyD;? OD;bdk;ul;tm; Ouú|tjzpf ,SOfNydKifolr½Sd a½G;aumufwifajr§mufjcif;om jzpfaMumif;? t,HktMunfr½Sd tqdk wifoiG ;f jcif; r½Sad Mumif; ajymjyMuygonf/

57

jrefrmEdkifiHausmif;om;vIyf&Sm;rIordkif; - atmifxGef;

OD;pHazmfatmif (1932-33)

M. A., B. L.

Source: Oway Magazines

&ckdifjynf? ppfawGNrKdUZmwdjzpfí rdbESpfyg;rSm OD;csefxGef;atmifESifh a':vSjrOD;jzpfonf/ 1924 ckESpfwGif q,fwef;pmar;yGJatmifjrifí? wuúodkvfwGif ynmqufvufqnf;yl;cJhonf/ wuo pnf;rsOf;a&;qGJa&; aumfrwD tzGUJ 0ifwOD;jzpfí 1932-33 ckwiG f wuoOuú|tjzpf a½G;aumufwifajr§mufc&H jcif; jzpf\/ Ekid if aH &;todynm&ap&efEiS hf ausmif;om;rsm; pdw"f gwfwuf
OD;odef;armif B. A., B.L (1933-34) Source: Oway Magazines

atmufcsi;f wGi;f c½dik f rH½k mG NrKUd wGif zGm;jrifonf/ 1929 ckEpS o f nf wuúov kd yf nm pwif qnf;yl;cJah om ESpjf zpf\/ OD;ode;f armifonf &efuek w f uúov kd af usmif;om;rsm;or*¾ pnf;rsO;f a&;qGaJ &; aumfrwD0if wOD;jzpfonf/ wuo pnf;rsOf;udk twnfjyKaom ausmif;om;xktpnf;ta0;wGif obmywdjzpf\/ 1932-33 ckwGif wuo trIaqmiftjzpf a½G;aumufwifajr§mufjcif;cH&í tdrfwGif;upm;ckefpm;Xme wm0efcHtjzpf wm0efxrf;aqmif cJo h nf/ 1933-34 ckwiG f wuoOuú| jzpfonf/ wuúov kd o f r*¾ taqmuftOD aqmufvyk &f ef a'gufwmOD;ndK vSL'gef;aomaiG ESpo f ed ;f rS usefaiG 3 aomif;udk ausmif;tkyBf uD; 'Da*spavmhpu f a&ul;uefvyk &f ef pDpOfjcif;udk uefYuu G cf o hJ nf/ wuúov kd o f r*¾pmMunfch ef;twGuf pmtkyrf sm;0,f&ef wifjyawmif;qdck o hJ nf/ (wzufpmrsufEmS odUk - rSwcf suf)

58

udkvdkeDacwfaESmif; - 1932 rS 1935 - e,fcsJYqefhusifa&; vGwfvyfa&;BudK;yrf;rI trsdK;om;a&;toGif

OD;zdk;at; B. Sc., (Hons/ Rgn.), B. L., (Rgn.), Ph D., (Lond.) D. I. C., F. R. Met. Soe. (Lond.) Source: Oway Magazines

(1934-35)

om,m0wDc½dik f oH;k q,fNrKUd wGif arG;zGm;onf/ yef;waemfNrKUd Ak'b ¨ momausmif;rS owÅrwef;pmar;yGJ atmifjrifí om,m0wDNrKdU atbDtrfausmif;rS (10) wef; atmifjrifcJhonf/ wuúodkvfynm qufvufqnf;yl;í 1931 ckEpS w f iG f 0dZmÆ odypÜH mar;yGJ ½lyaA'*kPx f ;l jzifh atmifjrifavonf/ 1933-34 ckwiG f Oya'wef; ynmoifMum;vsu½f pdS Of wuotrIaqmiftjzpf a½G;aumuf wifajr§mufjcif;cH&í 1934-35 ckwiG f wuoOuú| jzpfvmonf/ 1937 ckEpS w f iG f rk;d av0o ynmawmfoiftjzpf a½G;cs,jf cif;cH&NyD;? vef'ef,el AD mpDwüD ynmoifMum; &onf/ rk;d av0oynm&yfwiG f yg&*lbUJG &½Scd o hJ nf/ oD&yd scH sD a'gufwmzd;k at;onf ,ckr;kd av0oXme ñTeMf um;a&;0ef tjzpf Ekid if aH wmfwm0efukd xrf;aqmifvsuf½o dS nf/

(OD;ode;f armifr)S rSwcf su-f xdkaiGrsm;udk 1934-35 ck wuotrIaqmifwOD;jzpfol OD;odef;azjrifhu wuúodkvf"r®m½Hk aqmuf&mwGif oHk;pGJ&ef tqdkwifoGif;zl;onf[k 1955 ckESpfxkwf aiG&wkobifpmapmif wGif OD;ode;f azjrifh azmfjyzl;onf/ ausmif;om;oufomacsmifcsad &;twGuf [Hom0wDurk P Ü D ESihf awGUqHak qG;aEG;ajz½Si;f cJ\ h / OD;ode;f armifonf pwD;b&m;om;ukrP Ü v D rD w d ufwiG f xif½mS ; aom tkycf sKyfa&;rSL;wa,muftjzpf vkyaf qmifvsuf½o dS nf/

59

jrefrmEdkifiHausmif;om;vIyf&Sm;rIordkif; - atmifxGef;

tcef; (6) udv k ekd aD cwfaESmif;ydik ;f e,fcsUJ qefu Y siaf &; vGwv f yfa&;BuKd ;yrf;rI trsK;d om;a&;toGif ausmif;om;vIy&f mS ;rIordik ;f (1935 rS 1936)

(u) udo k ed ;f az?q&mBu;D ocifu, kd af wmfriId ;f ESihf wdAYk rmtpnf;t½H;k

(c) 1935-36 wuúov kd af usmif;om;rsm;tajctae

Source: File Photo

1296 ckESpf? waygif;vqkwf (12) &uf? 1935 ck? rwfv (30) &uf aeYvnf (2) em&Dü a&eHacsmif;NrdKUv,f wefaqmif;BuD;ü usi;f yaom wdYk Armtpnf; t½H;k uGezf &ifo h Ykd wuúov kd af usmif;om; udo k ed ;f azonf &efuek Nf rdKUrS rpöwmarmifriId ;f trnfc H rsKd;cspfpma&;q&mBuD; ygarmu©O;D vGe;f tm; yifah qmifvmNyD; ¤if;uGezf &ifüh ociftrnfcHum wdkYArmtpnf;t½Hk;0if wOD;tjzpf aMunmvdkufonf/ xdktcsdefrSpí q&mBuD;ocifudk,fawmfrdIif;\ tm;ay;rI? vli,frsm;ESifh udk,fwdkif tyifyef; tqif;&JcHum yg0ifvkyfaqmifrIaMumifh wdkYArmtpnf;t½Hk;rSm w[kefxdk; wdk;wufvmNyD; vGwfvyfa&;BudK;yrf;rI t½Sdeft[kef jrifhwufvmonf/ q&mBu;D ocifu, kd af wmfriId ;f

wuúov kd t f mPmydik rf sm;\ zdEydS rf u I  kd ckc&H ef pl;prf;½SmazG&if; Edik if aH &;abm*aA'tygt0if rmhupf pf mayrsm;udk wuúodkvfausmif;om;rsm; awGU½Sdzwf½Ivmjcif;ESifh  wuúodkvfe,fajrtwGif; Armjynfpmtkyftoif;? e*g;eDpmtkyf toif;wdkYrSwqifh awmfvSefa&;pmayrsm; ydkrdk0ifa&mufvmonf/ wdk;wufaom ausmif;om;BuD;tcsKdUonf wdkYArm tpnf;t½Hk;ESifh ydkrdk&if;ESD;vmonf/ 1935-36  ckESpfwGif  udkatmifqef;?  udkodef;az?  udkwifarmifwdkY  ocifjzpfvmNyD;  1935-36  wuo a½G;aumufyüJG  udEk  k Ouú|tjzpf ta½G;cH&aomtcg ausmif;om;rsm; wdYk Armtpnf;t½H;k ESi hf ydrk q kd ufo, G rf rI sm; ½Sv d mum ocifrsm;ESi hf yd&k if;ES;D vmonf/ NAdwo d Qe,fcsUJ qefYusiaf &;? vGwv f yfa&;BudK;yrf;rI pdw"f mwfrsm;? awmfveS af &; pdw"f mwf rsm; ydkrdkjrifhrm;vmonf/ 60

udkvdkeDacwfaESmif; - 1935 rS 1936 - e,fcsJYqefhusifa&; vGwfvyfa&;BudK;yrf;rI trsKd;om;a&;toGif

(*) udEk ?k udak tmifqef;? udak usmNf ird ;f ? udt k ek ;f ESihf wuo (1935) Oya'ausmif;om;a[mif; udkEkonf oHk;cG? yef;waemfwGif trsKd;om;ausmif;q&m oGm;vkyf&mrS Oya'wef; jyefwufcsdefwGif oxHkaqmif usLwm ukdtkef;onf udkausmfNidrf;? udkodef;az? udkatmifqef;wdkY oHk;a,mufudk udkEkESifh rdwfqufay;NyD; ¤if;tcef;xJwGif  EdkifiHa&;aqG;aEG;yGJrsm; jyKvkyfMuonf/ udkausmfNidrf;rSm pum;awmfawmf  ajymí t½Tef;tazmufvnf; ygonf/ udkodef;azuvnf; pum;awmfawmf ajymonf/ udkatmifqef;u pum;enf;NyD; olwdkY oHk;a,mufvHk; ÓPfxufjrufMuonf[k  udkEku oHk;oyfrdonf/ ausmif;tkyfBuD;½Hk;cef;ESifh  wudkufavmuftuGm nbufrsm;wGif ¤if;wdkY ig;OD; rMumcPawGUqHkNyD; EdkifiHa&;tpnf;ta0;rsm; jyKvkyfMuonf/ atmufwb kd m ausmif;ydwcf geD;wGi f or*¾ 'k-Ouú| udak usmfxeG ;f  ausmif;xGuo f mG ;í Mum;jzwfa½G;aumufyJG jyKvkyfonf/  ig;OD;tzGJU\  wdkufwGef;csuft&  udkEk  'k-Ouú|ae&m  0ifa&muf,SOfNydKif&m  ,SOfNydKifolr½SdbJ ta½G;cH&avonf/ 'DZifbm ausmif;ydwcf geD;wGi f ausmif;tkyBf uD;vufrw S Ef iS  hf ta&;BuD;EdYk wpfwapmif xGuv f monf/ ¤if;wGi f ,leAD mpDw D aumvdyw f iG  f tprf;pmar;yGrJ sm; usif;yrnf/ xkpd mar;yGaJ tmifro S m pmar;yGBJ uD; ajzqdck iG ahf y;rnf[k yg½Sdonf/ xdkEdkYwpfpm xGufvmaomtcg ausmif;om;rsm; tHk
jrefrmEdkifiHausmif;om;vIyf&Sm;rIordkif; - atmifxGef; (2) OD;tm; ausmif;xkwv f Qi f ausmif;ü qlyrl rI sm; xyfrjH zpfay:vmrnf[ k qdNk yD; ausmif;tkyBf uD; tqdu k  kd uefYuu G o f nf/ Mum;jzefajzonfhtaeESifh t"dywd a'gufwmqufonf udkEkESifh udkausmfNidrf;udk qlylvHIYaqmfrI rvkyfygbl;[k 0efcHcsuf vufrSwfa&;xdk;ckdif;&m udkEkESifh udkausmfNidrf;wdkYu rxdk;ay;ay/

(C) 1935-36 wuo trIaqmiftzGUJ ESihf xdik g;OD;

Source: Internet

1935-36 wuotrIaqmifa½G;yGJ udkEkESifh xdk (5) OD;wdkY\ pnf;½Hk;rI? EdkifiHa&;vIyf½Sm;rI toGifoP²mefrsm; jzpfay:vmí wuúodkvftkyfcsKyfa&;tzGJUrS vdkvm;aom tvdkawmf&drsm; ½HI;edrfhoGm;NyD; ocifaygufp axmif (6) v olykefav;rsm; tEdkif&½Sd oGm;onf/ 1935-36 wuo trIaqmiftzGJY 1/ udkEk Ouú| (OD;pD;acgif;aqmif[kac:onf) (aemif 0efBuD;csKyf) 2/ udk&m½Spf 'k-Ouú| (aemif 0efBuD;) 3/ udkoD[ef twGif;a&;rSL; (aemif 0efBuD;) 4/ udkatmifqef; tdk;a0pmwnf; t,f'Dwm (aemif AdkvfcsKyfatmifqef;) 5/ udktkef; aiGxdef; (aemif oHtrwf) 6/ ukdxGef;tkH pmMunfhwdkufrSL; (aemif &effukefjrLeDpDy,frif;BuD;) 7/ udkomvS EdkifiHjcm;qufoG,fa&;rSL; (aemif &efukefwuúodkvftkyfcsKyfa&;rSL;) 8/ udkbquf tm;upm;rSL; (aemif EdkifiHjcm;a&;Xme) 9/ udkxGef;wif aygif;oif;qufqHa&;rSL; (aemif vQyfppftkyftzGJUOuú|) udkEkrSm ,SOfNydKifolr½SdbJ ta½G;cH&avonf/ or*¾pnf;rsOf;ud k aocsmpGm rzwfaom udEk o k nf trIaqmifrsm;ESi hf jyóem wufavonf/ wuo oif;vHk;uRwftpnf;ta0; usif;ycsdefü Ouú|rSm usrf; opöm usdefqdk&onf/ Ouú| 0ifvmaomtcg tm;vHk;u rwfwyf&yfNyD; t½dktao jyKavonf/ xdktcg udkEkonf acgif;aygif;udk qGJcRwfí pm;yGJay:ypfwifvdkufNyD; ]aemifusaemf tcef;xJ0ifvm&if b,folrSrx&bl;} vdkY ajymvdkufonf/ ¤if; oif;vHk;uRwf tpnf;ta0;NyD;aemuf trIaqmiftpnf;ta0;csufjcif; ac:,lNyD; trIaqmifrsm;u ]Ouú|vdkh aMunmvdkuf&if ausmif;om;tm;vHk; rwfwyf&yf& w,f/ Ouú|xdkifNyD;rS xdkif&w,f/ tJ'g or*¾pnf;rsOf;rSm ygw,f/ udkEkudk t½dktaoay;wm r[kwfbl;/ Ouú|udk tm;vHk;u t½dktaoay;wm} vdkY ajym awmhrS udkEk oabmaygufoGm;onf/ 1935-36 wGif  udkEkwdkYtkyfpk  wuowGif  a½G;aumufwifajr§mufcH&aom Ouú| udkEk tcsdefwGif EdkifiHa&;vIyf½Sm;rIudk taqmifrsm;wGif ysHUESHYatmif vkyfaqmifcJhMuonf/ xdkESpf or*¾ESpfywfvnf tpnf;ta0;wGif tpOftvmt& udkEk\ nmzufwGif a'gufwmbarmf? a'gufwmb[ef? b,fbufwGif  OD;babESifh  *VKefOD;apm xdkifonf/ xdkaeYu or*¾tpnf;ta0;wGif  Ouú| udkEku trsKd;om;a&; awmif;qdkcsufrsm; aqmif½GufoGm;rnf[k  ajymMum;oGm;onf/ atmufpzdkY,leD,H  Ouú|rsm;onf  aemifwcsdefwGif 0efBuD;csKyfrsm; jzpfvmMuonf/ xdkESpfxJü udkEkwdkY (5) OD;tkyfpkrSm EdkifiHa&;vIyf½Sm; &efom pdwfyg0ifpm;cJhMuonf/ or*¾toif;om;rsm;ESifh or*¾tcGifhta&; ydk&&ef BudK;pm;cJhMuonf/ pmMunfhwdkufvnf; wnfaqmufcJhonf/ yef;waemfausmif;om;wOD;  e,fjyef&ef  ausmif;tkyfBuD;qD  cGifhpmoGm;wifaomtcg  ausmif;tkyfBuD;u pmxJwGif ausmif;om; tpfr vufrSwfxdk;xm;NyD; taz? tar vufrSwfrxdk;xm;í cGifhrjyKEdkif[k ajymonf/ xdktcg udkEkonf ausmif;tkyfBuD;xH oGm;awGU&ef qHk;jzwfvdkufonf/ ]atmufpzdkheJh udef;b&pfwuúodkvfrSm ausmif;om;awG&JY pmudk q&mu awmif;MunfU0HUwm r[kwfbl;/ 'g igwdkh Armjynf vmapmfum;wmyJ} [k  awG;NyD; ]usaemf tdrfjyefcsifw,f? cGifUay;yg/} xdktcg ausmif;tkyfBuD;u ]bmudpöjyefcsifwmvJ} udkEku ]tdrfu pm&w,f} 62

udkvdkeDacwfaESmif; - 1935 rS 1936 - e,fcsJYqefhusifa&; vGwfvyfa&;BudK;yrf;rI trsKd;om;a&;toGif ausmif;tkyfBuD;u ]at; aumif;NyD? jyefEdkifw,f} vdkYajymvdkuf&m udkEkonf ausmif;tkyfBuD;tm; ai;aMumif Munfhaerdonf/ aemuf  jyóemwck  xyfjzpfvmonf/ ppfudkif;aqmif  taqmifrSL;onf  nbufwGif  {nfhonfrsm;jzifh w&ufjcm;? ESpf&ufjcm; atmf[pfaomif;usef;aeonf/ xdktcg ppfudkif;aqmifrS ausmif;om; udkausmfjrifhonf nbuf ausmif;om;rsm; pmMunfhaeí qlqlnHnHrvkyf&ef oGm;awmif;yefaomtcg taqmifrSL;u udkausmfjrifhudk atmfvTwf vdu k o f nf/ xdak emuf waeYn taqmifrLS ;ud k tHwo k nft h aeESi hf oHy;kH rsm; wtm;wD;Muavonf/ xdt k cg taqmifrLS ; vmMunfhNyD; ausmif;tkyfBuD;udk  wdkifvdkufonf/ ausmif;tkyfBuD;u udkausmfjrifhudk  wESpf  ausmif;xkwfvdkufonf/ Ouú| udkEk  odoGm;aomtcg NrdKUxJrS  0wfvHkwOD;udk  ac:NyD; udkausmfjrihfudk  ½Hk;awmfrSwqifh  ausmif;tkyfBuD;xHodkY wESpfausmif;xkwfcH&í avsmfaMu;ay;&ef  epfemaMu;awmif; EdkYwpfpm wifNyD; ½Hk;awmfodkY  avQmufxm;avonf/ ausmif;tkyfBuD; EdkYwpfpm&NyD; aemufwaeYwGif csufjcif; udkausmfjrihfudk ausmif;jyefwufcGifh ay;vdkufonf/

(i) udak tmifqef;\ ausmif;om;b0

Source: Bogoke's Works (Mya Han)

udak tmifqef;onf t½dik ;f cGpm ausmif;om;wOD;jzpfonf/ odYk aomf "There is method in his madness." qdkovdk olYt½dkif;b0onf &nf½G,fcsufESifhjzpf onf/ a&eHacsmif;trsKd;om;ausmif;wGif ausmif;om;or*¾trIaqmif jzpfcJhonf/ ausmif;om;rsm;tcsif;csif; nDñGwfrI½Sdap&ef trsKd;om;ausmif;0wfpHkudk ol\trI aqmifrsm;ESi hf wdik yf ifum wDxiG cf o hJ nf/ olwx D iG cf ahJ om trsK;d om;ausmif;0wfprkH mS a½Tawmify;kd vHjk cnfEiS  hf yifet D usÐteDjzpfonf/ olonf pum;tajymtqd k EIwef nf; rI? t0wftpm;taetxdik  f cGusraI Mumif h ausmif;om;rsm; aemufajymifjcif; cH&aomf vnf; *½krpdkufay/ t0wftpm;udk jzpfuwwfqef; 0wfavh½Sdonf/ tajymtqdk rSm wdusjywfom;onf/ ar;cGef;ajz&mwGif tydktvdkr½Sd/ taMumif;&if; wdkwdkESifh xdxdrdrdajzwwfonf/ avmuGwfvkyfjcif;udkvnf; rkef;oljzpfonf/ 1931 ckESpf? t|rwef;wGif ynmoifMum;pOf arv (18) &uf aEG&moDausmif;ydwf&ufü zcif OD;zm rusef;rmíuG,fvGefcJhonf/ udkatmifqef;ESihf olYtpfudkudkb0if;wdkY ewf udak tmifqef; armufwGif zcifoN*ØK[fNyD;rS a&eHacsmif;odkY jyefckdif;í ausmif;wuf aemufusonf/ ausmif;odkY a&mufaomtcg q&mwa,mufu ]rif;wdkh bmvdkhaemufuswmvJ} udkatmifqef;u ]tazrrmvdkh} q&mu  ]tck rmoGm;NyDvm;} udkatmifqef;u ]qHk;NyD} [k wHk;wdwdjyefajzcJhonf/ a&eHacsmif;wGif usif;yaom pum;&nfvkyGJwGifvnf; 0ifa&mufajymavh½Sdonf/ ]awmrSmaexdkifjcif;onf NrdKYrSmaexdkifjcif;xuf omvGefaumif;rGefonf} [laomtqdkudk tajctwif jyKvkyf&m udkatmifqef;onf tqdkbufrS 0ifa&muf ajymqdkcJhonf/ rD;&xm;pwif wDxGifol? oabFmpwif wDxGifol *sdrf;pf0yf? EdkifiHacgif;aqmif a'gufwmrm'if? tDA&m[ifvifuGef;wdkYonf awmom;rsm;jzpfaMumif; ajymqdkcJhonf/ trsKd;om;ausmif;wGif pmapmifxkwfa0&müvnf; t,f'Dwmtjzpf aqmif½GufcJhonf/

(p) or*¾ (wuo) r*¾Zif; ESpaf pmif xdktcsdefwGif &efukefwuúodkvfü r*¾Zif;ESpfapmif½SdcJhonf/ aumvdyfr*¾Zif;ESifh wuúodkvfausmif;om;rsm; or*¾r*¾Zif;wdkY jzpfonf/ aumvdyfr*¾Zif;rsm; aiGtm;ydkaumif;NyD; wausmif;vHk;ESifh qdkifovdk jzpfaeum apmifa& (3000) xkwfa0onf/ t,f'Dwmudk ausmif;tkyfBuD;rpöwmpavmhu a½G;cefYNyD; tvdkawmf&dr*¾Zif;jzpfonf/ wuor*¾Zif;rSm toif;0if½o dS avmufom xkwaf 0NyD; or*¾tzGUJ xJoYkd  wausmif;vH;k  0ifavhr½Sad y/ t,f'D wmudk or*¾trIaqmiftzGJUu cefYtyfonf/ or*¾qdkonfrSm vlqdk;awG? cGpmawG pk½Hk;&mt&yfjzpfonf/ tvdkawmf&d rsm;u owfrSwfonf/ xdkYaMumifh twdkuftcHtmabmf[k qdkEdkifonf/ ,cifESpfrsm;udk tw¬KyÜwdårsm;udkom wuo r*¾Zif;wGif  OD;pm;ay;xnfhaomfvnf; udkatmifqef; (t,f'Dwm) ESifh  udkndKjr (twGif;a&;rSL;) jzpfvmaomtcg 63

jrefrmEdkifiHausmif;om;vIyf&Sm;rIordkif; - atmifxGef; wuúokdvfe,fajrrS av;pm;xdkufaom yk*¾dKvfrsm;qdkonfh acgif;pOfjzifh(1) jruf&dwfonfh rmvDukvm;BuD;yHk? (2)  or*¾'&0rf  OD;odef;yHkawG  or*¾pmapmifrSm  OD;xdyfxm;xnfhcJhonf/  xdkYaMumifh  or*¾r*¾Zif;onf tpdk;&tmrcHaiG awmif;onfh twdkuftcHpme,fZif;pm&if;wGif tjrJyg0ifonf/

(q) udak tmifqef;? udn k Kd jrESihf td;k a0r*¾Zif; udkatmifqef; (t,f'Dwm) u ]&efukefwuúodkvfausmif;om;or*¾r*¾Zif;} qdkwm tvGef½SnfwJh emrnfyJ/ emrnftopfay;&ef ausmif;om;rsm;ud k zdwaf c:vku d o f nf/ ausmif;om;rsm;u emrnftrsKd;rsKd; 0dik ;f NyD;ay;Muaomfvnf; udak tmifqef; rBudKufay/ aemufq;kH udn k Kd jru ]tdk;a0} [k emrnfay;vdu k af omtcg udak tmifqef; vufcv H u kd o f nf/ tdk;a0[laomtrnfESihf ywfoufí udkndKjr½Sif;jyonfrSm]]'DrSm udkatmifqef;? rEÅav;rSm usaemfausmif;aewkef;u a'gif;,mOfysHqdkwJh Zmwfrif;orD;wa,mufudk oabmuszl;w,f? olu usaemfwYkd eYJ  ½G,w f al vmufy?J  avbmwDrjr&ifv kd trBuD;t½G,rf [kwb f ;l ? tJ' D a'gif;,mOfysH u oDcsif;qdkwJhtcgrSm ]tdk;a0} ]tdk;a0} tJ'D tdk;a0udkyJ ckESpfoHajymif;vJNyD; em;axmifvdkY rNiD;bl;? aemiftcgrSm usaemf pme,fZif;avmua&muf&if tdk;a0qkdwJhemrnfeJY r*¾Zif;xkwfzdkY pdwful;xm;w,f}} ]Armjynfonf td;k a0onf

Oa'gif;EdkifiH Oa'gif;toH}

tJ'DtcsdefupNyD; or*¾r*¾Zif;udk ]tdk;a0r*¾Zif;} [k trnfajymif;vdkufavonf/

(Z) tk;d a0r*¾Zif;yg udak tmifqef;\ t,f'w D mhtmabmf

]udak tmifqef;\ tEdik rf cHpw d "f mwf} ightm; zHk;vTrf;xm;aom vuG,foef;acgif,H ,if;arSmifrdkuf twGif;rSaeí tEdkifrcH? t½HI;ray;vdkaom ig\pdwfudk zefqif;ay;ol ewf? odMum; wdkhtm; igonf aus;Zl;pum; qdyk g\/ avmu"Hw&m;\ vufckyfwGif;odkh b,fvdkyif usa&mufapumrl igum; rwkefvIyf? ridka
udkvdkeDacwfaESmif; - 1935 rS 1936 - e,fcsJYqefhusifa&; vGwfvyfa&;BudK;yrf;rI trsKd;om;a&;toGif

(ps) 1936 td;k a0r*¾Zif;yg udak tmifqef;\ ausmif;om;avmu oH;k oyfcsuaf qmif;yg;

uRefynmESifh ocifynm vlBuD;ESifU vli,f wdkif;jynfxlaxmifa&;vkyfief;wGif vlBuD;? vli,f[lí tvkyform; ESpfrsKd;ESpfpm;½Sdonf/ vlBuD;wdkYtzdkYrSm aumif; rGefaomenf;vrf;rsm;udk  ñTefjyEdkifonfh  pGrf;&nfowåd½Sdap &rnf/ vli,fwdkYrSmum; xdkokdYñTefjyonfhvrf;udk wef;wef; ajzmifhajzmifh  aMumuf½GHUjcif;uif;odvsuf  vdkuf&J&ayrnf/ ,ckArmjynfwGifum; vlBuD;rsm;rSmvnf; pGrf;&nfowdå r½Sd?  Avmcsnf;jzpfaeonfudk  awGU&onf/  vli,fwdkYtm; aumif;rGefaom erlemjy&rnfjzpfaom vlBuD;rsm;pGmwdkYonf uvyfwufjcif;?  zJ½dkufjcif;?  trsKd;rsKd;  uvdrfaphjirf;qif onfh trIrsKd;om awGU&onf/ odkYjzpf&um; tu,fí aqmif ½Gufcsifaom vli,frsm;rSm ñTefjyrnfh  tvif;a&mifuif;rJh vsuf trdkufarSmifxJwGif ajcprf;vufprf;jzifhom tcsdefukef &avonf/ tcsKdUolwdkYu vlBuD;rsm;udk qJ onf [k  vli,fwdkYtm;  tjypfwif vrf;ñTefrnfU Muonf/  odkYaomfvnf;  þta&; vlBuD;½SdvQif þudpörSm vli,fESifhvlBuD; (2) OD; (2)  buf p vH k ;   tjypf r uif ; ay/ vli,fwdkhonf vlBuD;wdkYrSm  azmfjycJhonfhtwdkif; a½SYodkhwdk;wufí aumif ;rG e f a om  enf ;vrf ;ñT e f j y jcif;r½Sd?  vli,fwdkYrSm  vlBuD;wdkY\ vkyfief;udk udk,fhtjypfudk jy½HkrSwyg; tjcm;vkyf xGifEdkifrnf jyjcif;r½Sd/ uREfkyfwdkYtzdkYrlum; tdEd´,jynf jzpfonfUtjyif rS  r[wår*E´D?  pDtm'uf?  rdkwDvm rdrdwdkhtvSnfU ae½l;?  wdvuf  tp½SdolwdkY  uJhodkY vnf;aumif;? tdkif,mvefrS 'DAuf? usa&mufaomtcg tDwvDjynfrS *&daAmv'D? rpfZeDwdkY acgif;aqmifonfU uJhodkYvnf;aumif;? ususee acgif; vkyif ef;udk ryifyef;bJ aqmifEdkifí  acgif;aqmifrnfh  rnf onhfvlBuD;rqdk  aemufvdkuftjzpf xrf;aqmifEdkifay vdkufygaqmif½Guf&ef  toifh½Sday onf/  xdkodkY  acgif;aqmif&Jrnfh vdrfUrnf yk*d¾KvfwOD; xGufygav/ apmifhvsuf uREfkyfwdkYarQmfrnf/ emrnfBuD;onfh  þwuúodkvfü  vrf;ñTefrnfhvlBuD; ½SdvQif vli,fwdkYonf a½SUodkYwdk;wufí vkyfief;udk xGifEdkif rnf  jzpfonfhjyif  rdrdwdkYtvSnfhusa&mufaomtcg acgif; aqmifonfhvkyfief;udk  ryifyef;bJ  xrf;aqmifEdkifayvdrhf rnf/ uREfkyfwdkY vli,fwdkYuvnf; xdktcsdef xdktcgtwGuf ,ckuyif  toihfjyifxm;&ayrnf/  BudK;pm;tm;xkwf& ayrnf/ txl;ojzifh  uREfkyfwdkY  wuúodkvfausmif;om;rsm; onf þta&;wGif tcsuftjcm jzpfavonf/ odkYjzpfvifh

upm; ,ckvuf½Sd wuúodkvfausmif;om;rsm;rSm emrnf[D; oavmuf  toHr½Sdjzpfaeonfudk  awGU&onf/  uREfkyfwdkY wuúodkvfausmif;om;wdkYonf ,ck&½Sdaeaom uRefynmudk t[k w f B uD ;   rS w f x if a eMuí  exif a oG ; a&muf N yD ; vQif ArmwdkYjyKorQ  ½HIUcsuJh&JYvdkaompdwf?  vGwfvyfaom  ocif tvkyfudk *kPfedrfhonfxifaom pdwfwdkYudkarG;jrLxm;ojzifh txufra&muf? atmufrusorm;rsm; jzpfaeMuavonf/ uREkfyfwdkY  wuúodkvfausmif;om;wdkYonf  [D&dMowåyÜ w&m;uif;rJhvsuf  ¤if;w&m;udkyif  em;rvnfEdkif  ½Sdaeay ao;onf/ raMumuf&rnfhae&mwGif aMumufí? r½Suf&rnfh ae&mwGif  ½Sufaeonfudk  awGU&ayonf/  EdkifiHjcm;om;wdkY jrifvQif  'l;wkefcsifonfhpdwf  raysmufao;?  abmvHk;yGJwGif qJcsif?  qdkcsif?  aomif;usef;csifonfh  pdwf"mwfrSmvnf; txl;  ½Sufp&m  aumif;avonf/  vGwfvyfaomtvkyfudk rcifrif? vGwfvyfaomb0udk wefzdk;rod? xdkYaMumifh vGwf vyfaomb0udk  rawmifhw?  rMuHq?  &atmifrBudK;pm;bJ a½T&nfrGrf;rHxm;aom  avSmifcsKdifhxJwGif  taysmfBuD;  aysmf aeMuayonf/ uREkfyfwdkY wuúodkvfausmif;om;wdkYwGif tvGrf;emorm; wdkYum;rsm;vSpGm\/ odkYaomf wvGJvGrf;vGrf;aeonfudk awGU &yg\/  oem;wwfaomolrsm;udkvnf;  awGU&yg\/  odkY aomf  wvGJoem;aeMuayonf/  cspfa,mifaqmifí  ao atmif  vGrf;wwfaom &efolwdkYu t½SLt½IdufESifh  idkcsif;cs onfudk jrif&aomtcg &ifxJwGif zdkvdIufzdkvdIufESifh 0rf;enf; onfh  pum;oHrsm;udk  Mum;&ayonf/  bufwH½dkufawmfol wa,muf  armyef;aMuaeí aumif;rGefpGm rupm;Edkifonfh tcg  tawmfrodaom  vlxkBuD;onf  r[mu½kPmawmf teEŽSdvSí pkwfwowfowf  ajymqdkMuonfudkum; Mum; od&ayonf/ odkY&mwGif uRefwGif;epfí &wem? a½T? aiG oHk;yg; ysufpD; aeaom uREfkyfwdkY\wdkif;jynftwGuf eHeufpmeHeuf? npm n ½Smpm;&aom rsm;ajrmifvSpGmaom qif;&Jom;wdkYtwGuf rlum;  oem;jcif;  u½kPmw&m;onfum;  acgif;yg;vSay \/ þodkYvQif uREkfyfwdkY wuúodkvfausmif;om;rsm;rSm ynm \ t&dyfta,mifrsm;omjzpfí ynmppf\ tcsuftcsmjzpf aom  tqdk;taumif;wefzdk;udk  ra0zefEdkifbJ½Sdavonf/ uRefynmESifU ocifynm þynmESpfrsKd;udk tcsKdUolwdkYrSm em;rvnfbJ ajymaeMu onf/  þynmESpfrsKd;udk  ½Sif;vif;&efrSm  rvG,fulvSay/ usrf;pmapmiftzGJUESifha&;om;rS  ½Sif;vif;rnfht&mjzpfonf/ t*Fvef? *syef? tar&duef? jyifopf? tDwvD? *smrPD? ½k½Swdkif;jynfrsm;wGif  oifMum;aeaom  ynma&;pepfESifh tdEd´,jynf? ArmjynfwdkYwGif  ay;tyfaom ynma&;pepfrSm

65

jrefrmEdkifiHausmif;om;vIyf&Sm;rIordkif; - atmifxGef; rdk;ESifh ajrBuD;rQ uGmjcm;aeonfudk awGU&ayonf/ ynmoif Mum;a&;&mwGif  toufarG;0rf;ausmif; ynm&yfrsm; tjyif ½dk;½dk;oifMum;&mwGifvnf; pGrf;pGrf;wrH? udk,fh'l;udk,fcRefvdk onfhpdwfESifh xdkokdYjyKjyifEdkifonfh t&nftcsif;wdkYudk ausmif; om;vli,frsm;  arG;jrLvmEdkifatmif  jyKjyifay;onf/ tdE´d,jynfESifh Armjynf½Sd vuf½Sdynma&;pepfrSm rlv wef;? tv,fwef;? txufwef;? wuúodkvf þtqifh av; ydkif;rQ½Sdonf/ ½Sdaomtqihf av;ydkif;wdkYwGifvnf; aumif;rGef usepGmr½Sd? þrQaomynmudk uREfkyfwdkYtm;ay;&mwGif om &mpm;  rsm;vmapí  uRefoabmufpdwfaygufolrsm;  ½Sdvm atmif jzpfapayonf/ þ&nf½G,fcsufrSm t*Fvdyfynmudk tdEd´,wGif  yxrpxGifol  avmh'frufaumav;u  vrf; aMumif;jycJhjcif; jzpfavonf/ tdE´d,jynf½Sdynma&;pepfudk csKyfEdkiforQcsKyf&rnf[k  ajymMum;cJhonf/  taMumif;um; tifyg,mcsJUxGifa&;pepfudk  wnfwHhcdkifjrJap&ef  jzpfav onf/ tifyg,mcsJUxGifa&;pepfonf  ta&;BuD;t&mygaom ud&d,mvufeufBuD;wck jzpfonfudk ¤if;tifyg,m csJUxGif a&;udk  rBudKufrESpfoufaom  t*FvdyfvlrsKd;tcsKdUu  twd tvif; a&;om;xm;onf/ ta0;BuD;r½SmbJ teD;uav;jzpf aom  jrefrmpmñGefYaygif;usrf;  tcsD;wGifvnf;  tifyg,m csJUxGifa&;pepfESifh ynma&;pepf rnfodkYoufqdkifaMumif;udk t&dyft>ruf  jyxm;avonf/ odkYynma&;pepfudk tifyg,mcsJUxGifa&;pepfESifh wHokwf vdkufnDavatmif jrefrmjynfü ynmroifrae&Oya' rxm; ½Sdjcif;?  oifMum;&efbmom&yfrsm;rSm  tenf;i,fom½Sdí tukeftcrf;roifay;jcif;? ausmif;ueftoD;oD;wdkYwGifvnf; uav;oli,fwdkYtm; tifyg,mcsJUxGifa&;pepf\ axmufyHh olrsm;jzpfatmif  trsKd;rsKd;jyKvkyfjcif;?  wuúodkvfynmudk vlwdkif;r,lEdkifatmif ynmwwfenf;atmif trsKd;rsKd; twm; tqD;tydwftyifrsm;  xm;jcif;wkdY  jzpfavonf/ Oyrmwckjy&aomf  ,ck  uREfkyfwdkY  wuúodkvfynma&; pepfrSm (a*sa[mv'def) (um'De,fe,l;rif;) (tb&m[if zvufem) (ya&mzufqmZif;ref;) paom yk*¾dKvfBuD;wdkY a&; om;csufrsm;ESifh  txl;uGmjcm;NyD;vQif  twGif;a&;odolwdkY onf rnfrQqdk;0g;onfudk odMu&ayonf/ wdkif;jynfaiGESifh aqmufí wdkif;jynf½Sd vlrsm;twGuf ausmif;jzpfaomfvnf; uREfkyfwdkYwuúodkvf (,k'oefaumvdyf? q&mjzpfoif tm;vHk; aygif;qdkvdkonf)  rSm  wdkif;oljynfom;wdkYtm;  (uav;udk t&dyfta,mifjywJh  bdk;vewfom;)  rQomjzpfonf/ wdkif;oljynfom;rsm;rSm  þynma&;wGif  bmrQajymqdk ydkifcGifhr½Sday/ wdkif;oljynfom;rsm;u wifajr§mufaom udk,f pm;vS,f tenf;i,frQ tkyfcsKyfa&;wGifygaomfvnf; wefckd; tmPmtvsOf;r½Sd?  wuúodkvfaumifpD  tpnf;ta0;rSm wESpfwGifwcgrQ jyKvkyfí em&D0ufESihf tpnf;ta0; pmwrf; rsm;udk  ¤if;wdkYpDpOfovdk  zwfjyNyD;vQif  NyD;qHk;oGm;onfu rsm;avonf[k  uREfkyfwdkY  Mum;&avonf/ tcsKdUuArmjynfynma&;pepfwGif  ynmawmfoifap

66

vTwfjcif;udk ñTefjyMu\/ ynmawmfoifapvTwfjcif;onf pifppfaumif;rGefaomfvnf;  uREfkyfwdkYjynfwGif  toHk;jyK& onfhpepfrSm tvGefnHhzsif;aeonf/ wESpfvQif  ynmawmf oif (12) a,mufru (1000) vTwfapumrl ,ckpepft& vTwfaomynmoifolwdkYrSm  w&mvQifwa,mufrQ  jrefrm jynf  tusKd;½Sdatmif  jyKvkyfEdkifonfh  t&nftcsif;½Sdrnf r[kwfay/ ynmawmfoif apvTwfonfqdkonfrSm bdvyfudk ydkYjcif; udkom qdkvdkonfr[kwf/ wpHkaomtwwfynm xGef;um; vm&modkY xdktwwfudk tNyD;wdkifwwfajrmufoifvkdoltm; apvTwfjcif;jzpfonf/ oMum;vkyfief;oifvkdoltm; oMum; vkyfief; tBuD;tus,fjyKvkyf&mXmeodkYvnf;aumif;? v,f ,mpdkufysKd;a&; twwfoifvdkoltm; xdktwwf jyefYyGm;&m XmeodkYvnf;aumif; tcsKyftjc,fr½Sd apvTwfjcif; jzpfav onf/ þum; ½k½S? *syefpaom wdkif;jynfwdkYBuD;yGm;yHkwnf;/ þum;  uRefynmESifh  ocifynm  cGJMuyHkwnf;/ rdbrsm;odkh ynma&;ESifhywfoufNyD;  jrefrmjynf½Sd  rdbrsm;xHodkY uREfkyf tpD&ifcHvdkonf/ ,ckacwfBuD;u tNydKiftqdkif acwf BuD;jzpfonfudk ¤if;wdkYod½Sdaumif; od½SdMuygvdrfhrnf/ tNydKif tqdkifacwfBuD;wGif a[mif;EGrf;aomenf;pepfrsKd;jzifh uREfkyf wdkY t½Snfojzifh rwnfwHhEdkifyg/ tpdk;&&mxl;XmewdkYtwGuf om  rdrdwdkYom;orD;ynma&;udk  a½S;½IjyKí  ñTefMum;jcif; rjyKygvifh? trsKd;ESifhwdkif;jynf tusKd;½Sdaprnfh vkyfief;rsm; udk  rdrdwdkYom;orD;rsm;  jyKvkyfjcif;udk  wm;qD;ydwfyifjcif; rjyKbJ  tm;ay;Muapvdkygonf/ aiGtiftm;jynfhpHkvQif rdrdwdkYom;orD;rsm;ESihf oifhawmf rnfh wdkif;jynfodkYapvTwfjcif;u þwuúodkvfodkYcsnf; ap vTwfjcif;xuf  ydkrkdaumif;rGefonf[k  uREfkyfwdkY  ,lqrdav onf/  Oyrmqdkaomf  *syefjynfonf  ,cktcgwGif  pufrI ynm  tvGefxGef;um;í  tjcm;wdkif;jynfrsm;xuf  50% ydkrdkí  *syefjzpfukefypönf;wdkYudk  EdkifiHjcm;odkY  wifydkYEdkifav onf/ tjcm;twwfynmrsm;vnf; *syefjynfwGif xGef;um; avonf/ odkYjzpf&um; *syefjynfodkY rdrdwdkYom;orD;rsm;udk ynmoifapvTwfvQif þwuúodkvfwGif ynmoifonfxuf tusKd;½Sdrnf[k  uREkfkyfwdkY  xifavonf/ uREfkyfwdkYod&oavmufrSm *syefjynfwGif ynmoifMum; &onfh  p&dwfonfvnf;  tvGefqHk;  wvvQif  100-150 usyfrQ usrnfjzpf&m uREfkyfwdkYwuúodkvfwGif ynmoifMum;& onfhp&dwfESifh  rsm;pGmruGmay/ xdkYaMumifh  rdrdwdkYwoufrQ aumif;pm;onfukd  rMunfh½IbJ  aemifvmaemufom;rsm;t usKd;udk arQmfudk;í jrefrmjynf½Sd rdbrsm;onf rdrdwdkYom;orD; wdkYtm; urÇmBuD;wzufpGef;wGifjzpfapumrl aomuESifh oH a,mZOfudk  ab;csdwfí pGefYpm;apoihfonf/ ynm½Sdapoihf onf/ pD;yGm;½Smapoihfonf/ þonfomvQif ,ckacwfESifh nDaomenf;vrf;  jzpfonf/

atmifqef;

udkvdkeDacwfaESmif; - 1935 rS 1936 - e,fcsJYqefhusifa&; vGwfvyfa&;BudK;yrf;rI trsKd;om;a&;toGif

(n) q&mBu;D ocifu, kd af wmfriId ;f \ wuúov kd o f r*¾r*¾Zif;ESihf a'gi;f td;k a0r*¾Zif;bJUG tvuFmr*Fvm av;csK;d Bu;D (aMomf) . . txufe*dku ysufNydKvdkYuscJhwJh ueufy[kd&fyv’if vufpt
jrefrmEdkifiHausmif;om;vIyf&Sm;rIordkif; - atmifxGef; q&mhtjzpfrSm? b0epfembdkY? jrefrmhacwf romr,mESifh? tnmruGm ausmif;rSmxm;jyefordkY? ausmif;om; oli,f vlrr,f"avhayy? tarharmif ax&f&[ef;wdkYESifh? jynfref; pmayoifawmh? omoemajryv’if toa&vSaywJh? a½Tjrawmif omwJhwdkufqDu? (ae) (v) ESpfaqmif ygawmfrlwJh tcdkufudkjzifh? u'dkuf u½dkuf tjrefjrifvdkufawmh? rcHcsif rmef0ifwJh tpGrf;&,fESifh? (aMomf) . . ref;tysufwGifjzifh? MuiSef; rufvdkufyHku? ykcef;xGufwJhNyD;? tMurf; zufa&mh r[JhvdkY? irf;irf;wuf oa&,kdatmif eef;quftarGudkvJ rSef;rdwJhjyif? ur®|mef;owdESifh rqifjcif? rjrifcifrSm ba&mufb&ufESifh? aemufysufysuf t½l;vdky? taemufbuful;um awmifpOfpudkif;wGifjzifh? acsmifjrifwdkif;rSm armif&ifrdIif;BuD; Adkvf0ifcHvdkYrdkY? [kdt&if ,ref rufrdonfh orxwrsKd;ayy? zdkyv’ifysHrSm t*d¾& &uf½SdorQxdk;&mu? trsKd;bmom omoemiJhayonfh? wyJhocif ]av;armif} ]Apdef} uav;wdkYESifh? jrefrmhtcsdefa½G;um atmifajreif;ra[hvdkY? awmifajctqif;rSm (ae) rapmif;rDy? a½Ta'gif;]tdk;a0} r*¾Zif;qDu? tqufruif;wJh oHo&mrSm? wyJht&if;&JU pHyrm ½G,f&nf½SmwJh? t,f'Dwm ]armifndKjr} &JUjyif? (aMomf) . . ArmhtwGuf r&orQ yGufruGqdkwJh? or*¾ Ouú| ]armifb*srf;} wdkYudk? "Z*¾okwft& atmifwzGzGref;&mu? atmifZ,yef; anmifoajy Ekcsdefrawmh/ aemifjrefrmhpwrf; ]armifa½TEk} &,fvdkY? atmifaZ,wk >rufrqHk;EdkifrJh jyif wufzkef;BuD;q&m ]odef;az} uav;wdkYudkjzifh? ,drf;raoG udef;aoa½G;vdkufuJh? ta&;½SdvQif t&may:Mua&mh? q&mtausmftarmf a,m*Du0d&,fu? urÇmrSmaomf ta[m nD\rnD\ awmqDu Munfhvdkufawmh/ 68

udkvdkeDacwfaESmif; - 1935 rS 1936 - e,fcsJYqefhusifa&; vGwfvyfa&;BudK;yrf;rI trsKd;om;a&;toGif jrefrmraemf aumvDrdcsdefrdkY? aZmf0Dxd wuGufrrSdef arSmifrn§dKUrlí? aumvD\ jyu©'defrSm ajymif;ordkYomy? ]tdk azarmifwif&JU} atmifrQKdYtvJSY txuf[dk,cifuJhodkY ueufy[dk&f ajymif;&rSmu? aemifodkYwuJh? atmifbdkY wyJhawGeJY? (aMomf) . . armifwdkY&JY wuúodkvf ocifausmif;/ ocifudk,fawmfrIdif; (vufa½G;pifav;csKd;w&m? pm-308? 73? Zlvdkif)

(#) 1936 'kw, d wuúov kd af usmif;om;oydwjf zpfymG ;apaom taMumif;&if;rsm; (1) ukdEka[majymrIrsm; (91) XmetkyfcsKyfa&;\ enf;y&d,m,fudk wuúodkvfausmif;om;rsm; &dyfpm;em;vnfvmMuonf/ txl; ojzifh wuorS wdk;wufaom vli,facgif;aqmifrsm;jzpfonfh udkEk? udktkef;? udkausmfNidrf;? udkodef;az? udkatmifqef; wdkYonf wdkYArmtpnf;t½Hk;rS wdk;wufaom vli,facgif;aqmifrsm;ESifh tquftoG,fjyKí vufa0cH ñGefYaygif;tpdk;& tm; vnf;aumif;? NAdwdoQe,fcsJUtpdk;&tm; vnf;aumif; qefYusifí twdkuftcHjyKaeMuonf/ 1936 Zefe0g&D (30) &uf? nae (7) em&DwGif &efukefwuúodkvfausmif;om;rsm;\ aemufqHk;pum;&nfvkyGJ usif;yavonf/ xdkpum;&nfvkyGJwGif  wuoOuú| udkEkonf  obmywdvkyfonf/ pum;&nfvkyGJ  ed*Hk;csKyfwGif udkEku wuúodkvf ausmif;q&mtcsKdUonf 0ifa&mufpGufzuf? taESmifht,Sufay;aeMuonf/ ausmif;om;rsm;onf uRefpdwfarG;vmMuvsuf tvdkawmf&d vrf;pOfudk vdkufaeMuonf[k a0zefvdkufonf/ xdYk jyif udEk o k nf vuf½t dS pd;k &\ oabmxm;ud k tpnf;ta0;wckwiG  f ½Si;f vif;wifjyavonf/ tpd;k &onf &efukefwuúodkvfausmif;om;or*¾tm; vnf;aumif;? rsKd;cspfpdwf½Sdaom wuúodkvfausmif;om;rsm;tm; vnf;aumif; tjypfr½Sd  tjypf½Sm NzdKcGJvdrhfrnf? wuoESifh  ausmif;om;rsm;\ aoG;pnf;nDñGwfa&;udk  rvdkvm;? enf;y&d,m,f trsKd;rsKd;oHk;í NzdKcJGrnfhtEÅ&m,fudk txl;owdjyK&rnf[k a[majymcJhayonf/ xdYk jyif ausmif;tkyBf uD; 'Da*spavmh (D.J Sloss) ESi hf tmPmydik rf sm;udv k nf; a0zefcahJ vonf/ ¤if;a0zefaom udpörsm;rSm pmar;yGJwcgusaom ausmif;om;rsm; pmar;yGJwESpfajzcGifh r&onfhudpö? twef;xJwGif a&mufra&muf trnfac:onfhtcg "Present" ]a&mufygonf} [k ausmif;om;u ajz&onf/ xdktajzwGif "Sir" ]vlBuD;rif;} [k xnfhrajzrdojzifh ausmif;om;rSm (udkpdk;jrifh) twef;wufcGifhr& jzpfonfhudpö? ausmif;aqmifwGif uyfxm;aom ausmif;aMumfjimpm? trdeYf pmuk d &ufveG Nf yDxifí ausmif;om;u qkwrf o d jzif h (udak tmifjrih)f  ausmif;xkwcf &H onfu h pd ö ponfwYkd u kd xpfceJqv kd Qif tjypf'PfEiS  hf avsmfnaD tmif tjypfay;jcif; r[kwb f  J ocifEiS  hf uRefyrm ausmif;tmPmydik f rsm;u wzufpD;eif; jyKvkyfcJhonf[k  udkEku a0zefcJhavonf/ xdkudpörsm;ESifh  ywfoufí ausmif;om;avmurSm rcHcsdrcHom jzpfaeonf/ tvdkawmf&d ausmif;om;rsm;udk tcGifhta&;ay;NyD; ½dk;½dk;rSefrSefaeolrsm; tESdrfcH&? 'Pf½dkufcH& qdkwJh udprö sKd;awG rcHcsifp&m rMumcP ay:aygufaeavonf/ tjyifavmuwGif ocifaygufp axmif (6) vqdkwJh zdESdyfrIrsKd;awG awGUaecsdefrSm wuúodkvfe,fajr tmPmydkifrsm;onf wuoudk rsufrkef;usKd; aecsdefjzpfonf/ 1936 Zefe0g&Dv? (1) &ufaeY wuo taqmuftODü a[majymyGu J sif;y&m udEk u k  ,ckvuf½ dS ausmif;om; rsm;onf ausmif;om;? ausmif;olrsm; &½Sdonfh tcGihfta&;ukdomru EdkifiHhvGwfvyfa&;vkyfief;rsm;wGifyg? e,fcsJU qefYusifa&;wdkufyGJwGifyg yg0ifoihfaMumifh ajymMum;oGm;avonf/ 1935 ckESpf ukefcgeD;wGif wuúodkvfor*¾ESpfywf vnf tpnf;ta0; usif;y&m ¤if;tcrf;tem;wGif eef;&if;0efBuD;? tcsKdU0wfvHkawmf&ESifh trwfwcsKdUyg wufa&muf onf/ udkEku xdktcrf;tem;wGif ]rdrdcGifUwifonfUtcsdefwkef;u pmudk ausmif;tkyfBuD;uawmif;vQif ½Hk;cef;rSuefxkwf ypfrnf} [k rdefYcGef;xJwGif ygoGm;onf/ (2) tdk;a0r*¾Zif;udpöESifU i&JacG;BuD;aqmif;yg; xdkESpfwGif ausmif;om;r@dKifjzpfaom tdk;a0r*¾Zif; 1936 Zefe0g&Dvxkwf? twGJ-5? trSwf-1 t*Fvdyf u@wGif  azazmf0g&D  yxrywfwGif  xGufvmonfü  "Hell Hound at large" ]i&JacG;BuD;vGwfaeNyD} [laom aqmif;yg; ygvmonf/ 69

jrefrmEdkifiHausmif;om;vIyf&Sm;rIordkif; - atmifxGef; The Hell-Hound at Large Escaped from Awizi, a devil in the form of a balck dog. Had been during his brief span on earth a base object of Universal odium and execration, - sentenced to Eternal Damnation for Treachery, Theft, Presumption, Intrague, Pettifogging, Sadism, Churlishness, Vulgarity, etc. A pimping knave with avuncular pretensions to some cheap wiggling wenches from a well-known Hostel, he was also a hectic popularityhunter, shamming interest in Games, Concerts, Association etc., menacing the public placed with his unwanted presence though generally welcomed to everywhere as small-pox. His only distinguishing marks have been the abominable V.D. ulcers on his neck and buboes due to copulation with his own wife. Will finder please, kick him back to Hell? Yamamin From: "Oway" or The Voice of the Peacock, Voice of the RUSU, Jan. 1936; Vol. 5, No. 1, p. 56.

¤if;aqmif;yg;wGif wuúodkvftmPmydkifwOD;\ csKdU,Gif;csufrsm;? tjypftemtqmrsm;? rw&m;rIrsm;udk yGiyhf iG v hf if;vif; a0zefa&;om;xm;avonf/ i&JacG;BuD;ESi hf EdiI ;f ,SOcf &H aom tmPmydik ef mrnfu kd azmfxw k rf xm;apumrl xdo k rl mS  rnfojl zpfonfu kd ausmif;om;? ausmif;ol? q&m? q&mr odNyD;jzpfonf/ taMumif;rodorl sm;u ar;Muonf/ ausmif;om;rsm;u wuúodkvftmPmydkifwOD;udk oa&mfvdkufonfhtwGuf auseyfaeMuonf/ xdak qmif;yg;½Si\ f  &nfñeT ;f csufu 91-Xme tkycf sKyfa&;t&wufaeonf h vuf½ñ dS eG Yf aygif;tpd;k &ud k 0g;vH;k ½Snfjzifh  odrf;&rf;&if;  jynfolw&yfvHk;udk  owday;xm;onf/  ,if;aqmif;yg;udk  vuf½Sdtpdk;&u  qwfqwfcg emusnf;um ,if;jyóemudk jywfjywfom;om; ta&;,l&ef ñGefYaygif;tpdk;&u &efukefwuúodkvfausmif;tkyfBuD;xH trdeYf ay;vdu k  f onf/ xdt k cg &efuek w f uúov kd af usmif;tkyBf uD;u &efuek w f uúov kd af usmif;om;rsm;or*¾ trIaqmifEiS hf tdk;a0r*¾Zif; t,f'Dwm udkatmifqef;tm; aqmif;yg;½Sifudk azmfxkwf&rnf[k ta&;qdkavonf/ udkatmifqef;u t,f'Dwm usifh0wf  odu©mESifhtnD  xdef;odrf;&rnfh  0wå&m;½Sdonfhtwdkif; aqmif;yg;½Siftm; xkwfazmfrajymEdkif? xdkaqmif;yg;ESifh pyfvsOf;í ta&;,lvQif rdrdtm; ta&;,lEdkifaMumif; ajymonf/ xdkaqmif;yg;½Sifudk udkatmifqef; yg;pyfrS xkwfazmfrajymrcsif; aqmif;yg;½Siftm; zrf;qD;ta&;,lEdkifjcif; rjyKEdkifay/ xdktcg ausmif;tkyfBuD;pavmhu udkatmifqef;tm;]rif;[m awmfvSefa&;orm;av;bJ} "You are a revolutionary." [k ceJYvdkuf&m? udkatmifqef;u ]usaemf[m awmfveS af &;orm;vdq hk &kd if usaemfu Nird ;f csr;f a&;vdv k m;aom awmfveS af &;orm; jzpfvrd rhf ,f} "I am a peaceful revolutionary." [k pmwapmifa&;í wkefYjyefcJhonf/ udkatmifqef; zGifhrajymbJ a&iHkydwfcJhaom udpu ö dk 1322 vjynfhaeYxkwf tkd;a0*sme,fwGif o0PfvTmwck ygvmavonf/ ¤if;o0PfvTmrSmnDav;ndKjr (udkodef;wif) ausmif;om;b0 "Hell Hound at large" qdkwJh aqmif;yg;wdkav;wckxJeJh wuúodkvfavmurSm tnMwb0uae ausmfapmcJhwJhb0 rif;a&mufcJhw,f/ yHk armifEk 1? 10? 60 udkatmifqef; zGifhrajymcJhonfh udpöudk udkEku 0efBuD;csKyfjzpfcsdefrSm tdk;a0r*¾Zif;udk csD;jr§ifhaqmif;yg;jzifh azmfxkwfcJhavonf/ 70

udkvdkeDacwfaESmif; - 1935 rS 1936 - e,fcsJYqefhusifa&; vGwfvyfa&;BudK;yrf;rI trsKd;om;a&;toGif (3) xdkav;a,mufaMumifh oydwfay:aygufyHk taMumif;&if; (1)- udkEku ausmif;om;rsm;onf  ausmif;udpöwGifru ausmif;wGif;rSm EdkifiHa&; rdefYcGef;awGajym? jyifyqE´jyyGJawG yg0if&r,f? udkEku 'gvGwfvyfa&; vdkcsifvdkY[k a[majymcJhonfh udpö/ taMumif;&if; (2)- td;k a0r*¾Zif;rSm ]i&JacG;BuD;vGwaf eNyD} aqmif;yg;ygvmonf/ tJ'aD qmif;yg; bmjzpfvYkdyg&vJqNkd yD; udkEkudk ausmif;xkwf ypfonfhudpö/ taMumif;&if; (3)- aqmif;yg;½Sifudk rpöwmpavmhu tdk;a0wm0efcHt,f'Dwm udkatmifqef;tm; azmfxkwf&rnf[k ajymaom tcg udkatmifqef;u rajzí udkatmifqef;tm; ausmif;xkwf&ef jyifqifjcif;udpö/ taMumif;&if; (4)- udkEk? udkatmifqef;? ausmif;xkwfcH&NyD; udk&m½Spfu Ouú|wm0efcH,lNyD; ausmif;om;xktpnf; ta0;usif;y? oydwfarSmuf&ef vHIYaqmfNyD; ½Gwf½GwfcRHcRH acgif;aqmifrI ay;cJhonf/ tJ'D (4)a,muf 'kwd,wuúodkvfausmif;om; oydwfBuD;\ vQrf;vQrf;awmuf acgif;aqmifrsm;jzpfonf/

Source: Oway Magazines

Source: Bogoke's Works (Mya Han)

Source: Portraits (DTY)

Source: Internet

(0Jr, S m) udEk k udn k Kd jr udak tmifqef; ud&k m½Spf

(4) tdk;a0r*¾Zif;yg ]i&JacG;BuD;vGwfaeNyD} aqmif;yg; *,ufrsm; wuúodkvfausmif;ü cyfat;at; pmusuf? pmoif? pdwf&if;aumif;eJY vmolrsm;onf q&mh0wf? wynfh0wf ausyGefonfh  &if;&if;ESD;ESD;  arwåmapwemavmursKd;  rawGU&bJ  ocifESifh  uRefyrmqufqHa&;rsm;  rarQmfvifhbJ uoduatmufrsm; awGUMuHKvm&onf/ wuúov kd t f mPmydik t f zGUJ  tkycf sKyfa&;aumifpw D iG yf g0ifaom Armrsm;onfvnf; ajyvnfa&;ud k tm;ray;? ud, k t hf rsKd;om; wynfv h il ,frsm;ud k &efvyk &f ef? ta&;,l&ef? acsmufweG ;f &ef  pdwx f m;rsKd;om tHMh op&m awGUMuHK&onf/ wuúov kd ef ,fajronf wuúov D m at;&dyo f mrsKd;r[kwb f  J zkwNf ydwmå rsm;BuD;pd;k &m wapä½mG ? Muyf½Gmvdk jzpfvmonf/ a½S;a[mif; *&djynfu jyZmwfa&;q&mBuD; ,l&DyD'D;&JUtqdkrSm ewfa'0grsm;[m olwdkY tvdk r½Sdolrsm;udk zsufqD;csifaomtcg yxrtqifh taeESifh xdkolrsm;ukd ½l;atmifvkyf\/ wuúov kd  f tmPmydik rf sm;ud k wefjyefwu dk yf 0JG if&ef udn k Kd jronf txufyg xd;k ESuef nf;ud k owd&í xdak qmif; yg;udk a&;vdkufjcif;jzpfonf/ tmPmydkifrsm; a'goxGufNyD; tvGJvGJtacsmfacsmf vkyfrdatmif? tdk;eif;cGufeif; jzpfatmif cyf½dkif;½dkif; pmayrsKd; tdk;a0r*¾Zif;wGif a&;NyD;xnfh&ef oabmaygufí i&JacG;aqmif;yg; xnfhvdkufjcif; jzpfonf/ i&JacG;aqmif;yg;udk t*Fvdyfvdk a&;xnfhjcif;rSmvnf; taMumif;½Sdonf/ or*¾wiG  f yg0ifaom ausmif;om;rsm;onf tjyifavmuwGi f ocifawGu e,fcsJUu owfrw S o f nf h *syd;k qef qef owÅ0gawGvdk txifao;? udkbDat NrdKUtkyfavmif;rsm;om txifBuD;onfhacwfwGif pmar;yGJwzkef;zkef;usol rsm;om or*¾wGif pka0;NyD; qlvm;ylvm; vkyfwwfw,f xifMuonfholrsm;tm; or*¾tzGJU0ifrsm; t*Fvdyfvdk a&;wwf ygw,f? r,Hv k Qif ausmif;tkyBf uD;pavmhu, kd w f ikd  f zwfMunfyh gqdo k nf h &nf½, G cf sufEiS  hf udn k Kd jr a&;vdu k jf cif; jzpfonf/ Zefe0g&DwGif tdk;a0r*¾Zif; yHkESdyfNyD;pD;í or*¾rS trawmfaiG 50d^- ay;&onf/ xdkaiGudk wESpfvHk; zlvHkatmif oHk;pGJEdkifygonf/  udkatmifqef;ESifh  udkndKjrwdkYonf  i&JacG;aqmif;yg;yg  pmapmifrsm;udk  wuúodkvfxJodkY  rMumrD aygufuGJaprnfh rdkif;AHk;rsm;vdk o,faqmifvmNyD; jzefYa0vdkonf/ 1936 aumvdyfoydwfBuD;onf BudKwifMuHpnfjcif; r½SdbJ taMumif;tm;avsmfpGm jzpfay:vmNyD; pnf;vHk;nDnm? atmifaMumif;jzm qdkouJhodkY nDñGwfpGm &yfwnfrIaMumifh &mcdkifEIef;jynfh atmifjrifoGm;onfh udpöjzpfonf/ udkndKjronf i&JacG;aqmif;yg;ESifh tmPmydkifrsm; aysmhuGufudk xdk;ESufvdkufaomtcg b,folYudkrS aoazmf rn§dcJhay/ 'Dudpö[m tEÅ&m,f½SdNyD; ausmif;xkwfcH&&efrsm;í t,f'Dwmudkatmifqef;uvJGNyD; rnfolrQ todray; cJhacs/ 71

jrefrmEdkifiHausmif;om;vIyf&Sm;rIordkif; - atmifxGef; udkatmifqef;uvJ  ]udk,fUvl at;at;aeyg}  vdkY  udkndKjrudk  wcGef;xJ  ajymzl;onf/  &ifqdkifp&mudpö ausmif;tkyBf uD;eJY  qd&k if olwa,mufx J vkyo f mG ;r,f? udEk u k vJ ausmif;xkww f m b,foYl r S tultnD rawmif;cJb h ;l ? u,fyg u,fygvdkY rajymcJhbl;? or*¾jyefMum;a&;Xmeukdvnf; bmrS ta&;,lrcdkif;cJhacs? qE´jy&ef ausmif;om;rsm;udk rvHIYaqmfcJhacs? NidrfNidrfuav; cH,lcJhayonf/ i&JacG;BuD;vGwfaeNyD aqmif;yg;onf(1) npfnrf;csuyf g½adS pumrl vuf½t dS ajctaeESiUf udu k n f í D a&;wmenf;ao;onf[k oydwaf rSmuf tif;vsm;olrsm;u rSwfcsufcsonf/ (2) ¤if;aqmif;yg;udk &efukefESifU rEåav;ausmif;om;rsm;u tJ'Dtcsdefwkef;u tEå&m,fuif;*gxm wckvdk usuf rSwf½GwfqdkcJUolrsm; ½Sdonf/ (3) tJ'Daqmif;yg;yg½Sdaom tdk;a0r*¾Zif;onf apmifa& (500) om xkwfa0cJUonfrSm ravmufriS jzpfcJUonf/ wuúov kd t f mPmydik rf sm;u xdak qmif;yg;½Si\ f usL;vGeyf u kH kd tpd;k &XmetoD;oD;odomMu&ef 0g'jzef&h ef vufEydS f pufESifU apmifa&rsm;pGm jzefhjzL;cJUonf/ 'kwd,tBudrf yHkESdyfjcif;jzpfí wjynfvHk;odkh jyefhoGm;onf/

(X) oydwpf wifjzpfay:vmjcif; þodkYjzifh wuúodkvftmPmydkifrsm;onf udkEka0zefcsufudk rausreyfjzpfaepOf tdk;a0r*¾Zif;yg i&JacG;BuD; aqmif;yg;ESifh ywfoufí udkatmifqef;u trnfrazmfxkwfojzifh pnf;urf;xdef;odrf;a&;ESifh ywfoufí ajz½Sif;&ef ajymaomtcg pnf;urf;xdef;odrf;a&;aumfrwDonf olYtm; trSm;udkjyKvkyfcJhonf[k xifjrif,lqcJhaomf olonf trSm;uk d 0efc&H ef toif½h adS Mumif;? odYk aomf i&JacG;aqmif;yg;½Sit f rnfu kd razmfxw k Ef ikd [ f  k pmjyefvu kd o f nf/ pnf;urf; xdef;odrf;a&;aumfrwDESifh udkatmifqef;oGm;awGUpOf olYtm; >cif;csufr½Sd awmif;yef0efcs&rnf[k wnhfwdk; ajAmifus ar;cGef; rawmif;qdkcJhay/ 1936 azazmf0g&D (21) &ufwGif ausmif;tkyfBuD; rpöwmpavmhonf udkEktm; ausmif;rS xkwfy,fonfhpm ydkYvdkufonf/  udkEkonf  xdktaMumif;ukd  rnfolYudkrQ  todray;/  ausmif;tkyfBuD;pavmhodkY  pmwapmifa&;om;í jyefvu kd o f nf/ ¤if;pmwGi f udEk u k  ausmif;Oya'ynm&yfrsm;uk d qnf;yl;&ef jyefvnfwufa&muf ynmoifMum;aejcif;rSm Edik if aH &; vky&f mwGi f vG,u f al p&eftwGu f jzpfaMumif;? ausmif;rS ,ckuo hJ Ykd  xkwv f u kd í f  aus;Zl;wif 0rf;ajrmuf0rf;om aMumif;? taMumif;um; EdkifiHa&;wGif tcsdefjynfh 0ifa&muf vkyfudkifEdkifaomaMumifh jzpfaMumif;? ArmjynfwGif þvdk r[kwfrcH raMumufr½GHUyk*¾dKvfrsm;vnf; ½Sdaeao;aMumif;ukd rdwfaqGrsm;ESifh qHkpnf;rdygu rpöwmpavmh ajymjyap vdkaMumif;jzifh ausmif;tkyfBuD; rpöwmpavmhxH pmwkHYjyefcJhonf/ xdkYjyif ukdEkonf ¤if;\ B.A. bJGUudk ausmif;tkyfBuD; xH jyeftyfvdkufavonf/ udkausmfNidrf;onf udkEk ausmif;xkwfcH&NyD;aemuf ausmif;tkyfBuD; rpöwmpavmhESifh oGm;a&muf aphpyfaomf vnf;  ausmif;tkyfBuD;u  ]rif;wdkhvkyfcsif&mvkyf? igavQmhray;Ekdifbl;}  [k  ajymí  wif;rmrI  avsmhroGm;ay/  xdkESpf or*¾ trIaqmiftzGUJ onf wuúov kd üf  jzpfymG ;onf h ta&;tcif;rsm;ud k wuúov kd t f mPmydik rf sm;ESi hf at;at;csrf;csrf;? aphpyfajz½Si;f &ef rlcsxm;onf/ xdYkaMumif h udEk  k ausmif;xkwcf &H onf h udpu ö  kd ol\ud, k af &;ud, k w f m[k oabmxm;vsuf ausmif;om;rsm;ukd todray;bJxm;avonf/ azazmf0g&Dv (23) &ufaeY? nae (4) em&DwiG  f or*¾Ouú| udEk t k m; ausmif;xkwcf &H onf h udpEö iS yhf wfoufí or*¾trIaqmiftpnf;ta0; usif;yavonf/ udkEku olYtwGuf usefolrsm; tepfemcH&rnfudk rvdkvm;? olausmif; xkwfcHrnf[k ajymonf/ udkxGef;tkHu udkEkudk ausmif;xkwfvdkufjcif;onf udkEk wOD;wnf;twGuf r[kwf? or*¾ trIaqmifwzGJUvHk;ESifh ausmif;om;tm;vHk;udpö jzpfonf/ or*¾Ouú|udk ausmif;xkwfjcif;onf or*¾udk apmfum;&m usonf/ usaemfwdkY oydwfarSmuf (udk,fcsif;pmoydwf) rnf/ udkoD[efu 0ifaxmufcHonf/ xdkYaemuf udkEku wOD;pD oabmxm;rsm; par;onf/ udkatmifqef;u apmifhMunfhcsifao;onf [kajymonf/ k nf; (29) &ufaehpmar;yGaJ jzwJaU eh waehrmS cifAsm;udk ausmif;xkww f UJ udx k eG ;f tku H  udak tmifqef;ud k ]cifAsm;udv taMumif;Mum;pmay;r,fvdkh twdtus odxm;ygw,f/ 'gayr,fU cifAsm;udpöudk xm;yg/ udkEkudk ausmif;xkwfvdkufwmeJh ywfoufNy;D usaemfwhkd ud, k cf si;f pm oydwv f yk &f r,f} [kajymonf/ xdktcg udkatmifqef; oabmwlonf/ udk&m½SpfESifh 72

udkvdkeDacwfaESmif; - 1935 rS 1936 - e,fcsJYqefhusifa&; vGwfvyfa&;BudK;yrf;rI trsKd;om;a&;toGif udktkef;wdkYuvnf; oabmwlonf/ udkomvS? udkxGef;wif? udkbqufwdkYuvnf; ]trsm;vkyf&if usaemfwdkh vkyfrSm ayghAsm} [kajymonf/ xdkYaMumifh usef½Sdaom trIaqmif (8) OD;onf ukd,fcsif;pmoydwf vkyf&ef qHk;jzwfvdkufonf/ azazmf0g&Dv (25) &uf ausmif;om;xktpnf;ta0;ü trIaqmiftzGUJ onf pmar;yGrJ ajzbJ oydwaf rSmufrnfjzpfaMumif; ausmif;om;rsm;tm; today;&efESifh 'k-Ouú| udk&m½Spf obmywdvkyf&ef trIaqmiftzGJUu qHk;jzwfcJhonf/ &efukef wuúodkvfausmif;om;or*¾  trIaqmiftzGJU (8) OD;onf  pmar;yGJrajzbJ  oydwfarSmuf&ef  qHk;jzwfxGufcGmvm&m 1920 'DZifbm? (5) &uf yxraumvdyfoydwf tNyD;ü ordkif;wGif&pfcJhonfh 'kwd,wuúodkvf ausmif;om;oydwfBuD; pwif jzpfay:vmcJhayonf/ azazmf0g&Dv (24) &ufaeYxkwf jrefrmhtvif;owif;pmwGif pmvHk;rJBuD;jzifh or*¾Ouú| udkEk ausmif;xkwf cH&onfhowif; ygvmavonf/ udkatmifqef;udkvnf; i&JacG;BuD; aqmif;yg;aMumifh ausmif;xkwfcH&rnf[k owif; xGuaf eonf/ wuúov kd af umifpt D yk cf sKyfa&;tzGUJ u qH;k jzwfcsufcsNyD;NyD[ k owif;xGuv f mayonf/ (udak tmifqef;udk oydwfarSmufNyD; wvMumrSom aMumfjimoifykef;wGif ausmif;xkwfrdefY xkwfjyefcJhavonf/) wausmif;vHk; ajcmufjcm; oGm;onf/ vIyfvIyf½G½G jzpfvmonf/ ausmif;om;rsm; pk½Hk;pk½Hk;ESifh aqG;aEG;vmMuonf/ ]udkEkudk ausmif;xkwfwm igwdkh ausmif;om;awGudk apmfum;wmyJ? tEdkifusifUwmyJ? wzufowfusvGef;onf} [k ajymvmMuonf/ ausmif;udk oydwfarSmufMurnf[k wD;wdk;pum;oHrsm; xGufvmonf/ oydwfarSmuf&ef tcsif;csif; qG,fMuonf/ azazmf0g&Dv (14) &uf aeYcif;ü oxHkausmif;aqmifwGif udkMunf (aemif opfawmrif;BuD;) \ tcef;ü udkarmifarmif (udkMunf\ tudk)? udkodef;atmif (1300 jynfh ausmif;om;oydwfacgif;aqmif)? udkbaomf (aemif &efukefjrLeDpDy,f twGif;a&;rSL;a[mif;)? udk0if; (armfvNrdKif)? ukd[kwfuef (ocsFm*kPfxl;)? udkcifarmifuav; (aemif 0efBuD;) wdkYonf  udkEkudpöudk  aqG;aEG;í oydwfarSmuf&ef  pnf;0g;½dkufMuonf/ xdktcsdef  ukdxGef;tkHa&mufvmNyD; azazmf0g&Dv 25 &ufaeYü wifoGif;rnfh tqdk 2 ckudk zwfjyonf/ xdktcg udkcifarmifav;u ]cifAsm;wdhk ajymwJt Y wdik ;f wuúodkvfOya'udk wdkufzsufzdkh &nf½G,f&if oydwfarSmufrSjzpfrSmaygh/ onfawmU or*¾taeeJh wuúodkvfOya'udk a[monfvdk? a[monfvdk jyifay;yg? jyifray;&if oydwfarSmufr,fvdkh &mZoHay;&r,f/}  udkMunfu  ]cifAsm;wdkh tqkdawGu w,faysmhwmudk? vkyfr,fUvkyf oydwfarSmufzdkh tqdkwifoGif;NyD; wcgwnf; oydwfarSmufvdkuf Muygvm;? usaemfuawmh oydwfarSmufwJUbufuyJ} udkxGef;tkH tm;vHk;udkMunfhí 0rf;omoGm;onf/ ukdxGef;tkHu udkcifarmifuav;tm; ]reufjzef (25) &uf tpnf;ta0;rSm cifAsm;pum;ajym&J&JYvm;} [k  ar;onf/ ]usaemf bmvdkhrajym&J&rSmvJ? bmajym&rSmvJ}} [k jyefar;aomtcg ]tqdkwif&r,f} [k udkxGef;tkHu udkcifarmifuav;tm; pm½Gufay;onf/ xdkYaemuf udkxGef;tkHu ]udkcif armifuav;? cifAsm;&xm;wJU qif;&Jom;axmufyHUaMu;awmU jyKwfrSmaocsmNyDAsKdY} [kajym&if; tcef;xJrS  xGufoGm; onf/ udkxGef;tkH wm0ef,laom tqdkESpfckudkaxmufcH&ef udkvSaz (aemif Adkvfvusfm)? udkOD;ausmfZH (aemif bDyDtdkif tkyfcsKyfa&;rSL;a[mif;)?  udkb[ef  (aemif  AdkvfrSL;BuD;)  wdkYudk  a½G;cs,fcJhonf/  udkOD;ausmfZH  a½SUwef;rxGufvdkí udkpdefwdk; (aemif vl0ifvlxGufXme vufaxmifñTefMum;a&;0ef) udk wm0efay;onf/ udkxGef;tkHESifh udkvSazonf ausmif;aqmifrsm;odkY oGm;í ausmif;om;rsm;tm; or*¾tpnf;ta0;wuf&ef vdkufvHEdI;aqmfavonf/ yJcl;aqmifodkY a&mufaomtcg rsufEmS jzLujym;onf pum;wvH;k rS rajymbJ udx k eG ;f tku H  kd pdu k Mf unfNh yD;vQif ]xG}D  ueJ wHaxG;axG;NyD; pmqufzwfaeonf/ rsufESmjzLujym;wdkif; r[kwfay/ yk*HaqmifrS [ife&Dprkduf (ac:) udkvSatmif (aemif AdkvfrSL;BuD;vSatmif? jrefrmEdkifiH ajrwdkif;Xme? ñTefMum;a&;0efESifh &efukef wd&pämefO,smOfBuD;Muyfa&;tzGJU Ouú|)? tif;0ausmif;aqmifrS udk[m'D (aemif 'k-AdkvfrSL;BuD;a[mif;)? oxHkausmif;aqmifrS udkwDuvpf (aemif AdkvfrSL;csKyfa[mif;? wyfrawmfav) wdkYonf rsufESmjzLujym;rsm; jzpfaomfvnf; oydwfarSmufudpw ö Gif wufwuf
jrefrmEdkifiHausmif;om;vIyf&Sm;rIordkif; - atmifxGef; nü 1934-35 or*¾trIaqmif udo k ed ;f aza&;om;aom ]ewft;kd uG}J pmwrf;rSm ausmif;aqmifrsm;ü rd;k usa½Tu, kd u f o hJ Ykd yvlysH vmayonf/

ewft;kd uGJ

Source: Portraits (DTY)

Armqdkwm  ocifrsKd;?  uRefrsKd;r[kwf odkYtwGuf  ocifusifh  usihf? ocifMuH  MuH? 'l;rwkefbl;?  &ifrckefbl;/ rnfolYtapmfum;rS  rcH/ apmfum;wJholudk  'l;eJYwdkufr,f/ udo k ed ;f az (ode;f azjrif)h

jrif;pD;í txD;rSef; trrSef;rodvQif  vltvle[k  ac:Muonf/ odkYjzpfvQif  igwdkYwawGonf  igwdkY  oifMum; aeaom ynmonf ynmwkavm? ynmppfavm[k a0zefrodvQif igwdkYtm; urÇmu vltvleawG[k ac:qdkavrnf/ o[mu  Oóz,m;avm?  pdefppfavm?  vlt?  vle?  vlnHh?  vlYrEl;reyf?  vlpdrf;pyf  tjzpfrsKd;  ra&muf&ef  igwdkY ckoifaeaom ynmvnf; tb,ftajctaeqdkonfudk igwdkY odzdkYvdkavonf/ a½S;u wuúodkvfynmukd uRefynm[k vnf;aumif;?  NrdKUtkyfynm[k  vnf;aumif;  trsKd;rsKd;  ac:Muayonf/  xdkpum;onf  igwdkY  ckacwfü  rrSefawmh/ tck  igwdkY  ynmonf  ewftdk;uGJynmomwnf;? ewftdk;uGJwdkY  rnfonf  tb,fae&mrQ oHk;í raumif;ay/ ewftdk;uGJynm  [kwfyg\avm?  rSefyg\avm?  uJ  jy½kyfxkwfMupdkY/ bDtufpfpD atmifvQif bmvkyfwwfygoenf;/ tjcm;wdkif;jynfrsm;ü pufbufuqdkygvQif em&D? armfawmfum;? av,mOfysH  ponfwdkYudk  vkyfwwfonf/  qyfjym?  acgif;vdrf;qDrSpí  txnftvdyf?  ouúvyf?  ydk;?  zJ  ponfwdkYudk vkyfEdkifonf/ a
74

udkvdkeDacwfaESmif; - 1935 rS 1936 - e,fcsJYqefhusifa&; vGwfvyfa&;BudK;yrf;rI trsKd;om;a&;toGif a&;wwfjcif;? tysif;ajy pmzwfwwfjcif;? pdwfEl;nHhí uRefoabm jzpfcsifjcif;rS wyg; tjcm;taMumif;udk rwwfacs/ onfpum;ESifh  ywfoufí  jrefrmpmñGefYaygif;  ed'gef;usrf;wGif I hope this work will furnish ample materials to write text books in Burmese for use in all schools and colleges in Burma with a view to inculcating imperial idea as it is intended.

ponfjzifh  pmwnf;ua&;cJhonf/  xdkYtwl  txufygq&mBuD;rsm;  pmudkoifay;aeonfrSm  tifyD&D,,f &xm;BuD;  rSefrSefNidrfNidrf  armif;Edkif&efjzpfonf/ Political Science udk  oif&müvnf; Political Science vdkY  bmhaMumifhac:&yHk/  State qdkonfum; b,fvdkb,f0g? Constitution  qdkonfum; onfuJhodkY  ponfjzifhom oif&if; tcsdefukefcJhonf/ ,HkrSm OD;csKdr½Sd? a>rrSm  ajcrayguf  qdkoavmufom  ½SdcJhonf/ odkYjzpfí  0dZÆm?  odyÜHynmonf  þenf;twdkif;qdkvQif  ysm;&nfr½Sdaom  ysm;tHk?  tqHr½Sdaom  opfMum;oD;? teHYr½Sdaom aygufaygufyef;ESifhom wlbdonf/ K.S.M, A.T.M ponfhbGJUrsm;udk igwdkYausmif;om;rsm;onf uJh&JUcJh Mu\/ igwdkY  B.A, B.Sc. wdkYESifh  xdkbGJUrsm;rSm rsm;pGmruGmvSonfudk  owdjyKrdyg\avm/ a½S;url  xdkpmar;yGJrsm; atmifvQif  tpdk;&xHü  tvkyf&ao;\/  olaX;wdkYxHü  tvkyf&Muao;\/ ,ckrl  tpdk;&u tvkyfaemufxyf  rcefYonfhtjyif  vuf½Sdrsm;udkvnf; jzKwfypfaeacsNyD/ olaX;wdkufrsm;wGif vnf; B.A, B.Sc., awG  B.L., awG  nyfaeNyD/  igwdkY  ae&mr&Muawmh?  acG;ae&mr&awmhonfESifh  rjcm;awmhNyD/ Armav;awG  arQmfvifhjcif;uif;í  xif&mr&rf;Mu&ef  I.C.S., B.Sc., tpdk;&ynmoifponfrsm;u  ½Sdygao;\/ odkYaomf  w&mwa,mufrQ r½Sd&um; aygufyifudk  armhMunfhum aygufyGifhudk  trJom;rSwfí ajrmfrdrSm;aom acG;yrm igwdkY  'ku©ESifhawGUzdkYom  ½Sdawmhonf/ aemif- onfxuf  Armrsm; cufawmhrnf/ wGJzuftpD&ifcHpmwGif  igwdkYawGU&onfrSm rD;&xm;? taumuf½Hk; paom  ae&mrsm;udk  t*Fvdyfujym;rsm;twGuf  tvkyfoD;oefYxm;&ef  jzpfojzifh  aejrifhav  t½l;&ifhav  qdkouJhodkY MumavnHhav  jzpfcJhNyD/  abmvHk;uefwwfonfh  wdkifatmif  taumuf½Hk;ü  tvkyf&csifrS  &awmhrnf/  igwdkYESifhwuG igwdkYwrsKd;vHk;  epfemacsNyD/  aumif;EdkifMuygao;\avm/ þodkY  tESpfr½Sd  tumtwdjzpfaom  ynm&yfrsm;udkyifvQif  igwdkYArmuav;rsm;rSm  aiGukef?  tcsdefukefcHí oifMum; aeonfomru ausmif;wGif aeonfhtcgvnf; ausmif;tkyfBuD; paom q&mrsm;\ trsKd;rsKd; csKyfcs,fjcif;udk uRJ?  EGm;rsm;yrm  cHMuapvdkao;\/ tdk-  ausmif;awmfom;wdkY?  igwdkY  vlBuD;  rdbwdkYonf  om;orD;rsm;udk  vljzpf&ef  þausmif;odkY  xm;jcif; jzpfonf  r[kwfygavm/ odkYjzpfvQif  b,ftwGuf  vlYtcGifhta&;udk  em;rvnfoa,mif? aMumifawmifawmif  vkyfí aeMubdoenf;/  rdrdwdkY  tcGifhta&;½SdorQ  ajyma&;qdkcGifh[lorQwdkYudk  ]qdka&;½Sdu qdkwwfpG}  qdkouJhodkY  ajymMu? jyMu? vkyfMurS oifhayrnf/ odkYr[kwfygu igwdkYomru wrsKd;vHk;ESihfwuG aemiftqufquf þausmif;odkY a&muf½Sd rnfh  igwdkY\ trsKd;tEG,frsm;\ *kPfusufoa&udkyg xdckdufysufjym;rnfudk  ,cku igwdkYu q,fwif&ef  0wå&m;½Sd ayonf r[kwfwHkavm/ oifwdkY vkyf&nfudkif&nftwGuf aemifvmaemufom;wdkY tusKd;cHpm;&vQif toifwdkY emrnfonf aemif &mZ0ifwGif O'gef;wGif&pf Muayvdrfhrnf/ toifwdkY\ 0wå&m;ukd toifwdkYraqmif½Gufu aemifvmaemufom; wdkY\  wHawG;cGufwGif  tarmifwdkY  emrnfawG  yufvufajrmMuvdrfhrnf/ xdkYaMumifh  igwdkYab;udk  igwdkYumuG,f&efrSm ]rnfolrjyK rdrdrI} qdkouJhodkY  igwdkYBudK;pm;um aqmif½GufMu& vdrfhrnf/  igwdkY  'ku©rsm;rSm  þnHhzsif;pkwfcsmaom  ynma&;pepfaMumifhjzpfonf/  tdrfa[mif;udk  zsufí  tdrfopf aqmufouJhodkY  igwdkY  ynma&;pepf  pkwfBuD;udk  zsufí  igwdkY  tdrfopfaqmufMu  ukefthH/  igwdkY  ArmvlrsKd;ESihf wefaom igwdkY&xdkufaom ynmudk&atmif BudK;pm;MuukeftHh/ igwdkYonf 0dZÆm? odyÜHatmifvQif tvkyfvufrJhjzpfapaom pepfudkrvdk?  igwdkYtm;  xdkab;rS  u,fq,frnfh  ynmudk&apygonf/  pdeftppfudkay;rS  auseyfMurnf/  Oóz,m; udkay;rl  vm;vm;rQ r,lvdk/ tdk- a½SUa&; aemufa&;udk arQmfawG;wwfMuaom wuúodkvfausmif;om;wdkY? ]vdv k QiMf uq H enf;vrf;&}? ]BuKd ;pm;u bk&m;jzpf}  ponfwdkYudk  a½SUaqmifxm;í  nDnDnmnm  BudK;pm;Muygukef/ tdrfaqmuf&mü  opf½Sm?  0g;ckwf?  vTwdkuf?  aqmufxGif;?  yJcGyfudkif  ponfjzifh  toD;oD;  0wå&m;½SdorQudk aqmif½GufMurS  igwdkYESifhwuG  aemifvmaemufom;rsm;  vltjzpf  wnfEdkifMurnf  jzpfownf;/ odef;az

¤if;pmudk ausmif;om;rsm; atmfBuD;[pfus,f zwfMuonf? oabmawGUMuonf/ 1936 azazmf0g&Dv (25) &ufaeY? aeYvnf (2) em&DausmfrSpí wuúodkvfe,fajr vIyfvIyf½G½G jzpfvmonf/ or*¾taqmuftODü ausmif;om;rsm; [dkwpk? 'Dwpk  pkpk½Hk;½Hk;jzpfaeonf/ xdkaeYeHeufxkwf  jrefrmowif;pmrsm; 75

jrefrmEdkifiHausmif;om;vIyf&Sm;rIordkif; - atmifxGef; wGifvnf; ausmif;om;xktpnf;ta0; nae (4) em&DwGif jyKvkyfrnfhtaMumif; ygvmonf/ udkatmifqef;udkvJ ausmif;xkwfvdrhfrnf[k owif;xGufaeonf/ xdkowif;aMumifh ausmif;om;rsm; ydkírauseyfMuay/ ]igwhkd tepfemcH MurS aemifvmrnfU ausmif;om;rsm; aumif;pm;rnf} [k ausmif;om;rsm; oabmaygufvmMuonf/ ,HMk unfvmMuonf/ rcHcsifpdwfrsm; wzGm;zGm; jzpfay:vmonf/ pdwftm;xufoefonfxuf xufoefvmonf/ qE´jya&;xuf oydwf arSmufa&;yg pdw0f ifpm;vmMuonf/ nae (4) em&D tpnf;ta0; rwdik rf t D csde f oydwo f nf rd;k csKef;ouJo h Ykd  jrnf[;D í ay:vmayonf/ nae (4) em&D? or*¾tpnf;ta0;cef;rBuD;wGif ausmif;om; 700 ausmf½Sdonf/ trmcH ausmif;om;tcsKdU or*¾a½SU jrufcif;jyifü  pk½;kH aeMuonf/ tpnf;ta0;cef;r Ouú|\ ukvm;xdik  f aemufausmbufwiG  f o&Jatmifvu H dk tvsm;vdkuf csxm;onf/ Ouú|udEk  k 0ifvmaomtcg ausmif;om;tm;vH;k  vufcyk  f em;uGv J rk wwf wD;Muonf/ ud&k m½Sp f 0ifvmaom tcg yxrenf;wl tm;ay;Muonf/ udkEkonf ausmif;xkwfcH&NyD; ausmif;om;r[kwfawmhí tpnf;ta0; obmywd rvkyb f  J owif;axmufrsm;\ a½SUqH;k tv,fwef;ü xdik o f nf/ udEk \ k  nmbufü udak tmifqef;xdik o f nf/ ud&k m½Spu f obmywd? udkoD[efu twGif;a&;rSL;vkyfonf/ ukd&m½Spfonf tpnf;ta0;ac:&onfh taMumif;&if;udk t*Fvdyfvdk tus,fw0ifh ½Sif;jyonf/ udk&m½Spfu ]udkEk ausmif;xkwfcH&onfU udpöESifUywfoufí tm;vHk;odNyD;jzpfaMumif;? udkatmifqef;udkvnf; pmar;yGJrvkyfrD rwfvavmufü ausmif;xkwfrnf[k tcdkiftvHk od½Sdxm;aMumif;? aemif or*¾trIaqmif 3? 4 OD; udv k nf; ausmif;xkwv f rd rUf nf[k tcdik t f vHk od½x dS m;aMumif;? xdahk MumifU ¤if;wdhk xkwcf &H onfukd uefu h u G o f nft U aeESiUf rdrdtrIaqmiftzGJYonf pmar;yGJrajzMu&ef qHk;jzwfaMumif;? ausmif;om;rsm;udkvnf; wdkufwGef;vdkaMumif;? odkhaomf þtpnf;ta0;rS qHk;jzwfcsufudk vufcHrnfjzpfaMumif;} ajymMum;oGm;onf/ udkcifarmifuav;u ]ausmif;tkyfBuD;rpöwmpavmh jyKrlcsufrsm;onf tvGefyif emusnf;p&maumif;onf/ usaemfwo hkd nf vlnaUH wGr[kw?f oHrPdrsm;jzpfonf/ oHrPdpw d "f mwf½adS Mumif; ,ckjy&rnf} [kajym&m MobmoHBuD;rsm; qlnHoGm;onf/ udkpdefwdk;u ]udEk Ek iS Uf udak tmifqef;tm; ausmif;xkwv f u kd o f nft U wGuf rpöwmpavmUtm; aus;Zl;wifaMumif;} tqdkwifoGif;onf/ udkoD[efu axmufcHonf/ udkvSazu  ]ausmif;tkyfBuD;\ jyKrlcsufrsm;onf ausmif;om;rsm;udkomru Armjynfudkyg apmfum;&m a&mufonf/ ausmif;qufaeí tusKd;r½Sd? oydwfarSmufMuyg} [k tqdkwifoGif;onf/ udkatmifjrifhu axmufcHvdkuf onf/ ]pw½dkuf? pw½dkuf} ]oydwfarSmuf? oydwfarSmuf} toHrsm; tpnf;ta0;wcef;vHk; qlnHaeonf/ udkausmfNidrf;u ]olonf arQmfvifUcsufrsm;pGm pGefhvTwfí ausmif;rSxGuf&ef qHk;jzwfNyD;jzpfonf/ olhuJUodkh ausmif;om;rsm; ausmif;rSxu G &f ef} tqdkjyKvkdufonf/ udkvSazu axmufcHonf/ tpnf;ta0;wckvHk; oydwfarSmuf? oydwfarSmuftoHrsm; qlnHvmonf/ udkvSazu  ]azazmf0g&Dv (23) &ufaehuyif or*¾trIaqmifrsm;? tzGJY0ifrsm;ESifUtwl pmar;yGJrajzbJ ukd,fcsif;pmoydwfarSmufrnf[k uwday;xm;NyD;jzpfonf} [kajymonf/ udkomvSu ]olonf tvGefqif;&J\/ olhOD;av;u ausmif;xm;í ausmif;ae&onf/ ausmif;rS axmufyHUMu; awmif;cHae&onf/ ol\b0&nfrSef;csufudk pGefhvTwfí pmar;yGJudk oloydwfarSmufvdkufNyD} [kajymonf/ udkpdk;jrifh (rdk;ndK) u ],aeh 'kwd,trsKd;om;aeh} [kajymonf/ xdktcg udkEku ]nDtudk armifErS wd?hk usaemfausmif;xkwcf &H í ,ckuo hJ hkd qlyal eMuonfrmS xef;oD;a
udkvdkeDacwfaESmif; - 1935 rS 1936 - e,fcsJYqefhusifa&; vGwfvyfa&;BudK;yrf;rI trsKd;om;a&;toGif ausmif;tkycf sKyfa&;tzGUJ u vspfvsL½Ico hJ nf/ 1934-35 wGi f ausmif;p&dwaf vsmhaygha&;ud k xyfraH wmif;qdck ahJ omfvnf; wuúodkvf tkyfcsKyfa&;aumifpDu ausmif;om;tcsKdUudk ac:,lESpfodrfhjzm;a,mif;um uwdrwnfrIrsm; jyKcJhavonfrSm ½SdaecJhí tpnf;ta0;cef;onf tkwftkwfusufusufESifh ]oydwfarSmuf? oydwfarSmuf} atmfoHrsm; yJhwifxyfoGm;onf/ tcsKdUausmif;om;rsm; aemufaz;avSum;rS jyefMu&ef ajy;Muonf/ aemufaz;avSum;ü udkxGef;tkH? udkbqufESifh trmcHausmif;om;wcsKdU½Sdonf/ ¤if;wdkYu ]usaemfwu hkd kd eif;Ny;D qif;oGm;yg}[k avSum;xdyfü xdkifcsvdkufonf/ udkodef;azu xdktcsdefwGif vufwdkYí bwfpfum; rsm;udk urm½Gwf*wfwJteD;rS or*¾taqmuftODa½SUodkY armif;0ifvmaponf/ obmywd  udk&m½Spfu  oydwfarSmufwifoGif;xm;onfhtqdkudk  jyefpOf;pm;&ef  (3)  Budrfajymonf/ udkcifarmifuav;onf a'gowBuD; xdkif&mrSxNyD; ]a[U &m½Spf? rif;pum; ½kyfodrf;? rMum;csifbl;uG} [kajym&if; ausmif;om;rsm;bufoYkd  vSn&hf if; ]oydwaf rSmuftqdu k kd b,fvo kd abmxm;ovJ} [kar;vdu k &f m ausmif;om;rsm;onf ]pw½du k ?f pw½du k ?f oydwaf rSmuf? oydwaf rSmuf} [k jyefatmfMuonf/ udk&m½Spfu oydwfarSmuftqdkudk jyefpOf;pm;&ef ajymjcif;onf ausmif;om;rsm; pdwfudk qGay;jcif;jzpfonf/ ausmif;om;rsm; pdwf"mwfjyif;xefvmatmif vHIUaqmf ay;jcif;jzpfonf/ tpnf;ta0;onf w½ke;f ½ke;f ESi hf wa0ga0gjzpfaepOf ausmif;om;wa,mufonf or*¾cef;ra½SUbuf jyLwif; aygufudk vufn§dK;xdk;í tif;vsm;aqmifrS ausmif;olor*¾udk,fpm;vS,frsm; (15) OD;cefY - rcifjr (aemif uxdu? ynma&;wuúodkvf)? jcif;Mum;rrBuD; (udkxGef;tkHZeD;)? rtrm (aemif vlxka':trm)? rodef;Munf (ykodrf) wdkYESifh ausmif;ol (15) a,mufcefY - tm;jyNyD; ]rde;f cav;awGyg&if a,mufsm;av;awG bmowÅad MumifwmvJ? xrde0f wfMua[h? pw½dkuf pw½dkuf} [k  atmfMujyefonf/ ausmif;om;tcsKdUonf  udkEktm; ykckH;xrf;í atmufodkY  ac:oGm;onf/ udk&m½Spfu ]uJ oydwfarSmufzdkh qHk;jzwfNyD;NyD? or*¾&Jabmfwdkh? vdkufygzdkhawmU rwdkufwGef;vdkygbl;? 'gayr,fU 'DudpörSm igwdkh wm0ef½Sdw,fvdkh ,lqNyD; trsKd;om; pdwfjyif;xefwJUolawG vdkufygEdkifygw,f? tpnf;ta0; NyD;qHk;aMumif;} tEdkifEdkifajym&if; ausmif;om;tcsKdUu csKdif;ESpfbufrSr,lí atmufokdY ac:aqmifoGm;Muonf/ tif;vsm;aqmif½Sd ausmif;olrsm;onfvnf;Rightly or Wrongly My Country is My Country

-[laom  aqmifyk'ft&  oydwfarSmuf&efxGufvmNyD;  oydwfarSmufausmif;om;rsm;udk  vufckyfwD;í BudKqdkMuonf/ oydwf oydwf? arSmuf arSmuf pavmU pavmU? xGuf xGuf udkatmifqef;udk ausmif;rxkwfeJh udkEkudk ausmif;rxkwfeJh uRefynma&;pepf? zsufypf zsufypf ocifrsKd;a[U 'dkhArm a
(!) oydwjf rifuiG ;f wuúodkvfausmif;om;rsm;onf rdrdwdkYpdwfxufoefpGmjzifh wuúodkvfOya'udk rBudKufESpfoufí jyifqif &eftwGuf vnf;aumif;? Armjynfausmif;om;rsm;udk vufatmufcHuRefynma&;pepf qGJoGif;onfh ynmoifausmif; 77

jrefrmEdkifiHausmif;om;vIyf&Sm;rIordkif; - atmifxGef; BuD;udk rpifykyfuJhodkY ½GH½Smvmí vnf;aumif;? Oya'rsm;udk rkef;wD;½HG½Smvmaompdwfjzifh udk,hfudk,fudk tepfemcHNyD; vGefcJhaom (15) ESpfu aemifawmfBuD;rsm;\ ajc&mudkeif;í wnDwnmwnf; a
udkvdkeDacwfaESmif; - 1935 rS 1936 - e,fcsJYqefhusifa&; vGwfvyfa&;BudK;yrf;rI trsKd;om;a&;toGif 4/ a':ESif;jr wdkY acgif;aqmifyg0ifonf/ wdkYArmtpnf;t½Hk;rS ocifrsm;onf vma&muftm;jznfh ulnDMuonf/ a'gufwmOD;ausmfNidrf;onf em;usyf udkifí ausmif;om;rsm;tajctae vSnfhvnfMunfh½Ionf/ 'D;'kwfOD;bcsKdonf oydwfpcef;rsm;udk rdrdwdkYausmif;aqmif trnfrsm; ay;xm;avonf/ armfvNrdKifZ&yfwGif trsKd;orD;rsm;udk ae&mcsay;onf/ rrBuD; (jcif;Mum;)? rcifjr? r&D&D? rtkef;? rm*&uf zdk;au (zsmyHk)? rcifBuD;wdkYu OD;aqmifí tif;vsm;aqmifopf[k emrnfay;xm;onf/ jyefMum;a&;tzGJUü udkodef;wifESifh udkxGef;azu acgif;aqmifí ausmif;om;rsm; vdkvm;awmif;qdkcsufrsm;udk udk&m½Spfu OD;aqmifa&;qGJavonf/ NrdKUrdNrdKUzrsm; tultnDjzif h ausmif;om;rsm; pepfwus wdu k yf 0JG ifco hJ nf/ A[ko d ydwaf pmifah ½Smufa&;tzGUJ wGif wdkYArmtpnf;t½Hk;rS ocifav;armif yg0ifaqmif½Gufí ulnDcJhonf/ owif;pmrsm;onf ausmif;om;rsm;ukd vdIufvSJ ysLiSmpGm todtrSwfjyKNyD;? trsKd;om;ol&Jaumif;rsm;tjzpf owfrSwfMuonf/

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jrefrmEdkifiHausmif;om;vIyf&Sm;rIordkif; - atmifxGef; atmif tiftm;jyoMuonf/ ArmwEdkifiHvHk;wGif  ausmif;om;ta&;? tvkyform;ta&;? v,form;ta&;? ukvm;-Arm t"du½kPf; ta&;rsm; AGufaygufatmif vIyf½Sm;aecsdefjzpfonf/ oydwfarSmufausmif;om;rsm;onf udk,fhtkyfpkESifhudk,f wm0ef,lí oydwfrarSmufao;aom rpf½Sifausmif; rsm;ESi hf tpd;k &ausmif;rsm;odYk omG ;um oydww f m;Muonf/ oydww f m;aom ausmif;om;pku oydww f m;í oydww f &m; a[maom ausmif;om;pku oydwt f iftm;jznhw f if;&ef BudK;yrf;Muonf/ a½Tw*d akH pwDawmf oydwpf cef;ü usef&pfaom ausmif;om;xkrmS vnf; oydwaf rSmufausmif;om; &Jabmfopfrsm;tvmud k 0rf;omtm;& qD;BudKMuonf/ oydwaf rSmuf umvtwGi;f  waeYwmukeq f ;kH onf h tcsdew f ikd ;f wGi f oydwaf rSmufausmif;om;rsm;tm; acgif;aqmifrsm;u aoG;pnf;nD ñGwfa&;? enf;ñTefvrf;jy ynmay;w&m;rsm; a[majymavh½Sdonfudk oydwfarSmufausmif;om;tm;vHk; pdwftm;xuf oefpmG  pka0;em;axmifMuonf/ 1920 wuúov kd  f yxrausmif;om;oydw f tawGUtMuHK&cJo h vd k oydwaf rSmufausmif; om;acgif;aqmifrsm;tzdkYvnf; tawGUtMuHK &ifhusufcJhNyDjzpfonf/ NAdwdoQe,fcsJUenf;y&d,m,fudk  1936 oydwf ausmif;om;acgif;aqmifrsm; em;vnfxm;Muonf/ oydwft½Sdefjrifhwufvm&m tifvsm;aqmifrS ausmif;ol (150)? udkodrf;armifacgif;aqmifaom ,leDAmpDwD *syfqifausmif;om;rsm;yg0ifvmonf/ udkbZHacgif;aqmifaom &cdkiftrsKd;om;rsm;vnf; ygvmonf/ aq;aumvdyf oydwfudk udkvSa½T (udkvSaznD tmPm½SifudkvSa½T) acgif;aqmifcJhonf/ NrdKUvkH;uRwfausmif;om;rsm;?  txufwef;ausmif;om;rsm;yg  0ifa&mufvmí  oydwft½Sdefjrifhvmonf/ te,fe,ft&yf&yf½Sd ausmif;om;rsm;uvnf; pGrf;tm;½SdorQ yg0ifulnDí wdkYArmtpnf;t½kH;uvnf; te,fe,f t&yf&yf½Sd  tpnf;t½kH;cGJrsm;odkY  ñTefMum;csufrsm;ay;ydkYí yg0ifulnDaponf/ jynfvkH;uRwfausmif;om;oydwfodkY a&mufcJh&ef axmuful oydwfarSmufay;cJhaom ausmif;rsm;rSm jynf? BudKUyifaumuf? vufyHwef;? okH;q,f? rif;vS? aysmfbG,f? rEÅav;? rkH½Gm? armfvNrdKif? ajrmif;jr? yJcl;? jrif;jcH? ykodrf? rdw¬Dvm? zsmykH? a½Tbdk? anmifav;yif? yckuúL? rif;bl;? tif;pdef? awmifBuD;? aygif;wnf? usKdufvwf? [oFmw? awmifil? rk'kHNrdKUrsm;½Sd ausmif;aygif; (45) ausmif; yg0ifcJhavonf/ oydwform;rsm;pcef;udk *sDpDbDat orwBuD; OD;pdk;odrf;a&mufvmonf/ olonf *sDpDbDatwGif e,fcsJUqefYusifa&; tjyif;xefqkH; acgif;aqmifwOD;jzpfum &mxl;r,lbJ tm;vkH;udktwdkuftcHvkyfcJhonf/ ]rif;wdkh atmifqef;wdkhvdk vkyf&r,f? 'grsKd;rS igwdkhydkaumif;r,f? ydkwdk;wufr,f}[k ajymMum;cJhonf/ udkEk? udk&m½Spf? udktkef;ESifh tjcm;acgif;aqmifrsm;onf  NrdKUrsm;odkYoGm;a&mufí  awmif;qdkcsufrsm;wifjyum  vlxktpnf;ta0;BuD;rsm; jyKvkyfavonf/

(P) awmif;qdck suf (10) csuf rdef;uav; (36) a,mufyg vl (700) ausmfESifh (25) &uf? nbufü *syfqifaumvdyfrS vl (20) xyfrH a&muf½SdvmNyD; oydwfpcef;rSm tiftm;rsm;jym;vmonf/ xdknwGif tcsuf (10) csufyg awmif;qdkcsuf a&;qGJcJhonf/ ¤if; (10) csufrSm1/ ,leDAmpDwDtufOya'udk jyifay;&ef? 2/ aumvdyfausmif;raeaomfvnf; ,leDAmpDwDu ppfaq;aom pmar;yGJrsm; 0ifa&mufajzqdkcGifhay;&ef? 3/ ausmif;vc? xrif;zdk;ESifhwuG pmar;yGJ0ifcGifhrsm; avsmhcs&ef? 4/  or*¾rS  ausmif;om;rsm;udk,fpm;  epfemcsufrsm;udk  ajymqdkcGifhESifh  ausmif;om;udk,fpm;vS,frsm;udk ausmif;tkyfcsKyfa&;u vufcHajymqdkrnfr[kwfqdkaom qkH;jzwfcsufudk zsufodrf;ay;&ef? 5/ udkatmifqef;tm; ausmif;xkwfypfrnfqdkaom trdefYtwnfjzpfvQif xdktrdefYudk y,fzsufí olYtm; pmar;yGJ0ifcGifhay;&efESifh ausmif;xkwfcHausmif;om;rsm; ausmif;jyefwufcGifhay;&ef? 6/ ausmif;tkyfq&mBuD;\ vufwGif;ü ausmif;om;rsm;udk xkwfy,fEdkifaom tcGifhtmPmudk ½kyfodrf;í tkyfcsKyfa&;tzGJUüom xdktmPmxm;½Sd&ef? 7/ tpdk;&ESifh wuúodkvfausmif;u rEÅav;aumvdyfudk rzsufyg[k wm0efcHcsufay;&ef? 8/ ausmif;om;rsm; rdrdwdkYpmar;yGJtajzpmtkyfudk MunfhcGifhay;&ef? 9/ oydwfarSmuf&yfpJaomtcg ausmif;om;rsm; pmusufcsdef&&eftwGuf pmar;yGJudktenf;qkH; wva½TU qdkif;&ef? 80

udkvdkeDacwfaESmif; - 1935 rS 1936 - e,fcsJYqefhusifa&; vGwfvyfa&;BudK;yrf;rI trsKd;om;a&;toGif 10/ oydwfarSmufausmif;om;rsm;tm; wdkuf½kdufjzpfap? oG,f0dkufíjzpfap ppfaMumar;jref;jcif;? tjypfay; jcif;rsm; jyKvkyfrnfr[kwf[k 0efcHcsufay;&ef? -ponfwdkYjzpf\/ txufygawmif;qdck surf sm;ud k 'dik t f mcDtpd;k &? ,leAD mpDwaD usmif;tkycf sKyfa&;tzGUJ  ponfwYkdu kd ay;ydYkawmif;qdk aomfvnf; ausmif;tkycf sKyfa&;tzGUJ u usi;f yaeMupmar;yGu J o kd m tcsed rf eS u f si;f y&ef pDpOfco hJ nf/ wuúov kd t f yk cf sKyfa&; aumifpDonf azazmf0g&Dv (28) &ufwGif ausmif;om;rsm;udk ta&;,lcH&rnf jzpfaMumif; ajymMum;cJhonf/ xdkpOfu 0efBuD;csKyf (2) OD;jzpfaom OD;babESifh a'gufwmbarmfu wwfEdkiforQ vkyfaqmifay;rnf[kajymaomfvnf; Oya' aumifpDwGif *VKefOD;apm\ uefYuGufrIjzifh oydwfarSmufausmif;om;rsm;\ awmif;qdkcsufrsm; r&½Sday/

(w) 1936 ref;Oypmaumvdy?f udAk [de;f ESihf ppfuikd ;f 0dik ;f pOfu 1936 &efuek w f uúov kd rf  S udEk ?k  ud&k m½Sp?f  udak tmifqef;wdYk  OD;pD;NyD; oydwaf rSmufaomtcg ref;Oypmaumvdyf ausmif;om;rsm;onf azazmf0g&Dv (27) &ufwGif aemifawmfwuúodkvf ausmif;om;BuD;rsm;udk ulnDonfhtaeESifh 0dkif;0ef; oydwfarSmufMuonf/ 1934 ckwGif ref;Oypmaumvdyfü ausmif;om;or*¾ zGJUpnf;NyD;jzpfonf/ Ouú|rSm udkA[def;jzpfí? twGif;a&;rSL;rSm udkcifarmifwif jzpfonf/ udkA[def;ESifh udkcifarmifwifwdkYonf ta&;awmfykHtwGif; rEÅav;NrdKUay:rS ausmif;rsm;odkY vSnfhvnfNyD; oydwfarSmuf&ef vIHYaqmfonf/ oydwfarSmufausmif;om;rsm;udk Oypm aumvdyfausmif;om;BuD;rsm;u  OD;aqmifí  xdef;ay;Muonf/  txufwef;ausmif;rS  ausmif;om;aygif;  (2000) ausmf yg0ifcJhonf/ oydwfpcef;rSm ousoD[bk&m;twGif;? taemufawmifaxmifh tkwfZ&yfBuD;jzpfonf/ xdktcsdef rEÅav;NrdKU  ESifh  teD;qHk;jzpfaom  ppfudkif;txufwef;ausmif;rSm  oydwfrarSmufao;ay/  ref;OypmaumvdyfwGif ppfudkif;rS ausmif; om; (10) OD;cefY½Sdaomfvnf; ppfudkif;ausmif; oydwfarSmuf&ef rBudK;pm;Edkifay/ ppfudkif;ausmif;wGif aeYausmif;om;rsm;rSm (350) cefY? (120) cefYrSm taqmifausmif;om;rsm;jzpfonf/ aeYausmif; om;rsm;om pnf;½Hk;í&ojzifh aeYausmif;om;rsm;u ref;Oypmaumvdyf½Sd ausmif;om;rsm;tultnDESifh oydwaf rSmufMu onf/ pmar;yGrJ sm;jyKvkyí f  rEÅav;wGio f ydww f m;&m ppfuikd ;f wGiv f nf; oydww f m;&ef vdv k mayonf/ xdktcg ref;oydwfodkY tultnDawmif;&m udkA[def;ESifh udkcifarmifwif acgif;aqmifí oydwfausmif;om; (100) cefYonf ppfudkif;odkY oGm;a&muf oydwfwm;Muonf/ ppfudkif;ausmif;0if;twGif; ydwfqdkY½HkrQrvHkavmufbJ pmoifcef;rsm;  ukdyg  ydwfqdkY&ef  vdkvmonf/  tb,faMumifhqdkaomf  ppfudkif;ausmif;0if;rSm  oGwfeef;BudK; av;wef ; umxm;íjzpf o nf /   ausmif ; xJ u d k   ud k o d e f ; armif   (aemif   Ad k v f r S L ;od e f ; armif )   ES i f h   ud k j rif h u tvHudkifí0ifoGm;onf/ xdkYaemuf q&mrsm;ESifh pum;ajym&ef udkjrihfESifh udkA[def; ae&mvJvdkufonf/ ausmif;tkyfBuD; rpöwma'gif;u udkA[def;wdkYudk oydwfrwm;&efESifh ausmif; ayguf0udk ½Sif;vif;ay;&ef ]rif;wdkh xGufoGm;} [kajymqdkaomtcg udkA[def;u ]usaemfrxGufEdkifaMumif;? oydwfarSmufaumifpD\ trdefht& vma&mufjcif;jzpfygaMumif;? xGufroGm;Edkifyg cifAsm;? tu,fí usaemfwdkh usL;vGefonfxifygu ykvdyfudk taMumif;Mum;ay;yg} [kajymonf/ xdktcg ausmif;tkyfBuD;u ]ig ykvyd u f kd *½krpdu k }f [kajymNyD; olYnmvufz0g;jzifh udkA[def;yg;udk ½dkufcsvdkuf&m udkA[def;rSm þae&mü acGusoGm;onf/ oydwfwm;ausmif;om;rsm; ½kwf½kwfoJoJjzpfaepOf rpöwma'gif;onf tcsdefqGJraebJ ausmif;aqmif twGif;ü toifhapmifhaeaom ol\tvdkawmf&d abmf'gausmif;om;rsm; bufodkYvSnfhNyD; ]wynfUwdkh? csMua[h? csMua[U} [k xyfrHatmf[pfum trdefYay;vdkufonf/ abmf'gaqmiftwGi;f rS uif;axmuf ausmif;om; (50) cefYonf cavmufww k Bf uD;rsm; qGu J ikd u f m ajy;xGuf vmNyD; oydwfwm;ausmif;om;rsm; tm;vHk;udk odrf;usHK;NyD; ½dkufESufMuonf/ oydwfwm;ausmif;om;rsm;onf oydwf aumifpD tpnf;ta0; qHk;jzwfcsuft& bmrS jyefrvkyfMuay/ ausmif;om; (12) OD;cefY 'Pf&mtjyif;txef&½SdNyD;? udAk [de;f tygt0if ausmif;om;trsm;pk 'Pf&m&½SMd uonf/ tjyif;xefq;kH  'Pf&m&olrsm;rSm udw k if (aemif Adv k rf LS ;BuD; wifpdk;) ESifh udkyk (xdkpOfu 0ufpvD,ef ausmif;om;) wdkU jzpfonf/ ppfudkif;aq;½HkwGif aq;0g;uko&m roufomí rEÅav;aq;½HkodkY ydkYíuko&avonf/ oydwfwm; ref;Oypmaumvdyfausmif;om; udkcifndK (aemif 'k-AdkvfrSL;BuD;) rSmvnf;  t½dkufcH&ol  ausmif;om;rsm;tm;  umuG,f&ef  vltkyfxJodkY  ajy;0ifoGm;í  ppfudkif;tpdk;&  ausmif;om; uif;axmufrsm;\ wkwfpmjzpfoGm;onf/ 81

jrefrmEdkifiHausmif;om;vIyf&Sm;rIordkif; - atmifxGef;

(x) oydww f m;xGuMf ujcif; ukd&m½Spfacgif;aqmifaom oydwfarSmufausmif;om;? ausmif;olwdkYpdwf"mwfrSm tjrifhqHk; a&mufaecsdef jzpfonf/ oydwaf rSmuf ausmif;om;? ausmif;olrsm;\ pm;0wfaea&;ud k acgif;aqmiftoD;oD;u wm0ef, l aqmif½u G f aeMuonf/ oydwfvkyfief;ay:vpD wuúodkvftmPmydkifrsm;ESifh &ifqdkifa&;udpw ö Gif oydwfarSmufaumifpD0if (Inner Circle) ü tjrJaqG;aEG; wdkifyifaeMuonf/ oydwfarSmufolrsm;xJwGif tvdkawmf&d owif;ay;avmufaumifrsm; ½Sdwef&monf/ rnfolrnf0g[k cGJjcm;odEdkif&ef udkausmfNidrf; acgif;xJwGif axmufvSrf;a&;tzGJUzGJU&ef pdwful;ay:vmNyD; oydwfarSmufausmif;om;rsm;ESifh aumifpD0ifrsm;tm; udkausmfNidrf;\ axmufvSrf;a&;tzGJUrsm;u ½SJ'dk;vkyfonf/ rwfvpmar;yGJudk wuúodkvftmPmydkifrsm;u rjzpfjzpfatmif usif;y&ef qHk;jzwfNyD;jzpfonf/ xdkpmar;yGJ 0ifa&mufajzqd&k ef A[kad usmif;aqmifrsm;wGi f ausmif;om;rsm; pkaqmif;aexdik af ponf[ k udak usmfNidr;f \ axmufvrS ;f a&;tzGJUrS oydwfowif; &½Sdonf/ xdktcsdefu ,leDAmpDwDausmif;om; OD;a&rSm (800) ausmf½Sdí aeYausmif;om;OD;a& (300) ausmf  ½Sdonf/ ausmif;tdyfausmif;pm;OD;a& (700) ausmf  bk&m;ay:odkY  a&muf½Sdaeonf/ ,if;tcsdefwGif rnfonhu f pd Eö iS jhf zpfap oGm;a&mufaom ausmif;om;rsm;ud k tmPmydik w f Ykd u A[dak usmif;aqmifrsm;twGi;f  aeYa&mnyg ac:xm;onf/udkausmfNidrf; owif;rSm A[dkausmif;aqmifrsm;twGif; a&muf½Sdaeaom pmar;yGJ0ifajzvdkolrsm;qDu r[kwfay/ bk&m;&ifjyif oydwfpcef;odkY a&mufvmaom olrsm;qDu jzpfonf/ xdkausmif;xJodkY a&mufvmolrsm;udk tmPmydkifrsm;u ppfaq;NyD; ausmif;aqmifwdkYwGif cGJí oD;jcm;xm;&m pm;a&;? aomufa&; usyfwnf; usOf;ajrmif;aeonf/ ,if;udpEö iS yhf wfoufí oydwaf rSmufaumifp\ D  qH;k jzwfcsuft& pm;a&;? aomufa&; usyfwnf; usOf;ajrmif;olwdkYtwGuf tpm;taomuf aeYpOfoGm;ydkY&ef bk&m;&ifjyifoydwfpcef;odkY vmvdo k rl sm;tm; nt½kPw f ufcsed  f ra&mufcif A[kad usmif;aqmifrsm; 0if;eHab;rS avSum;axmif xGuv f mEdik af p&efwYkd jyKvkyfay;onf/  udkomvSESifh  udkndKxGef;wdkYu  tpm;taomuf  ydkYMuavonf/  xdktcg  ygarmu©rufudkif;u 0if;wHcg;wGi f ydwaf pmifah eonf/ oydwaf rSmuf ausmif;om;rsm;jzpfí 0ifciG rhf ûy[kajymonf/ udo k mvSEiS  hf udn k Kd xGe;f u tpm;taomuf rsm;ud k oHwikd Mf um;rS ausmif;om;rsm; tm;ay;rnf[ k ajymaomtcg rpöwmrufuikd ;f u ]rif;wdo hk x d m;zdu hk rif;wdhk oydwaf rSmufwm igt h aeeJh vk;H 0oabmrwlb;l ? 'gayr,fU rif;wd&hk YJ vky&f nfuikd &f nf? pnf;urf;½Srd eI hJ wnfMunfru I kd csD;usL;w,f} [k ajym&if; udkomvSESifh udkndKxGef; oHwdkifMum;rS tpm;taomufydkYonfudk bmrSrajymay/ wzef 1936 ck? azazmf0g&Dv? 26 &uf? eHeuf (5) em&DwGif wuúodkvfausmif;odkY ausmif;om;tiftm; (300) cefYonf armfawmfum;jzifh oydwfwm;&ef xGufcJhMuonf/ oydwfaumifpD0if o&Jbat;u acgif;aqmifonf/ wuúodkvfor*¾½kH;ü tpkcGJí ae&mcsavonf/

Source: Unknown

wuúov kd af usmif;ü oydww f m;Mu&mwGif tif;0ausmif;aqmif oHwcH g;0ü vJt S yd af eMuaom oydwaf rSmufausmif;om;rsm;

82

udkvdkeDacwfaESmif; - 1935 rS 1936 - e,fcsJYqefhusifa&; vGwfvyfa&;BudK;yrf;rI trsKd;om;a&;toGif (1) tif;0ausmif;aqmif a½SUwHcg;ayguf (2) tif;vsm;aqmif aemufzufwHcg;ayguf (3) *syfqifaumvdyfoGm;aom awmifzufvrf;rsm;ay:wGif jzpfonf/ wzufrSvnf; ¤if;aeY oydwfwm; onfudk wdkif;jynfrS odap&ef at0rf;ac: jrefrmtaqGukrÜPDrS udkwifarmifudk bdkifpukyf½kdufapjcif;? owif;axmuf rsm;udk "gwfykH½kdufapjcif; jyKvkyfonf/ tif;0ausmif;aqmifzuf ausmif;om;tenf;i,fESifh q&mrsm; acgif;aqmifí ausmif;wuf&ef xGuv f mMu&m ausmif;om;rsm; txyfxyf ajrBuD;ay: tdyjf cif;? ausmif;rwuf&ef arwåm&yfcjH cif;rsm; jyKvky&f m aemufq;Hk rnforl Q ausmif;rwuf0ahH wmhb J jyefomG ;Muonf/ aeYvnf (2) em&Dtcsdew f iG  f ausmif;wufrnfo h l r½Sdaomtcg tm;vkH;or*¾½kH;wGif pk½kH;um a½Twd*kHbk&m;odkY jyefvmMuonf/ ausmif;om;rsm; uwå↦vrf;ay:wGif vSJtdyfNyD; aeylusJusJü oydwfwm;Mu&m olawmif;pm;ESifh rjcm; qE´jycJhjcif; jzpfonf/ ausmif;olrsm;xJu rtkH;? rtrm? rcifjr? rrBuD;wdkY yg0ifcJhavonf/ ausmif;olrsm;\ ]uRefpdwfarG;wJU wuúodkvfyg? raevdkh xGufcJUwm? wdkhwawG nDnmpk½kH;um? a½Twd*kHay:rSm} q&mBuD;ocifu, kd af wmfridI ;f uvnf; qdwEf iS ahf cG; taqGcifyeG ;f zGUJ NyD; tpm½SmxGuo f uJo h Ykd  &efuek w f uúov kd f rSm t½kdif;atmifqef;eJY ausmuf½kyfndKjrwdkYawGUNyD; tdk;a0r*¾Zif;vkyf&mu ig;yg;arSmuf (0g) oydwfarSmufukefwmyJ[k ajymayonf/ þodkY (5) &ufquf oydwfwm;cJh&m rwfv (1) &ufaeYwGif wuúodkvftkyfcsKyfa&;aumifpDu pmar; yGJrsm; udk ZGefv (10) &ufaeYodkY a½TUvdkufonf/ oydwaf rSmufpOfumvtwGi;f ü oydwrf *¾Zif; (The Striken Number) udk xkwaf 0onf/ i&JacG;BuD;vGwf aeNyD aqmif;yg; ygvmavonf/ udkodef;azonf t*Fvdyftydkif;udk t,f'Dwmvkyfonf/ udkndKxGef;onf jzefYa0a&; vkyfief;udk vkyfonf/ pmar;yGJa½TUqdkif;vdkufí ausmif;aqmifrsm;rS ausmif;om;tcsKdU tdrfjyefoGm;NyD; oydwfpcef;rS ausmif;om;rsm;vnf; oydwfpcef;wGif pmusufMuonf/ oydwfacgif;aqmifrsm;u oydwfudpöqufvkyfonf/

(') oydwaf rSmufaphpyfjcif;ESihf oydwv f eS jf cif; wuúodkvftkyfcsKyfa&;aumifpDonf tpnf;ta0;ü OD;apmESifh EdkifiHa&;tkyfpkrsm;onf pkHprf;a&;aumfr½Sif zGUJ pnf;&ef BudK;yrf;cJMh uonf/ {NyDvtxd oydwrf vSeMf uojzifh e,fcsJUtpd;k &onf [du k u f w k rf S w&m;olBuD; OD;jrbl;udk Ouú|tjzpf xm;í pkHprf;a&;tzGJU zGJUonf/ wuúodkvfaumifpDü ¤if;tzGJU½kH;xdkifí oydwfarSmufausmif;om; r[kwfaomolrsm;udk pkHprf;ar;jref;cJhavonf/ eef;&if;0ef a'gufwmbarmfonf ausmif;om;rsm;ESifh aphpyfaqG;aEG;í xd k a umf r wD x J w G i f ausmif ; om;rsm; yg0if a pvd k o nf / xd k t csd e f w G i f oyd w f a cgif ; aqmif r sm;onf [dkufpul;ausmif;om;rsm; tm;vkH; pnf;½kH;apNyD; oydwfarSmufaumifpDwGif ¤if;txufwef;ausmif;om; udk,fpm;vS,frsm; yg0ifapavonf/ arvwGif tpd;k &ESihf oydwaf rSmufausmif;om;rsm; aphpyf&m toift h wifo h m ajyvnfonf/ wuúov kd af umif pDwGif ausmif;om;rsm; ausmif;jyefwufa&;udpöwdkY ajyvnfonf/ oydwfarSmufausmif;om;rsm;udk tjypfray;&/ pmar;yG0J if&ef pmusufcsdev f aHk vmufpmG &½Sad &;? ref;Oypmaumvdyf ausmif;qufwnfjrJa&;udpw ö Ykd ajyvnf\/ odYk aomf jyifyrS wuúodkvfpmar;yGJ ajzcGifhudk a'gufwmbarmf\ ynma&;Xmeu oabmrwl? ausmif;vc taqmifvcvnf; ravsmhay;? wuúodkvftufOya'udk jyifqifay;&efudpöudk ½kwfw&uf raqmif½GufEdkifao;í w&m;olBuD; (OD;jrbl;) BuD;rSL;aom aumfrwDodkY vTJtyfvdkufonf/ xdktcg ajyvnfaom tcsufrsm;tay:rlwnfí oydwfpcef;ü tkyfpk (2) pk uGo J mG ;onf/ udt k ek ;f ? ud&k m½Spw f Ykdu oydwv f eS &f ef oabmwlnND yD; udv k aS z? udn k Kd xGe;f wdYku oydwq f ufvo kd nf/ aemufqkH;oydwf&yf&ef oydwfaumifpDu oabmwlNyD; 1936 ck arv (10) &ufwGif oydwfvSef vdkufonf/

(") oydw\ f tusK;d aus;Zl;rsm; 1/ rwfv tv,fwGif ausmif;tkyfBuD; rpöwmpavmh ae&mwGif ygarmu©OD;azarmifwifudk ausmif;tkyfBuD; tjzpf cefYvdkufonf/ 2/ 1920 jynfh ausmif;om;oydwBf uD;xuf 1936 ck ausmif;om;oydwBf uD;onf ausmif;om;xkw&yfv;Hk \ Edk;Mum;rI pdwf"gwf ododomom xifxif½Sm;½Sm; wdk;wufjynfh0rI ½Sdvmonf/ 3/ 1936 ck ausmif;om;oydwfBuD;onf tcsdef,lBudKwifjyifqifí oydwfarSmufvdkufaom oydwfBuD; 83

jrefrmEdkifiHausmif;om;vIyf&Sm;rIordkif; - atmifxGef; r[kw/f e,fcsUJ tpd;k &\ ESyd u f yG v f eG ;f rIaMumifo h m jzpfc&hJ aom oydwBf uD;jzpfí oydwaf rSmufausmif;om;xk BuD;onf wdkYArmtpnf;t½kH;ESifhwuG e,fcsJUqefYusifa&; EdkifiHa&; tiftm;pkrsm;twGuf BuD;rm;aom EdkifiHa&; tiftm;opfBuD;w&yf jzpfay:cJhonf/ 4/  aemiftem*wfwGif  e,fcsJUudkwGef;vSefí  vGwfvyfa&;BudK;yrf;rnf[k  ocifatmifqef;?  ocifEk? ocifodef;az (odef;azjrifh)? ocifvSaz? ocifA[def;? ocifAaqG? ocifoef;xGef;wdkY ay:vm&onf/ 5/ ausmif;om;oydwfBuD;rSm aemufqHk; oydwfvSefcJhaomfvnf; vli,fobm0udk azmfjyo½kyfaqmifaom jiif;cHkrIrsm; ay:aygufjcif;ESifh t,ltqjyif;xefolwdkYu wuúodkvfudk &moufyefpGefYvTwfoGm;Muonf/ udkEk? udkvSaz? udkodef;az? ukdxGef;tkHESifh ausmif;om;tcsKdU ausmif;jyefrwufMuawmhay/ udkodef;azESifh udx k eG ;f tko H nf owif;axmufEiS  hf aus;½Gmjyefvnfxal xmifa&; ynmawmfoifq&k aomfvnf; pGeYf vw T Nf yD; EdkifiHjcm;odkY roGm;cJhacs/ 6/ oydwfacgif;aqmifudkEk\ ]NAw d o d Qtpd;k &uzGiaUf y;wJU wuúov kd rf sm;[m vcpm;uReu f av;awG arG;xkwf ay;&ef uRefxkwfukefvkyfief;puf½HkawGjzpfw,f} [laom pum;onf ausmif;om;rsm;pdwfxJwGif pGJusef &pfcJhonf/ 7/ wjynfv;kH ½S d ausmif;om;xkpnf;½H;k vIy½f mS ;rI ydrk o kd yd o f nf;ckid rf mvmNyD; ]ArmEdik if v H ;kH qdik &f m ausmif;om;rsm; or*¾ (Auo)} "All Burma Students' Union- ABSU" trnfjzif h azmfxw k Ef ikd cf o hJ nf/ Auoonf e,fcsJUqefYusifa&;ordik ;f pOfwiG  f yxrOD;qH;k tBudr f zGUJ pnf;vdu k af om wjynfv;kH ausmif;om;tzGUJ csKyfBuD; jzpfonf/ 8/ wdkYArmtpnf;t½Hk;\MoZm ausmif;om;xktwGif; us,fjyefYpGm xdk;ESuf0ifa&mufoGm;NyD; wdkYArmtpnf; t½Hk;ESifh ausmif;om;or*¾rsm; ydkrdkcdkifrmpGm yl;aygif;rdvmonf/ 9/ 'kwd,tBudrf jynfvHk;uRwf ausmif;om;oydwfwdkufyGJBuD;onf awmif;qdkcsufrsm; vufiif;tm;jzifh tjynfht0 r&aomfvnf; EdkifiHa&;atmifjrifcsufrsm;rSmum; ½HI;edrhf&jcif;rsm;xuf omvGefum ordkif;wGif &pfrnfh atmifjrifcsufrsm; &½SdcJhonf/ 10/ 1920 jynfhwGif tufOya'udk jyifqifcsuf oydwfwdkufyGJrS r&½Sdaom ,leDAmpDwDtufOya'udk 'kwd, ausmif;om;oydwfu atmifjrifpGmjyifqifEdkifcJhonf/ 11/ ausmif;om;acgif;aqmifrsm;onf a'gufwmbarmf? wuúov kd af umifp0D ifrsm;? Edik if aH &;acgif;aqmifrsm; ESifh awGUqHkaqG;aEG;rIaMumifh todÓPfrsm; zGHUNzdK;vmNyD;? rdrdudk,frdrd ,HkMunfvmum tpkd;&ESifh ygvDref vkyfaqmifcsufrsm; em;vnfvmonf/ Edik if aH &;vIy½f mS ;rI? wGe;f vSerf EI iS Uf awGq Y akH qG;aEG;a&;udk em;vnfvm onf/ awmif;qdkcsufrsm;udk rnfodkhuefhowf&rnf? wdk;csJY&rnfudk em;vnfvmonf/ tcsdefuefhowfrI? vlxak xmufcrH \ I tquftoG,?f ud, k u Uf , kd u f x kd ed ;f csKyjf cif;ESihf Nird o f ufpmG vdv k m;csurf sm; qGq J efw h ifjyEdik yf kH udk oabmaygufvmayonf/ 12/ trsKd;om;wuúodkvf ay:aygufvmayonf/

(e) trsK;d om;wuúov kd jf zpfay:vmyHk oydwfudktaMumif;jyKí trsKd;om;wuúodkvfwnfaqmuf&ef udkEktMuHxGufvmonf/ xdkYaemuf udkatmif qef;? 0wfvOkH ;D odr;f armif? olaX;OD;oGi?f  ausmif;tkyBf uD;OD;bvGi?f  'D;'kwOf ;D bcsKd? 0wfvOkH ;D ausmfjrifw h Ykd  vufcMH uonf/ trsKd;om;wuúodkvf wnfaxmifoifhNyD[k ,HkMunfMuonf/ 1937 wGif ArmEdkifiHudk tdEd´,EdkifiHrS cGJxkwfvdkufonf/ 'dkiftmcDtkyfcsKyfa&;ae&mwGif 91-XmetkyfcsKyfa&; a&mufawmhrnf/ xdktajctaeudk &ifqdkifEdkif&ef Arm ausmif;om; rsm;onf 0dZmÆ ? odyyHÜ nmrsm;ud k us,fus,fjyefYjyefY wwfozd Ykd vv kd monf/ ¤if;ynmrsm;ud k Armpmjzifyh Ykd csvQif vsifjrefpmG wwfp&m½Sdonf/ þodkYajrmfjrifí acgif;aqmifrsm;u trsKd;om;wuúodkvf wnfaxmif&ef MuH½G,fonf/ trsKd;om; wuúodkvf &HyHkaiG½Sm&mwGif NrdKUrausmif;ü tpnf;ta0;jyKvkyf&m rsKd;cspfyk*¾dKvfrsm; wufa&mufMuonf/ olaX;OD;oGif em,uvkyfNyD; &efyHkaiGOD;OD;zsm;zsm; 1000d^- usyf xnfhonf/ OD;oGiftvSLaiGudk udkatmif qef;u rauseyfacs/ &efyHkaiG odef;aygif;rsm;pGmvdkonf/ olaX;BuD;wa,muf\ aiGwaxmifrSm qifyg;pyfESrf;yufo vdkom jzpfonf/ xdkoabmtwdkif; udkatmifqef;u wHk;wdwdajymonf/ tpnf;ta0;rSm a½SUrwdk;? aemufrqkwf jzpfaeonf/ 84

udkvdkeDacwfaESmif; - 1935 rS 1936 - e,fcsJYqefhusifa&; vGwfvyfa&;BudK;yrf;rI trsKd;om;a&;toGif trsKd;om;ynm0efOD;zdk;usm;u xí ]trsKd;om;wuúodkvfjzpfajrmufa&;twGuf aiGodef;csD vdkw,fqdkwm rSefygw,f/ odkhayr,fU OD;oGifvdk yk*¾dKvfBuD;u aiG 1000d^- xnfUwm enf;w,fvdkh rqdkEdkifygbl;/ bmaMumifUvJqdkawmU avmavmq,frSm olhapwem o'¨gw&m;tavsmuf xnfjU cif;om jzpfw,f/ aemuf wuúov kd f jzpfajrmufwt UJ cg apwemawG ydv k mNy;D xnfv U rd rUf ,fvhkd arQmfvifUygw,f/ aemufNyD; 'Davmuftzdk;wefwJU yk*¾dKvfBuD;u wuúodkvfjzpfajrmufa&; tpnf;ta0;ukd tcsdefukef vlyef;cHNyD; em,uvmaqmif½GufwJUtwGuf wefzdk;[m rqHk;jzwfEdkifatmif BuD;rm;vSygw,f} xdktcgrS OD;oGif? udkatmifqef;ESifh y&dowfrsm; jyHK;Edkifonf/ Mo*kwfvwGif trsKd;om;wuúodkvf naeydkif;oifwef;rsm;udk NrdKUrausmif;ü zGifhvSpfcJhonf/ xdkoifwef;rsm;ü(1) jrefrmhtvif;OD;pdef - owif;pmynm (2) ol&d,OD;vSaz - abm*aA' (3) a'gufwmxifatmif - t*FvdyfpmESifh EdkifiHa&;&mZ0if (4) ygarmu©OD;atmifvS - ocsFm (5) OD;xGef;ndK - yx0D0if (6) 'D;'kwfOD;bcsKd - udk;cef;ysKdU (7) ynm0efaxmufa[mif; OD;zdk;pdef - jrefrmo'´g (8) OD;zdk;usm;ESifh OD;oufwif - &mZ0if ausmif;pmtkyfrsm;udk OD;zdk;usm; yHkESdyfwdkufrS udk,fydkif½kdufESdyf jzefYa0cJhonf/ OD;zdk;usm;onf aemufydkif;wGif wdk;wufa&;r*¾Zif;odkY vpOfaqmif;yg;rsm;a&;NyD; ¤if;aqmif;yg;rsm;udk ¤if;yHkESdyfwdkufrS vHk;csif;tjzpf xkwfa0cJh&m wdkif;jynftESHY tusKd;rsm;cJhonf/

(y) trsK;d om;wuúov kd zf iG yhf JG qmOD;oGirf ed cYf eG ;f tESpcf sKyf 1/ trsKd;om;wuúodkvfonf rnfonfhwuúodkvfESifhrQ *kPfwk*kPfNydKif ESdrfcsvdkí wnfaxmifjcif;r[kwf? 2/ ,leDAmpDwDü roifMum;Edkifaom toufarG;0rf;ausmif;ynm&yfrsm; oifMum;ay;&efESifh txufwef;ynmrsm;udk jrefrmbmomjzifh oifMum;ay;&ef? (jrefrmjynfwGifxGuf½Sdaom ukefMurf;rsm;udk ukefacsmzefwD;ay;onfh (College Industries) rsm; jzpfay:vmap&ef?) 3/ ArmvlrsKd;rsm; MuHqwDxGif vmwwfap&ef? 4/  pufrIvufrIaomfvnf;aumif;?  ul;oef;a&mif;0,fa&;aomfvnf;aumif;  usepGmvkyfudkifí  wdkif;jynftusKd; aqmif½Gufwwfap&ef? 5/ twwfynm tajccHA[kokw½Sdí ½dk;om;ajzmifhrwfNyD;? 0D&d,vHkYvjzifh ÓPfynm tm;xkwfNyD; vkyfudkifjcif;jzifh BuD;yGm;wdk;wufap&ef? 6/ Armjynfonf tdE, ´d jynfEiS  hf cGcJ mG NyD;aemuf pufrv I ufrw I ;kd wufa&;twGu f a&aomufjrpfozG,jf zpfaom trsK;d om; wuúodkvfBuD; tqifhoifhwnf½Sdap&efESifh wdkif;jynfBuD;yGm;wdk;wuf&eftwGuf trsKd;om;wuúodkvf vdktyfaMumif;? 7/ tm;BudK;rmefwufjzifh trsKd;om;wuúodkvfwnfaxmifí wuf
jrefrmEdkifiHausmif;om;vIyf&Sm;rIordkif; - atmifxGef;

(z) 1936 yxrtBurd f ArmEdik if v H ;kH qdik &f mausmif;om;rsm;or*¾ (Auo) nDvmcH (arv 8 &uf? 1936)

Source: Oway Magazines

oydwfarSmufumv  (3)  vMumaomtcg  &efukefwuúodkvfausmif;om;rsm;  or*¾  (wuo)  onf trsKd;om;a&; us,fjyefYaomvIyf½Sm;rIodkY  ajymif;vJa&muf½SdvmNyD; ausmif;om;or*¾onf  trsKd;om;vli,frsm;udk acgif;aqmifvmum tusKd;aus;Zl;taeESifh Auoay:vmayonf/ yxrqHk;tBudrf AuonDvmcHukd 1936 arv (8) &ufaeYwGif oydwf arSmuf ausmif;om;rsm;yg0ifNyD; *sLAvDa[mü usif;y&m yxrqHk; Ouú|taeESifU ud&k m½Spu f kd ceft h yfNy;D ? udkatmifqef;udk 'k-Ouú|tjzpf cefYtyfvdkufonf/ udkA[def; (txufArmjynf ud, k pf m;vS,)f ? udjk yefY (aemif ocifjyefY? ucsifjynfe,f)? udx k eG ;f ½Sed  f (aemif Adv k &f efEikd )f ? udAk aqG (aemif 0efBuD;csKy)f ? udv k aS ½T (aemif tmPm½Siv f aS ½T)? udkodef;atmif (aemif ausmif;om;acgif;aqmif)? udkvSarmif? udkxGef;tHkwdkY wuf a&mufcMhJ uonf/ ¤if;tpnf;ta0;rS trsKd;om;a&;tzGUJ csKyf tpnf;ta0; us,fjyefY ap&efESifh trsKd;om;wuúodkvf wnfaxmif&ef? wkdif;&if;om;ausmif;om;rsm;ESifh jynfwGif;ae vlrsKd;jcm;ausmif;om;rsm; aoG;pnf;&ef qHk;jzwfcsufcscJhonf/ 1936 oydwfumvwGif ausmif;om;acgif;aqmifrsm;onf xifjrifcsuf rsm; uGjJ ym;onf½adS omfv J trsm;qE´u kd vku d ef mcJMh uonf/ aoG;pnf;nDñw G pf mG jzifh atmif j rif r u I   k d a½S ; ½I c o h J nf /  ud E k o k nf   pH j yacgif ; aqmif   wa,muf j zpf c o h J nf / ¤if;\ yxrqH;k Auo Oya'oifwef;rS &½Sad om tawGUtMuHKrsm;jzif h ud, k u f sihw f &m;? tao;pdwaf qG;aEG; Ouú| ud&k m½Spf rI? pkpnf;rIrsm; jyKvkyEf ikd cf o hJ nf/ nbufrsm;wGi f rdeYfceG ;f ajymMum;&mü oydwaf rSmuf ausmif;om;rsm; rdrdudk,frdrd  ,HkMunfrI½Sdap&efESifh  wm0efrsm; ausyGefpGmxrf;aqmif&ef  a[majymonf/ ukd&m½Spf? udkatmif qef;? udkausmfNidrf;? udkxGef;tkHwdkY tjcm;udpörsm; tvkyfrsm;aepOf udkEkonf oydwfpcef;udk aumif;rGefpGm tkyfcsKyfEdkifonf/ oydwfNyD;aemuf ¤if;wdkYtm;vHk;onf trdajr vGwfvyfa&;twGuf qufvufwdkufyGJ0ifcJhMuonf/ rMumrDumvwGif wuúodkvfajrrS aeí vGwfvyfa&;twGuf tpDtpOfBudK;yrf;rIudk yHkMurf;azmfEdkifchJayonf/ þodYk jzif h Auoonf awmfveS af &;vrf;aMumif; (NAdwo d Qe,fcsUJ vufatmufr S vGwaf jrmufa&;) vrf;aMumif; odkY  csOf;uyfcJhonf/ wuouJhodkY  udk,fydkif  zGJUpnf;yHkpnf;rsOf;udk  a&;qGJEdkifcJhonf/ e,fcsJUvufa0cH  ynma&;ukd pGefYvTwfí ausmif;om;rsm;onf vGwfvyfa&;wdkufyGJxJodkY a&muf½SdcJhMuonf/ 1937 ckESpfwGif ausmif;om; oydwf acgif;aqmif  udkEk?  ausmif;q&m  udkoef;xGef;wdkYonf  jrefrmvGwfvyfa&;twGuf  taxmuftul&ap&ef  e*g;eD pmtkyftoif;udk  xlaxmifcJhonf/ ¤if;toif;rS  udkodef;az\ q&mvGef;tw¦KyÜwÅd? udkEk\ qdk½S,fvpf0g'? NrdKUr q&m[de\ f  bd&k pfta&;awmfy kH ponf h pmtkyrf sm; qufwu kd  f xkwaf 0cJo h nf/ ausmif;om;rsm;tzdYk  xdpk mayrsm;uvnf; aemufrS aphaqmfcJhonf/ zdESdyfrIawG? vlrIa&; tqifrajyrIawGvnf; wckNyD;wck MuHKawGUae&onf/ e,fcsJUtpdk;&qefY usifa&; pdwf"mwft[kefonf ydkí 
udkvdkeDacwfaESmif; - 1935 rS 1936 - e,fcsJYqefhusifa&; vGwfvyfa&;BudK;yrf;rI trsKd;om;a&;toGif ausmif;om;vTwfawmf zGJUpnf;EdkifcJhonf/ (7) wef;rS (10) wef;xd tajccHausmif;rsm;wGifvnf; or*¾toif;rsm; ay:xGe;f vmcJah yonf/ ¤if;wdYk pw d w f iG v f nf; awmfveS af &;pdw"f mwfrsm; pdr0hf ifysUH ESYH vmonf/ e,fcsUJ AsL½du k a&pD ynma&; pepfudk  Ncdrf; ajcmufvmcJhonf/ AuotzGJUacgif;aqmifrsm;onf tvkyform;rsm;? awmifolv,form;rsm;? e,fcsJU pepfqdk;atmuf 'ku©a&mufaeolrsm;udk aumif;pGmpkpnf;EdkifcJhonf/ Auoacgif;aqmifrsm;onf 'Drdkua&pDtcGifhta&; rsm; &½Sda&;ESifh vGwfvyfa&;twGuf trsKd;om;a&;vIyf½Sm;rI acgif;aqmifrsm;ESifh wGJzufEdkifcJhonf/ ordkif;pmrsufESmopf zGifhEdkifcJhonf/

(A) e*g;eDpmtkyt f oif;tp ausmif;om;u

Source: Unknown

udkEkonf  wuúodkvfrSxGufNyD;aemuf  'D;'kwf*sme,fwGif  0ifvkyfavonf/  jrefrmhtvif; owif;pmud k xkwaf 0cJo h nf/ udv k aS zu wnfaxmifco hJ nf/ The New Burma t*Fvyd o f wif;pmudk aeYpOfxkwfrS wywf (3) Budrfxkwftjzpf ajymif;vJxkwfa0cJhonf/ ¤if;owif;pmudk a'gufwmodef; armifu ydkifonf/ 1937 wGif ¤if;owif;pmrsm;onf trsKd;om;a&;BudK;yrf;rI rvHkavmufí udkEk? udkvSaz? udkodef;azwdkYonf  e*g;eDpmtkyftoif;udk  wnfaxmifcJhavonf/  udkxGef;at;u  aiGaMu; ulnDaxmufyHh ay;cJhavonf/ 1936 oydwftusKd;taeESifh  ausmif;om;trsm;pkrSm EdkifiHa&;pmayrsm; avhvm&ef  pdwftm; xufoefvmMuonf/ rmhufpf0g'ESifh vuf0Jpmayrsm; (wuúodkvfwGif r½Sdaom) udk e*g;eDpmtkyftoif;rS avhvmcGi hf &vmMuonf/ udb k aomif;ESi hf udEk w k Ykd  a&;om;aom 0w¬KESi hf jyZmwfrsm;ud k ausmif;om;trsm;pk tav;xm; avhvmzwf½IvmMuonf/ ¤if;pmtkyftoif;rS ausmif;om;rsm;\ wdk;wufrIpGrf;&nfudk ay;vmEdkifavonf/

(b) Auorsm;tzGUJ \ r[mAsL[mESihf enf;AsL[m Auorsm;tzGUJ onf vlwef;pm;cGjJ cm;jcif; r½Sad om e,fcsJUqefYusifa&; ausmif;om;trsm;pk\ tzGUJ jzpfonf/ Auorsm;tzGJUonf trsKd;om;a&;vIyf½Sm;rIudk qefYusifonfhtzGJUrsm;udk ,SOfjydKifwdkufcdkufrnf jzpfonf/ xdYk twl vlrsKd;ESi hf bmoma&; cGjJ cm;rIuv kd nf; &ifqikd w f u kd cf u dk o f mG ;rnf/ ¤if;qefYusifrrI sm;ud k vIy½f mS ;rIrsm;? rdeYf ceG ;f rsm;? pm½Gufpmwrf;rsm;jzifh qefYusifoGm;rnf/ aemufvufwbufjzifh vlrsKd;EG,frsm;? vlrsKd;pkrsm; AuotzGJUodkY pdwfyg0ifpm;pGm yg0ifvmEdkifa&;twGuf aumfrwDrsm;wGif yg0ifvmEdkifa&;twGuf tjrJowdBuD;pGm aqmif½GufoGm;rnfjzpfonf/ ¤if;uJhodkY tiftm;awmifhwif; aom? xufjrufaom t½Sdeft[kefjzifh ausmif;om;rsm;tm;vHk;odkY ysHUESHUpGm pdrfh0ifapNyD; ausmif;om;tm;vHk;udk owif; odap&ef BudK;yrf;aprnf/ ausmif;om;rsm;tm;vH;k  yg0ifvm&ap&ef BudK;yrf;NyD; ryg0ifao;aom ausmif;om;rsm;udv k nf; tpnf;ta0; rsm;udk zdwfMum;NyD; wufa&muf&ef BudK;yrf;rnfjzpfonf/ Auorsm;tzGJUESifh tjcm;or*¾tzGJUrsm; tpnf;ta0;rsm;wGifvnf; Auorsm;tzGJU\ atmifjrifrIrsm;udk wifjyrnf/ tm;upm;ESifh ,Ofaus;rIqdkif&m pnf;a0;yGJrsm;wGifvnf; Auo\ tajctaersm;udk wifjyrnfjzpfonf/ AuotzGUJ onf ausmif;om;trsm;pkqE´u kd av;pm;vdu k ef mNyD; ausmif;om;tenf;pkqE´u kd tav;xm;um or*¾cGJrsm;\ qE´ESifh ar;cGef;rsm;udk vsifjrefpGm ajzMum;aqmif½Gufrnf jzpfonf/ AuotzGJUonf 'Drkdua&pDvrf;aMumif;ay:ü tajccHwnfaqmufNyD; ausmif;om;trsm;pkqE´udk vsifjrefpGm taumiftxnfazmf aqmif½Gufrnfjzpfonf/ tajccHynmESifh wuúodkvfausmif;rsm; tm;vHk;ü ausmif;om;rsm; aeYpOfvIyf½Sm;rIrsm;udk acgif;aqmifae&mü &½Sdap&ef BudK;yrf;oGm;rnf jzpfonf/ ausmif;om;or*¾cGJ toif;tm;vHk;onf toif;tpnf;ta0;udk yHkrSef usif;yaqG;aEG;NyD; aus;vufrsm;txd pnf;½H;k a&;qif; aqG;aEG;yGrJ sm; yHrk eS jf yKvky&f rnf jzpfonf/ ¤if;a'orS ausmif;om;rsm; pdwyf g0ifpm;&efEiS  hf vIy½f mS ;rIrsm; yg0ifvmap&ef BudK;yrf;&rnfjzpfonf/ ausmif;om;or*¾tzGUJ cG J acgif;aqmifrsm;? NrdKUe,f? aus;½Gm acgif;aqmifrsm;taeESi hf tvkyt f rIaqmiftzGUJ \ 87

jrefrmEdkifiHausmif;om;vIyf&Sm;rIordkif; - atmifxGef; qHk;jzwfcsufrsm;udk yHkrSefowif;vTmrsm; jzefYcsdí ausmif;rsm;wGif vdkufemap&ef aqmif½Guf&rnf/  or*¾a½G;aumufyGJrsm;udk usif;yNyD; AuonDvmcH qHk;jzwfcsufrsm;udk rvdkufemaom? yg0ifvkyfaqmifrI r½Sdaom or*¾ tzGJUcGJrsm;udk ta&;,lpdppf&rnf/ Auorsm;tzGJUonf tzGJU0ifwOD;OD;u trsKd;om;a&;vIyf½Sm;rIudk qefYusifvQifaomfvnf;aumif;? or*¾udk qefYusifvQifaomf vnf;aumif; ¤if;udk vsifjrefpGm pHkprf;ar;jref;í or*¾rS trsm;pkjzifh qHk;jzwfcsufcsum ¤if;udk or*¾rS xkwfy,fEdkifonf/ -ponfwdkY jzpfonf/

88

udkvdkeDacwfaESmif; - 1935 rS 1936 - e,fcsJYqefhusifa&; vGwfvyfa&;BudK;yrf;rI trsKd;om;a&;toGif

OD;Ek (1935-36) Source: Internet

jynfaxmifpktzJGUcsKyf Ouú|? EkdifiHawmf0efBuD;csKyf OD;Ekyif jzpfonf/ ajrmif;jrc½kdif? 0g;c,frNrKdUwGif arG;zGm;NyD; zGm;ouú&mZfrSm 1907 ck? arv (25) &uf jzpfonf/ 0g;c,frNrKd h t*Fvdyf-jrefrm ESpfbmomoifausmif;? trsKd;om;ausmif;rsm;wGif ynmoifMum;cJhNyD; &efukefNrKdU NrKdUrwkdif;&if;om; txufwef;ausmif;okdY ajymif;a½TU ynmoifMum;cJ\ h / (10) wef;pmar;yJu G  dk NrKdUrwkid ;f &if;om; txufwef;ausmif;rS atmifjrifcNhJ yD;? wuúov dk w f iG f ynmqufvufoifMum;cJ\ h / 0dZmÆ bGUJ uk d 1939 ckEpS w f iG  f qGwcf ;l cJo h nf/ yef;waemfEiS  hf ok;H cGNrKdU trsK;d om;txufwef;ausmif;rsm;wGi f ausmif;tkyBf uD;tjzpf aqmif½u G Nf yD;aemuf 193435 wGif Oya'ynmqnf;yl;&ef wuúokdvfokdY jyefvnfa&muf½SdcJh\/ vpfvyfaeaom or*¾Ouú| ae&mwGif 0ifa&muf,OS Nf yKdi&f m tEkid &f ½Scd o hJ nf/ 1935-36 ckwiG  f wuo Ouú|tjzpf a½G;aumufwifajr§mufjcif;cH&onf/ 1936 ck ausmif;om;ta&;awmfykH ay:aygufcJhonf/ OD;Ekonf 1936 ck ta&;awmfykHtrSwftom; jzpf\/ 1936 ckEpS u f m; e,fcsUJ orm;wefc;dk xGm;aomESp f jzpfayonf/ e,fcsUJ orm;rsm;onf wkid ;f jynf t½Sio f ciftjzpfjzifh b0ifjrifMh uayonf/ t½kt d aoay;rIonf ¤if;wdYktwGu f om,mrufarmzG, f jzpfvm\/ pum;ajymvQi f “SIR” [laom pum;vH;k uk d xnfah jymrS raemcku d ?f  oabmBuKu d cf o hJ nf/ wuúov dk af usmif;om; wOD;u pmoifcef;wGif q&mbOD;tm; “SIR” pum;vkH;rokH;? ikH;wdwd ajymojzifh ta&;,ljcif; cH&avonf/ or*¾onf ta&;,lcH&aom ausmif;om;bufrS &yfwnfcJh\/ or*¾Ouú| udkEkESifh wuúokdvfausmif;tkyfBuD; rpöwmpavmhwkdY tjyeftvSef pma&;cJhMuonf/ ausmif;om;bufrS &yfwnfum pma&;cJhaom or*¾Ouú|ukd ausmif;rS xkwyf pfvu dk o f nf/ wzef tk;d a0r*¾Zif;wGi f ygaom “Hell hound at large” [laom aqmif;yg;ESi hf ywfoufí wm0efct H ,f'w D m ukdatmifqef; (AkdvfcsKyf) tm; ausmif;xkwfjyefonf/ “Hell hound at large” ]i&JacG;BuD;vGwfaeNyD} [l aom aqmif;yg;onf wuúokdvftmPmykdifwkdY\*kPfodu©mudk xdckdufonf? aqmif;yg;a&;olukd xkwfazmf&ef awmif;qko d nf/ wm0efct H ,f'w D m udak tmifqef;u xkwaf zmfrajymojzif h ausmif;xkwjf cif;jzpf\/ aqmif;yg; a&;olrSm ukdodef;wif ,ck tkd;a0 OD;nKdjr jzpfonf/ or*¾Ouú|ESifh trIaqmifwOD;tm; ausmif;xkwfojzifh? ausmif;om;ta&;awmfykHBuD; ay:aygufvmavonf/ ausmif;om;ta&;awmfykHonf wjynfvkH;okd ysHUESHYcJh\/ wuúodkvfrSpí txufwef;ausmif;rsm;txd oydwf arSmufcJhMuonf/ or*¾Ouú| ukdEku bDat0dZÆmbGJUukd jyeftyf qE´jycJhonf/ ykvdyf½kH;BuD;a½SUwGif t*Fvdyf ,leD,H*suftvHukd rD;½IdUum qE´jycJhonf/ 89

jrefrmEdkifiHausmif;om;vIyf&Sm;rIordkif; - atmifxGef;

oydwpf pkH rf;a&;aumfrwDzUGJ jcif;? qmjrbl; acgif;aqmifaom pkpH rf;a&;aumfrwDzUJG jcif;jzif h oydwt f a&;awmfyu Hk kd NyD;jywfapcJo h nf/ ta&;awmfyo Hk nf (3) vrQMumcJ\ h / or*¾Ouú| ukEd o k nf ausmif;om;rsm;\ cspMf unfav;pm; rIu dk cH&onf/ ukBd uD;Ek[í l  xif½mS ;cJí h  ,ckwikd yf if ac:vsuf ½SMd uao;onf/ or*¾Ouú| oufwrf;ukeq f ;Hk í wuúov dk rf  S xGuo f mG ;aomfvnf; or*¾wiG  f jyóemay:vmonft h cg a½SUaqmifajz½Si;f jcif; jyKcJ&h avonf/ ukdEkonf wuúokdvfrS xGufNyD; wkdYArmtpnf;t½kH;okdY 0ifa&mufaqmif½Gufonf/ ppfrjzpfrDu wkdif;jynftm; ynmay;&mwGi f ausmMf um;cJah om e*g;eDpmtkyt f oif;uk d xlaxmifc\ hJ / t*Fvyd ef ,fcsUJ orm;rsm; zrf;qD;jcif;cH&NyD;? *syef0ifvmaomtcgrS vGwaf jrmufcahJ vonf/ *syefacwfwiG  f tpk;d &tzGYJü Ekid if jH cm;a&;0efBuD;tjzpf wm0efc, H cl o hJ nf/ ppftNyD;wGi f zqyvtzGYJü 'k-Ouú|tjzpf aqmif½u G cf NhJ yD;? Adv k cf sKyfatmifqef;wkYd usqk;H aomtcg zqyv Ouú|ESi hf 0efBuD;csKyf jzpfvmcJah vonf/ 1956 ckepf ZGev f wGi f 0efBuD;csKyf&mxl;rS Ekwx f u G cf jhJ yD; 1957 ckEpS rf wfvwGi f 0efBuD;csKyf jyefjzpfco hJ nf/ zqyv uGaJ omtcg oefY½iS ;f zqyv Ouú|tjzpf aqmif½u G í f Ekid af wmf0efBuD;csKyfyif jzpfjyefonf/ 1958 ck? atmufwb dk mvwGif Akv d cf sKyfae0if;tm; tpk;d &tmPm vTaJ jymif;ay;cJjh yD;? 1960 ckEpS w f iG f usi;f yaom taxGaxG a½G;aumufyBJG uD; jyD;aomtcg Ekid if aH wmf0efBuD;csKyf tjzpfyif jyefv f nfwifajrmufjcif; cH&jyefavonf/ (td;k a0)

1962 ck? rwfv (2) &ufaeY AdkvfcsKyfBuD;ae0if; OD;aqmiftmPmodrf;csdef txd EdkifiHawmf0efBuD;csKyftjzpf aqmif½u G cf o hJ nf/ Adv k cf sKyfBuD;ae0if; OD;aqmiftmPmodr;f cJah om awmfveS af &;aumifpt D pd;k &rS OD;Ektm; 1966 ckEpS f txd xdr;f odr;f xm;cJonf/ 1968 ckEpS f 'DZifbm (2) &ufaeUwGif awmfveS af &;aumifpu D zJUG aom (33)OD; jynfwiG ;f nDñw G af &;tMuHay;tzJUG wGif yg0ifonf/ 1969 ckESpf xdkif;EdkifiHodkU xGufvmNyD; ygvDref'Drdkua&pDygwD xlaxmifNyD; rqvtpdk;&tm; vufeufudkif awmfveS cf o hJ nf/ 1980 ckEpS ?f Zlvikd v f (29) &ufwiG f vGwNf idr;f csr;f omcGijhf zifh jrefrmEdik if o H Ykd jyefomG ;cJo h nf/ 1988 ckEpS ?f pufwifbm (9) &ufaeY 8888 vIy½f mS ;rIumtwGi;f Mum;jzwftpd;k &zGYJ pnf;NyD; Edik if aH wmf0efBuD;csKyf tjzpf aMunmonf/ OD;atmifBuD;ESifh a':atmifqef;pkMunfwdkYtm; ¤if;Mum;jzwftpdk;&wGif yg0if&ef zdwaf c:cJah omfvnf; uefYuu G cf í hJ Mum;jzwftpd;k &zJYG pnf;rI ratmifjrifcahJ y/ 1988 pufwifbm (18) &uf ppfwyf (e0w) rS tmPmodr;f tNyD; Edik if aH &;ygwDrsm; zJYGciG ahf y;aomtcg tapmqH;k wnfaxmifonfh 'Dru kd a&pDEiS Nhf ird ;f csr;f a&;tzJYGcsKyu f kd OD;pD;wnfaxmifonf/ Mum;jzwftpd;k &zJYGpnf;rIukd jzwford ;f &ef jiif;qefojzifh OD;Ektm; e0wtpdk;&rS 1989 ckESpf? 'DZifbmv (29) &ufaeYwGif tus,fcsKyfcs zrf;qD;cJhonf/ 1992 ckEpS ?f {NyDv (23) &ufaeYwiG f aetdrt f us,fcsKyfrS jyefvw T af y;cJo h nf/ 1995 ck? azazmf0g&Dv (14) &ufaeUwGi f &efuek Nf rdKUü uG,v f eG o f nf/ rSwfcsuf- pmvHk;tapmif;ESifh azmfjycsufrsm;onf aemufqHk;vuf½Sd tajctaetxd qufvufpkaqmif; a&;om;azmfjyxm;jcif;jzpfonf/ tifwmeuf-  0DuDyD'D,m^  {&m0wDtifwmeufpmrsufESm^  'DADbDowif;Xme/  OD;Ek\  ig;ESpf&moDArmjynf?  1941-45? {&m0wDpmaywdkuf/ wyfrawmfordkif;-yÍörwJG? 1962-1974? pm-108/

90

udkvdkeDacwfaESmif; - 1935 rS 1936 - e,fcsJYqefhusifa&; vGwfvyfa&;BudK;yrf;rI trsKd;om;a&;toGif

1936 'kw, d ausmif;om;oydwu f mv ausmif;om;acgi;f aqmifrsm; 0JrS,m- udn k Kd jr? udEk k (vufnK§d ;axmifí pum;ajymaeol)? udx k eG ;f wif? trnfrod? udx k eG ;f tH?k udb k at;? udt k ek ;f ? trnfrod? udn k Kd xeG ;f S m)- udck ifarmifuav;? trnfrod? udv k aS z (Adv k v f uFsm) pm;yJw G zufjcrf;wGif xdik af eolrsm; (0Jr,

oydwaf rSmufaumifp0D if udv k aS z (AdkvfvusFm)

oydwaf rSmufaumifp0D if rtrm (vlxak ':trm)

oydwaf rSmufaumifp0D if udt k ek ;f (aemif oHtrwfBu;D )

udck ifarmifuav; (aemif 0efBu;D Adv k cf ifarmifuav;)

Source: Unknown; Portraits (DTY); Unknown; ASO's 50 Years; Portraits (DTY); Portraits (DTY);

oydwaf rSmufaumifpD twGi;f a&;rSL; udak usmNf ird ;f (aemif 0efBu;D )

91

jrefrmEdkifiHausmif;om;vIyf&Sm;rIordkif; - atmifxGef;

1935-36 td;k a0r*¾Zif;aumfrwD tzJ0YG ifrsm;? a½Sw Y ef; (0J) rS 'kw, d - wm0efct H ,f'w D m udak tmifqef;? wwd,- udo k ed ;f wif (td;k a0OD;ndKjr)

Source: Unknown

1935-36 ckEpS f td;k a0r*¾Zif; wm0efct H ,f'w D m udak tmifqef;

92

1936 ck wuúov kd o f ydwaf rSmufaumifp0D ifrsm;

udkvdkeDacwfaESmif; - 1935 rS 1936 - e,fcsJYqefhusifa&; vGwfvyfa&;BudK;yrf;rI trsKd;om;a&;toGif

wDaubGef;

udkxGef;wif

OD;xGe;f ndK

udak tmifoed ;f

udpk ;kd armif

rpöwmAm;rm;

udkbquf

udktkef;

udkvSarmif

udkoD[ef

udkbat;

Source: Unknown

udkñGefh

93

jrefrmEdkifiHausmif;om;vIyf&Sm;rIordkif; - atmifxGef;

a½Tw*d o kH ydwpf cef;rS tvSLcHxu G v f maom ausmif;om;rsm;

a½Tw*d o kH ydwpf cef;½Icif;rsm;

xrif;csuw f m0ef,&l aom td;k olBu;D tzJYG

bk&;ay:ü awG&Y aom oydwaf usmif;olrsm;

armfvNrKd iZf &yfü aumfzaD omufcsed f

Source: Unknown

94

a½Tw*d kH awmifbufapmif;wef;½Sd wuúov kd o f ydwpf cef;jzpfaom armfvNrKd iZf &yfa½Y w S iG f awG&Y aom ausmif;om;rsm; aY½w S ef;- udak usmNf ird ;f ? udn k Kd jr? udñ k eG ?hf aemufwef;- udo k mvS? udck ifarmifuav;? udx k eG ;f tH?k trnfrod

udkvdkeDacwfaESmif; - 1935 rS 1936 - e,fcsJYqefhusifa&; vGwfvyfa&;BudK;yrf;rI trsKd;om;a&;toGif

1936 ck wuúov kd f oydwaf rSmuf&mwGif ausmif;ol? ausmif;om;rsm; &efuek Nf rKd w Y iG ;f ü pDwef;vSnv Uf nfMuonf a½Sq Y ;kH wef; vuf0b J ufrS yxr trsK;d orD;- rcifjr (aemif ynma&;uxdu)? 'kw, d - rtH;k (aemif ygVd ygarmu©? rEåav;) 1936 ckEpS ?f arv (10) &ufaehnwGif a½Tw*d &kH ifjyifay:ü ausmif;ol? ausmif;om;rsm; oydwv f eS t f pnf;ta0;usi;f yaeyHk

Source: Unknown; YU History (Diamond Jubilee)

95

Source: RU History (Diamond Jubilee)

1936 ck &efuek w f uúov kd f 'kw, d ausmif;oydwf o½kyaf zmfumwGe;f

96

jrefrmEdkifiHausmif;om;vIyf&Sm;rIordkif; - atmifxGef;

udkvdkeDacwfaESmif; - 1935 rS 1936 - e,fcsJYqefhusifa&; vGwfvyfa&;BudK;yrf;rI trsKd;om;a&;toGif

Source: RU History (Diamond Jubilee)

1936 ck 'kw, d ausmif;oydwf Ny;D aemuf wuúov kd rf *¾Zif;ü azmfjycJah om umwGe;f rsm;

97

jrefrmEdkifiHausmif;om;vIyf&Sm;rIordkif; - atmifxGef;

tcef; (7) udv k ekd aD cwfaESmif;ydik ;f e,fcsUJ qefu Y siaf &; vGwv f yfa&;BuKd ;yrf;rI trsK;d om;a&;toGif ausmif;om;vIy&f mS ;rIordik ;f (1937 rS 1938)

(u) &Srf;-Arm aoG;pnf;a&;tp wuo

Source: Portrait (DTY)

aoG;cGJtkyfcsKyfjcif;onf e,fcsJUwkdY\ enf;y&d,m,fjzpfonf/ ½Srf;? ucsif? u&if? csif; paom awmifay:om;rsm;ESifh Armrsm;ukd tquftqHrsm;pGm r½Sd&efESifh wOD;ESiw hf OD; r,kMH unf&ef NAdwo d Qu aoG;cGx J m;onf/ ½Sr;f jynfoYdk ArmjynfrS wkd; wufaom EkdifiHa&;orm;rsm; 0ifcGifhrjyK/ ref;Oypmaumvdyfor*¾ ausmif;om; acgif;aqmif ukAd [de;f ESihf ukad X;NrdKif ('*kew f m&m) wkYd ½Sr;f jynfe,f odENDé rdKUokYdtvnf vm&m yk'fr (10) jzifh csufcsif;e,fESif vTwfcJhonf/ wuúodkvf a&muf½Sdaeaom ½Srf;ausmif;om;rsm;ukd ygarmu© a'gufwmyD;aumuf tkyfcsKyfaom? tif;0ausmif; aqmifwGifom aexkdifapí wuúokdvfausmif;om;rsm;or*¾okdY 0ifcGifhrjyKay? ½Srf; ausmif;om;rsm; aexkid q f ufqrH w I Ydkudk ausmif;tkyBf uD;u ½Sr;f jynftpk;d &okYd vQKUd 0Suf tpD&ifcHpmrsm; tcsdefrSefrSef ay;ykdY&avonf/ ]&efuek w f uúov dk f ½Sr;f jynfausmif;om;toif;} ukd 1936 ckEpS w f iG f wnfaxmif cJah yonf/ 1936 ausmif;om;oydwBf uD;wGif ukw d if{ tygt0if ½Sr;f ausmif;om;t ukw d if{ (OD;wifat;- ½Sr;f jynf) oif; taeESifh wuoESifh qufoG,fjcif; r½Sdao;ay/ ½Srf;jynfausmif;om;toif; Ouú|u wuoukd qlyla&;orm;tjzpf pGyfpGJykwfcwfvsuf owif;pmwGif aqmif;yg;a&;avonf/ olukd,fwkdifyif pdwyf gí a&;oavm? tyrSí D a&;oavm rod&ay/ xkt d csdef wuoOuú| uk&d m½Spu f ½Sr;f jynf ausmif;om;Ouú|onf ]rdrd\ aESmifBudK;ukd wyfrufqJ} ½Sdao;aMumif; jyefvnfacsya&;om;avonf/ ukw d if{onf ukAd [de;f ? ukAd aqG? ukad X;NrdKifwYdk EiS hf &if;ES;D vmNyD; aEG&moDausmif;ydw&f ufrsm;wGif ½Sr;f jynfoYdk jyefa&mufaomtcg pmMunfw h u dk ?f pmzwftoif;rsm; wnfaxmifziG v hf pS af yonf/ a
udkvdkeDacwfaESmif; - 1937 rS 1938 - e,fcsJYqefhusifa&; vGwfvyfa&;BudK;yrf;rI trsKd;om;a&;toGif pmtkyaf qG;aEG;yGrJ sm;? pum;&nfvyk rJG sm;? usbrf;pum;ajymyGrJ sm; ? pmayNydKifyrJG sm;? a[majymyGrJ sm; jyKvkyo f nf/ xkt d csed u f e*g;eDpmtkyfrsm;udk pmMunfhwkdufwGif ykvdyfrsm;u vma&muf½SmazG&m pmMunfhwkdufrSL;rsm;onf e*g;eDpmtkyfrsm;ukd vG,t f dwfxx J nfí h pufb;D jzifh vpfc&hJ onf/ xkt d csdeu f ½Sr;f jynfwiG f e*g;eDpmtkyu f dk vGwv f yfpmG zwfciG rhf &aom tcsed jf zpfonf/ 1939 'kw, d urÇmppfjzpfaomtcg ½Sr;f jynfwiG f Ekid if aH &;toif;tzGUJ r½Sad o;ay/ wuúov dk af usmif;om; wpkom wuo acgif;aqmifrsm;ESifh vnf;aumif;? wuorS wqifh wkdYArmtpnf;t½kH; acgif;aqmifrsm;ESifh vnf; aumif; &if;ESD;rI½SdNyD; ckdifjrJpGm qufoG,frI½Sdaeavonf/ ppfNyD;*syefrsm; usqkH;í r[mrdwfrsm; jyef0ifvmaomtcg *syefacwf wGif vGwv f yfpmG pnf;½k;H cGi&hf aom tm½Svil ,frS acgif;aqmifrsm;onf ocifp;dk ? ocifoef;xGe;f ? OD;ode;f azjrif?h ukAd [de;f wdYk oifMum;ay;aom EdkifiHa&;oifwef;okdY vQKdU0SufpGm wufa&mufoifMum;cGifh &avonf/ ¤if;wkdYonf zqyvESifh tquftoG,f,l ½Srf;? Arm aoG;pnf;a&;ESifh e,fcsJUvufatmufrS vGwfvyfa&; &,la&;ukd pDpOfnd§EIdif;NyD; ]½Srf;jynf jynfolYvGwfvyfa&;tzGJY} ukd w&m;0if yGifhvif;pGm xlaxmifNyD; EkdifiHa&;ukd pwif vkyfaqmifcJhMuonf/ þokdY 1936 wuúokdvf ½Srf;ausmif;om;tcsKdU tpjyKí pcJhaom aoG;pnf;rIvkyfief;rsm; tusKd;aMumifh 1947 azazmf0g&Dv? (12) &uf ½Srf;jynfe,f yifvkHNrdKUü ]yifvkHpmcsKyfBuD;} ukd csKyfqkdEkdifcJhayonf/

(c) 1936-37 AuoESihf wuo trIaqmiftzJUG The working committee of the All Burma Students' Union (Auo) The first working committee 1937-38 ( 1936 May to 1937 April) 1/ ukd&m½Spf &efukefwuúokdvf (&efukef) Ouú| 2/ ukdñGefY &efukefwuúokdvf (ppfukdif;) twGif;a&;rSL; 3/ Mr. T. K. Boon &efukefwuúokdvf (rEÅav;) aiGxdef; 4/ ukdxGef;tkH &efukefwuúokdvf (rEÅav;) trIaqmif 5/ ukdausmfNidrf; &efukefwuúokdvf (uom) arrS pufwifbmtxd 6/ ukdatmifausmf &efukefwuúokdvf (ykodrf) 7/ ukdbpH &efukefwuúokdvf (ppfawG) 8/ ukdtkef; &efukefwuúokdvf (awmifil) arrSpufwifbmtxd 9/ ukdatmifqef; &efukefwuúokdvf (ewfarmuf) 10/ ukdvSarmif *syfqifaumvdyf 11/ ukdA[def; ref;Oypmaumvdyf (rEÅav;) 12/ ukdausmfjrifh &efukefwuúokdvf ( &efukef) (pufwifbmrS {NyD) 13/ ukdvSa½T &efukefwuúokdvf (zsmykH) (pufwifbmrS {NyD) 14/ ukdoD[ef &efukefwuúokdvf (aygif;wnf) (pufwifbmrS rwf) 15/ ukdcifarmifwif ref;Oypmaumvdyf (rEÅav;) (rwfrS {NyD) 1936-37 wuo trIaqmiftzGJY 1/ ukd&m½Spf Ouú| 2/ ukdatmifqef; 'k-Ouú| 3/ ukdvSa½T twGif;a&;rSL; 4/ ukdndKxGef; tkd;a0r*¾Zif; wm0efcH 5/ ukdodef;wif pmMunfhwkdufrSL; 6/ rpöwmwDaubGef; aiGxdef; 7/ ukdndKjr t,f'Dwm vlxkqufqHa&; owif;Xme 8/ ukd0if;armif Indoor Games Officer 9/ ukdcifarmifa*;vf twGif;a&;rSL; 10/ Mr. Varma Editor, Union News 11/ ukdwifarmifMuD; Ouú|? vlrIqufqHa&; aumfrwDcGJ 99

jrefrmEdkifiHausmif;om;vIyf&Sm;rIordkif; - atmifxGef; 12/ ukdwif pma&; wkdYjzpfonf/ uk&d m½Spo f nf or*¾ (2) ckpvkH;\ Ouú|jzpfvmNyD;? ukdatmifqef; wuo twGif;a&;rSL; jzpfvmayonf/ ¤if;wkdYonf ,leDAmpwDtufOya' jyifqifa&;vkyfief;ukd tvsiftjref jyifqifMu&ef vIHYaqmfcJhMuonf/ aESmifhaES;ae aom jrbl;aumfrwD aqmif½Gufcsufrsm; vsifjrefvmap&ef wGef;tm;ay;cJhonf/ 1936 oydwfESpfywfvnfaeYwGif ausmif;om;rsm; xkt d pD&ifcpH m jyifqifrI vsifjref&ef qE´jycJo h nf/ ukad tmifqef;ESihf uk&d m½Spo f nf a'gufwmbarmfEiS hf awGUqkHí jrbl;aumfrwD tpD&ifcHpm vsifjrefap&ef wGef;tm;ay;cJhonf/

Source: Unknown

1937-38 wuo trIaqmiftzGJY ? (0JrS pía&aomf) 'kwd,- udkvSa½T? wwd,- udkatmifqef; (abmifcyfxm;)? pwkw¦- Ouú| udk&m½Spf

(*) twGi;f pnf; ( Inner Circle) 1935 ckESpf aemufykdif;wGif ausmif;om;acgif;aqmifrsm;onf wuúokdvftmPmykdifrsm;ukd atmifjrifpGm wGef;vSefNyD;aemuf e,fcsJUqefYusifa&; vrf;aMumif;ay:okdY a&muf½Sdvmonf/ ukdEk? ukdxGef;tkH? ukdvSazwkdYonf wuúokdvfokdY jyefrwufMuawmhacs/ ¤if;wkdYonf oydwf\ twGif;pnf;xJü yg0ifcJholrsm;jzpfonf/ AuotzGJU jzpfay:a&;twGuf wuf
(C) or*¾rsm; (Auo? wuo) ESihf wkAYd rmtpnf;t½k;H qufo, G rf I 1937 wGif ukdEkonf 'D;'kwf*sme,fodkY a&muf½SdvmNyD; ¤if;rodbJESifh abbD,ef twGif;a&;rSL; jzpfcJhonf/ OD;apm\vufcsuf jzpfonf/ ukdvSazonf umvuwÅm;rS jyefa&mufvmNyD; jrefrmhtvif;owif;pmudk ulnDcJhonf/ 100

udkvdkeDacwfaESmif; - 1937 rS 1938 - e,fcsJYqefhusifa&; vGwfvyfa&;BudK;yrf;rI trsKd;om;a&;toGif udo k ed ;f azonfvnf; umvuwåm;rS jyefa&mufvmNyD; ausmif;om;acgif;aqmifrsm;ESihf wkYd Armtpnf;t½k;H udk qufo, G f ay;cJo h nf/ xkEd pS w f iG f ukv d aS ½T (ukv d aS znD) onf wuo twGi;f a&;rSL; jzpfvmNyD;? ukAd [de;f onf ref;Oypmaumvdyrf S &efukefwuúodkvfokdY a&muf½Sdvmonf/ ukAd [de;f onf ocifoef;xGe;f \ enf;ñTerf u I dk cH,cl o hJ nf/ ocifp;dk ESihf ocifoef;xGe;f \ rmhupf f bmomjyef rsm;ukd ausmif;om;rsm; zwf½IvmMuonf/ ausmif;om;acgif;aqmifrsm;onf wkdYArmtpnf;t½kH;vIyf½Sm;rIukd tm;us vmMuonf/ yk*¾dKvfa&;t& ausmif;om;acgif;aqmifrsm;ESifh wkdYArmtpnf;t½kH;wkdY qufqHrI½SdcJhonf/ 1935-36 wGif ocifxdef0if;ESifh ukdxGef;tkHwkdY pwif qufoG,frdcsdefrS pí wkdYArmtpnf;t½kH;ESifh wuo qufoG,frdavonf/ ukdxGef;tkHonf or*¾a½G;aumufyGJü yg0if,SOfjydKifcJhonf/ ocifESifh ausmif;om;rsm; twGif;pnf; tpnf;ta0;ü ukdEk? ukdatmifqef;? ukdodef;az? ukdvSazrS vGJí rnfolrQ rwufa&mufcJhay/ ausmif;om;acgif;aqmifrsm;onf wkYd Armtpnf;t½k;H rSwqifh qk½d , S v f pfpmayrsm; avhvmcJNh yD; trsKd;om;a&;tay: tajccHonfh tkid , f mvefawmfveS af &; (qifzdef;) tzGJUtaMumif; avhvmcJhMuonf/

(i) 'kw, d tBurd f AuonDvmcH 1936 ck ausmif;om;oydww f iG f udAk [de;f onf ¤if;\ BudK;yrf;rIEiS hf vky&f nfuikd &f nfrsm;aMumifh xif½Sm;vm ayonf/ 1936 ckwGif Arm[kokH;í 1937 ck tpydkif;ü jrefrm? aemufydkif; 1938 ck aemufydkif;rSpí 1962 cktxd Arm [kac:onfh ArmEdik if v H ;Hk qdik &f mausmif;om;rsm;uGezf &ifu h kd rEÅav;wGif usi;f yonft h cg udAk [de;f onf {nfch aH &; aumfrwD Ouú| jzpfvmonf/ (i-1) ukdA[def;rS ukdpdefckdokdh ay;ykdhaompm

'kwd,tBudrf jrefrmEkdifiHvkH;qkdif&mausmif;om;rsm;uGefz&ifU{nUfcHaumfrwD

pmeHygwfA[kdtrsKd;om;ausmif;? rEÅav;NrdKU aeYpGJ- 31-3-37 rdwfaqGMuD; ukdpdefckdcifAsm; ay;pmukd &½Sdygonf/ rdwfaqGMuD;wkdY NrdKUrSukd,fpm;vS,fwOD; apvTwfrnf[kod&ojzifh 0rf;ajrmufyg\/ uGefz&ifhtusdK;taMumif;ESifh ywfoufí {nhfcHaumfrwD\ aMunmpmwrf;ukd yl;wGJxnfhvkdufyg\/ uGefz&ifh tpDtpOfrsm;ukdvnf; owif;pmwkdufrsm;okdY ykdYxm;ojzifh rdwfaqGBuD;wkdY rMumrD awGUjrifMuygvdrfhrnf/ þpmESifhtwl uGefz&ifh{nfhcHaumfrwD\ aMunmpmwrf;rsm;ukdvnf; wifydkYvkdufygonf/ pdwfxufoefaom rsKd;cspfausmif;om; vli,ftaygif;wkdYxH a&mufatmif a0iSay;apvkdygonf/ þokdYar;jref;ojzifh aus;Zl;wif ygaMumif;/

A[def; {nfUcHaumfrwD cs,f,mrif

101

jrefrmEdkifiHausmif;om;vIyf&Sm;rIordkif; - atmifxGef; (i-2) ukdatmifqef;rS ukdpdefckdodkhay;pm

jrefrmEkdifiHvkH;qkdif&mausmif;om;rsm;or*¾toif; ALL BURMA STUDENTS UNION

wuúokdvf0if; eHygwf --------------&efukefNrdKU-------------

UNIVERSITY ESTATE No. ---------------Rangoon-------1937

tpD&ifcHygonf ukdpdefckdcifAsm; ay;ykdYaompmukd &yg\/ rEÅav;uGefz&ifhodkY ukd,fpm;vS,fvTwfonf Mum;&í 0rf;omyg\/ rD;&xm;bufrS rEÅav;vmvQif toGm;tjyef rkdif (100) txuf a0;aomc&D;twGuf 1ƒ tcrQom ay;&ygrnf/ Oyrm 0g;c,frrS rEÅav;okdY rkdif (150) a0;onf qkdygpkdY? xkdc&D;toGm;tjyef ½kd;½kd;twGuf 4d^usvQif oufomcGifh&&ef ½kHykdifxHajymvQif 3d^- rQom ay;&ygrnf/ xkdoufomcGifhukd rwfv (23) &ufaeYrSpí arv (22) &uf txd &Ekdifygonf/ rkdif (100) ESifh (100) xufatmufusaom c&D;twGufum; rkdif (101) c&D; twGuf usoifhonf pm;p&dwf 1ƒ vkd&ygrnf/ Oyrm 0g;c,frrS rEÅav;okdY rkdif (100) odkYr[kwf rkdif (90) om a0;onfqkdMuygpkdY? ½kd;½kd;twkdif; toGm;tjyef pm;p&dwf 3d^- usvQif? rkdif (101) c&D;twGuf toGm;tjyef p&dwfum; 3d^- 4d^- us\/ þokdYjzpfvQif xkdrkdif (100) okdYr[kwf (90) oma0;onfh c&D;toGm;tjyeftwGuf oufomcGifh&vQif 3d 4J \ 1ƒ om ay;&ygrnf/ okdYjzpfí tp 2d 7J om usygrnf/ wenf;tm;jzifhqdkvQif rkdif (100) xufyo dk nfh toGm;tjyef c&D;twGuf ½k;d ½k;d ay;&rnfh tp\ 3^4 omay;&í rdik w f &mESihf w&mxufenf;aom c&D;toGm;tjyeftwGuf rdkif 101 toGm;tjyefEIef;\ 3^4 om ay;&ygrnf/ odkYjzpfí rdkifw&mxufydkaom c&D; twGuf oufomcGifh&ygonf/ xkdxufenf;aom c&D;twGuf oufomcGifhrsm;pGm r&/ Tikcet rsm;udk tp c&D;puyJ Return Ticket yg ygonfh vufrSwfrsm;ukd 0,f&ygvdrfhrnf/ rD;oabFmESifh rEÅav;rS vmvQif toGm;tjyef c&D;p&dwf\ 3^4 avsmhygvdrfhrnf/ Oyrm- 0g;c,frrS rEÅav;okYd toGm;tjyef rkdif (300) ½Sdí p&dwfNyD; ½kd;½kd;twkdif;usvQif 6^-omay;&ygrnf/ okdYaomf yxrqkH; aiG 9d^- ½k;kd ½k;d twdik ;f oabFmvufrw S cf o H nft h cg ay;&ygvdrrhf nf/ onfvadk iGay;onft h aMumif; ajypmjzwfyidk ;f ukd awmif;yg/ ¤if;jzwfyidk ;f ESiw hf uG rdwaf qG\ vdypf mtjynft h pkyH g uRefawmfxYdk xH ykYd vu dk yf g/ xkt d cg uRefawmfwYdk u {&m0wDrD;oabFmukrÜPD refae*smxH axmufcHpma&;vkdufvQif cifAsm;ay;NyD;rS 3d^- ukd jyefí &ygvdrfhrnf/ uGefz&ifhtaMumif;odvkdvQif rEÅav;odkY pkHprf;yg/ ,cktcg ukd,fpm;vS,frsm;vTwfrnfh or*¾toif; rsm;rSm (30) cefY½Sdí rnfa½GUrnfrQ vTwfrnfrodao;/ xkdYjyif or*¾toif;r[kwfaom tjcm;e,frsm;rS ukd,fpm; vS,f vTwfrnf Mum;od&ygonf/ xkdaMumifh ausmif;om;aygif;rnfrQudk ukd,fpm;vS,fykdYrnf wyftyfaocsm rajymEkdifao;yg/ yl;wGJyg uGefz&ihfEId;aqmfpm ykdYvkdufygonf

atmifqef;

102

udkvdkeDacwfaESmif; - 1937 rS 1938 - e,fcsJYqefhusifa&; vGwfvyfa&;BudK;yrf;rI trsKd;om;a&;toGif (i-3) ukdatmifqef;rS ukdpdefckdxHay;pm

jrefrmEkdifiHvkH;qkdif&mausmif;om;rsm;or*¾toif; ALL BURMA STUDENTS UNION

wuúokdvf0if; eHygwf --------------&efukefNrdKU-------------

UNIVERSITY ESTATE No. ---------------Rangoon-------1937

tpD&ifcHygonf ukdpdefckdcifAsm;ay;ykdYvkdufaompmukd &½Sdyg\/ rdwfaqGonf rGwfpvifvlrsKd;jzpfaomfvnf; rsKd;cspfpdwf½dSonfukd od&í txl;0rf;omyg\/ pifppfaomfum; bmomw&m;ESifh rsKd;cspfpdwfonf tvsOf;roufqkdifaom aiGtodef;toef;
atmifqef;

103

jrefrmEdkifiHausmif;om;vIyf&Sm;rIordkif; - atmifxGef; (i-4) ukdjrpdefokdh ukdatmifqef;rSay;pm jrefrmEkdifiHvkH;qkdif&mausmif;om;rsm;or*¾toif; ALL BURMA STUDENTS UNION

wuúokdvf0if; eHygwf --------------&efukefNrdKU-------------

UNIVERSITY ESTATE No. ---------------Rangoon, 27th March, 1937

My Dear Ko Mya Sein, I do not know whether you passed your examination or not. I saw one name which resembles yours and I hope it is your and no other. In that case, please accept my hearty congratulation. I received your letter. Mr. Raschiad also told me that the date you proposed would suit him. So he and perhaps Ko Kyaw Myint will visit Bassein and they will inform you later of his coming. As for me I must go back home and do propaganda in the Magwe District. But I do hope that you and the Bassein Studnet's Union will do all that lies in your power to accord a cordial welcome to Mr. Raschiad. With best wishes from, Yours Sincerely, Aung San

(i-5) ukdjrpdefokdh ukdatmifqef;ay;pm jrefrmEkdifiHvkH;qkdif&mausmif;om;rsm;or*¾toif; ALL BURMA STUDENT'S UNION

wuúokdvf0if; eHygwf --------------&efukefNrdKU ------------

UNIVERSITY ESTATE No. ---------------Rangoon, 20th March, 1937

Dear Ko Mya Sein, Mr. Raschiad and I propose to visit Bassein about next Sunday. We intend to leave here in the evening of coming Friday (i.e. 26th March) and halt at Myaung Mya for one day (i.e. Saturday) and start for your town on the next day. Will this arrangement suit the conveience of the students of your town? Please reply to us after having consulted with the president or any other member of the Bassein School's Union. Please reply to me according to this address 20, Parek Lane, Rangoon.

Ko Mya Sein C/O U Gone Man Bassein

104

With Kind Regards Your Sincerely, Aung San

udkvdkeDacwfaESmif; - 1937 rS 1938 - e,fcsJYqefhusifa&; vGwfvyfa&;BudK;yrf;rI trsKd;om;a&;toGif (i-6) ukdjrpdefokdh ukdatmifqef;rSay;pm

76, Yegyaw Road Rangoon My Dear Ko Mya Sein, It is not my intention to write to you only whose I have business. I had for long contemplated communication with you, but some how or other I could not do, not overall be honest due to pressure of work (the work is there and quite a lot, only I don’t take it) but due to my clever sluggard. Having seen, heard so many things improper in my eyes and, above all, cheap demagogy most, I feel rather side of life and politics I have been in for a period of mental and physical reaction, so to speak. I hardly desire to do anything. Why idealism. Whatever amount there is in me, is and the just want to eat, sleep and do nothing worth while. I have gone so for in this respect that even a region is were around me, as is the ease with easy great Man, the region of my being a slugged and glutton. Of course the great man is misunderstand, he simply proves to be a complete to ordinary man. Anyway, I have now got over my intention a bit and have just started doing things construction and all that is necessary for post-war period, preparing for a bigger war of offensive in future. You know I like not “the but the depth of soul”; I hate cheap demagogy, that playing to the gallery business with and murder the night and over stones**. I have that so mad of it recently that. I become completely side of it and even of life and politics, I say as the start. But as is natural with life, I must have had and must continue to have in future too such sickness a number of times. Well I won’t grumble over thing I fail an till I reach my destination. Now to business, because now you must be in a mood to accept me, after all the above little sweet in the bear Ko Tun Shwe or call him Thakhin Tun Shwe is sent a definite political mission by the Great Do Bama Asiayone of which I am the general secretary. He is to prepare arrangements with you for the reception for our Sayagyi Thakin Kodaw Mhaing, our Great pride Thakin Hla Baw and our Great friend Thakin Hla Pe (Ko Hla Shwe’s brother). When they arrive at bassein. We know there is that Mya Be Group which is very willing. But we want to go through people procedure. We have to examine them an charges of high treasure to the Dobama Asiayone before we accept them, and therefore in there they have been suppressed. Officially there is no Do Bama Asiayone at Bassein same month ago you talked to me of Ko Hla Mg and all there people trying to form are Asiayone to the Mya [xxx xxx*] I have not well old fallen, do every thing necessary for whatever they will tell you, for the Dobama Asiayone for the Nation, for the cause (all in capitals, I am getting excited you know). As for well this will be enough (it is sufficiently begin to hide my ignorance). I have learnt from papers of the fate of you going business. Now what so you proper to do? Came back to college, man and try to complete your course. Get at least actual. Whatever its actual value, but is means a lot to life and people. Don’t be cap and fanciful. Be a stern realist, like me, the great man. With best wishes to all Mya Sein, Aung San rSwcf su-f over stones** - pum;toH;k tEIe;f rwdrusyg/ [xxx xxx*] - rl&if;pmom;rsm; ysuaf eonf/

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jrefrmEdkifiHausmif;om;vIyf&Sm;rIordkif; - atmifxGef; (i-7) Auo nDvmcH usif;yjcif; jrifuGif; (arv 9-10 &uf 1937) rEÅav;uGefz&ifh jzpfajrmuf&ef udkatmifqef;? ukdA[def;? ukdodef;atmifwkdY wESpfausmf MudK;yrf;cJh&avonf/ ukad tmifqef;qkv d Qif twGi;f usus acgif;aqmifyidk ;f taeESihf uGezf &ift h pDtpOf? rdeYf ceG ;f twkrd sm; n§Ed idI ;f aqG;aEG;vsmxm; csufrsm;? rEÅav;rS ausmif;om;acgif;aqmifrsm;eJYnd§í? &efukefa&mufvmwJh e,fausmif;om;acgif;aqmifawGudk ½Sif;jyNyD; pnf;½kH;cJh&onf/ &efukefrvmEkdifaom e,fausmif;om;awGqD pma&;½Sif;csufxkwfjcif;? ar;jref;csufawG jyefMum;jcif;? pDpOfvsmxm;ykH tMurf;zsif; ay;ykdYjcif;rsm; pmtBudrftBudrf tjyeftvSef qufwkdufvkyfcJh&onf/ rEÅav;uGefz&ifh atmifatmifjrifjrif NyD;ajrmufoGm;jcif;onf {nfhcHaumfrwDxJwGif yg0ifaom rEÅav; ausmif;om;rsm;\ BudK;yrf;rIESifh ukdatmifqef;? ukdvSaz? ukdodef;atmifwkdY\ tultnD? pnf;½kH;rI? {nfhcHaumfrwD cs,f,mrif ukdA[def;\ raerem; vkH;yrf;tm;xkwfrI? qufqHa&; acsmarmajyjypfrI? tajymtqkd odrfarGYEl;nHHhrIwkdY aMumifh te,fe,ft&yf&yfrS vmMuaom ukd,fpm;vS,f tm;vkH;vkdvkdu todtrSwfjyKMuavonf/ ukdA[def;onf {nfhcHaumfrwD zGJUNyD;NyD;csif; Armjynf tNrdKUNrdKUu ausmif;om;or*¾awGu wuf
Source: Oway Magazines

udAk [de;f

{nfcHaumfrwD ukdA[def;u]ausmif;om;rsm;\ ArmEdkifiHvkH;qkdif&mtpnf;ta0;BuD;okdh urÇmBuD;w0ef; vkH;\ csD;rGrf;cH&aom emrnfausmfyk*¾dKvfBuD; yef'pf*s0gvmae½l;
xkdYaemuf 1936 wuúokdvfor*¾ Ouú| ukd&m½Spfu 1937 wuoOuú| ukad tmifqef;tm; ¤if;&mxl;vTaJ y; &í wm0efausyeG v f rd rhf nf[k ajymí ESpcf sKyt f pD&ifcpH m tjzpftysuu f dk ½Si;f vif;onf/ xkad emuf jrefrmhEidk if aH &;? ynma&;? jrbl;aumfrwD tpD&ifcpH m? uif;bJvt f pD&ifcpH mwkYdEiS hf ywfoufí aqG;aEG;Muonf/ xkad emuf Ouú|opf udak tmifqef;u yef'pf*s0gvmae½l;tm; uGezf &ifBh uD; zGiv hf pS &f efEiS hf rdeYf ceG ;f ajymMum;&ef yefMum;ojzifh yef'pf*s0gvmae½l; rdefYcGef;ajymMum;onf/ arv (9) &ufaeY? nae (6) em&Dcw JG iG f wuúov dk o f r*¾toif; Ouú|topf ukad tmifqef;u obmywd tjzpf aqmif½u G Nf yD; rdeYf ceG ;f ajymMum;onf/ xkYd aemuf ukad tmifqef;onf jiif;ckzH , G rf ½Sad om atmufygtqku d kd wifoiG ;f onf/ urÇmvk;H qkid &f m ausmif;om;rsm;toif;BuD;ESihf jrefrmEkid if aH usmif;om;rsm;toif;BuD; qufo, G &f ef? ¤if;tqkd ukd ukdvSa½Tu axmufcHonf/

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udkvdkeDacwfaESmif; - 1937 rS 1938 - e,fcsJYqefhusifa&; vGwfvyfa&;BudK;yrf;rI trsKd;om;a&;toGif ADDRESS OF THE CHAIRMAN RECEPTION COMMIITTEE THE 2ND, ALL BURMA STUDENTS CONFERENCE (Mandalay 1937) Mr. President, Pandit Jawarharla Nehru and Comrades, On behalf of the members of the Reception Committee, I hereby extend a hearty welcome. Words fail to express our sense of pleasure and gratitude that has won the admiration and respect of the world like Pandit Jawarharla Nehru should have so thoughtfully attend the conclave of the all Burma students. That a leader of millions of poverty-stricken should be standing amidst us and instructing us, makes us feel depressed for Burma, that is denuded of leader. However, we still remain optimistic that the noble example of a real patriot like Panditji will stimulate the spirit of sacrifice in the Burma Students. Comrades, this is the second occasion that students from various towns of Burma assemble and deliberate. Excluding minor townships, delegates from all the principal towns have assembled. Even students of village monastic schools that had suffered suppression and oppression in days by, are present in this assembly. From comrades who, due to unfavourable circumstances, are unable to attend this Conference we have received messages wishing us every success. So at this moment, the attention of our absent comrades of the districts must be focused on this assemble again spirit. For the successful discharge by this conference on the onerous duties. Although they could not be present in person, their high minded wishes will be invaluable aid in our road to success. Comrades, I do not think that I shall be very much off the mark, if I say, that today is such an important day as to constitute an epoch in the future chronicle of Burma and in that of the world; the reason being, the students who constitute the life-blood of the nation and who would eventually guide the destiny of the nation and the world have met in conclave to deliberate over affairs of the nation and those of the world. Moreover, we have gathered in this place that we have lost the supreme lost that people can sustain our freedom for self determination. It was in this place that the hideous monster of imperialism gripped Burman in its clutches of slavedom; and it is an irony of fate that this self same place that we students who are the sprouts and shoots of the nations should have assembled with pick-axe and a hovel to bury this hideous monster. Comrades, there is a groups of person who in their anxiety for some reasons or other tend to thwart and suppress the youth movement that rushes onward with the force of tide. These people utilize the force and unity and courage of the students in immaterial x matters and endeavor to dissipate the student’s energy. For instance, they preached that student should not participate in politics and that students should devote all their attention to school worlds. Now, put their words to an analytical test; the words themselves are not only wrong but motive behind them reveals the baseness of their author. When the entire machinery into working order, the repairing of one single part will achieve nothing. So also, when the entire nation is in a state of collapse, the students who are the future hope of the nation, cannot rest content with attending to one single part of the national machinery i.e. Education department. Although, education may be an indispensable department in a downtrodden country like Burma, it is not a factor which by itself will

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jrefrmEdkifiHausmif;om;vIyf&Sm;rIordkif; - atmifxGef; help bring freedom, prosperity and contentment to nation. Who will give credence to the doctrine that out of slavish education comes a lordly mentality and freedom. Admitting, for purposes of argument that exertion in education create a large numbers of educated persons in the country and that we do not gain say that the country that has a big number of educated persons is more advanced, yet there comes the problem which is hard of solution - the unemployment problem that shadows the quantitative regress of education. To solve this problem, the question of economics must be touched. When we face the problem of Buma’s economic recovery and a square meal for every body, the alien capitalists who hold the key positions looms large and grim in the picture, with Burma’s slavedom as a background. When we realize this, the longing for the attainment of worldly bliss and contentment freedom is the deciding factor. Therefore, is it not proper that we comrades should participate in politics? “Politics”, “Economics” and “Education” are three very deluding expressions. Should a foreigner suggest to a Burman, “Don’t you dabble in politics?”, the Burman would no feel it at all; but should he be advised; “Don’t you strive to regain your freedom?” It would hard him to the quick. Therefore, to be brief, let us not pay attention or be misled by words and expressions or shibboleths. As we are Burmans, let us try for Burma’s advancement. Whoever hinders us in this endeavour not him as an energy of the nation. Comrades, the problems that we are said to tackle such as costly but valueless system of education, illiteracy, the daily growing menace of unemployment. Imperialism, defense against Fascism, prevention of breach of war, etc. are such problems by the judicious handling of which, I am confident the status of Burma would be raised by one step. Comrades, in the earlier part of my address, I have said that our deliberations will have a salutary effect on the world. I will briefly explain how the world will benefit. That the world is menaced by war, all of us know. Consuming with the fire of greed, fire of hatred and fire of pride one nation is growling x with menace at the other. Knowing how terrible and how frightful the last war was, the people are clamoring for peace. The means of achieving peace is in the hands of the youths. There are students association in many parts of the world and they are striving for peace. We also joining and cooperating with youth movement of the other countries should crush imperialism and Fascism and bring peace, plenty and prosperity to the world.

xkad emuf tNrdKUNrdKU½Sd ausmif;om;or*¾toif;rsm;onf wuúov dk o f r*¾toif;BuD;ESihf qufo, G x f m;NyD; jzpfonfh twkdif; trIaqmifvlBuD;rsm;tjzpf todtrSwfjyKxm;aMumif;tqkdukd jynfNrdKUrS ukdoef;wifu wifoGif;í a&eHacsmif; ukdxGef;wifu axmufcHonf/ þtpnf;ta0;MuD; &nf½G,fcsuft& EkdifiHcsJUxGifa&;0g'ukd 0ifa&mufpGufzufjcif;? ppfyGJrsm; 0ifa&mufwkdufay;jcif; ponfwkdY rjyKvkyf&eftqkdukd a&eHacsmif; ukdxGef;wifu wifoGif;í? ppfawG ukdom xGef;atmifu axmufcHonf/ ar (10) &ufaeY? eHeuf (8) em&DwGif tpnf;ta0; qufvufusif;y&m ref;Oypmaumvdyfausmif;BuD;ukd 'D*&Daumvdyfausmif;tjzpf tqifhtwef;jr§ifhay;&ef tpkd;&tm; þtpnf;ta0;u wkdufwGef;aMumif;tqkdukd Oya' ausmif;om; ukb d ode;f u wifoiG ;f &m ref;Oypmor*¾toif; Ouú| {nfch aH umfrwD cs,, f mrif ukAd [de;f u axmufco H nf/ EkdifiHa&;ESifhywfoufí axmifusaeaom ocif (5) OD;ESifh tvm;wlEkdifiHa&;orm;wkdYukd axmiftwGif;ü (at) twef;tpm; xm;ap&ef oifah vsmfonf[k þtpnf;a0;BuD;u xifjrifaMumif;tqku d kd jynfNrdKUu uko d ef;wifu wifoGif;í a½Tbdk ukdoef;armifu axmufcHaMumif;? xkdtqkdESifh ywfoufí ukdxGef;½Sdefu ]]ausmif;om;rsm;onf ynma&;ESifh oufqkdifojzifh ocifawGuJhokdY EkdifiHa&;orm;awGvkd rpOf;pm;xkdufao;aMumif; xifjrifonf/ usaemfrSm ,aeY ausmif;om;yg? ausmif;rS xGufvsif ocifvkyfrnf pdwful;xm;aomfvnf; ausmif;aepOf EkdifiHa&;ESifhywfoufí ocifawGtaMumif;? yk*v ¾ "d|mef b,fvrkd Q ratmufarhbJ uefYuu G &f aMumif;}} jzifh ajymqko d nf/ okYdaomf axmufco H u l 108

udkvdkeDacwfaESmif; - 1937 rS 1938 - e,fcsJYqefhusifa&; vGwfvyfa&;BudK;yrf;rI trsKd;om;a&;toGif jyefvnf ½kwfodrf;í rJrcGJ&awmhay/ Armjynf½Sd ausmif;wkdif; ausmif;wkdif;wkdYwGif ppftwwfynmukd em;vnfMuap&ef? aAmfvH'D,mwyfrsm; zGJUpnf;ay;&ef tqkdukd ykodrf ukdMunfarmifu wifoGif;í a½Tawmif ukdat;u axmufcHonf/ xkdtqkdü trsKd;orD;rS rwifwif (ae½Sife,f)? Oypmaumvdyf roef;vS? rtwifwkdYu olemjyKwyfrsm;udk trsKd;orD;rsm;u a,mufsm;rsm;uJhokdY &JtzGJUaqmif½Gufovkd 0ifa&mufvkyfukdifoifhaMumif;? trsKd;orD;olemjyKwyfrsm; ukd zGifhvSpfoifhaMumif;jzifh jznfhpGufaxmufcHcJhonf/ aeYvnfbufwGif qyfbwf*sufaumfrwDonf Oya'Murf;wckudk aqG;aEG;NyD;aemuf? nae (4) em&DcGJ tcsdefwdwdü txufArmjynf ausmif;om;rsm;abmvkH;yGJ usif;yonf/ arv (10) &ufaeYwGif Ouú| ukdatmifqef;u or*¾toif;BuD;\ pnf;rsOf;Oya'Murf;udk wifoGif;&m ¤if;Oya'Murf;ü or*¾toif;BuD;okdY qufoG,faMu; (12) usyf &moufyef toif;om;0ifaMu; (25) usyf pDpOfxm; aMumif;ESifh Ouú| ukdatmifqef;ESifh trIaqmif (9) OD;ukd a½G;cs,fí wifoGif;&m uefYuGufolr½Sd twnfjyKcJhonf/

(p) 'kw, d tBurd f Auo nDvmcH qk;H jzwfcsurf sm; jrefrmEkdifiHwGif tcrJhrlvwef; ynmroifrae&aom Oya'jyKvkyf xkwfjyefoifhaMumif; xifjrifoabm& onfhtwkdif; wkdufwGef;aMumif; tqkdukd ukdñGefYwifu wifoGif;í awmifil ukdxGef;armifu axmufcHonf/ (2) a½Tbkd½Sd txufwef;ae½Sife,fausmif;ESifh tjcm;NrdKUrsm;½Sd ae½Sife,fausmif;rsm;ukd tpkd;& todrSwfjyK&ef tqkdukd a½Tbkd ukdodef;armifu tqkdwifoGif;í rEÅav; ukdA[def;u axmufcHonf/ (3) jrefrmjynftpk;d & ul;oef;a&mif;0,fa&;ESihf pufrv I ufro I ifausmif;rsm; trsKd;rsKd;zGiahf y;&ef tpnf;ta0;BuD; u wkdufwGef;aMumif; tqkdudk ukdomxGef;u wifoGif;í ukdausmfpdef (a&eHacsmif;) u axmufcHonf/ (4) jrefrmjynf ausmif;wkdif;ausmif;wkdif;wGif tcgtcGifhMuHKonfh yGJrsm;üjzpfap? trsKd;om;aeYrsm;ü jzpfap? wkYd ArmoDcsi;f rsm;ukd pdww f uf
(q) 1937-38 AuoESihf wuo trIaqmiftzGUJ The Working Committee of All Burma Students' Union (1937-38)

Ouú| 'k-Ouú| twGif;a&;rSL; tkd;a0t,f'Dwm aiGxdef;

pma&;

Source: Portraits (DTY)

Auo trIaqmiftzJGY (1) ukdatmifqef; (2) ukdvSa½T (3) ukdjrpdef (4) ukdA[def; (5) ukdodef;[ef (6) ukdvSarmif (7) ukdausmfjrifh (8) ukdxGef;wif (9) ukdoef;wif (10) ukdxGef;pdef (11) ukdzkd;tkH (12) ukdbZH (13) ukdpkd;armif

udak tmifqef; pma&;om; qufo, G cf aUJ om ykord Nf rKd rY S ukjd rpdef (aemif oHtrwfBu;D )

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jrefrmEdkifiHausmif;om;vIyf&Sm;rIordkif; - atmifxGef; wuo trIaqmiftzGJY (1) ukdb*srf; (2) ukdvSa½T (3) ukdvSarmif (4) ukdat;ausmf (5) ukdndKjr (6) ukdb½Srf; (7) ukdatmifqef; (8) ukdAaqG (9) ukdwifarmif (10) ukdjr½Sdef (11) ukdxGef;az (12) ukdA[def; (13) ukdpkd;armif

Ouú| 'k-Ouú| pmMunfhwkdufrSL; Editors and publicity officer

aiGxdef; (Ex: Office) (Manager away) (t,f'Dwm Union News) (Inter University Affairs) (Chairman-social Sub Committee)

(Z) 'kw, d tBurd f ArmEkid if v H ;Hk qkid &f mausmif;om;rsm;or*¾ uGezf &ifrh S wwd,uGezf &ifh rwkid rf D tpD&ifcpH m (Z-1) jrbl;aumfrwD 'kwd,uGefz&ifhu qkH;jzwfvkdufonfhtwkdif; or*¾toif;BuD;\ tvkyftrIaqmifu atmufygyk*¾dKvfrsm; yg0ifaom wuúokdvftufOya'jyifqifa&;aumfrwD ukd zGJUpnf;cJhonf/ (1) OD;ausmfjrifh 0wfvkHawmf& (2) a'gufwmxifatmif 0wfvkHawmf& (3) OD;wifarmif t,f'Dwm? e,l;bm;rm; (4) OD;xGef;oef; t,f'Dwm? bm;rm;*sme,f (5) ocifodef;armif wkdYArmtpnf;t½kH; (6) udk&m½Spf (Auotoif;BuD;\ Ouú|a[mif;) (7) ukdatmifqef; (Auotoif;BuD;\ vuf½Sd Ouú|) (aqmfMool) txufyg aumfrwDonf jrbl;aumfrwDtpD&ifcHpmukd tao;pdwf pOfpm;aqG;aEG;NyD; wuúokdvftufOya' jyifqifa&;tpD&ifcHpmukd a&;om;cJhonf/ ¤if;rSjrbl;aumfrwD\ tpD&ifcHpmESifU ywfoufí ArmEkdifiHvkH;qkdif&mausmif;om;rsm;or*¾toif;rS cefhxm;tyfaom wuúokdvfjyifqifa&;aumfrwDrSwfwrf; jyqkdtyfaomrSwfwrf;rSm ArmEkdifiHvkH;qkdif&mausmif;om;rsm;toif; tvkyftrIaqmifu rEÅav;NrdKUwGif arv (10) &ufaeYü usi;f yonfh 'kw, d tBudrf ArmEkid if v H ;Hk qkid &f mausmif;om;rsm;uGezf &ifh qk;H jzwfcsuf trSwf (4) t& cefYxm;tyfaom wuúov dk t f ufOya'jyifqifa&;aumfrwDu ynma&;zuf jrefrmjynftpk;d &okYd wifoiG ;f aom rSww f rf;jzpfonf/ tvkyt f rIaqmifrmS ZGev f (17) aeYwiG rf S awGUqkEH idk í f tqkyd gaumfrwDzUJG pnf;&ef txl;usyfwnf; aeonfudk awGU&ygaMumif;? tcsKUd u aumfrwDwiG f cefYxm;vkad om yk*Kd¾ vBf uD;rsm;rSm e,fwiG ½f adS eí waMumif;? wcsKdUrSm txl;udprö sm;aeí waMumif;? tvkyt f rIaqmifrmS yk*Kd¾ vBf uD; ( 6) a,mufrQom qkcH NhJ yD; aumfrwDwiG f cefYxm;Ekid af Mumif;? ¤if; (6) a,muf teufrv S nf; (2) OD;aom yk*Kd¾ vfBuD;wkYd rmS rvTrJ uif;omojzifh uREkyf w f Ydk tm; rulnED ikd yf gaMumif;? okYdjzpf&m useyf *k Kd¾ vBf uD;rsm;jzpfaom 0wfvakH wmf& OD;ausmjf rif?h uk&d m½Sp?f ocifoed ;f armif? OD;wifarmifEiS hf usaemfwYdkonf (8) &ufwkdifwkdif aeYpOfpOf;pm;í tjrefrSwfwrf;wif&ygaMumif;/ þrSww f rf;ukd tvkyt f rIaqmifu aemufZv l idk f (28) &ufaeY pnf;a0;aomtcg Oya'jyKtzGUJ 0if trwfrif; wkdYESifh tjcm;jynfolwkdYtm; xkwfa0&ef cGifhjyKvkdufygaMumif;? okdY&mwGif tjcm;tvkyfudpö txl;rsm;í vkyfom; 110

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jrefrmEdkifiHausmif;om;vIyf&Sm;rIordkif; - atmifxGef; Xmeu pwkdifyif axmufyHh&efqkdaom tcsufudkvnf; oabmwlyg\/ ¤if;tjyif tjyifty woD;wjcm; qif;&JEGrf;yg; xkdufoifhaom qif;&Jaom? ausmif;om;rsm;tm;vkH;twGuf wuúokdvfynm&&eftwGuf wckwnf;aom enf;vrf;[k uREkyf w f Ydk txl;,kMH unfaom t&mum; aemufq;Hk wuúov dk pf mar;yGaJ tmifNyD;í aumvdyrf sm;wGiaf eaom pmoifausmif;om;rsm; oifMum;tyfaom tcsdeaf phNyD;aom tcgrsKd;ü tjcm;tvGwf ausmif;om;rsm;ukd ½k;d ½k;d wuúov dk f pmar;yGt J m;vk;H ukd 0ifa&mufajzqkEd idk &f ef cGijhf yKjcif;yifjzpfygaMumif;? xkad Mumifh þqkdcJhNyD;aom enf;t&vnf;aumif;? qkdvwåHUaom pnf;urf;rsm;t& vnf;aumif;(1) wuúokdvfokdY0ifcGifh&aom ausmif;om;wkdif; Oypmwef;pmar;yGJukd tvGwf0ifcGifh&í wzef 'D*&D pmar; yGJukd uefYowfaom tcsdefNyD;aemuf 0ifcGifh&&ef? (2) tpk;d &aq;ausmif;rS vnf;aumif;? tpk;d &pufrv I ufrI ynmoifausmif;rS vnf;aumif;? bDtpdk aD umvdyf rS vnf;aumif;? vkdifpifvufrSwf&aom Oypmwef;rS vnf;aumif; atmifaomolwkdif; (3) ESpfrQ q&m0ef (okdYr[kwf) pufq&m? tif*sifeD,mtjzpf jyKvkyfNyD;aemuf trfbDbDtufpf pmar;yGJukd vnf;aumif;? tif*sifeD,m bDtufpDpmar;yGJukd vnf;aumif;? 0ifcGifhay;&ef (tu,fí þuJhokdY trfbDbDtufpf atmifaom ausmif;om;rsm; NAdwdoQ aq;bufqkdif&maumifpDu todrSwfrjyKvQif b,fuJhokdY jyKvkyf vQif todrSwfjyKrnfjzpfaMumif; pkHprf;ajymay;apvkdygaMumif;)/ 7/ tqkdyg pnf;urf;csufrsm;tjyif tm;vkH;tvGwf0ifausmif;om;rsm;twGuf jzpfap? tcsKdUtwGufjzpfap vkdonfhtavsmuf atmufyg pnf;urf;csufrsm;udk xm;EkdifygaMumif;(1) avmu"gwf 'D*&DbUJG xl; (okYd r[kw)f 'pfyvkrd mvufrw S t f wGuf twef;tpm;t& vkt d yfaom vufawGU tvkyu f dk todrw S jf yKtyfaom "gwfc½JG w Hk iG f vkyzf ;l aMumif; oufaocHpm wifjy&ef (okYdr[kw)f xkv d ufawGU oifMum;&eftwGuf wuúov dk af usmif;wGif tjcm;ausmif;om;rsm;ae&aom umvtykid ;f tjcm; w0ufrQ ae&rnf[k pnf;urf;xm;&ef/ (2) aumvdyfausmif;om; r[kwfaom tvGwfajzolrsm;twGuf &D*spfpwm rSwfykHwifpm&if; wckxm;í pmar;yGrJ ajzrD ok;H vBudKwifí ¤if;wkYd\ emrnfrsm;ukd rSwyf w Hk if pm&if;oGi;f xm;ap&ef/ þuJo h Ydk pnf;urf; xm;vQif uREkfyfwkdY\ txufyg tvGwfynmoifwkdYtwGuf xifjrifcsufwkdYrSm rvkyfEkdifbG,f r½Sd[k ,lqygaMumif;/ 8/ ¤if;tjyif wuúov dk t f ufOya'wGif &uf*al v;½Si;f eHygwf (9) (tcef;- 6) ESihf tvm;wl owfrw S cf surf sm;ukd xkwyf ,f&ef uREkyf w f Ydk wu dk w f eG ;f ygaMumif;? rnfonfah umvdyaf usmif;om;rqkd ¤if;oiftyfaompmukd tcsdef aphatmif oif,lNyD;onfhaemuf (2) ESpfuszl;onfjzpfap? wESpfuszl;onf jzpfap (okdYr[kwf) vkH;0pmar;yGJ rajzbl;onfjzpfap tvGwfpmar;yGJ 0ifoifhygaMumif;? þta&;ESifh ywfoufí jrbl;aumfrwDu wESpf uszl;aom ausmif;om;rsm;udk tvGwfpmar;yGJ 0ifcGifhay;oifhonf[k axmufcHcsufrSm vkHavmufonf[k uREkyf w f Ydk r,lqaMumif;? ausmif;om;wOD;onf rdrad jzqkt d ahH om pmar;yGt J wGuf tcsdeaf phatmif oifNyD;orQ umvywfvkH; tvGwfpmar;yGJ ajzEkdifatmif wESpfus&OD;rnf qkdonfrSm ,kwådrwefvSay/ 9/ tvGwfajzqkdaom ausmif;om;rsm;udk cGifhjyKvkdonfhtaMumif;rsm;rSm (2) &yf[k awG;p&m½SdygaMumif;? yxr taMumif;um; þuJhokdY tcGifhta&;onf wuúokdvfynm\ twef;tpm; avsmhbG,f&m jzpfonf[laom t&myif jzpfavonf/ þwGif uREkfyfwkdYonf þuJhodkY xifjrifcsufrsm; txl;rSm;onf[k ,lqygaMumif;? wuúov dk o f nf rdrt d wef;tpm;udk rdrt d vk½d o dS vdk owfrw S Ef idk af Mumif;? xkYd aMumifh þuJo h Ydk twef;tpm;ukd &oif&h xku d o f nfrmS txl;xif½mS ; vSygaMumif;? xku d o hJ Ydk wuúov dk pf mar;yJrG sm;\ twef;tpm;rsm;rSm jrifae& orQ umvywfv;Hk tvGwaf jzqko d rl sm;tm; cGijhf yKojzifh wuúov dk b f UJG rsm;rSm b,fenf;ESifhrQ twef;tpm; avsmhí aps;aygoGm;rnf r[kwfay/ tu,fí wuúokdvfq&mrsm;onf tvGwfajzolrsm;tm; pmjzihf jzpf ap? ¤if;wkYd tm;vyfcsdew f iG f jzpfap? pmoifMum;ygu ¤if;wkYd oifMum;tyfaom wuúov dk f tvky0f wå&m;rsm; ayghysufp&m taMumif;½SdygaMumif;? xkdokdYoifMum;jcif;udk txl;wm;jrpfygu tvGwfajzqkdolrsm;ukd cGifhjyK ojzifh b,fykHb,fenf; wuúokdvfynm\ twef;tpm; avsmhoGm;p&m½SdaMumif; awG;awm&ef cJ,Of;vSay aMumif;? þokdY xifjrif,lqaom olrsm;tm; pum;tykdryg ½Sif;½Sif;wkdwkdESifh taMumif;jyyg&ef uREkfyfwkdYu ar;jref;vkdygaMumif;/ 10/ uREfyk w f Ydk ,cktMuHay;&mwGif ausmif;om;trsm; aumvdyfausmif;okdY rvmrSmvnf; pkd;&drfbG,f&mr½Sday/ tb,faMumifh tcrf;tem;qef;jym;BuD;us,af om ausmif;awmftaqmuftODrsm;? aysmpf &m? yg;p&m? upm;p&m? 112

udkvdkeDacwfaESmif; - 1937 rS 1938 - e,fcsJYqefhusifa&; vGwfvyfa&;BudK;yrf;rI trsKd;om;a&;toGif aep&m? qifp&m tcrf;tem;rsm;um; ausmif;om;wkid ;f ESihf ausmif;om;wkid ;f \ rdbwkYdudk txl; pdwfqGJaqmif ojzifh wwfEidk af omolwidk ;f aumvdyaf usmif;okYd vmrnfrmS ajrBuD;vufcwf rvGEJ idk [ f k qkEd idk af Mumif;? þokYd jzpf&um; wuúokdvfrSm tvGwfajzolrsm;tm; cGifhjyKojzifh b,fenf;ESifhrQ qkH;½IH;p&mrjrifay/ 11/ þtaMumif;rSty þuJhokdY tvGwfajzqkdolrsm;tm; cGifhjyKjcif;onf tvkyftukdif½Sdí axmufyHhp&m vlrsm; tpk;d &zufwiG f jzpfap? tjcm;zufwiG f jzpfap? a½SUokYd wk;d wufcsiaf om olrsm;pGmwkYd tm; txufwef;ynmukd oifvadk ompdwf jzpfz, G &f m ½Syd gaMumif;? þokYd aiGtm; rwwfEidk í f txufwef;ynm&vkad om olrsm;omvQif tvGwfajzqkdolrsm; jzpfrnfjzpfaMumif;? wuúokdvfpmar;yGJ twef;tpm;onf jrifhjrifh½SdaevQif xkdpmar;yGJ atmifEidk o f nfh tvGwfajzqkdolrSm omrnvlrsm;xuf t&nftcsif;½Sdolyif jzpfavonf/ þokdY tMuHOmPf rsm;udk pOf;pm;&mwGif &efukefwuúokdvf wckwnf;om jrefrmjynfwGif½Sdonf [lonfh tcsufukd txl;owd jyKoifhygaMumif;/ 12/ txufujyqkcd o hJ nft h wkid ;f wcrf;wem; wuúov dk w f iG f ae&xkid &f onfuadk xmufí wwfEidk af om ausmif; om;rsm;onf ausmif;tdyfausmif;pm; jzpfMurnf jzpfaMumif;? pifppftm;jzifh &efukefNrdKUwGif rdb½Sdaom rsm;pGmaom ausmif;om;rsm;yif ausmif;tdyaf usmif;pm;tjzpf aevkMd uaMumif;? okYd aomf xku d o hJ Ydk raevkad om ausmif;om;rsm;twGuf tb,fuJhokdY xm;rnfenf;/ &efukefNrdKUwGif rdbrsm;ESifh aexkdifaom ausmif;om; rsm;tm; tdrfjyeftdrfpm;tjzpf vufcHonf rSefaomfvnf; aqGrsKd;om;csif;rsm;ESifh aexkdifaom ausmif;om; rsm;tm; &Hzef&Hcg ausmif;tdyfausmif;pm; ae&rnf[k twif;tMuyf wkdufwGef;onfudk uREkfyfwkdY awGU½Sd&yg aMumif;? NrdKUxJwGifaejcif;onf p&dwfoufom acsmifcsdí pm;a&;aomufa&;rSmvnf; aumvdyfausmif;rsm; xuf rcsKdU,Gif;[k uREkfyfwkdY,kHMunfaMumif;? okdYjzpf&um; &efukefNrdKUwGif rdbrsm;ESifhaexkdifMuaom ausmif; om;rsm;tjyif bDat? bDtufpD twef;rsm;udk oifMum;Muaom ausmif;om;rsm;tm;vkH;? ¤if;wkdY\ rdb (okdYr[kwf) tkyfxdef;olrsm;u pmjzifh taMumif;Mum;u NrdKUxJwGif ae&ef cGifhjyKxkdufaMumif;/ 13/ wuúodkvfonf ¤if;aumifpDu? ¤if;aumifpDvlBuD;rsm;xJu jzpfap? okdYr[kwf jyifywkdif;jynfzufwGif vnf;aumif;? ynma&;zufwiG f vnf;aumif; aqmif½u G af eaom yk*Kd¾ vfrsm;xJu jzpfap? ¤if;t"dywd cseq f ,f vm vlMuD;udk a½G;aumufwifajr§muf&ef tcGifhta&; &½SdxkdufNyD[k uREkfyfwkdY av;av;eufeuf ,lqaMumif;? wuúov kd o f nf uk, d yf idk t f yk cf sKyv f yk u f idk &f aom taqmuftODjzpfonft h wkid ;f ¤if;tBuD;trSL; em,utjzpf wifajr§mufvo dk t l m; wifajr§mufEidk &f efrmS txl;avsmu f ef oifjh rwfvaS yaMumif;? xko d Ydka½G;aumuf wifajr§muf cH&aom cseq f ,fvm t"dywdonf bk&ifcx H uf wuúov kd t f a&;rsm;ukd ykrd edk ;D pyfpmG odí pdw0f ifwpm; vku d pf m; zG,f&m ½SdaMumif;? ¤if;tjyif rnfonfhtcsdefrqkd wuúodkvfESifh vuf½Sdtpkd;&wdkY tjiif;yGm;Muygu xkduJhokdY a½G;aumufaom t"dywdonf wuúodkvfbufrS txl;ajymay;rnfjzpfaMumif;? bk&ifcHom t"dywdjzpfae ygu Mum;rSvnf;aumif;? vuf½SdtrwfcsKyf tpkd;&zufrSvnf;aumif; ae&eftaMumif; ½SdayaMumif;/ 14/ jrbl;aumfrwDonf wuúodkvfESifh aumvdyfausmif;rsm; qufqHa&;ESifh ywfoufí wuúodkvfaumifpDwGif tmPm½Sd? r½Sd[laom tcsufudk tpD&ifcHpm eHygwf (13) ESifh (14)? ¤if;aemuf (26) rS (28) wdkYwGif pOf; pm; aqG;aEG;MuaMumif;? xdkodkYaqG;aEG;&mwGif jrbl;aumfrwDu wuúodkvfaumifpDwGif tmPmr½Sdqdkaom pum;rSm tajctjrpfususee r½Sd[kqdkaMumif;? þpum;udk axmufjcif;tm;jzifh jrbl;aumfrwD0if vlBuD;wdkYonf wuúodkvftwGif;a&;udk aumif;pGmrodaMumif; xif½Sm;vSayonf/ wuúodkvfaumifpDonf tmPmr½S[ d o l nfh tcsufrmS txifrQom r[kw?f wu,f tppftrSeyf if jzpfaMumif;? ,ckvuf½dS t"dywd\ aumufcsufwckt&qdkaomf wuúodkvfaumifpD tpnf;ta0;rsm;wGif ¤if;tm; vlBuD;rsm;onf ar;cGef;rsm; rar;Edik q f akd Mumif;? wzeftjcm;¤if; aumufcsut f &um; wuúov kd af umifp\ D qH;k jzwfcsurf sm;onf qD;edwf tzGJUESifh wuúodkvfausmif;tkyfcsKyfa&;tzGJUrsm;odkY axmufcHcsuftaersKd;jzifhom qD;edwfESifh aumvdyftkyfcsKyf a&;tzGJUwdkY tay: rnfodkYrQ wm0efrwnfaMumif;? pwufusL (33) ESifh (34) taMumif;wdkYudk txl;ta&;,l aomf jyxm;í jrbl;aumfrwDyifvQif txifrSm;? tjrifrSm; jzpfaeayaMumif;? þpwufusL (33-34) t& csxm;tyfaom pnf;rsO;f tpDtpOfrmS wu,fwef; jzpfajrmufEikd &f ef cJ,Of;vSayaMumif;? tpD&ifcpH mwck wuúov kd af usmif; wausmif;rS awmif;qdEk ikd &f ef wuúov kd af umifpD yxrawGUí aqG;aEG; &OD;rnfjzpfaMumif;? xdkuJhodkY aqG;aEG;&mwGif tpD&ifcHpmudk awmif;&eftqdkrSm ½IH;aumif; ½IH;EdkifayaMumif;? r½IH;bJ twnfjzpfap umrl aumvdyfrsm;u vdktyfaom tpD&ifcHpmrsm;udk wifoGif;&ef tcsdef,l qGJOD;rnfjzpfaMumif;? xdkYaemuf wuúodkvfaumifpDu wzefawGUqkHí aqG;aEG;&OD;rnfjzpfaMumif;? xdktpD&ifcHpmt& ta&;,l&eftqdkonf 113

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udkvdkeDacwfaESmif; - 1937 rS 1938 - e,fcsJYqefhusifa&; vGwfvyfa&;BudK;yrf;rI trsKd;om;a&;toGif rsm;wGif uREkfyfwkdYonf a'gufwm tufpfata&mhzfwf wifjycsufESifh oabmwlnDygaMumif;/ 18/ ,ck qkdtyfcJh&NyD;onfh aumvdyftkyfcsKyfa&;tzGJUwkdYukd wuúokdvfuzGJUpnf;í atmufyg a,bk,sZ,m; twkdif; zGJUpnf;oifhaMumif;/ - tpkd;&t&m½Sd r[kwfaom aumvdyfausmif;q&mvnf;r[kwfaom wuúokdvfaumifpDu wifajr§mufonfh vlBuD; (7) a,muf? - qD;edwfynma&;tzGJUrS (1) a,muf - ausmif;om;rsm;u wifajr§mufaom vlBuD; (1) a,muf - ausmif;q&mrsm;rS (1) a,muf - ausmif;tkyfESifh (q&mjzpfoifaumvdyftwGufom) 'kwd,t"dywdESifh ynmrif;BuD; - (,leDAmpDwDaumvdyftwGufom) tif*sifeD,mygarmu© - (aq;aumvdyftwGufom ) jrefrmjynfaq;rif;BuD; - (,k'oefaumvdyftwGufom) tar&duefomoemjyKtoif;rS (3) a,muf - ausmif;om;rsm;u wifajr§muftyfaom vlBuD;rSm ausmif;om;rSvGJí &D*spfpwm rSwfykHwifpm&if;oGif;NyD; wuúokdvfbGJUxl;&olrsm;omru tjcm;vlBuD;rsm;xJrSvnf; jzpfoifhaMumif;/ 19/ pmrsufESmeHygwf (14) jrbl;tpD&ifcHpmwGif tufOya'yk'fr (C) qkdvdktyfaom o½kyft"dyÜg,f½SdvsufESifh trIaqmifaumfrwDonf wuúov dk af umifp\ D tzGUJ r[kw[ f k qkx d m;onf/ uREyfk w f Ydkonf þonfudk oabm rwl/ yk'rf 2 (C) wGif ay;xm;aom o½kyaf zmfjycsurf mS aocsmpGm rSeu f efaMumif;? þxifjrifcsuw f iG f trIaqmif tzGJUrSm wifajr§muftyfaom vlBuD;rsm;ESifh wuúokdvft&m½Sdrsm;om ½Sdaejcif;u txl;axmufcHvsufyif ½SdayaMumif;? xkdYaMumifh yk'fr 2 (C) ukd rajymif;oifh? ½SdjrJ½Sdapí trIaqmifaumfrwDudkvnf; trIaqmif aumifpD[k rajymif;vJoifh? trIaqmifaumfrwD tcGifha&;ESifhywfoufí jrbl;aumfrwD okdYavm? okdYavm awG;awmaep&m rvk?d ½So d rQtm;vk;H tmPmwkYd udk wuúov dk af umifpt D m;vTí J xkYd aemufrS pwufusLrsm;t& trIaqmiftzGJUokdY vTJtyfoifhayaMumif;/ 20/ qD;edwfukd ynmoifaumifpD[kac:&ef axmufcHcsufudk uREkfyfwkdY uefYuGuf&efrjrif/ þynmoifaumifpD [lonfh pum;onf qD;edwftzGJU\ &nf½G,fcsufvkyfief;udk ykdrkdxif½Sm;apygvQif bkwf (½kH;) [k wuúokdvf aumifpD tpm;ay;xm;aom ¤if;\ &nf½G,fcsufvkyfief;udk omíyif rodomaponf[k xifygaMumif;/ xkdYaMumifh wuúokdvfaumifpD[kyif ½Sd&if;pGJemrnfukd xm;oifhaMumif;? okdYr[kwf ynmoifaumifpDrS cGJjcm; jyovkdrluvnf; tkyfcsKyfa&;aumifpD[k ajymif;vJapvkdygaMumif;/ 21/ pmrsufESm (15) (jrbl;tpD&ifcHpm) wGif 'kwd,t"dywdukd a½G;aumuf&rnf[laom axmufcHcsufudk MudKufEpS o f ufay\/ okYd &mwGif þuJo h Ydk wuúov dk af umifpu D a½G;aumufwifajr§mufaom 'kw, d t"dywdudk csefq,fvm t"dywd\ oabmwlncD suf ½Srd nfqo dk nfrmS taMumif;rwefvaS y/ wuúov dk o f nf tmPm½Sd aom tzGJUjzpfoifhonfh twkdif;? ¤if;a½G;aumufwifajr§mufvkdaom 'kwd,t"dywdudk a½G;aumuf xkdufay onf/ xkdokdY a½G;aumufaom 'kwd,t"dywdudk oabmrusEkdifaom t"dywdukd uREkfyfwkdY awG;í r&acs/ 22/ wuúov dk af umifp0D ifvBl uD;rsm;wGif Oya't& jyifyrS tpk;d &t&m½Sv d nf; r[kw?f wuúov dk t f &m½Sv d nf; r[kw?f aumvdyaf usmif;q&mvnf; r[kwaf om vlBuD;trsm;tjym;yg0if&ef ½So d ifah om awmif;qkcd suu f kd uREyfk w f Ydk t xl; axmufcHaMumif;? jrbl;aumfrwDu þawmif;qkdcsufonf tpkd;&drfvGefí awmif;qkdjcif; jzpfonf[k qk\ d / okYd&mwGif þokYdp;dk &drjf cif;onf tpd;k &wuúov dk f okYdr[kwf aumvdyt f &m½Srd sm;jzpfaom tpk;d &t&m½Srd sm; tay: MoZmtmPm ysHUESHYaprnfxifí jzpfonfqkd&mü rSm;\/ uREkfyfwkdY pkd;&drfonfhtaMumif;rSm tpkd;& uRefrsm;omru? jynfa&;jynf&mukd vkdufpm;aom vlBuD;rsm;ESifh ausmif;om;rsm;ukdyif zkH;vTrf;aeaom uRefpdwftwGuf pk;d &drjf cif;jzpfayonf/ xku d Repf w d af Mumifh tpk;d &tvkyf r&&m r&aMumif;? tpk;d & todtrSwf r&&m? r&aMumif; [k xifaom t&mwkdYwGif þuJhokdY vlrsKd;rsm;rSm rm;rm;rwfrwf wkdif;jynfzufrS rae0Hhay/ 23/ ynmoifa&;oufouf tzGJUrsm;wGif q&mrsm;ukd avsmhvkdjcif;ukd jrbl;aumfrwDu txl;aMumufvefYaomf vnf; uREkyf w f Ydk um; þrQpk;d &drzf , G &f mr½S[ d k xifygaMumif;? ynmoifMum;a&; oufouftzGUJ rsm; tay:wGif tjyifyvltrsm; ½SdoihfaMumif; awmif;qkdcsufrSm r½Sday/ 24/ wuúokdvfaumifpD0ifvlBuD;rsm;\ta&twGufukd twnfwusrxm;&efukd jrbl;aumfrwDESifh oabmwl ygaMumif;? t"dywdcseq f ,fvmESihf wGb J ufcseq f ,fvmwkYd aumifp0D ifvBl uD;rsm; r[kwo f ifq h adk om axmufcH 115

jrefrmEdkifiHausmif;om;vIyf&Sm;rIordkif; - atmifxGef; csufukdvnf; uefYuGufp&mr½Sdyg/ okdY&mwGif wGJbufcsefq,fvmonf aumifpDukd rdefYcGef;ajymMum;&ef t"dywd\ wlnDcsuf&&rnfqkdonfwGif 'kwd,csefq,fvmonf aumifpD\ cs,f,mrifjzpfí ynmrif; BuD;ESifh aumvdyfausmif;tkyfrsm;onf aumifpD0ifvlBuD;jzpfjcif;udk ruefYuGufyg/ 25/ &efuek Nf rdKU½Sd t*Fvyd cf &pf,mef*P dk ;f ESihf ½krd efuufovpf*P dk ;f tkyw f Ydk tm; aumifp0D ifvBl uD;jzpfjcif;udk oabm rwlyg/ xkdenf;twkdif; omoemykdiftm; aumifpDvlBuD; (2) OD; wifajr§muf&ef tcGifhta&;udkvnf; oabm rwlyg/ xkdaMumifh yk'fr 11 (1)(C)(i) ESifh (n) wdkYudk wuúokdvftufrS xkwfy,f&ef tMuHay;ygaMumif;/ 26/ þenf;twkdif; yk'fr 11 (1)(c) ESifh yk'fr (1)(¡) wkdYwGif ay;xm;aom omoema&;ESifhqkdifaom toif;rsm; tm; tcGifha&;ay;jcif;ukd oabmrwlyg/ þyk'frtao;wkdYukd y,fzsufí trsKd;om;ynma&;tzGJU(pDtiftD;) rS (2) a,muf uk, d pf m;vS,w f ifciG ?hf tjcm; (10) a,mufukd ynma&;ESiq hf idk af om tzGUJ rsm;tm; wzGUJ pDjzpfap? wGJíjzpfap wifajr§mufcGifhay;&ef wkdufwGef;ygaMumif;/ 27/ ynmoifMum;a&;aumifpDrS wuúokdvfaumifpDokdY wifajr§mufxdkufaom OD;a&onf wuúokdvfaumifpDrS ynmoifMum;aomaumifpDokdY wifaom OD;a&ESifh wlnDrQxm;oifhaMumif;? xkdYaMumifh yk'fr 11 (1)(Z) udk þenf;twkid ;f jyifapvkyd gaMumif;? okYdr[kwf ,ckvuf½t dS wkid ;f OD;a&xm;vkyd gu atmufygtwkid ;f þyk'rf ukd jyifapvkdygaMumif;/ ]]ygarmu© 5 OD;xufrykdaom ynma&;aumifpD0ifvlBuD; 10 OD; aumifpD0if vlBuD; jzpf&rnf/}} þtwkdif; jzpfygu yk'fr 14 (1)(i) ukdvnf; ynmoifMum;a&;aumifpDokdY tjyifyrSvlBuD; (10) a,muf wuúokdvfaumifpDu wifajr§mufEkdifatmif jyifqifay;vkdygaMumif;? yxrtMuHay;csufudk vufcHygrlum;? pmrsufESmeHygwf (25) jrbl;tpD&ifcHpmwGif axmufcHcsufudk oabmwlygaMumif;/ 28/ wuúokdvfaumifpDwGif rSwfykHwifwuúokdvfbGJUxl;rsm;tm; ukd,fpm;vS,fwifajr§mufa&;ESifh ywfoufí yk'fr 11 (u)(ps) udk jyifqif&ef jrbl;aumfrwDu tMuHay;&mwGif rSwfykHwifwuúokdvfbGJUxl;&ol (50) vQif wa,mufus aumifpDvlBuD; ½Sd&rnf[kqkdaomtcsufudk oabmwlygaMumif;? okdY&mwGiftenf;qHk; wuúokdvfbGJUxl;&olrsm; (10) a,muf aumifpDwGif ½Sd&rnfjzpfonfukd oabmwlaomfvnf; (15) a,muf xufryk&d [kqo dk nfudk oabmrwlyg/ txufoYdk OD;a&rnfrQ uefYowf&ef rxm;oifyh g/ xku d o hJ Ydk wuúov dk f bGUJ xl;&olrsm; aumifpw D iG f rsm;avaumif;av jzpfygaMumif;? þuJo h Udk jyKojzifh ¤if;wkYd OD;a&rSmvnf; tqrwef rsm;vm&ef r½Sdyg/ xkdokdY bGJUxl;&olrsm;jzpfaom aumifpD0ifvlBuD;rsm;rSm tenf;qkH; (75) &mckdifEIef;rSm tjyiftyvlBuD;rsm; jzpfoifyh gaMumif;? ausmif;om;rsm; 'D*&DbUJG xl;rsm;udk &MuonfEiS hf wNydKifeuf rSwyf w Hk if bGJUxl;&olrsm;tjzpfodkY a&mufoifhygonf/ wuúokdvfbGJUxl;rsm;ukd &½SdNyD;olrsm;onf xkdtcsdef xdktcgwGif wuúokdvftwGuf Oya'tzGJU0ifvlBuD;? wuúokdvfaumifpD0ifvlBuD;rsm;udk a½G;cs,f&ef pOf;pm; csifhcsdefwwf aom t½G,fa&mufNyD;[k ,lqoifhygonf/ ausmif;om;rsm;onf ta½G;aumufrcH&[k pnf;urf;xm;vQif uREkfyfwkdY\ tMuHOmPfudk vufcHEkdifzG,f r½Sdyg/ jrbl;tpD&ifcHpm pmrsufESmeHygwf (19) wGif rSwfykHwif tcaiG 10d^- jzpfoifhonf[laom axmufcHcsufukd oabmwlygaMumif;/ 29/ &efukef? rEÅav;? ppfawG? armfvNrdKifjrLeDpy,frsm;rS aumifpDokdY ukd,fpm;vS,f vTwfjcif;ukd ½SdjrJ½Sdapoifh ygonf/ xkdxuftvGef jynf? yJcl;? awmifilNrdKUrsm;rS jrLeDpDyg,frsm;udkvnf; ukd,fpm;vS,fwOD;pD wifEkdifcGifh ay;oifhygonf/ þNrdKUrsm;rSmvnf; NrdKUBuD;rsm;jzpfygonf/ þokdYay;ojzifh ¤if;ukd,fpm;vS,frsm;ESifh tjcm; jrLeDpDyg,ftzGJUwkdYtm; ¤if;wkdYt&yfrS wuúokdvf ausmif;om;rsm;tm; aiGaxmufcHpm? tpD&ifcHpm pmrsufESm (9) wGif tMuHay;onfhtwkdif; jzpfEkdifzG,f&m½SdaMumif;/ 30/ wuúokdvfaumifpDwGif Oya'jyKtzGJUrS ukd,fpm;vS,frsm; ½Sdoifhayonf/ NAdwdoQygvDrefESifh atmufpzkdY wuúokdvfwkdY qufoG,fa&;ESifh &efukefwuúokdvfESifh jrefrmjynfvTwfawmf qufoG,fa&;rSm rwlay/ tpD&ifcHpm pmrsufESm (20-21) wkdYwGif jrbl;aumfrwDu aumifpDokdY ukd,fpm;vS,f vTwfcGifh vTwfawmftm; tifwifwif ay;xm;aomfvnf; pmrsuEf mS (26-28) wGiu f m; aumvdyaf usmif;rsm;udk tkycf sKyf&ef tpk;d &vuf okdY 0uGufí tyfvkdufayonf/ pifppftm;jzifh vTwfawmfokdY wifajr§mufvkdufaom ukd,fpm;vS,frsm;onf Ekid if aH &; t,ltrsK;d rsK;d rS jzpfEidk af yonf/ okY&d mwGif tpk;d &tzGUJ zGUJ NyD;í aqmif½u G v f Qiu f m; Ekid if aH &; t,ltjrif wrsKd;wnf; ½Sdrnfjzpfonf/ xkdYaMumifh vTwfawmftm; aumifpDukd,fpm;vTwf&ef tcGifhta&;ay;jcif;onf aumvdyfrsm;udk tpkd;&vuftyfonfxuf pkd;&drfaMumifhMup&m enf;ayonf/ pmrsufESmeHygwf (21) wGif txufEiS hf atmufvw T af wmfwYdk tm; a0ykcH sxm;aom OD;a&udk oabmrwlyg/ txufvw T af wmfrS aumifpo D Ydk 116

udkvdkeDacwfaESmif; - 1937 rS 1938 - e,fcsJYqefhusifa&; vGwfvyfa&;BudK;yrf;rI trsKd;om;a&;toGif (2) a,muf? atmufvTwfawmfrS aumifpDokdY (8) a,muf vTwfoifhaMumif;? þonfomvQif vTwfawmf (2) ck OD;a&ESifh tcsKd;usayonf/ 31/ aumifpo D Ydk ausmif;om;rsm;u uk, d pf m;vS,w f a,muf wifajrm§ ufoifo h nf[k axmufccH suf (pmrsuEf mS -21) udk zwf&í 0rf;ajrmufygaMumif;? okYd &mwGif a½G;aumufwifajr§mufc&H aom vlBuD;onf rSwyf w Hk ifbUJG xl;&olrsm; rSom r[kw?f ausmif;om;r[kwaf om tjcm;vlrsm;rSvnf; jzpfoifyh gonf/ wuúov dk o f nf ¤if;\ ausmif; om;rsm;tm; trSm;ESifhtrSef a0cGJEdkif&ef oifMum;&eftwGuf jzpf\/ xkduJhodkY ynmoifay;onf qkdygu &efuek w f uúov dk o f nf ¤if;ausmif;om;rsm;\ a0zefaompdwu f dk ,kMH unfxu dk \ f / oifah wmfou l o dk m aumif pDokdY wifajr§mufrnf[k oHo,½Sdp&m r½Sd/ jrbl;aumfrwDu þuJhokdY ausmif;om;ukd,fpm;vS,f xm;jcif; onf oifhawmfvSonfhtcsuf wuúokdvfvkyfief;w&yf[k rxif[k qkd&mü uREkfyfwkdYum; xkdodkYrMunfh? ausmif;om;rsm;\ uk, d pf m;vS,o f nf ausmif;om;wkYd tzkYd aumifpw D iG f aps;qpf&efr[kw?f ausmif;om;wkYd \ tmoDotrSef oabmxm; ajymMum;&eftwGuf jzpf\/ 32/ tpD&ifcpH meHygwf (21) wGif 'kw, d cseq f ,fvma[mif;wkYdukd aumifp0D if &moufyefvBl uD;rsm; jzpfoifo h nf[k axmufcHcsufukd oabmrwl? ¤if;trIxrf;ukd tjcm;enf;jzifh todrSwfjyKvkdu jyKEkdif\/ 33/ wuúov dk af umifp\ D oufwrf;onf (3) ESpyf if jzpfoifo h nf[k pmrsuEf mS eHygwf (22) wGif axmufccH suu f dk oabmwlygaMumif;? okdY&mwGif a½G;aumufyGJrSm wBudrfwnf; jzpfapvkdaMumif;? Mum;a½G;aumufyGJwGif ta½G;cH&olonf umvtykdif;tjcm;twGufom aumifpDvlBuD;jzpfoifhí okH;ESpfwBudrf a½G;aumufyGJBuD; ½SdapvkdaMumif;? þuJhokdYjzpfvQif wuúokdvfta&;ukd ykdrkd vltrsm; pdwf0ifpm;zG,f&m jzpfygonf/ 34/ omreftm;jzifh wuúokdvfaumifpDonf wESpfvQif (2) Budrf pnf;a0;oifhygí tpnf;ta0;rSwfwrf; ykYd &müum; (tpD&ifcpH m pmrsufEmS 23) wuúov dk t f rIaqmiftzGUJ ? qD;edwt f rIaqmiftzGUJ ESihf aumvdyt f yk cf sKyf a&;tzGJUwkdY\ rSwfwrf;wkdYukd tpnf;ta0;NyD;onfhaemuf (14) &uf twGif; (þrSwfwrf; tykd'f-16 t&) aumifpDvlBuD;rsm;xHokdY ykdYoifhaMumif;? MumrSykdYvQif ta&;,l&ef cJ,Of;rnf jzpfojzifh aumifpDrSm ,ckuJhodkY 'kHY&if;jyefaeOD;rnf jzpfaMumif;/ 35/ pmrsufESm (24) wGif aumifpDrSwifajr§mufaom wuúokdvftrIaqmiftzGJU0ifvlBuD; (7) OD; pvkH; tjyifrS vlBuD;rsm; jzpfoifhaMumif;/ 36/ ref;Oypmaumvdyu f dk wuúov dk t f rIaqmiftzGUJ okYd vTt J yf&ef pmrsuEf mS (25) wGif jrbl;aumfrwD\ axmufcH csufukd pOf;pm;&mwGif uREkfyfwkdYonf Oypmtwef;rsm;ukd ynmrif;BuD;u tkyfcsKyfoifh? rtkyfcsKyfoifhudk vnf; pOf;pm;aqG;aEG;rdaomfvnf; tcsut f vufpv Hk ifpmG rod½&dS í ,wdjywf qk;H jzwfcsuf rusygaMumif;? okYd&mwGif pmrsuEf mS (34) wGif jrbl;aumfrwDu Oypmausmif; (3-4) ausmif;cefY tjcm;NrdKUrsm;wGif (1-2) ESpf twGi;f xm;&ef axmufccH sufudk uREkyf w f Ydk txl;tm;ay;ygaMumif;? tu,fí Oypmwef;rsm;onf wuúov dk f ynma&; tqift h wef;yif jzpfoifo h nfqydk gvQif uREyfk w f Ydk þrSww f rf;tyk'd f (17) wGif qkcd o hJ nfh tm;avsmpf mG wuúokdvfu Oypmaumvdyfrsm;ukd tkyfcsKyfjcif;udk oabmwlygonf/ þOypmaumvdyfrsm; ta&;wGif txl;ojzifh rEÅav;aumvdyfta&;wGif þodkYtkyfcsKyfenf;udk jrbl;aumfrwDonf tb,faMumihf BudKufESpf ouf&oenf;udk pOf;pm;ír& jzpfygaMumif;? tb,faMumifhqkdaomf pmrsufESm (26? 28) wGifum; tjcm; wGJbufaumvdyfrsm;ESifh ywfoufí þaxmufcHcsufESifh txl;qefYusifí axmufcHjcif;yifwnf;/ uREkfyfwkdY tm;vkH; aumvdyfrsm;udk wuúokdvfucsnf; tkyfcsKyf&rnfukd av;eufpGm xyfawmif;qkd vkduf&ayaMumif;/ 37/ ref;Oypmaumvdyfta&;ukd pOf;pm;&mwGif jrefrmtpkd;&ESifh Oya'jyKtzGJUodkY rEÅav;aumvdyftm; tcsdef rqGJbJ 'D*&DaumvdyftjzpfokdY jr§ifhwifyg&ef owday;&ygaMumif;/ 38/ ynmoifMum;a&;aumifpD (qD;edwf) wGif wuúokdvfaumifpD ukd,fpm;vS,fOD;a& ig;OD;odkY wifajr§muf&ef axmufcHcsufukd uREkfyfwkdY rSwfwrf;tykd'f (21) wGif qkdcJhonfhtwkdif; axmufcHygaMumif;/ 39/ pmrsufESm (26) jrbl;tpD&ifcHpmwGif wuúokdvftufOya' yk'fr (21)? yk'fri,f (2) ukd jyif&ef axmufcH csufwGif taMumif;rjrif? tb,faMumifh wuúokdvf0ifcGifhOya' xm;&mwGif bk&ifcHESifhaumifpD oabm wlnDcsuf ½dS&rnfukd awG;qír&yg/ xkdYaMumifh yk'fr 21 (2) wGif bk&ifcHcsKyfESifh aumifpDtkyfcsKyfjcif;udk twnfxm;í jyKqkdaom pum;rsm;ukd y,fxkwfapvkdaMumif;/ 40/ pmrsufESm (29) wGif ygarmu©rsm;ukdk wuúokdvftrIaqmifu cefYoifhonf[k axmufcHcsufukd oabmwl ygaMumif;? wuúokdvftrIaqmifonf pwufusLt& wuúokdvftmPmykdiftzGJU wckjzpfoifhonf[k jrbl; 117

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jrefrmEdkifiHausmif;om;vIyf&Sm;rIordkif; - atmifxGef; qkdif&m toif;½kH;rsm; &½Sd&ef MudK;yrf;aeMuonf/ 8/ ArmjynftESHYtjym;wGif a&ab;? avab; qkdufa&mufojzifh vl (1) odef;ausmf tkd;rJhtdrfrJhtxd 'ku©jzpfcJh&m ¤if;wkYd u,fq,fa&;twGuf tNrdKUNrdKUt½Gm½GmrS ausmif;om;rsm;u aiG? ypön;f rsm; aumufccH o Jh nf/ Armjynf a&ab;? avab;u,fq,fa&;tzGUJ u aumufcaH om u,fq,fa&;&HyaHk iGwiG f w0ufausmfausmfrmS ausmif; om;rsm; aumufcHay;aomaiG jzpfonf/ 9/ rEÅav;ausmif;om;uGefz&ifh qkH;jzwfcsuf trSwf (1) t& urÇmvkH;qkdif&m ausmif;om;rsm;toif;BuD;ESifh qufoG,fxm;onf/ þtoif;MuD;u MuD;rSL;í 1937 ck? Mo*kwfv (25) &ufaeYrS (28) &ufaeY txd jyifopfjynf? yg&DNrdKUawmfü usif;yaom urÇmvk;H qkid &f mausmif;om;rsm;uGezf &ifo h Ydk Armjynfausmif;om;rsm; ukd,fpm;vS,ftjzpf "EkjzLOD;at;armiftm; wufa&mufapcJhonf/ Armjynf\ ukd,fpm;vS,f "EkjzLOD;at; armifrSm jAL½kdac: A[kdtvkyftrIaqmiftzGJUodkYvnf; a½G;aumufwifajr§mufcH&onf/ (tifwmae½Sife,f ,kou f ifrh f (ac:) urÇmvkH;qkdif&m vli,frsm;pka0;&m pcef;odkYvnf; "EkjzLOD;at;armif wufa&mufcJhonf/) 10/ 1291 ck? awmfovif;vqkwf? (2) &ufaeYwGif &efukefaxmifMuD; twGif;ü jyif;xefcsKyfwnf;aom axmifOya'ukd uefYuGufí (166) &ufvkH; t[m&rrSD0JbJ rdrd\ twåabm tykyfaumifudk pGefYcGmcJhaom tmZmenf OD;0dpm&\ (8) Mudrfajrmuf txdrf;trSwfukd Auo toif;u BuD;rSL;í ArmjynftESHUtjym;wGif tpnf;ta0;rsm; usif;ycJh\/ OD;0dpm&aeYESifh ywfoufaom pmwrf;ukdvnf; tajrmuftjrm;½kdufum ¤if;aeYwGif a0iSurf;vSrf;cJhonf/ 11/ Ekd0ifbmv (1) &ufaeYwGif jrefrmwEkdifiHvkH;wGif tpnf;a0;BuD;rsm; usif;yí atmufyg qkH;jzwfcsufrsm; csrSwfcJhonf/ 11(1)/ rEÅav;uGefz&ifh\ qkH;jzwfcsuf trSwf (5) jzpfaom e,fcsJUppfyGJrsm;wGif ryg0if? e,fcsJUpepfMuD; wnfw&hH m wnfwahH Mumif; jzpfaom yGv J rf;obifrsm;wGiv f nf; yg0ifjcif; rjyK&ef[al om qk;H jzwfcsuu f kd xyfrH twnfjyKaMumif;? 11(2)/ ,cktcg e,fcsJUpepfESifh e,fcsJUpepftvm;wl zufqpfpepfwkdYaMumifh ab;'ku©MuD; qkdufa&muf aeMuaom w½kwfjynfoljynfom;? pydefjynfoljynfom;wkdYtwGuf Armjynfausmif;om;rsm;u txl; 0rf;enf;aMuuGJvsuf ¤if;wkdYESifhwuG ausmif;om;wkdYonf tjrefqkH; ppfEkdifMuygap[k qkawmif;arwÅm ykdYaMumif;? 11(3)/ qif;&Jjcif;? tvkyv f ufrrhJ sm;jcif;? ppfjzpfjcif; ponfwYdu k kd jzpfymG ;aponfh e,fcsUJ pepftwGi;f okYd vGecf ahJ om (52) ESpu f Armjynf usa&mufjcif;aMumif?h wefaqmifrek ;f vqkw?f (8) &ufaeYudk e,fcsUJ pepf uefYuu G &f maeY [ktodrw S jf yKum xkad eUwGif e,fcsUJ pepfudk uefYuu G o f nft h aejzifh Oykoo f w D if;apmifh ok;H &ef qk;H jzwfaMumif;? ¤if;aeYwiG f ppfudk igwkYd tvkrd ½S[ d al om pmwrf;ukd a0iSco hJ nf/ wefaqmifrek ;f vqkwf (8) &ufaeYwiG f e,fcsUJ pepf uefYuu G af omaeUudk Armjynft&yf&yf½dS ausmif;om;rsm; txdr;f trSwt f m;jzifh tpmiwfcMH u&ef qifx h w k cf o hJ nft h wkid ;f tNrdKUNrdKU½Sd ausmif;om;rsm;u vku d ef mcJo h nf/ &efuek Nf rdKUwGif wuúov dk o f r*¾toif; trIaqmifrsm;? Auotoif;trIaqmifEiS hf tjcm;ausmif;om;wkUd onf ygawmfru l si;f y&modYk oGm;a&mufMuNy;D Ouú| ukad tmifqef;u e,fcsUJ pepfuefUuGuaf omaeY (ygawmfral eY r[kw)f ukd tb,faMumifh usi;f y&onfudk ½Si;f vif; ajymqkcd o hJ nf/ xkad eYwiG f ]bmvJe,fcsJY0g'} ac: pmwrf;udk a0iSMuonf/ 12/ trsKd;om;aeYü tpOftvmt& usif;ycJhonf/ tjcm;tpnf;t½kH;rsm;ESifh yl;aygif;aqmif½Guf&ef qifhpmxkwf cJhonfhtwkdif; tNrdKUNrdKU½Sd ausmif;om;rsm;u vkdufemcJhonf/ xkdaeYwGif ]igwkdhtrsKd;om;0g'} ac: pmwrf;udk ½kdufESdyf xkwfa0cJhonf/ 13/ Auotoif;rS ½kdufESdyfxkwfa0cJhaom pmwrf;rsm;rSm(u) Auotoif;\ pnf;rsOf;Oya' (c) rEÅav;uGefz&ifh\ qkH;jzwfcsufrsm; (*) taqGjyefwrf;trSwf (C) ausmif;om;rsm; Ekd;Mum;avmh (t*Fvdyfausmif;rsm;twGuf t*Fvdyfbmomjzifh ½kdufESdyfonf) (i) wuúokdvftufOya'jyifqifa&; tpD&ifcHpm (p) 0wå&m;trGef (OD;0dpm&aeYtwGuf) (q) e,fcsJUpepfukd igwkdYtvkdr½Sd (Ekd0ifbm? 11 &uftwGuf) 120

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(#) wwd,tBurd f AuonDvmcHusi;f yjcif; jrifuiG ;f ({NyD 24-25? 1938) tpnf;ta0;pwifjyKvkyfonfh {NyDv (24) &uf? reuf (8) em&DwGif ausmif;0if;twGif;ü jrefrmpmoif ausmif;q&mrsm;\ tpnf;ta0;BuD;uJhokdY yifeDtusÐ0wfqifxm;aom ausmif;om;? ausmif;olrsm;ukd awGU&onf/ (9) em&DwGif tpnf;ta0; paomtcg trsKd;om;ausmif;tkyfcsKyfa&;aumfrwDrS vlBuD;rsm;ESifh NrdKUay:rS {nfhonfrsm;rS wyg; a,mufsm;? rde;f r? vlMuD;vli,ftm;vk;H yifet D us0Ð wfqifxm;Muonf/ vma&mufowif;,laom pkaH xmufzufrS (2-3) OD;vnf; yifeDtusÐ0wfqifxm;Muonf/ ausmif;BuD;qif0ifatmufrS pnfawmfBuD;wD;aom (9) em&D? (15) rdepfwGif {nfhcHaumfrwDOuú| ukdvSarmif 124

udkvdkeDacwfaESmif; - 1937 rS 1938 - e,fcsJYqefhusifa&; vGwfvyfa&;BudK;yrf;rI trsKd;om;a&;toGif onf a½SUaqmif q&mBuD;ocifukd,fawmfrIdif;? Ouú| ukdatmifqef;? toif;tvkyftrIaqmifrsm;? pma&;rsm; pifjrifh ay:okdY wufa&mufvmMuonf/ aygif;wnfNrdKUrS ukdzkd;tkef;u xkdifNyD; tm;vkH;rwfwyf&yfí wkdYArmoDcsif;udk pdwftm; xufoefpGm oDqkdMuonf/ ausmif;BuD;wckvHk; [def;oGm;onfhtjyif MuufoD;arG;nif;xrcef; jzpfoGm;Muonf/ oDcsif;qkdNyD;aemuf ukdvSarmifu ukd,fpm;vS,frsm;tm; EIwfqufí yg0ifulnDoltm;vkH;tm; aus;Zl;wif pum; ajymMum;NyD;vQif tvkyt f rIaqmifaumfrwDu toif; (Auo) \ Ouú|tjzpf xyfraH ½G;aumufNyD;jzpfaom ukad tmif qef;tm; em,utjzpf aqmif½u G &f ef ajymMum;&m ukad tmifqef;onf em,uae&m ,lNyD;vQif q&mBuD;ocifu, dk af wmfridI ;f tm; tpnf;ta0; zGiv hf pS af y;&ef awmif;yefavonf/ q&mBuD;ocifu, dk af wmfridI ;f tzGit hf rSmpum; ajymMum;avonf/ xkdYaemuf em,u ukdatmifqef;u (25) rsufESm½Sd rdefYcGef;ukd zwfMum;NyD; ta&;BuD;aom tcsuftvuf rsm;ukd xkwfEkwf½Sif;jy&m ausmif;BuD; [def;oGm;atmifyif Mobmay;Muonf/ xkdYaemuf em,utoif;BuD;\ tvkyf trIaqmifvlBuD; wOD;jzpfol &efukefNrdKUr ausmif;om;a[mif; ukdoef;wif uG,fvGefojzifh 0rf;enf;tqkd wifoGif;&m y&dowftm;vkH; (2) rdepf rwfwyf&yfí 0rf;enf;aMumif; jyoMuonf/ xkdaemuf tpnf;ta0;ukd acwå &yfem;onf/ aeYvnfyidk ;f tpnf;ta0; jyefvnfpwifaomtcg toif;csKyf 'k-Ouú| ukv d aS ½Tu toif;ESpyf wfvnf tpD&ifcpH m udk zwfMum;onf/ xkdtpD&ifcHpm zwfMum;NyD;aemuf ukdjrpdefu tdE´d, acgif;aqmifMuD; *s0g[mvmae½l;? tdE´d,EkdifiH vk;H qkid &f m uGeu f &uftoif;BuD;wGif bkt H ,l0g' BudKufaomtzGUJ ESihf jyifopfjynf? yg&DNrdKU½Sd urÇmvk;H qkid &f mausmif;om; rsm;toif;csKyf tpnf;ta0;MuD; atmifjrifygap[laom qkawmif;aom pm (3) apmif zwfjyNyD;vQif em,u ukad tmifqef; u jrefrmjynf ausmif;om;rsm;xHrS ay;ykYdaompmrsm; rsm;jym;vGe;f vSí rzwfEidk af Mumif; ajymqkNd yD;vQi?f &efuek w f uúov dk f tufOya'Murf;ukd ,cktxd tpkd;&wkdYu bmrQrvkyfao;ojzifh ausmif;om;rsm; vkdvm;aom awmif;qkdcsuft& pDraH qmif½u G f ray;vQif xkt d csurf sm; r&rae tjyif;txef aqmif½u G &f ef tqku d dk ukad usmjf rifh (bDat) u wifoiG ;f NyD;? ukdxGef;wifu axmufcHonf/ xkdYaemuf ajrmif;jrNrdKUrS wuúokdvfausmif;om; ukdjr½Sdefu tpkd;&u vkyfray;vQif b,fvdkaqmif½Gufrnfukd twdtvif; xkwfazmfajym&rnf/ a½S;u oydwfarSmufcJh&m bmrS tusKd;r½Sdjzpfonf[k ajymqkd&m ref;Oypmaumvdyf ausmif;om; ukdwkd;&ifu rdrdtMuHtpnfrsm; xkwfazmf rajymqkdoifh[k ajymqkdonf/ aemufqkH; em,u ukdatmifqef; u rdrw d Ykd oydwaf rSmufwidk ;f vk;H 0 ratmifjrifaomfvnf; rdrw d Ykd vkv d m;csuf trsm;tm;jzif&h aMumif;? 1936 oydww f iG f yxr atmifjrifvmaomfvnf;? rdrdwkdYtm;rSm wjznf;jznf; qkwf,kwfvmojzifh tm;jznfhwif;&ef tdajE´&& ppfukd qkwcf ahJ Mumif;? ,ckrrd w d Ykd cGet f m;½Sv d mNyD jzpfaMumif;? ,cka½SUESpw f iG f rdrOd uú|tjzpf aqmif½u G &f rnf/ þokYd aqmif½u G f &mwGif ]atmifqef;aomfvnf;aumif; jyKwf&rnf? tvkyfukdaomfvnf;aumif; atmif&rnf} [k pm;yGJukd vufoD;ESifh xkNyD; atmf[pfajymqkdvu dk &f m ausmif;BuD;wckv;Hk ? MobmoH? vufcyk o f rH sm; qlno H mG ;onf/ eHygwf (3) tqku d dk ukad tmif qef;u wifoiG ;f &rnf jzpfojzifh 'k-Ouú| ukv d aS ½Tu em,utjzpf aqmif½u G o f nf/ ukad tmifqef;u Oya' jyifqifcsurf sm; wckNyD; wck tus,w f 0ifh ½Si;f vif;NyD; tqkw d ifoiG ;f &m? ukx d eG ;f wifu axmufcNH yD; em,uu þtqku d dk oabmwlMu ygovm;[k ar;jref;&m ausmif;om;rsm;u oabmwlygonf[k atmf[pfajymqko d jzifh em,uu xkt d qku d dk twnfjyKygNy[ D k ajymaepOf ajrmif;jrNrdKUrS wuúov dk af usmif;om; ukjd r½Sed u f xvmNyD; uefYuu G v f o dk nf [k ajymonf/ xkt d cg em,uu twnfjyKNy;D aMumif;? ruefYuu G Ef idk af wmh[k ajym&m ukjd r½Sed o f nf a'goESihf pifjrifah y:rS qif;í tcef;jyifoYdk xGuo f mG ;aMumif;? odYkaomf ocifjrbl;u ac:,lxm;avonf/ xkt d cg ukad tmifqef;u tqku d dk uefYuu G &f ef ½S?d r½Sd ar;jref;&ef vko d mG ;aMumif; aMunmNyD;ojzifh pnf;urf;t& aemufxyf ajymqkEd idk cf iG hf rjyKaMumif; ajymqkí d tqku d dk twnfjyKavonf/ eHygwf (4) tqkdudk wuúokdvfausmif;om; ukdA[def;u a&eHajrtvkyform;rsm; cHpm;aeMu&aom 'ku©rsm; Mum;&olrsm; rsuf&nfusavmufatmifyif tus,fw0ifah jymqkNd yD; tqkw d ifoiG ;f &m aygif;wnf ukzd ;dk tke;f u axmufcH onf/ xkdtqkdukd uefYuGuf&ef jyifqif&ef ½Sd? r½Sd ar;jref;&m jyifqifvkdol½Sdojzifh tcsdefrSm nae (4) em&D xkd;aeNyD jzpfí (25) &ufaeYrSom qufvuf pOf;pm;&ef ajymqkdNyD; tpnf;ta0; tpDtpOf yxraeY &yfqkdif;vkdufonf/ 'kwd,aeY 25? 4? 1938 eHeuf (9) em&DwGif tpnf;ta0; qufvufjyKvkyfMu&m eHygwf (4) tqkdudk wcgwnf; twnfjyKvkyfMuonff/ eHygwf (5) tqku d dk BudKUyifaumuf uko d ef;pdeu f wifoiG ;f í? ZD;uke;f ukx d eG ;f ½Sed u f axmufco H nf/ ¤if;tqkd rSm ausmif;om;pmtkyf a½G;cs,af &;tzGUJ wGif ausmif;om;uk, d pf m;vS,f yg½Sad p&efjzpfonf/ tcsKdUu jyifqifcsuf wifoiG ;f aomfvnf; jyifqifcsufrSm (24) rJ? (38) rJjzifh ½IH;oGm;onf/ xkdaemuf NrdKUrausmif; ukdarmifarmifu ausmif;okH;pmtkyf a½G;cs,af &;tzGUJ wGif toif;csKyf\ trIaqmiftzGUJ rS uk, d pf m;vS,f yg0ifap&ef[al om pum;udk tqkw d iG f jznfph u G v f suf xkdtqkdukd twnfjyKMuavonf/ 125

jrefrmEdkifiHausmif;om;vIyf&Sm;rIordkif; - atmifxGef; eHygwf (6) tqku d dk a'gifMh u;D ukad zoifu wifoiG ;f í? rvIid f udak tmifwifu axmufco H nf/ wuúov dk af usmif;om; ukb d av;u jrefrmEkid if w H iG f (tcvGw)f rlvwef; ynmroifrae&[k jznfph u G jf yifqifvsuf twnfjyKonf/ eHygwf (7) tqkdukd rkH½Gm ukdwifaqGu wifoGif;&m Oyrm Oyar,sjzifh wefqmqifvsuf rSwfom;zG,f&m pum;rsm;jzifh ajymqkdaomfvnf; rdrdrauseyfaom tcsuftwGuf a'gopum;av;rsm;ygojzifh em,u ukdatmifqef; u cPcP owday;&onf/ xdt k qku d dk a&eHacsmif; ukad usmpf ed u f vnf; pum;ajymaumif;aumif;ESihf axmufccH o hJ nf/ tqkd½Sifu ¤if;tqkdudk raxmufcHvQif trsKd;ESifhpmukd rcspf&musrnf[k ajymoGm;ojzifh rvIdif ukdatmifwifu uefY uGufaMumif; trsm;yif 0ifa&mufajymqkdNyD;aemuf rJ,laomtcg (4) rJ? (7) rJESifh y,fvkdufonf/ eHygwf (8) tqkdukd &ckdifjynfu ukdbMudKifu wifoGif;í udkpH&ifu axmufcH&m jyifqifjznfhpGuf&ef t rsm;yif 0ifa&mufajymqkdMuaomfvnf; tqkH;ü rlvtqkdtwkdif; twnfjyKonf/ eHygwf (9) tqkdukd a&eHacsmif; ukdñGefYu tqkdwifoGif;í? a&eHacsmif; ukdausmfpdefu axmufcHavonf/ ukdñGefYrSm vlyifi,faomfvnf; tajymtqkd vGwfvyfyDojcif;? pum;tokH;tEIef; ,Ofaus;jcif;? a&eHacsmif;tpkd;& ausmif;q&mMuD; OD;[kwv f idI f ajymqkv d yk u f idk cf suw f YdkrmS anmifO;D u urf;NydKum prÜmem*ku d EGm;aysmufwmeJY bmqkid v f YdkvJ qkdaom pum;ykHrsm; xnfhoGif;NyD; ajymqkdoGm;onfrSm csD;rGrf;zG,faumif;onf/ xkdYaemuf ausmif;om;ukd,fpm;vS,f wOD;u a&eHacsmif;tpkd;& ausmif;q&mMuD; OD;[kwfvdIifonf xkdausmif;? ausmif;om;or*¾toif;ESifh ywfoufí ajymqkdvkyfukdifjyKrlcsufrSm tvGefpufqkwfzG,f jzpfojzifh tm;vkH;y&dwfowfrsm; rwfwwf&yfí ½SufzG,f (3) Budrf atmfNyD; xkdtqkdukd twnfjyK&ef awmif;yefonfhtwkdif; jyKvkyfNyD; reufykdif; tpDtpOf &yfem;avonf/ aeYvnf (1) em&D qufvufusif;y&m eHygwf (10) tqkdonf 'kwd, ta&;BuD;qkH; tqkd ]ausmif;om;rsm; Ekid if aH &; 0ifvyk cf iG }Uf jzpfonft h wkid ;f &efuek w f uúov dk f ukAd [de;f ESihf rEÅav;Oypmaumvdyf ukw d ;dk &ifwYdk u tus,fw0Hh ajymqkNd yD; wifoiG ;f axmufcaH Mumif; ajymNyD;aomtcg? ajrmif;jr ukjd r½Sed u f ausmif;om;rsm; Ekid if aH &;wGif 0ifa&muf vkyu f idk f cGifh rjyKxkdufqkdNyD; xkdtqkdukd uefYuGufaMumif;ajym&m em,u ukad tmifqef;u xkt d qku d dk oabmwlorl sm;u ]tkid ;f } [k ajymMu&ef ajymqko d jzifh y&dowftm;vk;H avmufyif tkid ;f [k atmfí ukad tmifqef;u oabmrwlorl sm; ]Ek;d } [k ajym Mu&ef ajymaomtcg (2) a,mufom atmfonf/ xkt d cg em,uu tqku d dk twnfjyKaMumif; aMujimvku d o f nfEiS hf wNydKifeuf tm;vk;H atmf[pfNyD; Mobmay;vsuf uefUuGuo f t l m; rsKd;zsu[ f k atmfMuaMumif;/ ukad tmifqef;u þuJhokdY epfematmif rajymqkdxkdufaMumif; ajymqkdNyD;vsif toif;Ouú|a[mif; ukd&m½Spfu t*Fvdyfbmomjzifh tvGefrSwfom; em,lzG,faumif;aom qkH;rpum;rsm;ESifh jrpfBuD;em;wGif rdru d , dk af wGU tpkd;&u tvGefMuyfwnf;aom Oya'rsm;jzifh tmPm½SifozG,f tkyfcsKyfykHukd (1) em&DcefY ajymqkdoGm;onf/ NyD;aomtcg em,u ukdatmifqef;\ awmif;yefcsuft& q&mBuD;ocifukd,fawmfrIdif;u tav;ryGJwGif tEkdif&olrsm;ukd qkcsD;jr§ifhonf/ 1939 ck pwkw¬tBudrf Auo tpnf;ta0;udk armfvNrdKifNrdKU ausmif;om;or*¾ Ouú| ukdarmifarmifvGifu armfvNrdKifNrdKUwGif jyKvkyf&ef zdwfac:onfhtwkdif; Ouú| ukdatmifqef;u 0rf;ajrmuf aus;Zl;wifpGm vufcHNyD;vsif em,u\ tqkH;owf rdefYcGef;ukd jrGufMum;vsuf? tpnf;a0;BuD;ukd wkdYArmoDcsif;qkdNyD; ½kwfodrf;vkdufonf/ 25? 4? 1938 ae nwGif ausmif;om; (70) cefYonf [kdif;MuD;oabFmwGif qif;ítdyfNyD; 26? 4? 1938 eHeuf (6) em&DcGJwGif aEG&moDpcef; armfwifpGef;okdY xGufoGm;Muonf/

(X) 1938-39 AuoESihf wuo trIaqmiftzGUJ All Burma Student's Union (Auo)

1/ ukdatmifqef; 2/ ukdA[def; 3/ ukdpkd;armif 4/ ukdvSa½T 5/ ukdMunfarmif 6/ ukdbpH 7/ ukdausmfjrifh 8/ ukdjrpdef 126

Ouú| twGif;a&;rSL; aiGxdef; trIaqmif trIaqmif trIaqmif trIaqmif trIaqmif

udkvdkeDacwfaESmif; - 1937 rS 1938 - e,fcsJYqefhusifa&; vGwfvyfa&;BudK;yrf;rI trsKd;om;a&;toGif 9/ ukdcspfat; 10/ ukdarmifarmif

trIaqmif trIaqmif

( All Nationalist Members of the House of Representative and of the Senate 12, September 1938) wuo (Rangoon University Students' Union)

1/ ukdatmifqef; 2/ ukdvSa½T 3/ ukdA[def; 4/ ukdodef;atmif 5/ ukdapmpHau; 6/ ukdatmifwkd; 7/ ukdboef; 8/ ukdxGef;½Sdef 9/ ukdat;ausmf 10/ ukdMunfarmif 11/ ukdaomif;cif

Ouú| 'k-Ouú| twGif;a&;rSL; aiGxdef; t,f'Dwm (tkd;a0) (Business Manager)

pmMunfhwkdufrSL;

(Executive Committee member) (Executive Committee member) (Executive Committee member) (Executive Committee member) (All National members of the House of Representative and of the sentate)

(!) ykodrfuGefz&ifhrS aEG&moDpcef; 1938 ck? ykord Nf rdKUwGif usi;f yaom wwd,tBudraf jrmuf ausmif;om;rsm;uGezf &ifo h nf ausmif;om;or*¾EiS hf wkYd Armtpnf;t½k;H wkYd ajymifajymifwif;wif; wGrJ Md uNyDjzpfonf/ wESpx f uf wESpf tm;aumif;vmNyD; ykord u f eG zf &ifw h iG f NrdKUe,frsm; ykdpkHvmonf/ ukd,fpm;vS,f OD;a&vnf; ykdrsm;vmonf/ uGefz&ifhtNyD; ykodrfNrdKUrS armfawmf,mOfjzifh armfwifpGef;ü aEG&moDpcef; zGifhvSpfcJhonf/ aEG&moDpcef;onf uGefz&ifhtNyD;ü yifyef;orQ tem;,ltyef;ajz&ef twGu[ f k wcsKdUuxifMuonf/ trSerf mS uGezf &ifq h ;Hk jzwfcsufrsm;ESihf a½SUvkyif ef;wm0efrsm;ukd tao;pdwf aqG;aEG;NyD; e,fausmif;om;uk, d pf m;vS,rf sm; wm0efc&JG ef jzpfonf/ aEG&moDpcef;zGiv hf pS jf cif;twGuf {nfch aH umfrwDOuú| ukjd rpdef (Auo twGif;a&;rSL;) ESifh ukdodef;aqG (aemifAdkvfodef;aqG) tygt0if 0kdif;awmfom;rsm; BudKwifjyifqifNyD; wufnD vufnD tuGufaph? axmifhaph vufawGUvkyfukdifMuí uGefz&ifhaEG&moDpcef;rSm atmifjrifcJh&avonf/ xku d eG zf &if\ h xl;jcm;csufrmS q&mBuD;ocifu, dk af wmfridI ;f ukd ukad tmifqef;? ukAd [de;f ESihf ocifoef;xGe;f wkYd zdwMf um;awmif;yefí q&muvnf; wufcsi?f [kEd idk if aH &;acgif;aqmifqw dk hJ acG;rom;awG[m wkid ;f jynftwGuf rvkyb f J ukd,fom;r,m; twGufyJ vkyfaeMuwm ausmif;om;awGeJYrS jzpfrSmyJvkdY q&mMuD;u rzdwfbJESifhukd xkduGefz&ifhukd wufa&mufcsif aeonf/ ocifoef;xGef; ygvmcJhonf/ armfwifpGef;? {NyD (27) &uf? reufykdif;wGif rlvtpDtpOftwkdif; yifv,furf;pyfwGif ausmif;om;tm;vkH; pk½kH;NyD; ukdaZmf0dwf? ukdarmifarmifvGif vkyfjyonfhtwkdif; avusifhcef; vkyfMuonf/ 'Dvkdavhusifhcef;vkyfjyjcif;onf ¤if;wkdUNrdKUe,ftoD;oD; jyefa&mufaomtcg wqifhjyefvnf oifMum;ykdYcs acgif;aqmifEkdif&efjzpfonf/ vGwfvyfa&; wkdufyGJ0ifaomtcg ukd,fum,tm;jzifha&m pdwf"gwftm;jzifhyg pnf;vkH;nDñGwfrI toifhjzpfae&ef BudKwifjyifqif &nfrSef;csufESifh vkyfjcif;jzpfonf/ tanmif;ajy? tnmajy? ½kd;½kd;usef;rm&eftwGuf r[kwfay/ wcsKdUtpkuav;rsm; teD;tem; ywf0ef;usif vrf;avQmufMuaomtcgwGif ukdatmifqef;? ukdA[def;? udkjrpdef? ukdvSa½T? ukdoef;xGef;? udkat;ausmf? ukdboef;? ukdMunfarmifESifh ukdausmf&ifwkdY (1937-38? 1938-39 AuoESifh wuo) xJu trIaqmifawG[m tvkyf pMu&onf/ rlvuwnf;u pnf;0g;½kdufxm;onfh twkdif; uk, d w hf m0ef? uk, d t f pkuav;rsm; cGNJ yD;? e,fausmif;om;acgif;aqmifrsm;xJrS vufa½G;pifwYdkukd uGezf &ifq h ;Hk jzwfcsurf sm; taumiftxnfazmf&ef tao;pdwf n§dEIdif;wifjy tMuHOmPf,lMuonf/ NrdKUe,ftvkduf oD;jcm;jyóemrsm;ukd wifjy aqG;aEG;NyD; tajz½SmMuonf/ wcsKdUonf ocifukd,fawmfrIdif; tem;wGif Mo0g'ESifh ykHjyifrsm; em;axmifMuonf/ q&mBuD;u t&ifEkdifiHa&; tzGJUtpnf;awG? acgif;aqmifawGudk r,kHzkdY ? b,fenf;b,fykH ukd,fusKd;½Smum wpfwpfcGcG ajymNyD;? &efolukdvnf; txifrao;zdkY owd0D&d,½SdzkYd owday;onf/ ukdatmifqef;? ukdA[def;ESifh ukdoef;xGef;wkdYonf olwkdY rsufpdusaom e,facgif;aqmif vufa½G;pifrsm;ukd 127

jrefrmEdkifiHausmif;om;vIyf&Sm;rIordkif; - atmifxGef; wa,mufcsi;f ? ESpaf ,mufcsi;f usdwv f yk Mf uonf/ uk, d Nf rdKUe,frmS b,fyb Hk ,fenf; vkyu f idk &f rnf/ b,focif acgif;aqmif ESihf twGi;f usus wkid yf ifnEd§ idI ;f &rnf/ b,ftvkyo f rm;? v,form;acgif;aqmifEiS hf qufo, G &f ef? &efuek Ef iS hf tquf toG,f rjywf&ef tao;pdwf aqG;aEG;tMuHay;Muonf/ nae xrif;pm;NyD;csdef ukdaZmf0dwfonf udkatmifqef;? ukdA[def;? ukdoef;xGef;ESifh ukdtkef;jrifhwkdY tpkav; xJvmNyD; reufu ausmif;ol? ausmif;om;woku d Ef iS hf aiGawmifomG ;&if;? xD;csKdi½hf mG uav; a&mufcyhJ ?Hk &ckid ½f mG jzpfayr,fh ausmif;xkdif q&mawmfrSm Armbkef;BuD;? ½Gmol½Gmom;awG[m A[kokwenf;yg;vSwJh twGuf ausmif;om;acgif;aqmif rsm;vmNyD; A[kokw jzefYay;&ef? wkdif;jynfrSm jzpfysufwmawG ajymjy&ef zdwfMum;wJhtaMumif;? tjcm;teD;tem; ½GmawGu vlawGukdyg zdwfxm;rnfhtaMumif; ajymonf/ csufcsif; ukkdatmifqef;u ]]ukdaZmf0dwfa& wjcm;b,folrS todray;eJY? reufav;em&D xGuMf u&atmif? wvrf;vk;H uyfygvmwJh CID awG rsufcsnfjzwf xm;&r,f? pdw½f v dS uf½dS a[mcsifwmawG a[m&atmifav/}} (!-1) ZD;csKdifhc&D; ZD;csKdifhukd 1938 ck? {NyDv 28 &uf? reuf (4) em&DwGif xGufcJhMuonf/ ZD;csKdifha&mufaomtcg q&mawmf bkef;MuD;auR;aom tpmrsm;pm;NyD; w&m;yGJ pMuonf/ w&m;yGJukd ukdaZmf0dwf um,AvESifh pzGifhonf/ xkdaemuf ukAd [de;f u ausmif;om;rdbrsm;jzpfaom a&eHajrtvkyo f rm;rsm;taMumif;? ausmif;om;? tvkyo f rm;wGNJ yD; vGwv f yf a&; wkduf,l&r,f/ xkdaemuf ocifoef;xGef;u q&mpHolykeftaMumif;? v,form;awGb0ESifh ausmif;om; tvkyfo rm;vufwGJNyD; vGwfvyfa&; wkduf,l&r,f[k wkdwkd½Sif;½Sif;ajymonf/ ukdatmifqef;u ausmif;om;? tvkkyform;? v,form;ESifh &ckdif? u&if? ½Srf;? csif;? ucsifESifh u&ifeDpwJh vlrsKd;pk trsKd;om;tm;vkH; vufwGJNyD; vGwfvyfa&;ukd wkduf,l&r,f? awmif;,lvkdY r&bl;? vufeufukdifNyD; olykefxrS vGwfvyfa&; &r,f? olykefx&r,fvdkY vufoD; vufarmif;wef;NyD; olykefolykef xxvkdY yxr wdkifay;vkdufw,f/ q&mawmf OD;omoeu atmfMu? atmfMuvkdY ajymawmh ½Gmol½Gmom;awG 0kdif;atmfMuonf/ ausmif;om;t½G,f OD; a& okH;ykH? wykHavmuf ½Sdrnfjzpfonf/ ¤if;ukd Munfhjcif;jzifh ukdatmifqef;onf vufeufukdifwkdufyGJESifh vGwfvyfa&; &,l&ef yxrqkH; ajAmifa[majymcJhjcif;jzpfonf/ vGwfvyfa&;wkduf,l&ef MuHpnfxm;onfrSm xif½Sm;vSonf/ xkdYaemuf q&mawmfodcsifaom jynfru EkdifiHa&;tajctae? wkdYArmtpnf;t½kH;ESifh ausmif;om; vIyf½Sm;rI rsm;tm; ½Sif;jycJhonf/ armfwifpGef; jyefa&mufawmh pDtkdif'DawG ukdatmifqef;wkdY aysmufoGm;í ausmif;om;rsm;udk a&½GwfMudrf;armif; vkyfonfukd od&aomtcg udkatmifqef; tm;yg;w& &,fcJhonf/

(¡) wwd,tMudrf ykodrfuGefz&ifhwGif Ouú| ukdatmifqef; ajymMum;aom tzGifhrdefYcGef; tcsif;&JabmfwkdhESSpfESpfwdwd igwkdY cJ,Of;NidKjiifpGm vkyfukdifNyD;onfhaemuf wwd,tBudrfajrmuf igwkdY ,ck awGUMu&jyefNyD/ þtcsif;t&monfum; Armjynfvil ,frsm;\ &mZ0ifwiG f tNydKifr½Sd jzpfawmhonf/ ,cknv D mcHobifü te,fe,frS igwkdY\ &Jabmfa[mif; &Jabmfopf taygif;wkdYonf vmwufMuukef\/ okdY igwkdYnDvmcH obiftcgwGif a½S;a[mif; aESmif;jzpfukd igwdkYawG;vkdMupjrJjzpfay\/ okdY&mwGif igwkdY\ a½S;a[mif;rSwfwrf;wkdYum; igwkdYtwGuf taumif;csnf; rSwfcsuf- ociftkef;jrifh (aevif;- vl½SifocsØKif;rsm;taMumif;)? OD;ausmf&if (taygif;toif;a&mif;&if;wdkY\ausmf&if)

128

Source: Memories of Kyaw Yin

Source: File Photo

udak tmifqef;wdEhk iS t Uf wl ykord cf &D;vdu k yf gcaUJ om (0Jr, S m) wd;k wufa&; ociftek ;f jrifU ,ckpmtkyfa&;om;&mwGif ulnDcJhjcif;twGuf xyfrHzrf; qD;cH&onf/ ,ckaxmifrv S w G Nf yD; &efuek Nf rdKUwGif aexdik f vsuf½o dS nf/ ygarmu©O;D ausm&f if (avxD;) oHwJGZmwd? &cdkiftrsKd;om;jzpfonf/ 1936 wGif &efukef wuúov kd o f Ykd a&muf½o dS nf/ wuo? Auo trIaqmif wOD;jzpfco hJ nf/ *syefawmfveS af &;wGif yg0ifcNhJ yD; avxD; wyfzJGU0ifwOD;jzpfonf/ ArmjynfuGefjrLepfygwD0if wOD; jzpfcJhonf/ rEÅav;wuúodkvf ygarmu©csKyftjzpf 1966 ckESpf uG,fvGefcsdeftxd xrf;aqmifcJhonf/

udkvdkeDacwfaESmif; - 1937 rS 1938 - e,fcsJYqefhusifa&; vGwfvyfa&;BudK;yrf;rI trsKd;om;a&;toGif

Source: File Photo

wuoOuúX ukad tmifqef; (1938-39)

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A[def; 143

jrefrmEdkifiHausmif;om;vIyf&Sm;rIordkif; - atmifxGef;

(w) Auo? wuo Ouú| ukdatmifqef;\ ausmif;ydwf&ufvkyfief;wm0ef vufrSwfygrl 10th September 1938 Dear ----------------------, As the college is to be closed, would you please held in to get a list of students who would volunteer to do some work in the districts when they get back there? Further I should be very much obliged if any student is forth coming to stay out in Rangoon and the help us expedite our work. The work for volunteers in the districts is not at all heavy. All they have to do is to get necessary information from us, to explain about our decision to the students and people in their respective places to help form students union and volunteer corps and guide then with your advice in consultation with us here while you remain there. For these who can afford to remain in Rangoon, they will be mostly correspondence, propanganda and other odd jobs. Pleas let me know the list of such students by tomorrow so that we may make necessary arrangements for the Thadingyut Vacation. Yours Sincerely, Aung San President, Rangoon University Student Union

(x) cGyfacgif;tvH teDatmufcH? a&T0ga&mif cGyfa'gif;okH;pGJyHk (1938 twGJ- 7? trSwf- 1 tkd;a0) Union Flag - Last year flying of the peacock flag was not allowed and the our writes passed a resolution to the effect that flag, whose design was not approved of by then must be flown. Yet, when we adopted our present design i.e. a fighting peacock and a red background we were at a loss of attitude and the part of the authorities who approve that design.

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udkvdkeDacwfaESmif; - 1937 rS 1938 - e,fcsJYqefhusifa&; vGwfvyfa&;BudK;yrf;rI trsKd;om;a&;toGif tifyg,mukd xde;f odr;f apmihaf ½Smufovkjd zpfonf/ xkYd aMumifh AuoESihf wuoonf pdw"f mwfjyif;xefNyD; trsKd;om;a&; pdwfwuf
145

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udkvdkeDacwfaESmif; - 1937 rS 1938 - e,fcsJYqefhusifa&; vGwfvyfa&;BudK;yrf;rI trsKd;om;a&;toGif

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jrefrmEdkifiHausmif;om;vIyf&Sm;rIordkif; - atmifxGef; aumif; &ifo h efow l OD; jzpf\/ ta&;ygqk;H aom ausmif;om;rsm;toif;Ouú| jzpfvmonft h cg Armjynf &mZ0ifwiG f rMuHKzl;atmif ¤if;tm; aemufq;Hk ESpu f ek f toif;tpnf;ta0;wGif ajymtyfaom pum;tcsuf wkdYaMumifh xkdpOfu ausmif;tkyfMuD; rpöwmpavmhu ausmif;rS ESifxkwfypfvkdufonf/ taMumif;pkHukd ½Si;f aomf ½Snv f sm;rnfjzpf\/ twkcd sKyfaomf ukEd u k m; rsK;d csppf w d "f mwf xufoefol wOD;jzpfí wuúov kd f ausmif;wku d f wwku d v f ;Hk wGif xkt d csde?f xdt k cgxd MuD;pk;d vsuf½adS om rpöwmpavmhEiS hf tazmfyg taemuf wdkif;om;wkdY cs,fvS,faejcif;? ¤if;wkdY trsKd;yifvQif wwkdif;jynfvkH;tm; vTrf;aejcif;wkdYudk txl;rcH&yf Ekdifjzpfojzifh tmabmiftm&if; oefoefjzifh qlolylol jzpfaomaMumifh ¤if;tm; tcsuf&NyD[k xif&aom tcsdeüf ausmif;rS xkwyf pfvu kd jf cif; jzpf\/ xko d Ykd jzpf&jcif;onf ausmif;om;rsm;\ pdww f iG f wuúov kd f Oya'\ csKdU,Gif;csufaMumifh[k ,lqMu\/ ,lqonfhtwkdif;vnf; 1936 oydwfarSmuf udpöwGif awmif;qkdcsuf eHygwf (1) um; wuúodkvf Oya'udk jyifqif&ef qdkaom tcsufyifjzpf\/ okdYawmif;qkd vifhupm; rnDñGwfaom taMumif;rsm;pGmwkdYaMumifh wuúodkvfpkHprf;a&; Oya'aumfrwDudk zGJYpnf;jcif; rSwyg;? wuúodkvfjyifqifa&;udpöonf a½SUokdY xkdYxufrwkd;bJ ½SdcJhayaMumif;/ (2) xkdokdY rwkd;EkdifbJ½Sdaomfvnf; uRefawmfwkdYonf rqkwfrepfaom vkHYvjzifh ArmEkdifiHvkH;½Sd ausmif;om; rsm;ukd wvk;H wpnf;wnf; jzpf&ef (2) ESpaf usmf BudK;pm;aqmif½u G cf í hJ uReaf wmfwYdk\qE´ukd tcGiMhf uHKwkid ;f jycJah yaMumif;/ Oyrm txufwiG f azmfjycJah om wuúov kd Of ya'pkpH rf;a&;tzGUJ okYd uRefawmfwYdk \ xifjrif csufrsm;ukd a&;om;ay;ykdYcJhayaMumif;/ xkdYaemuf xkdtzGJU (jrbl;aumfrwD) tpD&ifcHpm rxGufrD (2) Mudrfajrmuf rEÅav;uGefz&ifhüvnf; wuúodkvfOya'jyifqif&ef udpEö Sifhywfoufí qkH;jzwfcsuf wck cscJhaMumif;/ xkdokdYqkH;jzwfcsuf wck cscJhaMumif;/ xdkokdYqkH;jzwfcJhonfhtcg wkdif;jynfbufrS em;&nf yg;&nf0aom wuúodkvfjyifqifa&;tzGJUi,f wckzGJUí tpD&ifcHpmESifh ywfoufí xifjrifcsuftpkHukd wkdif;jynfESifh wuG tpkd;&tm; wESpfvkH; wjynfvkH;wGif odomxif½Sm;apcJhaMumif;/ (3) xkrd S wwd,tBudraf jrmuf ykord u f eG zf &ifw h iG f ,ckEpS f Mo*kwv f vTwaf wmftpnf;ta0;wGif wuúov kd f Oya'udk tNyD;tjywf jyifqif&ef qk;H jzwfcsucf srw S cf ahJ Mumif;/ csrw S o f nft h wkid ;f aqmif½u G rf nft h "dXmef ESifh uRefawmfwdkY onf tNrdKUNrdKU oGm;a&muf vSnhfvnfum w&m;a[mcJhavonf/ xkdYaemuf tpkd;&u zdwfMum;csuftwkdif; wuúodkvf Oya'jyifqifa&;ESifh ywfoufí usif;ytyfaom tpnf;ta0;rsm;wGif vnf; uReaf wmfwYdk \qE´udk jyEkid o f rQjyí awmif;Ekid o f rQ awmif;cJah Mumif;? xkrd S uReaf wmfwYdk aemufq;Hk aMunmcsufjyKaom tcsdefxd uRefawmfwkdY aqmif½Gufcsufrsm;onf wkdif;jynfodyif jzpfaMumif;/ ("-3) 1938 ck? pufwifbmv? (6) &ufaeh wuúodkvfor*¾"r®m½kHwGif usif;yaom ausmif;om;rsm;tpnf;ta0;wGif Ouú| udkatmifqef;ajymaom rdefhcGef; aumif;NyD/ 'gjzifh bmaMumifh onfavmuf vkyfxm;wJh Oya'Murf;ukd rsufpdwrSdwf? vQyfwjyuftwGif; bmaMumifh y,f&ovJ? usKyfwkdY ñGefYaygif;tpkd;&ukd rauseyfEkdifvGef;vkdY taMumif;jzpfay:vmwmuawmh wjrefaeY nae (7) em&Davmufu jzpfay:vmwJhtaMumif;u? cifAsm;wkdYvnf; odwJhtwkdif; ukvm;-Arm½dkufyGJ jyefpwm[m ukvm;&yfuGufu pw,f/ 'gayr,fh Arm&yfuGufrSmom ykvdyfu wm;w,f/ 'Dawmh[m pOf;pm;Munfhyg/ ñGefYaygif; tpkd;& rvGefvm;vkdY/ vGefwmrvGefwm ta&;rBuD;bl;? onfudpöu onfwifrat;awmhbl; ñGefYaygif;½IdUwJh rD;[m ñGefYaygif; rEkdifawmh usKyfwkdY 'Dvkd½kdufyGJawGqdkwm tusKd;r½SdbJ? usKyfwkdY&JU wu,ftusKd;½Sd&m tvkyfawG ysuf&w,f/ tu,fíom Armjynf&JU vGwfvyfa&;&r,fqkd&if usKyf[m 0g;udkifNyD; a½SUqkH;u wufNyD; vlowfzdkY rcJ,Of;bl;/ okdY&mwGif 'DvkdtusKd; r½SdwJhtvkyfukd usKyfrvkyfvkdbl;/ onfta&; NyD;apcsifw,f/ 'gayr,fh ñGefYaygif;tpkd;&&JU rvdr®mrIaMumifh tckjzpfukefMuNyD/ xyfvJ jzpfNyD/ onfrD;at;zkdY&m[m ñGefYaygif;tpdk;& r½SdrS jzpfr,f/ tJonfhawmh onfrSm ar;p&m½Sdw,f/ ñGefYaygif;tpkd;& qkd;wm tckrS odovm;vkdY/ pifppft&yfuvnf; odw,f/ tvkyform;oydwfudpöawG tp½SdwJhudpöawGrSm odcJhw,f/ 'gayr,fh 'Davmufrqdk;wefbl;vdkY atmufarh cJJhw,f/ tckawmh usKyfwkdYawGU&w,f/ wckck aumif;wmvkkyfcsif&if qefYiif? qefYiifeJY ukvm;rJ? t*FvdyfrJ Munfhae& w,f/ 'gwifvm; tckjzpfwJh t"du½kPf;udpörSm ykvdyfawGu e,fawGrSm apmfum;vkdY txl;tjypfwifcH&w,fqkdwm cifAsm;wkdY todbJ/ usKyfwkdY Oya'Murf; udpörSmawmif w&uf? ESpf&ufwnf;eJY NyD;zkdY tvkyfudk tcsdefykdqGJcJh&wm[m onft*FvdyftrwfawG vIYHaqmfcsuaf Mumif?h t*Fvyd q f &mawG&UJ MoZmaMumifh jzpfw,f/ onfvjdk zpfwhJ ckeajymwJt h wkid ;f ukvm;-Arm ½dkufyGJawG xyfpwm ukvm;&yfuGufrS pNyD;jzpfw,f/ Arm&yfuGufrSmoGm;NyD; ykvdyfwm;&w,f qkdwm[m 148

udkvdkeDacwfaESmif; - 1937 rS 1938 - e,fcsJYqefhusifa&; vGwfvyfa&;BudK;yrf;rI trsKd;om;a&;toGif ñGefYaygiftpkd;&onf wkdif;jynftm; ajceJYuefw,fqdkwm txl;xif½Sm;aeNyD/ onfvt dk pk;d &udk usKyfwYdk umuG,Nf yD; usKyfwYdk &UJ Oya'Murf;av;&atmif ,lr,fqydk gpkYd / usKyfwYdk udk wkid ;f jynf b,fvkdxifrvJ? tu,fí r&bl;wJh/ b,fvkd vkyfrvJ/ usKyfwkdY oydwfarSmufMuwJhtcg usKyfwkdYajym&vdrfhr,f? tpkd;&uawmh vkyfay;wmyJvkdY? onfawmh wkdif;jynfu usKyfwkdYudk ajymvdrfhr,f? rif;wdkYu 'Dtpkd;& aumif;w,f ajymw,f/ igwkYd awmh acgif;jym;atmif teif;cHae&ygvm;qkNd yD; usKyfwYdkukd tMunfnKd ysurf ,f/ aumif;NyD tMunftndK ysufNyDqydk gawmh usKyfwYdk bmvkyrf vJ/ usKyfwYdk wkid ;f jynfrmS MuD;NyD; wkid ;f jynfudk rS&D w,f/ usKyfwYdk oydwaf rSmufcsif&if wkid ;f jynfudk tultnDawmif;&w,f/ usKyfwYdk tcktxd Oya'Murf;ukjd zpfatmif vky&f w,f qkw d muvnf; wkid ;f jynfu tm;ay;w,f qkdwmodzdkY r[kwfvm;/ ukdif; usKyfwkdYu wkdif;jynfrSm tn§Of;cHae&wJhtcgrSm rMunfh&if usKyfwkdY tvSnfhMuawmh wkdif;jynfu MunfhygtkH;rvm;/ cifAsm;wkdY 'Dausmif;rSm ½SdwJhq&mawG ESdyfpufcsifwkdif; ESdyfpuf? &ufpufcsifwidk ;f &ufpufvYdk wkid pf &m tm;ud;k p&m ½Smcsifwv hJ Ydk ½S&d if tJonfawmh cifAsm;wkYd b,foo l mG ; tm;uk;d MuvJ/ tJ'gawGudk usKyfwkdY jrifvkdYrkdY? usKyfwkdYonfvdk qkd;wJh ñGefUaygif;tpkd;&ay;wJh Oya'Murf;ukd tpkHrvkdcsifbl;/ wkdif;jynf emaew,fqkdNyD; y,fvkdufw,f/ y,fvkdufawmh b,fES,fhjzpfEkdifovJ/ tkyfcsKyfa&;Oya'xkH;wrf;t& tpkd;& xGufay;&r,f/ uaeY vTwfawmftpnf;ta0; tjypftwkdif;awmh Oya'Murf;udk tpkd;&u rwifoGif;&Jbl;/ Mum;bl;&JU vm; tcktpk;d &u &mxl;u qif;ray;ao;ayr,fh usKyfwYdku wkid ;f jynfbufu vlr[kwaf wmhb;l / usKyfwYdk Oya'Murf; ½I;H rSmpk;d vkYd roGi;f &Jawmhygbl;vdYk qkv d u dk Nf y/D rSew f mvky&f if usKyw f Ydk tckcifAsm;wkYdukd ½Si;f jy&Jovk?d awGU&Jovkd olwYkd rawGU&Jb;l ? 'gu ta½SUukd ñGeYf aygif;tpk;d &[m ajymif;vJypf&r,f/ jzKwf&ifvnf; jzKwf&r,f/ onfEpS v f rf; wvrf;yJ ½Sad wmhw,f/ Oya'Murf; taMumif;ukd usKyfqufajymtkH;r,f/ usKyfwkdYvufiif;Oya' r&ayr,fh b,fenf;eJY rqkd aemuf jyef&Ekid w f ,f/ usKyfwYdk &r,fqv dk Ydk ck&cgeD;aeNyD/ tJovkd usKyfwYkd qE´om½Syd gap/ Oya'ukd &rSmyJ/ ½Si;f jytk;H r,f/ tck ñGefYaygif;tpkd;& jyKwfvkdY aemufwufwJh tpkd;&[m ñGefYaygif;xuf raumif;awmif rqdk;bl;qkdwm usKyfajym &Jw,f/ onftpkd;&rSmaum bmhaMumifh 'Dxufraumif;awmif onfxuf rqdk;wJh Oya'r&bJ ½Sd&rSmvnf;/ aumif;NyD ñGefYaygif; rjyKwfbl;qkdygawmh/ ('gujzpfrSm cJ,Of;ygw,f/) bmjzpfovJ/ (Private Member's Bill) woD;yk*v ¾ trwfwkdY Oya'Murf;tjzpf wifEdkifwmyJ/ pifppfvlwkdYvkyfwJh tvkyf[m wkdif;jynfwjynfvkH; aumif;zkdYvkyfwJh tvkyf jzpfaum/ tu,fí usKyfwkdYvkyfwJhtwkdif; wrsKd;wrnf ajymif;vJNyD; aumif;vm&if wkdif;jynfu usKyfwkdYukdwkd;NyD; MunfndKNyD;? usKyfwdkY tusKd;½SdzdkYyJ r[kwfvm;/ tJwmawG pOf;pm;apcsifw,f/ ("-4) Auo taxGaxGtwGif;a&;rSL; ukdA[def;\ xkwfjyefaMunmcsuf pufwifbmv (4) &ufaeY? naetxd igwkdYonf Oya'Murf; twnfjzpfajrmufa&;twGuf BudK;yrf;vsuf½Sd Muayao;onf/ okdY&mwGif xkdaeYnaeü ½kwfw&uf a½Smifwcif jzpfay:vmaom ukvm;-Arm t"du½kPf;onf igwkdY\ pdwfudk wrsKd;wrnf ajymif;vJapcJh\/ igwkdY ESpfESpfausmf vkH;yrf;vmcJh&aom xkdOya'Murf;vkyfief;udk &yfqkdif;apcJh\/ ñGefYaygif;tpkd;&onf rsufESmjzLESifh ukvm;rJukd jr§Lvkdojzifh Armqif;&Jom;rsm;tm; vnfrsKdn§pfcJh &onfukd igwkdY tcgcgodchJ awGUcJhMu&\/ okdYaomf igwkdY onf;cHcJhMu\/ EkdifiHa&;tajymif;tvJ rnfolrnf0g tpkd;& jzpfrI? rjzpfrIwkdYrSm igwkdYeJYrqkdif oabmxm;cJh\/ okdYaomf t"du½kPf;udpw ö Gif ñGefYaygif;tpdk;&onf ppfykvdyf rsm;udk ukvm;rsm;twGufom apmifha½SmufapcJhjcif; jzpfojzifh wkdif;jynfu pGyfpGJaeaom ñGefYaygif;tpkd;& tay:wGif xm;cJhaom igwkdY\ onf;cHpdwfwkdYrSm wcgwnf; NydKvJawmh\/ ñGefYaygif;tpkd;& rvdr®mrIaMumifh wkdif;jynfwGif ½Sif vltrsm; toufq;Hk ½I;H &\/ rsufEmS jzLrJudk tm;ud;k touf½iS af e&aom ñGeYf aygif;tpk;d &onf a&eHajr tvkyo f rm;rsm; oydwu f pd w ö iG f rsuEf mS jzL bDtpdk b D ufukd rsuEf mS ajymifajymifxm;um vku d cf \ hJ / aemufq;Hk ,ckvw T af wmfwiG f qif;&Jom; rsm;\ touf½SLcGifh&rnfh (Land Alienation Bill, Land Tenancy Bill) v,form;r[kwfol v,frykdifcGifh Oya' Murf;ESifh v,foD;pm;Oya'Murf;wkdYudk ukvm;rsufESmjzL v,fykdif½SifBuD;rsm;ukd iJh&aomaMumifh &uftuefYtowfr½Sd a½TUqdkif;vkduf&\/ þArmqif;&Jom;rsm; tay:wGif &ufpufaom ñGefYaygif;tpdk;&onf tb,faMumifh igwkdY ausmif;om;rsm; tBudKufudk vkdufavsmchJavoenf;/ þar;cGef;ukd igwkdYonf eufeJpGm pOf;pm;aomtcg atmufyg tajzudk &ayonf/ (1) ausmif;om;tpnf;t½k;H onf vTwaf wmftjyifbufwiG f tckid rf mqk;H ? tqlyq l ;Hk ? ta&;ygqk;H jzpfonfukd ñGefYaygif;tpdk;& od\/ ausmif;om;rsm; wkdif;jynf\tcspfawmfrsm;jzpfonfudk ñGefYaygif;tpkd;& od\/ pifppftm;jzifh ausmif;om;rsm;tpnf;t½kH;\ oabmxm;onf ñGefYaygif;tpkd;&tay:wGif wrsKd;wzkH ajymif;vJp&m ½Sday\/ 149

jrefrmEdkifiHausmif;om;vIyf&Sm;rIordkif; - atmifxGef; (2) ausmif;om;tpnf;t½kH;udk ñGefYaygif;tpkd;&onf aMumufvefY\/ ausmif;om;rsm;onf r[kwfrcH? ZGwfw½Gwf vkyfrnfudk taotcsmod\/ ausmif;om;rsm;oydwfarSmufvQif tpkd;&\ wm0efvkH;vkH; jzpf\/ txl;ojzifh wkdif;jynfwGif rausreyf vIyfvIyf½Sm;½Sm; jzpfaeaomtcgwGif ausmif;om;rsm; qlylvdkufu ñGefYaygif;tpkd;&wnfwHha&;udk txl;xdckdufrnf jzpf\/ xdkodkY tajzxGufvmaomtcg igwkdY a½SUarSmufwGif vrf;ESpfoG,fonf wr[kwfcsif; ay:aygufvm\/ (3) igwkYd Oya'Murf;jzifh tom;,lcg Armqif;&Jom;rsm;udk xyfrv H nfrsKñ d pS &f ef MuHaeaom ñGeYf aygif;tpk;d & bufukd vku d rf nfvm; (0g) ñGeYf aygif;tpk;d &u igwkYd tm; vufuidk w f w k jf yKvkycf g Armqif;&Jom;rsm;tm; xyfrHn§Of;;qJrnfudk igwkdYonf rsufaphpHkrSdwfum auseyfaernfavm/ (4) okYdr[kwf igwkYdonf Armqif;&Jom;rsm;\ rdwaf qG? Armqif;&Jom;rsm;\ tm;uk;d &mtjzpfukd jyrnfavm (0g) Armqif;&Jom;rsm;\ &efolñGefYaygif;tpdk;&u vdrfÓPfESifh ay;tyfaom Oya'Murf;udk jiif;qef y,fcsrnfavm/ igwkYdonf wkid ;f jynf\ vljzpf\/ igwkYdonf igwkYd\ wuk, d af umif;tusK;d ukd arQmu f ;dk um Armqif;&Jom;rsm; epfemaeonfudk r½IpdrfhEkdif? pifppfaomfum; igwkdY toif;tyif;tpnf;t½kH;rsm; wnfaxmifxm;&onfrSm Armqif;&J om;rsm;tzdkY jzpf\/ xkdYaMumifh igwkdYonf 'kwd,vrf;ukd vkdufcJh\/ xkdodkYvkdufcJhonfrSm tHhMop&m r½Sd? txl;tqef; r[kwf/ Oya'Murf;udk igwkdYa½SUukd b,fvkd qufí tvkyfvkyfrnfenf;/ ñGefYaygif;tpkd;& odrf;½kyfoGm;aom Oya'Murf;rSm rjyefvrf;odkY oGm;NyD[k rrSwfMuavESifh Oya'Murf;onf igwkdY\vufxJwGif ½Sd\/ igwdYk qlylwkdufckduf rIaMumifh Oya'Murf;onf þtajcokdY a&mufcJh&\/ igwkdY qufvufwkdufckdufvsif Oya'Murf;b0rS Oya'tjzpf rajymif;vJEkdif[k rnfol jiif;qkd0HhtHh oenf;/ wkdif;jynf qif;&Jom;rsm;ukd iJhojzifhom Oya'Murf;udk tcsdeftenf;i,f a½TUqkid ;f vku d &f \/ Oya'Murf;udpo ö nf NyD;qk;H cef; rwkid af o;aMumif;udk tpk;d &oabmudk azmfjyaeMujzpfonfh &efuek f a*;Zwf owif;pm uyif 0efcHxm;&\/ igwkdYonf ñGefYaygif;tpdk;&ukd jzKwfcs&rnfqkd&mü rnfhonfhyk*¾dKvf wOD;wa,mufudkrQ yk*¾v"dXmefpGJ r½Sd? ukvm;rJ? rsufESmjzLrJwdkYjzifh touf½SLae&aomaMumifhom ArmtusKd;udk tcGifh&oavmuf rpGrf;aqmifEkdifaom ñGefY aygif;tpkd;&tzGJU wckvkH;tjzpfudk igwkdY ½GHU½Smjcif;jzpfav\/ ArmtrsKd;om;csnf;yg0ifaom tpkd;&tzGJU ay:aygufvm aom tcgwGifvnf; Armqif;&Jom;tusKd;udk vkH;aphywfaph pGrf;aqmifEkdifrnf[k igwkdYrarQmfudk;/ vuf½Sd uRefArmjynf tkyfcsKyfa&;t& zGJUpnf;tyfaom rnfonfh tpkd;&tzGJYrQ wkdif;jynfudk pdwfwkdif;usatmif rpGrf;aqmifEkdif? odkYaomf trsKd;om; tpk;d &onf ukvm; rsufEmS jzL? rJrsm;ukd iJ&h aom tqk;d ½Gm;qk;H ñGeYf aygif;tpk;d & xufum; wkid ;f jynftusKd;ukd ykdrkdaqmif½GufEkdif vdrfhrnf[kí igwdkY wxpfcs ,kHMunfaMumif;/ pufwifbmv (4) &ufaeY naetxd igwkdYonf Oya'Murf; twnfjzpfajrmufa&; twGuf BudK;yrf;vsuf ½SMd uayao;onf/ okYd &mwGif wkid ;f jynftusKd;ukd ykrd adk qmif½u G f Ekdifvdrfhrnf[lí igwdkYwxpfcs ,kHMunfaMumif;/

150

udkvdkeDacwfaESmif; - 1937 rS 1938 - e,fcsJYqefhusifa&; vGwfvyfa&;BudK;yrf;rI trsKd;om;a&;toGif

OD;&m½Spf B. Sc., B. L., (1936-37) Source: Oway Magazines

OD;&m½Spfonf tdEd´,trsKd;om;wOD; jzpfonf/ jrefrmwkdif;&if;om;tjzpf cH,lxm;ol jzpf\/ tdEd´,trsKd;om; wOD;tm; wuoOuú|tjzpf wifajr§mufjcif;onf or*¾wGif vlrsKd;a&;cGJjcm;rI r½Sdjcif;? acgif;aqmifEkdifoludk acgif;aqmifae&m ay;tyfjcif;udk jyojcif; jzpfonf/ OD;&m½Spf\ arG;ouú&mZfrSm 1912 ck Ekd0ifbmv (5) &ufaeY jzpfonf/ &efukefwuúodkvfrS 0dZÆm-odyÜHbGJUESifh Oya'bGUJ rsm;udk &½So d nf/ &efuek w f uúov kd af usmif;om;rsm;or*¾\ yxrqH;k twGi;f a&;rSL;jzpf\/ 1935-36 ckEpS w f iG f 'k-Ouú|jzpf\/ 1936-37 ckwiG f wuoOuú| tjzpf a½G;umufwifajr§mufjcif; cH&avonf/ 1936 ck ausmif;om;oydww f iG f a½SUwef;acgif;aqmif wOD; jzpfonf/ 1936 ckEpS w f iG f zGUJ pnf;aom ArmEkid if v H ;kH qkid &f mausmif;om;rsm;or*¾\ yxrqH;k Ouú|vnf; jzpf\/ yxrqH;k wuoud, k pf m;vS,f aumifpv D Bl uD;tjzpf wm0ef,l vkyaf qmifco hJ nf/ Adv k af tmifausmf usq;kH onft h rIwiG f ausmif;om;rsm; bufrS a½SUaevku d cf o hJ v l nf; jzpfonf/ ppfBudKacwfwiG f 0wfvakH wmf& a½SUaewOD; jzpfonf/ tvkyo f rm;tzGUJ tpnf;rsm;wGif acgif;aqmif wm0ef,cl \ hJ / ppfNyD;acwfwGif zqyvwGif yg0ifNyD; jynfolYvTwfawmfwGif? vlrsKd;pkvTwfawmfwGif? trwftjzpf ,aeYtxd tqufrjywf a½G;wifajr§mufjcif; cH&onf/ Ekid if aH wmftpd;k &tzGUJ rsm;wGif jynfoYl t;kd tdraf qmufvyk af &;? tvkyf orm;Xme0efBuD;? ul;oef;a&mif;0,fa&;0efBuD;? ow¬KwiG ;f Xme0efBuD; ponfjzifh wm0ef,al qmif½u G cf YJb;l onf/ tvkyform;ESifh qufpyfaom bkwftzGJUtoD;oD;? pHkprf;a&;aumfrwD trsKd;rsKd;wGif obmywdtjzpf? jynfyodkY oGm;a&mufaom udk,fpm;vS,ftzGJU trsKd;rsKd;wGif acgif;aqmiftjzpf? tzGJU0iftjzpf vkdufygcJYbl;onf/ ,ck jynfaxmifpt k vkyo f rm;tzGUJ Ouú|ESihf Ekid if aH wmftpd;k &tzGUJ wGif pufrv I ufr?I ow¬KwGi;f ESihf tvkyo f rm; 0efBuD;tjzpf wm0efukd xrf;aqmifvsuf½\ dS /

151

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B.A., B.L.

(1937-38) Source: Oway Magazines

yk*HNrKdUe,f ustdk½Gm Zmwd jzpfonf/ anmif;OD;NrKdU atbDtrfausmif;? yckuúLNrKdU 0ufpvDausmif;wdkYwGif ynm oifMum;cJhbl;\/ &efukefwuúodkvfESifh *syfqifaumvdyfwdkYwGif qufvufynm oifMum;cJhí 0dZÆmbJGUrsm;udk &½Scd o hJ nf/ 1930 ckEpS f wuo pnf;rsO;f a&;qJaG &; aumfrwDwiG f twGi;f a&;rSL;tjzpf aqmif½u G cf NhJ yD;? 1937-38 ckEpS w f iG f wuo Ouú| jzpfavonf/ 1939 ckEpS rf S pí &efuek Nf rKdUwGif a½SUaevdu k o f nf/ *syefacwfwiG f ta½SUtm½Svil ,ftpnf;t½H;k udk wnfaxmif onf/ tpnf;t½H;k Ouú|jzpf\/ ta½SUtm½Svil ,ftpnf;t½H;k udk ppfNyD;acwfü ArmEdik if v H il ,frsm;tpnf;t½H;k (Avp) [k trnfajymif;vJcJhonf/ 1952 cktxd Ouú|tjzpf aqmif½Gufonf/ 1947 ck Adv k cf sKyaf tmifqef; acgif;aqmifaom tpd;k &tzJUG wGif 0efBuD;wpfO;D jzpfí Akv d cf sKyEf iS w hf uG 0efBuD;wzGUJ vH;k udk vkyMf uHowfjzwf&mwGif rao use½f &dS pfol (4) OD;teuf wOD;jzpf\/ ,ck &efuek Nf rKUd wGif vTwaf wmfa½SUaeBuD; wOD;tjzpf vkyfudkifvsuf½Sdonf/ a½Twd*HkapwDawmf b@mawmfxdef;vlBuD;? urÇmat;apwD b@mawmf xdef;vlBuD;? Ak'¨omoemEk*[ ¾ tzJGU0ifvlBuD;? ESif;qDukef; bdk;bGm;apmifha½Smufa&; tzJGU0ifvlBuD; ponfjzifh wm0ef,l aqmif½Gufvsuf½Sdonf/ r[moa&pnfolbJGUudkvnf; &½SdcJholjzpfavonf/

152

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Adv k cf sKyaf tmifqef; B. A (1938-39) Source: File Photo

ewfarmufNrKdU Zmwdjzpfonf/ tz OD;zm? trda':pkwYkd\ om;axG;jzpfí zGm;ouú&mZfrmS 1915 ck? azazmf0g&Dv (13) &ufaeY jzpf\/ ewfarmufNrKdU OD;aombdw txufwef;ausmif;? a&eHacsmif;NrKdU trsKd;om;txufwef; ausmif;rsm;wGif ynmoifMum;cJhonf/ 1932 ck ZGefvwGif &efukefwuúodkvfodkY a&muf½Sdí 1937 ckESpfwGif 0dZmÆ bJUG xl;udk qGwcf ;l cJ\ h / Oya'oifwef;wGif wESpaf usmfrQ ynmavhvm qnf;yl;cJYao;onf/ 1935-36 rS wuo trIaqmiftzJGUwGif? tdk;a0r*¾Zif; wm0efcHt,f'Dwmtjzpf aqmif½GufcJhonf/ td;k a0r*¾Zif;wGif ygaom (Hell Hound at Large) ]i&JacG;Bu;D vGwaf eNy}D [laom aqmif;yg;ESihf ywfoufí ausmif;xkwfcH&\/ 1936 ck oydwfta&;awmfyHkwGif jyefMum;a&;Xme wm0efcHjzpf\/ 1936-37 ckESpfwGif wuo Ouú| jzpfí ArmEdkifiHvHk;qdkif&mausmif;om;or*¾wGif yxrqHk; twGif;a&;rSL; jzpfavonf/ 193839 ckwGif wuo Ouú| jzpfonf/ ukvm;-Arm t"du½kPf; ay:cJYonf/ or*¾onf t"du½kPf;aMumifh 'ku©a&mufolrsm;tm; u,fq,fa&; vkyfief;rsm;udk aqmif½GufcJhonf/ 1936 ck oydwfta&;awmfyHkwGif zJGUpnf;ay;cJY&aom qmjrbl;aumfrwD tpD&ifcHpm xGufvmonf/ tpD&ifcHpmukd wuorS uefYuGufcJhonf/ a'gufwmbarmftpdk;& wuúodkvf tufOya'Murf; jyKvky&f ef pDpOfonfuv kd nf; vufrcHcahJ y/ Adv k cf sKyaf tmifqef;onf wuo Ouú|tjzpf oufwrf;ukeo f nf txd raecJYay/ atmufwb kd mvwGif ausmif;rS xGuí f wdYkArmtpnf;t½H;k odYk 0ifa&mufum? Edik if aH &;udk tcsed jf ynfh wm0ef,l vkyaf qmifco hJ nf/ 1939 ckEpS w f iG f wuo udk,fpm;vS,f aumifpDvlBuD;tjzpf wm0ef,lcJh\/ 1941 ckESpfwGif t*Fvdyftpdk;&u qkaiG (5) usyfjzifh 0g;&rf;xkwfjcif; cH&NyD;? *syefjynfodkY a&muf½SdoGm;\/ *syef tultnDudk ,lum &JabmfoHk;usdyfudk a½SUaqmifvsuf? ArmhvGwfvyfa&;wyfrawmfudk xlaxmifcJhonf/ 1941 ckEpS w f iG f t*Fvyd ef ,fcsJUorm;tm; ArmjynfrS armif;ESix f w k cf ahJ vonf/ *syefacwfwiG f Armhvw G v f yfa&;wyfrawmf? ArmhumuG,af &;wyfrawmfwYkd\ aoemywdtjzpfjzifh vnf;aumif;? tpd;k &tzJUG 0if ppf0efBuD;tjzpfjzihf vnf;aumif; aqmif½u G cf \ hJ / 1945 ck? rwfv (27) &ufaeUwGif *syefzufqpf rsm;tm; ArmjynfueG jf rLepfygwD? jynfo h Ylta&;awmfyykH gwDrsm;ESifh vufwu GJ m awmfveS cf YJonf/ zufqpfqefYusif a&;? jynfoUl vGwv f yfa&;tzJUG csKyfBuD; (zqyv) udk wnfaxmifol jzpf\/ ppfNyD;acwfwiG f zqyv Ouú|tjzpf wm0ef,í l ? t*Fvyd ef ,fcsUJ orm;vufatmufrS vGwaf jrmufa&;twGuf qufvufwu kd yf 0GJ ifonf/ 1947 ckEpS f wGif tpd;k &tzJUG ü 0efBuD;csKyftjzpf vufcaH qmif½u G \ f / Armhvw G v f yfa&;twGuf t*FvefEikd if o H Ykd oGm;a&muf aqG;aEG; awmif;qdkcJYonf/ 1947 Zlvikd v f ? (19) &ufaehwiG f rormolw\ hkd vufcsujf zifU toufcE¨maMujyKe;f ysupf ;D cJ&U avonf/ 153

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tcef; (8) udv k ekd aD cwfaESmif;ydik ;f e,fcsUJ qefu Y siaf &; vGwv f yfa&;BuKd ;yrf;rI trsK;d om;a&;toGif ausmif;om;vIy&f mS ;rIordik ;f (1938 rS 1939)

(u) &efukefwuúodkvfausmif;om;rsm;or*¾ (wuo) zGJUpnf;ykHpnf;rsOf; THE CONSTITUTION OF THE RANGOON UNIVERSITY STUDENT'S UNION, 1931 (As Amended by the Rangoon University Student's Union at in Business Meeting Held on 5th July 1937)

1. 2.

3.

4.

154

Rangoon University Student's Union CHAPTER (I) Nature of the Organization This organization shall be called “Rangoon University Student’s Union”. The objects of the Union shall be to promote a healthy corporate social life, inculcating a spirit of independence, and to create a sense of duty and responsibility among the students of the University. In pursuance of the objects mentioned in Section 2 the Union shall specially. (1) hold debates, (2) arrange for and conduct lectures, (3) maintain a library, reading and writing and indoor games, (4) discuss and promote the general interests of the students, and (5) arrange for and hold entertainments. The Union shall not make any dividend, gift division or bonus in money into or between any of its members.