Myanmar Student Movement 2a

vGwfvyfa&;BudK;yrf;rI - 1945 rS 1947 - 'Drdkua&pDa&; vltcGifUta&; trsKd;om;a&;toGif

'kw, d wGJ (1945 - 1962)

301

jrefrmEdkifiHausmif;om;vIyf&Sm;rIordkif; - atmifxGef;

tcef; (10) vGwv f yfa&;BuKd ;yrf;rI 'Dru kd a&pDa&; vlUtcGit Yf a&;ESiYf trsK;d om;a&;toGif ausmif;om;vIy&f mS ;rIordik ;f (1945 rS 1947)

(u) 1945 Mo*kwv f rS atmufwb kd mv ta&;ay:wuúov kd o f ifwef; ,m,D wuotrIaqmifaumfrwD udkpHuif; (aemif0efBuD;) Ouú| udkoef; 'k-Ouú| udkpdefjrarmif taxGaxGtwGif;a&;rSL; udkoef;aqG tdk;a0 (t,f'Dwm) (jrefrm) udkxGef;atmif tdk;a0 (t,f'Dwm) (t*Fvyd )f udkazpdef pmMunfhwdkufrSL; udkvSaomf aygif;oif;qufqHa&;XmerSL; rcifMunf trsKd;orD;XmerSL; ppfBudKacwfu wuo\tpOftvmESifhtquftEG,fudk wuoOuú| OD;AaqGu ppfNyD;acwf yxrajrmuf wuo\ Ouú| udkoef;vufodkY vufqifhurf; ay;tyfcJhonf/ ppfNyD;acwf wuo ay:aygufcsdefrSm ta&;BuD;í eufeJodrfarGUaom trsKd;om;vGwfajrmufa&;wdkufyGJ tajctaersm; ay:aygufaecsdef jzpfygonf/ ausmif;om;xk tygt0if wrsKd;om;vHk; pnf;vHk;nDñGwfa&;udk tvdkvm;qHk; tcsdefvnf;jzpfonf/ 1946 wGif ta&;ay: wuúodkvf oifwef;rsm; zsufodrf;í &efukefwuúodkvf jyefvnf zGifhvSpfcJhonf/ (u-1) 1945-46 ckESpf wuotrIaqmiftzGJY 1945 ZGefvqef; 'kwd,urÇmppfBuD;tNyD;wGif q&mBuD;OD;bu r*dkvrf;? &ef;a';&D;,m;ausmif; (,ck txu- 2? yef;bJwef;) wGif ta&;ay: ,m,Dwuúodkvfudk zGifhvSpfcJhonf/ wuo a½G;aumufyGJ jyKvkyf&m ,refESpf wuo Ouú|a[mif; udkAaqG (1940-41) ESifh (1941-42) 302

vGwfvyfa&;BudK;yrf;rI - 1945 rS 1947 - 'Drdkua&pDa&; vltcGifUta&; trsKd;om;a&;toGif wuo Ouú|a[mif; udkvSarmif (OD;EkESifh 'kwd,urÇmppftNyD;rS jyefa&mufvmol) wdkYu BuD;rSL;í usif;yonf/ udkoef; Ouú| udk[efwif 'k-Ouú| rjrjr aiGxdef; udkpdefjrarmif taxGaxGtwGif;a&;rSL; udkoef;aqG tdk;a0r*¾Zif; t,f'Dwm rcifMunf trIaqmif udkvSaomf trIaqmif udkxGef;ñGefY trIaqmif udkarmif[def; (rif;ndKOD;) trIaqmif wdkY jzpfvmonf/

(c) 1946-47 wuo trIaqmiftzGUJ udkoef;armif (ol&d,) udkoef;
Ouú| 'k-Ouú| aiGxdef; taxGaxGtwGif;a&;rSL; trIaqmifrsm; trsKd;orD;XmerSL;

(aemifOya'bmomjyef t&m½Sda[mif;) (wuúodkvftaysmfwrf;wyfwm0efcH) (aygif;oif;qufqHa&;ESifh pmayavhvma&; wm0efcH)

udkarmifarmifausmf (r*¾Zif;wm0efcH) udkñGefYodef; (jyefMum;a&;) udkvSñGefY (ynma&;) udkbquf (tdk;a0r*¾Zif;t,f'Dwm) udkvSñGefY (pmMunfhwdkufrSL;) wdkYjzpfonf/ ZGefvwGif 'def;rwfü usif;yonfh urÇmYausmif;om; 0efxrf;nDvmcHodkY vnf;aumif;? xkdESpf ZlvdkifvwGif usi;f yonfh urÇmYausmif;om;rsm;or*¾ (International Union of Students) yxrtBudrf ausmif;om;vli,fyaJG wmf odkU vnf;aumif; wufa&mufcJhonf/ (c-1) wuo 1946-47 \ vkyfaqmifrIrsm; 1946-47 wuo trIaqmifaumfrwDvufxufwGif trsKd;om;vGwfajrmufa&;ESifh qufpyfaeaom ocifynma&;pepf wnfaxmifa&;udk wuou xdyfwef;xm; awmif;qdkcJhavonf/ tzGJUtpnf;rsm; nDñGwfa&;udk aqmif½Guf&mwGif 1946 ckESpf 'DZifbmv (24) &ufaeU wuo ,m,D½kH;cef;wGif usif;yaom wuo trIaqmif tpnf;ta0;wGif wuor*¾Zif;wm0efcHu ]]Auoonf ausmif;om;or*¾aygif;pHkESifh wuowdkUyg0ifaom wu,f nDñGwfpGm pepfwus zGJUpnf;xm;aom ausmif;om;tzGJUtpnf;w&yf ay:xGufvma&;udk aqmif½Guf&ef wuorS vdv k m;aMumif;}} wifjy&m trIaqmifaumfrwDu aqG;aEG;twnfjyKcJo h nf/ 1947 ckEpS ?f Zefe0g&Dv (3) &uf wuúov kd f or*¾ ,m,D½Hk;cef;wGif usif;yaom wuotrIaqmif txl;tpnf;ta0;yGJwGif AuonDvmcHrS awmif;qdkcsuf (21) csuEf iS hf wuúov kd ef pfemcsuf (7) csuu f kd awmif;qdNk yD; Edik if aH &; awmif;qdck sut f jzpf (1) ESpt f wGi;f vGwv f yfa&;udk &,l&ef? vGwfvyfaom EdkifiHtwGuf tkyfcsKyfa&;pnf;rsOf; a&;qGJ&eftwGuf wdkif;&if;om;rsm; yg0ifaom wdkif;jynfjyK vTwfawmfudk tjrefqHk;ac:&eftqdkESifh vHk;0vGwfvyfa&;udk a½SU½Ií csDwuf wdkufcdkufMurnfh t"dXmefudk av;euf apaomtm;jzifhvnf;aumif;? ausmif;om;rsm;\ epfemcsufrsm;udk r&ruwdkuf,l&ef pdwfydkif; jzwfxm;jcif;udk jyoaom taejzifhvnf;aumif;? Zefe0g&D (15) &ufrS (31) &uftxd qE´jyoydwfarSmuf&ef? a½SUvmrnfhajcvSrf;udk Zefe0g&Dv (31) &ufaeUwGif aMunmrnf jzpfaMumif; tqdkrsm;udk oabmwl qHk;jzwfMuonf/ 1947 ck? Zefe0g&Dv (14) &ufaeYwGif wuotaqmuftODudk jyefvnf&½SdcJhonf/ xdkaeYrSmyif wuo trIaqmiftpnf;ta0; w&yfusif;yum zqyvrS ay;ydkYaom y#dnmOfpmwef;udk trIaqmifaumfrwDu vufrSwfa&; 303

jrefrmEdkifiHausmif;om;vIyf&Sm;rIordkif; - atmifxGef; xdk;í zqyv tzGJUcsKyfodkY jyefvnf ay;ydkYcJhonf/ Armjynf vGwfvyfa&;wdkufyGJtwGif; zqyvtzGJUBuD;\ vrf;pOfudk rrSdwfrokef axmufcHí tNyD;owf vGwfvyfa&;wdkufyGJudkyg yg0ifqifETJrnf[k y#dnmOfay;jcif;udk zqyvrS aus;Zl; wifí wuotm; vlxu k *kPjf yKtyfaom tzGUJ jzpfaMumif; zqyvtzGUJ csKyfBuD;u rSww f rf;wifaMumif;udk av;pm;pGm taMumif;jyefcJhonf/ vGwfvyfa&;&NyD;aemuf (1) vGwfvyfa&;wnfjrJa&; (2) wdkif;jynfwdk;wufa&; (3) vlxck sr;f oma&; wdYk ukd qufvufaqmif½u G &f mwGif a½S;,cifuuJo h Ykd yif y#dnmOfukd zqyvtzGUJ csKyfxH ay;ydYk co hJ nf/ y#dnmOfct H zGUJ tjzpf qufvufy#dnmOfjyK&ef zqyvtzGUJ csKyf taxGaxGtwGi;f a&;rSL; OD;AaqG vufrw S f a&;xdk; arwåm&yfcHonf/ (c-2) wuo pnf;rsOf;jyifqifjcif; 1946-47 ckEpS ?f ppfNyD;acwf wuo\ 'kw, d ajrmuftrIaqmif aumfrwDOuú| udo k ef;armif vufxufwiG f ppfBudKacwf wuopnf;rsOf;Oya' tcef; (10)? tydk'f (3) udk acwåxkwfy,fxm;&onf/ 1946 ckESpf? 'DZifbmv (7) &ufaeYwGif wuo pnf;rsOf;Oya'tcef; (12)? tydk'f (6)? tydk'fcGJ (2) t& txl;tvkyftpnf;a0;yGJ (Extra Ordinary Business Meeting) ac:,lí wuopnf;rsOf;udk jyifqifay;cJhonf/ ¤if;wuopnf;rsOf; Oya' tcef; (10)? tyd'k f (3) wGif wuotoif;0iftjzpf tenf;qHk; (1) ESpf yg0if zl;NyD; wuúodkvfwGif ynmoifqJausmif;om;rsm;omvQif wuo trIaqmifaumfrwD0iftjzpf ta½G;cHcGifh½Sdonf/ ¤if;udk jyifqifvu kd af omtcg wuúov kd üf ynmoifMum;vsuf½adS om ausmif;om;wdik ;f wuo trIaqmifaumfrwD0if tjzpf ta½G;cHcGifh½Sdonf/ (c-3) 1946-47ckESpf ausmif;om;vIyf&Sm;rIrsm; 1946 ckEpS ?f atmufwb kd mv (10) &ufaeUzqyvtzGUJ rS Auyudk rxkwrf yD if Auyonf ausmif;om;rsm;ukd EdkifiHa&;wGif wwyfwtm; yg0ifap&ef uvmyfpnf;rsm;udk tBudKwuúodkvfoifwef;ESifh ta&;ay:wuúodkvfoifwef; wdkYwGif zJGUpnf;ay;onf/ tBudKwuúodkvfwGif udknDnD? udkpHvGif? udkay:OD; wdkUyg0ifaom uvmyfpnf;ESifh ta&;ay: wuúodkvfoifwef;rsm;wGif udkoef;xGef;? udkxGef;a½T? udkcifarmifBuD;wdkU yg0ifaom uvmyfpnf;rsm;udk zGJUpnf;ay;cJh onf/ xdkUaemuf zqyvESifh AuywdkUonf ausmif;om;rsm;udk tNydKiftqdkif vIHUaqmfpnf;½Hk;cJhMuonf/ 1947 ck ESpfOD;ydkif;wGif wuotaqmuftODü zqyvrS OD;udkudkBuD;ESifh q&m&m*sefwdkUu ¤if;wuúodkvf ausmif;om;rsm;tm; EdkifiHa&; oifwef;ay;cJhonf/ 1946 ckESpf? ZGefvwGif &uoOuú| udkoef;xGef;u t,f'Dwm? &uorS udknDnD (vif;,kefeD) u wm0efcH xkwfa0aom ]ausmif;om;[pfwikd }f owif;pmapmif xGufvmonf/ txl;ojzifh xdkpmapmifwGif 'dkareD,H paw;wyfpf (ac:) udk,fydkiftkyfcsKyfa&;ESifh? ausmif;om;ESifh EdkifiHa&; oabmxm;rsm;udk tjyif;txef a0zefa&;om;xm;onf/ AuotrIaqmifrsm;udv k nf; wEdik if v H ;kH ½Sd ausmif;rsm;rS ausmif;om;ud, k pf m;vS,rf sm; yg0ifaom nDvmcHu a½G;aumuf wifajr§mufjcif; r[kwfí ausmif;om;xk qE´rygí ausmif;om;nDvmcH ac:,lusif;yNyD; Auo trIaqmifopf a½G;cs,f wifajr§muf&ef tjyif;txef awmif;qdak vonf/ rEÅav;NrdKUwGif zGJUpnf;cJah om txufAuouvnf; &uo \ ausmif;om;owif;yg awmif;qdkcsufrsm;udk axmufcHí ausmif;om;nDvmcH ac:ay;&ef awmif;qdkavonf/ ausmif;om;nDvmcHwGif(1) ynma&; (2) trsKd;om;a&; (3) jyefvnfxlaxmifa&; (4) Auo tkyfcsKyfa&;pnf;rsOf;opf a&;qGJa&;ESifh trIaqmifopfa½G;cs,fa&; [laom tydkif;BuD; (4) ydkif; xnfhoGif;aqG;aEG;&ef &uoESifh txuf Auoacgif;aqmifrsm;u awmif;qdkcJhonf/ trsKd;om;a&;wGif zqyvudk axmufcH&ef vli,fwyfOD;ESifh tvkyform;? v,form;udprö sm;wGif tultnDay;&efESifh yl;aygif;&efwdkUudk azmfjyxm; onf/ þodYk tjyif;txef awmif;qdrk aI Mumifh AuoXmecsKyfu BuD;rSL;í ausmif;om;nDvmcHukd 1946 ckEpS ?f Zlvikd v f (28) &ufrS Mo*kwv f (1) &ufaeUxd usi;f ycJo h nf/ udo k ef;xGe;f tm; AuoOuú|tjzpf a½G;cs,f wifajr§mufcahJ vonf/ 304

vGwfvyfa&;BudK;yrf;rI - 1945 rS 1947 - 'Drdkua&pDa&; vltcGifUta&; trsKd;om;a&;toGif Auo\ trsKd;om;atmifyGJaeUudk zqyvESifh yl;aygif;rusif;ybJ pifNydKif aeol&defZmwf½HkBuD;ü usif;y&m wyfeD? trsKd;orD; uGef*&ufpaom tzGJUtpnf;rsm; wufa&mufMuonf/ xdktrsKd;om;atmifyGJaeYü awmif;qdkcsuf (7) csuf wifoGif;cJhonf/ awmif;qdkcsufrsm;rSm1/ (u) rlvwef;ESihf rlvwef;vGeaf usmif;? taqmuftODrsm;udk vHak vmufpmG aqmufvyk af y;&ef? ysufp;D ,d, k iG ;f aom taqmuftODrsm;udk tjrefqHk; jyif&ef? (c) ausmif;oH;k ypön;f rsm;? "gwkak A'? ud&, d m wefqmyvmrsm;udk vHak vmufpmG ausmif;wdik ;f wGif xm;½Sad y;&efEiS hf wu,fwef; qif;&Jaom ausmif;om;rsm;tm; oufqdkif&m tpdk;&rS t0wftpm; tcrJh xkwfay;&ef? (*) ynmydik ;f qdik &f m taqmuftODrsm;rS ppfwyfrsm;ESihf tpd;k &Xmersm;udk 1946 ckEpS ?f Zefe0g&Dv (31) &ufaeUtwGi;f >cif;csufr½Sd tjrefqHk; ½kwfodrf;&ef? 2/ ausmif;q&mrsm;ESifh 0efxrf;tzGJU(u) tpdk;&ausmif;wdkif; ausmif;wdkif;wGif t&nftcsif;jynfhq&mrsm; OD;a&trsKd;tpm;tvdkuf wdk;csJUí wESpfywfvHk; cefYxm;&ef? (c) ausmif;wdkif;wGif t&nftcsif;jynfh avmu"gwfynmoif q&m (1) OD; tenf;qHk; cefYxm;&ef? (*) ausmif;rsm;wGif pma&;? '&0rfrS pí ausmif;0efxrf;tzGJUudk vHkavmufpGm cefYxm;&ef? (C) rlvwef;vGef ausmif;q&mrsm;\ vpmEIef;udk txufwef;ausmif;q&mrsm;\ vpmEIef;twdkif; tjref qHk; jyefvnf owfrSwfxkwfay;&ef? 3/ ausmif;oHk;pmtkyf? cJwH? rifwH ponfwdkYudk tpdk;&ynma&;XmerS vHkavmufpGm rSm,lí tzdk;csKdomaom EIef;xm;jzifh jrefrmEdkifiH½Sd ausmif;wdkif;ausmif;wdkif;odkU vHkavmufpGm enf;pepfwus jzefYcsd&ef? 4/ ausmif;tkyfcsKyfa&;tzGJUwGif ausmif;om;or*¾\ udk,fpm;vS,frsm; yg0if wGJzuftkyfcsKyfcGifhay;&ef? 5/ wuúodkvfpmar;yGJ jyifqifa&; (1) ESpfoifwef;udk rlvwef;vGef ausmif;wdkif;wGif wGJvsufzGifhay;&ef? 6/ rlvwef; roifrae& tcvGwfynmoifMum;a&;udk a'oEÅ&qdkif&m toufarG;0rf;ausmif; tajccHvufrI ynm&yfrsm;ESifh wGJzufynm oifMum;ay;&efwdkY jzpfonf/ wuúodkvftkyfcsKyfa&;tzGJYodkY awmif;qdkcsufrsm;rSm1/ wuúodkvfpmar;yGJ pmppfXmersm;udk 'DpBwdwfNrdKUwdkif;wGif wdk;csJUay;&ef? 2/ wuúodkvfpmar;yGJ0ifcEIef;udk avQmhayghí aiG 10d^- owfrSwf&ef? 3/ tpdk;&ppf jrefrmtxufwef;pmar;yGJatmifjrifolrsm;udk wuúodkvfpmar;yGJwGif t*Fvdyfpm wbmomwnf; 0ifa&muf ajzqdkcGifhjyK&ef? 4/ rEÅav;NrdKUwGif 'D*&Daumvdyf wckzGifhay;&ef? 5/ &efukefwuúodkvf\ vufatmufcH aumvdyfausmif;rsm;? pdkufysKd;a&;aumvdyf? tif*sifeD,m aumvdyfwdkUudk vsifjrefpGm jyefvnfzGifhvSpf&efwdkYjzpfonf/ txufyg (11) csufudk 1947 ckeSpf? Zefe0g&Dv (15) &uf aemufqHk;xm;í jyefMum;jcif; r½SdcJhvQif Zefe0g&Dv (20) &ufaeYwiG f ArmEdik if v H ;kH qdik &f mausmif;om;rsm; wnDwñGww f nf; oydwaf rSmuf&ef qH;k jzwfNyD;aMumif; yg½Sdonf/ 1947 ckESpf? Zefe0g&Dv (20) &ufaeUwGif AuorS BuD;rSL;í wEdkifiHvkH;½Sd ausmif;rsm; oydwfarSmufonf/ Auo? wuo? &uo wdkYrS wzGJUvQif udk,fpm;vS,f (5) OD;pDyg0ifaom oydwfarSmufaumifpDudk zGJUpnf;í ausmif;om;oydwfBuD;udk pepfwus OD;aqmifrI ay;cJhonf/

(*) AuoESihf wuo yl;aygi;f xm;aom ArmEdik if v H ;kH qdik &f moydwaf umifpD (1947) xdkaumifpDtpnf;ta0;udk wuo taqmuftODwGif usif;yavonf/ AuowGif uGefjrLepfygwDESifh eD;pyfolrsm; ae&m&xm;onf/ AuowGifudkoef;xGef; Ouú| (aemif ordkif;ygarmu© a'gufwmoef;xGef;) udkxGef;ñGefY 'k-Ouú| (aemif taumufcGefñTefMum;a&;rSL;) udkoeff;xGef;udk e,fudk,fpm;vS,ftcsKdUar;jref;&m uGefjrLepfygwD0ifjzpfaMumif; ajymcJhonf/ wuowGif qdk½S,fvpfygwDESifheD;pyfolrsm; acgif;aqmifrI&xm;NyD;? uGefjrLepfygwDESifh eD;pyfolrsm;vnf; 305

jrefrmEdkifiHausmif;om;vIyf&Sm;rIordkif; - atmifxGef;

Source: Self-portrait (Dr. Than Tun's)

trIaqmiftzGJUwGif yg0ifonf/ jyifyrS OD;aqmifygwDBuD;rsm;\ t½Sdeft0gonf A[dkausmif;om;tzGJUwGif vma&muf xif[yfaejcif;jzpfonf/ zufqpfawmfvSefa&; tNyD;? NAdwdoQe,fcsJU Armjynf 0ifvmaomtcgwGif e,fcsJUya,m*? oabmw&m; t,ltquGJ&mrS zqyvwGifyg vuf0JnDñGwfa&; NydKuGv J monf/ xdt k uGt J jyJonf vlwef;pm; toD;oD;odUk BuD;rm;pGm *,uf½u dk Nf yD; A[dkrS ausmif;om;acgif;aqmifrsm;vnf; eD;pyf&m ygwDtvdkuf uGJaeMuonf/ AuonDvmcHwiG f wnDwñGww f nf;owfrw S cf o hJ nfh oydwaf rSmuf&ef &uf uwrsKd;? wuou oD;jcm;&uf owfrSwfí oydwfarSmuf&ef &ufu wrsKd;jzpf aeonf/ þuJhodkU ausmif;om;nDñGwfa&; rNydKuGJ&ef ArmEdkifiHvHk;qdkif&m oydwf arSmufaumifpD (A.B.B.C) udk yl;aygif;zGJUpnf;cJhonf/ e,fausmif;om;rsm;onf Auopnf;½kH;a&; cGiftwGif;rS jzpfí wuo pnf;½kH;a&;cGifonf &efukefwuúodkvf omjzpfonf[k ,lqxm;onf/ 1947 AuoOuú| udo k ef;xGe;f (aemif a'guw f moef;xGe;f ) nDvmcH pwifusif;yaomtcg AuoOuú| obmywd udkoef;xGef;u ausmif; om;oydwf tajctae? Edik if v H ;kH qdik &f m oydwaf rSmufaumifpD zGUJ &aom taMumif;&if;? ausmif;om;nDñw G af &; twGuf vuf½Sd Auo trIaqmif tzGJUEkwfxGufay;rnf jzpfaMumif;? Auo trIaqmiftzGJU jyefvnfa½G;cs,f&efwdkYudk ½Sif;vif;ajymMum;onf/ aqG;aEG;yGJudk &efukefNrdKUjynfvrf;½Sd tvGwfynmoifausmif; zGifhvSpfxm;aom OD;vSjrwfpdk;\ wdkufatmufxyfwGif jyKvkyfonf/ AuonDvmcHukd tqdyk g wdu k af tmufxyfwiG f usi;f yonf/ udo k ef;xGe;f onf pum;ajym&mwGif cyfjywfjywf eJY bkusyHkvnf;&onf/ ¤if;ajymqdk aqG;aEG;rIrsm;t& owdå½Sd½SdESifh cyfjywfjywfvkyfrnfh yHkay:avonf/ tjyeftvSef vQKdU 0Suaf qG;aEG;rIrsm; ndE§ idI ;f NyD;aemufwiG f udo k ef;xGe;f udk AuoOuú| tjzpfwif&ef qH;k jzwfcahJ vonf/ usefwzufrS vnf; udo k ef;armifuw dk ifonf/ tiftm;pk (2) ck tm;NydKifyJG jzpfonf/ rJcq JG ;kH jzwf&ef jzpfvmonf/ þwGif rnfoal wG rJay;EdkifcGifh½Sdonf[laom jyóem ay:vmonf/ c½kdifudk,fpm;vS,frsm;udk rJay;cGifhjyK&ef? &efukefc½dkifudkvnf; tjcm;c½kdif udk,fpm;vS,frsm; enf;wl rJay; cGifhjyK&efwdkYudk wifjy aqG;aEG;Muonf/ udo k ef;armifwYkd zufrS &efuek cf ½dik af usmif;om;rsm;or*¾ (&uo) Ouú|u &efuek Nf rdKUay:½Sd ausmif;toD;oD;rS ausmif;om;or*¾cGJ udk,fpm;vS,frsm;udkyg rJay;cGifhjyK&ef pDpOfavonf/ &efukefNrdKUay:½Sd ausmif;om;or*¾cGJ udk,fpm; vS,frsm;udkyg rJay;cGihfjyKygu c½kdifrsm;tzdkY wlnDaom rJr&ouJhodkU jzpfaeayonf/ aemufqHk;wGif nDvmcH wufcGifh& aom ud, k pf m;vS,t f m;vH;k rJay;cGijhf yK&ef? ajAmifraJ y;&ef qH;k jzwfavonf/ &efuek Nf rdKUay:rS wufvmaom ausmif;om; or*¾cGJ udk,fpm;vS,frsm; rJjzifh udkoef;armif Ouú|tjzpf ta½G;cH&onf/ nDvmcHwGif tkyfpk (uGJ) jyóem xdyfwef; a&mufvmonf/ ausmif;om;tzGJUtpnf;ü uGefjrLepfygwDESifh qdk½S,fvpfygwD tm;NydKifrIrsm; jzpfcJhavonf/ aemufqHk;wGif e,fudk,fpm;vS,frsm;\ qE´t&vnf;aumif;? tkyfpk taetxm; t&vnf;aumif;? AuoOD;aqmifrI awmifhwif;vmap&ef twGufvnf;aumif;? vuf½Sdtajctae xdef; odrf;&ef twGufvnf;aumif; useftrIaqmifrsm;udk tkyfpk (2) pk cGJí wm0ef,lcJhavonf/

(C) ta&G;cH&aom Auo trIaqmiftzGUJ (1946-47) udkoef;armif udkoef; udkpdefvS rcifEkEk udkoef;ñGefY

Ouú| 'k-Ouú| taxGaxGtwGif;a&;rSL; trsKd;orD;XmerSL; trIaqmifrsm;

(C-1) Auo nDvmcH (1946-47) rS awmif;qdkcsufrsm; ynma&;XmeodkY awmif;qdkcsufrsm;rSm 1/ wuúodkvf0if pmar;yGJwGif ar;cGef;pm½Gufrsm;udk jrefrmbmomjzifh a&;om;xm;aom ar;cGef;pm½Gufrsm;yg 306

vGwfvyfa&;BudK;yrf;rI - 1945 rS 1947 - 'Drdkua&pDa&; vltcGifUta&; trsKd;om;a&;toGif 2/

3/

4/

xm;½dSay;&ef/ ,ckESpfrS tpjyKí pmar;yGJrsm; jyKvkyfaomtcg pmar;yGJar;cGef;rsm;udk rdrdwdkYa'otvdkuf oif&aom pm tqift h wef; twdik ;f om oufqikd &f mynma&;Xme tmPmydik rf sm;u tpd;k &ppfpmar;yGrJ sm;wGif xkwpf pfEikd rf I twGuf pDpOfay;yg&ef/ ,ckvuf½Sd tajctaet& tpdk;&todtrSwfrjyKaom rlvwef;ausmif; (ig;wef;ausmif;) rsm;rS ausmif; om;? ausmif;olrsm;tm; tpdk;&todtrSwfjyKaom rlvwef;pmar;yGJ (ig;wef;pmar;yGJ) wGif 0ifa&mufajzqdk cGifhjyK&ef/ ,ckoydwfvSefaomtcg tpdk;&ausmif;wdkif;ESifh wuo rnfonfhausmif;wdkif;urqdk oydwfarSmufausmif; om;rsm;tm; vHk;0ta&;r,l&ef/

trsKd;om;a&;tqdk (5) &yfrSm 1/ uREyfk w f Ykd ausmif;om;rsm;onf t*Fvyd ef ,fcsUJ orm;tm; vufeufuikd f ykeu f efxcif;csufr½Sd vHk;0axmufcHí atmifjrifa&;twGuf xda&mufpGm ulnDtm;ay;rnfjzpfaMumif; yg½Sdonf/

(i) oxHrk ;D yGm; eH&u H yfpmapmif (1946-47) jyifywGifa&m wuúodkvf0if;twGif;yg ]wESpt f wGi;f vGwv f yfa&;&rnf} [laom a
jrefrmEdkifiHausmif;om;vIyf&Sm;rIordkif; - atmifxGef; onf waomif;xdkufuyif Mum;tHhxifonf/ oxHkrD;yGm;onf ppfrjzpfcifuyif e,fcsJUudkqefUusifcJhaom oxHkausmif;om;rsm;\ vufeufud&d,mwck jzpf\/ xdktcsdefu oxHkrD;yGm;udk udkA[def;u OD;pD;xkwfa0 cJhavonf/ ,if;udk tpGJjyK*kPfjyKí &efukefwuúodkvf oxHkaqmif pmzwfESifh o[m,toif;u OD;pD;NyD; oxHkrD;yGm; eH&Huyfpmapmifudk ppfNyD;acwfwuúodkvfwGif yxrqHk; eH&Huyfpmapmiftjzpf xkwfa0cJhonf/ oxHkaqmif pmMunfhwdkufrSL;u wm0efcHt,f'Dwmtjzpf aqmif½Gufonf/ oxHrk ;D yGm;\ t"du&nf½, G cf surf mS wESpt f wGi;f vGwv f yfa&;&½S&d efEiS hf e,fcsUJ orm;\ wvrf;oGm;ynma&; udk OD;wnf wdkufcdkuf&efjzpfonf/ oxHkrD;yGm;[laom pmvHk;udk teDa&mifaq;jzifh jc,fxm;\/ oxHkrD;yGm;\ t"du tcef;onf acgif;BuD;ydkif; jzpfonf/ uAsmaqmif;yg;ESifh oa&mfpmrsm;rSmvnf; tqifhtwef;redrfhvSojzifh wuúodkvf e,fajrü xdktcsdefu xkwfa0orQ eH&Huyfpmapmifrsm;wGif emrnftBuD;qHk;ESifh vlBudKuftrsm;qHk;jzpfonf/

(p) oxHrk ;D yGm; qkwjf zcJ &H jcif; oxkHrD;yGm;onf 1946 ckESpf rS 1950 ckESpftwGif; (3) Budrf tqkwfjzJcH&onf/ tcGmcH&jcif;wdkY jzpfonf/ oxHkrD;yGm;onf yk*d¾Kvfa&;udk t"du rxm;bJ "r®"d|mefusus a0zefa&;om;cJhrI? rnfolUudkrS rykwfcwf pGyfpGJjcif;rsm; r½SdrIaMumihf trsm;tusKd;½Sdrnf ausmif;om;? ausmif;olrsm; tusKd;½Sdrnfqdkygu t,f'DwmtzGJU0ifrsm; taeESifh rnfolUudkrQ axmufxm;jcif;rjyKbJ wdkif;jynftwGuf &uf&ufpufpuf a0zefjypfwif ½Iwfcs&Jonf/ oxHkrD;yGm; (y) tBudrf tcGmcH&jcif;rSm q&mwOD;ESifh q&mrwOD;\ tjyKtrludk ausmif;om;rsm;u twkcdk; oGm;rnfpdk;í a0zefa&;om;cJhojzifh pmapmifuyfNyD; em&D0uftwGif; aysmufjcif;rvS aysmufoGm;onf/ odkY&mwGif t od½o dS l ausmif;om;wOD;\ owif;ay;csuft& xdpk mapmifukd csufjcif; jyef&avonf/ qkwcf mG ol q&mtaejzifv h nf; olUtrSm;udk 0efcHcJhavonf/ xdkq&mESifh q&mrwdkUonf toufxufqHk; aysmf½TifpGm aygif;oif; aexdkifMuonf/ ('k) tBudrf tcGmcH&jcif;rSm oxHHkaqmifom; ]Zifojym} qdkaom aqmif;yg;½Sifu tif;vsm;aqmifu wifquf ujyaom jyZmwfudk a0zefcJhrIaMumifhjzpfonf/ jyZmwfavmuudk pdwf0ifpm;aom ynm½Sifq&mwOD;u xdkjyZmwfudk a0zefaom aqmif;yg;onf tqifhtwef; tjrifhqHk;aom a0zefa&; aqmif;yg;wck jzpfojzifh eH&Huyf pmapmifrSmxuf yHkESdyfxkwfa0aom owif;pm? r*¾Zif;rsm;wGifom ygoifhonf[k a&;xm;aom aqmif;yg;jzpfonf/ vef'efrS xkwfa0aom ]]wdkif;}} owif;pmwGif ygonfhjyZmwf a0zefa&;aqmif;yg;rsm;ESifh wef;wl&nfwl jzpfonf[k csD;rGrf;cJhonf/ tif;vsm;aqmifjyZmwfrSm trsm;arQmfvifhxm;aom jyZmwfjzpfaomfvnf; ]vlbikd pf ukw}f tqifhwef; avmufom½Sdonf[k jyZmwfyDo&ef rnfodkY jyKjyifoifhaMumif; apwemoefYoefYjzifh a0zefjcif;jzpfonf/ odkYaomf tif;vsm;olrsm;u BudK;pm;rIudk zsufvdkzsufpD;vkyfonf[k txifa&mufNyD; ¤if;wdkU bufawmfom;rsm; vufcsufudk rqdkif;rwG cHvdkuf&onf/ (w) tBudrf tcGmcH&rIrSm wuúodkvfordkif; tqufqufwGif ajymifajrmufcJhaom oxkHrD;yGm;udk jrefrmjynf ordkif;wGifyif rSwfwrf;wif&rnfh tajctae a&mufcJhavonf/ AdkvfcsKyfwdkY vkyfMuHcH&csdefwGif owif;pmrsm;u *VKefOD;apmESifh taygif;tygrsm;udk vufpm;acs&efom a&;om;xm;avonf/ odkY&mwGif rnfonfh owif;pmurQ *VKefOD;apmaemufu BudK;qGJaeaom? vufeufrsm; xkwfay;aeaom? vGwfvyfa&;udk qdkif;iHhoGm;apvdkaom e,fcsJU t*Fvyd u f kd rjrifMubJ rsuaf jcjywfrI a'gotarSmifaMumifh &efot l ppfukd rjrif&bJ ½Sad eonf/ xdt k csed w f iG f wuúov kd üf ausmif;om;opfrsm; ra&mufao;aom tcsdefvnf; jzpfonf/ oxHkrD;yGm;pmapmifonf w&m;cHtppfukd az:xkwf&ef *VKefO;D apmESihf taygif;tygudk rnfou l vufeuf ay;oenf;? tif;vsm;uefxrJ S þrQrsm;jym;vSaom b&if;*ef;rsm;udk uyÜwed t f qif½h o dS u l olUoabm wckwnf;ESihf xkwaf y;Edik o f avm ponfh uGi;f qufrsm;udk qufpyf,u l m Edik if aH wmf\ 0rf;enf;rItaejzifh oxHkrD;yGm; acgif;BuD;ydkif;udk teufa&mifcs,foNyD; ]AdkvfcsKyfudk owfolw&m;cHtppf b,folvJ} [k acgif;pOfwyfí vufeuftrsm;tjym; xkwfay;cJhonfh e,fcsJUom w&m;cHjzpfonf/ OD;apmonf vufuikd w f w k f vlowform;omjzpfojzifh ]t"du&efou l kd rsuaf jcrjywfoif}h [k ajymifajrmufpGm &J&J0Hh0Hha&;om;NyD; tBudrfBudrf pdppfjyifqifí yxrqHk; &efoltppfudk az:xkwfcJhavonf/ puúL½Guf r½Sdaom oxHkrD;yGm;\ tmabmfonf wuúodkvfe,fajromru jyify owif;pmavmuodkUyif ysUEH YS cH \ hJ / wuúov kd af usmif;om;wdik ;f av;pm;cJo h jzifh ausmif;om;rsm;\ tqkwt f cGmuif;aomfvnf; oxHrk ;D yGm;onf tmPmydkifwdkU\ vufcsufrdum qkwfcGmcH&onf/ ]]xdktmPmydkifrsm;um; wuúodkvftmPmydkifrsm;}} r[kwfacs/ 308

vGwfvyfa&;BudK;yrf;rI - 1945 rS 1947 - 'Drdkua&pDa&; vltcGifUta&; trsKd;om;a&;toGif

(q) oHrPdwyfEiS hf ausmif;om;wyfO;D (1947) ausmif;om;or*¾ OD;aqmifrIatmuf½Sd ausmif;om;wyfzGJUudk ppfBudKacwfutwdkif; oHrPdwyfzGJU&ef (odkU) ausmif;om;wyfOD;[k zGJU&ef wuoü tpnf;ta0; jyKvkyfcJhonf/ ]]ausmif;om;wyfOD;}} [k trnfcH&ef rJcGJqHk;jzwfonf/ ¤if;wyfzGJUtwGuf zGJUpnf;yHk? wHqdyfrsm;a&;qGJ&ef AuotrIaqmifodkUwifjycJhonf/ ¤if;ESpfrwdkifrDu Adkvfarmifuav;udk &efukefwuúodkvf oHrPdwyf jyefvnfzGJUpnf;a&;twGuf OD;aqmifrI jyKyg&ef wuf
(Z) twGi;f 0ef½;kH 0kid ;f pOfu (1947) Auo OD;aqmifrIjzifh nDvmcHudk,fpm;vS,frsm;u twGif;0ef½kH;udk 0dkif;í qE´jy&ef qHk;jzwfcJhonf/ xdkpOf ynma&;0efBuD;rSm *VKefOD;apm jzpfonf/ *VKefOD;apmrSm AdkvfcsKyfatmifqef; OD;aqmifaomtzGJUwGif tzGJU0iftjzpf bdvyfodkUoGm;aeí ynma&;0efBuD;wm0efudk apmbOD;BuD;u acwå wm0ef,lxm;onf/ tpDtpOfrsm;rSm Auoacgif;aqmifrsm;u ynma&;0efBuD;ESifh oGm;awGU&ef usef&Jabmfrsm;u twGif;0ef½kH;ü qE´jycJh&efjzpfonf/ bk&ifcH\ AdkvfcsKyfatmifqef; tpdk;&vufxufwGif tvHeD uGefjrLepfygwDonf twGif;0ef½kH;udk 0dkif;í qE´jycJh&m xdktcsdefu jynfxJa&;0efBuD; OD;bab (bBuD;bab) onf tvHeDrsm;udk rD;owfa&ydkufrsm;jzifh vlpkcGJcJhonf/ þjzpf&yfrsKd; rMuHK[k rajymEdkif? MuHKcJhaomf aqmif½Guf&rnfh tpDtpOfrsm;udk ausmif;om;rsm; jyKvkyfxm; onf/ odkY&mwGif tvHeDrsm;tay: oabmxm;yHkESifh ausmif;om;rsm;tay: oabmxm;yHkvnf; rwl/ qE´jy ausmif;om;rsm; twGif;0ef½kH;odkY a&mufoGm;csdef rnfonfhvufeufudkifwyfrQ r½Sday/ rnfolrQvnf; wm;qD;jcif;rjyK? wHcg;tm;vHk; zGifhxm;onf? twGif;0ef½kH;0if;twGif; 0ifMuí vrf;rrsm;ay:wGif a
(ps) AuoESifh ausmif;om;wyfO;D nDvmcH (1947) AuoESifh ausmif;om;wyfOD; nDvmcHudk &efukefc½dkif ausmif;om;oydwfpcef;½Sd&m NrdKUrausmif;wGif jyKvkyf onf/ Auo? wuo? &uowGif qdk½S,fvpfygwDESifh tquftoG,f½Sdolrsm; jynfolU&JabmfESif tquftoG,f½Sdol rsm; yg0ifonf/ trsKd;om;a&;pdwf"gwf? ausmif;om;pdwf"gwf? EddkifiHa&;udk ½dk;½dk;om;om; pdwf0ifpm;olrsm;vnf; yg0ifonf? trsKd;rsKd; uGJaejcif;rSm aumif;aomtajctae r[kwfaomfvnf; wlnDrIwckrSm tm;vHk;onf vli,fausmif;om;yDyD wuf
jrefrmEdkifiHausmif;om;vIyf&Sm;rIordkif; - atmifxGef; taESmifht,Suf jzpfapovdk? AdkvfcsKyftpdk;&udk qefYusif&m a&mufapovdk ajymum vGwfvyfa&;? AdkvfcsKyfatmifqef; ponfwYkdEiS hf udik af ygufMuonf/ oydwaf rSmuf&ef pOf;pm;cJph Ofu trsK;d om;a&;twGu?f ynma&; vdt k yfcsurf sm;twGuf oydwfarSmufcJhonf/ AuoOuú| udkoef;armifESifh &uoOuú| udkoef;
(n) trsK;d orD;XmetwGuf ñTeMf um;vTm trsKd;orD;Xme[k oD;oefYxm;½Sdjcif;onf trsKd;orD;tm;vHk;\ ÓPfynmt&nftcsif; wdk;wufrI? &oifh& xdu k af om tcGit hf a&;wdYk ukd vGwv f yfpmG oD;oefY&vdrk t I wGuyf if jzpfonf/ OD;pD;acgif;aqmif trsKd;orD;XmerSL;onf(1) or*¾ausmif;olrsm;tay: Muifemcspfcif&rnf? (2) onf;cHEdkifonfh t&nftcsif;½Sd&rnf? (3) ausmif;om;rsm; oabmus ESpfoufjcif;udk cHEdkifonfh aumif;rGefaom t&nftcsif;ESifh jynfhpHkoljzpf &rnf/ wif;jynfh? usyfjynfh rjynfhpHkvQifvnf; jynfhpHkatmif BudK;pm;&rnf? (4) ygwDpGJ? yk*¾dKvfpGJr½Sdap&? ½SdcJhvQifvnf; 0wå&m;aus>yefpGm xrf;aqmifEdkif&rnf/ þtrsKd;orD;Xmeonf ausmif;pmaytjyif tjcm;A[kokw ynmÓPfwdk;yGm;rIudk &nf½G,fí wnfaxmif xm;aMumif; odem;vnfxm;&rnf/ trsKd;orD;XmerSL;onf tao;pdwf wm0efrsm;udk xrf;aqmif&ef tMuHay; aumfrwDudk zGJUpnf;&rnf/ xdktzGJU0ifOD;a&rSm tajctaetvdkuf Munfh½Ií uefYowf&rnf/ xdkaumfrwDwGif trsKd;orD;XmerSL;uyif twGif;a&;rSL;taeESifh aqmif½Guf&rnf/ pm&dwåAv? um,Av? ÓPAvwd;k wufru I kd &nf½G,fí um,AvrSL;? ÓPAvrSL;? pm&dwåAvrSL;ESihf wGzJ ufwYkd ukd ynmt&nftcsif;? vkyf &nfudkif&nfwdkYudk Munfhí trsm;oabm wlnDcsuft& tjrefqHk;wifajr§muf&rnf/ ¤if;tjyif oHrPdar (Girl Guide) tzGUJ udk vsifjrefpmG zGUJ pnf;&rnf/ oHrPdar pnf;rsOf;rsm;udk c½dik o f rH Pd arrSL;\ ñTefMum;vTmay;ydkYrnf/ trsKd;orD; pmMunfhwdkufudkvnf; b@ma&;tajctaeudk Munfhí vsifjrefpGm zGJUpnf;&rnf/ ,ckavmavmq,fwGif trsKd;orD;XmerSL;onf atmufygwdkYudk vsifjrefpGm aqmif½Guf&rnf/ (u) aumfrwDzGJU&ef? (c) um,Av? ÓPAv? pm&dwåAvrSL;ESifh wGJzufwdkYudka½G;&ef? (8) oHrPdarwyfzGJU&ef? oif\ wdk;wufa&;onf nDñGwfa&;tay:wGif wnf½Sdonf/ oifwdkY\ wuf&mvrf;c&D;wGif acsxdk;rI? ywf0ef;usif\ aESmifh,SufrI? csD;usL;rItaygif;rsm;pGmwdkYudk awGU&rnf/ MuHUMuHUcHEkdifatmif BudK;pm;&rnf/

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vGwfvyfa&;BudK;yrf;rI - 1945 rS 1947 - 'Drdkua&pDa&; vltcGifUta&; trsKd;om;a&;toGif

OD;oef; (1945-46) Source: Oway Magazines

'kw, d urÇmppfBuD;tNyD;? 1945-ckEpS w f iG ?f &efuek Nf rdKU r*dv k rf;ü zGiv hf pS cf ahJ om ta&;ay:wuúov kd f ausmif;om;rsm; or*¾\ Ouú|jzpfonf/ 1946-ckESpf? &efukefwuúodkvf jyefvnf zGifhvSpfaomtcgü ta&;ay: wuúov kd af usmif;om;rsm; or*¾ukd wuúov kd o f r*¾tjzpf todtrSwjf yK&ef ausmif;om;xku qH;k jzwfco hJ nf/ odkY jzpfí ODoef;tm; ppfNyD;acwf wuo\ yxrqHk; Ouú|tjzpf todtrSwfjyK&onf/ OD;oef;onf &efuek Nf rdKU odrjf zLawmifyikd ;f wGif arG;zGm;cJo h nf/ 10-wef; pmar;yGu J kd &efuek Nf rdKU pde*f Re;f a,mufsm; uav;ausmif;rS 1939-ckEpS w f iG f atmifjrifco hJ nf/ wuúov kd o f Ykd qufvuf ynmoifMum;cJo h nf/ 1945-ck ta&;ay:wuúodkvfrsm; (Emergency University Classes) odkY wufa&mufí 0dZÆm tydkif; (u) wGif qufvuf ynmoifMum;cJo h nf/ 1945-46 ta&;ay: wuúov kd f ausmif;om;rsm; or*¾ Ouú| tjzpf a½G;aumuf wifajr§mufjcif; cH&onf/ 1946-ckESpfwGif jrefrmEkdifiHü trsKd;om;vIyf½Sm;rIBuD;rsm; ay:aygufcJhonf/ 1946 taxGaxGoydwfBuD;wGif ausmif;om;rsm; oydwfarSmufcJhonf? uif;bJvfynma&; pDrHudef;zsufodrf;&ef awmif;qdkcJhonf/ *syefacwf 'D*&DbUJG rsm;udk todtrSwjf yK&ef vkyaf qmifay;cJo h nf/ tBudKwuúov kd o f ifwef; (Pre University) rS oifwef; atmifolrsm; wuúodkvfqufvufoifMum;Edkif&ef aqmif½Gufay;cJhonf/ t*FvdyfESifh r[mrdwfppfwyfrsm; odr;f ydu k x f m;aom wuúov kd ef ,fajrudk jyef&atmif aqmif½u G af y;cJo h nf/ ArmEdik if v H ;kH qdik &f mvli,frsm; tpnf; t½H;k tultnDjzifh wjynfv;kH ausmif;om;rsm;udk pkpnf;um Auo? &uo wdYk ukd jyefvnfzYJG pnf; ay;cJo h nf/ OD;oef;onf ,ck tvGwfynmoif ausmif;q&mwOD;tjzpfjzifh ynma&;twGuf wzufwvrf;rS aqmif½Guf vsuf½NdS yD;? Edik if aH &;toif;tzGUJ rsm;wGif yg0ifvyk af qmifjcif; r½Sad cs/

311

jrefrmEdkifiHausmif;om;vIyf&Sm;rIordkif; - atmifxGef;

OD;oef;armif (ol&, d ) (1946-47) Source: Oway Magazines

rEÅav;NrdKUZmwd? rEÅav;ol&d, OD;xGef;&if\ om;jzpfonf/ 10-wef;pmar;yGJudk rEÅav;NrdKU A[dktrsdK;om; txufwef;ausmif;rS 1939 ckEpS w f iG f atmifjrifcNhJ yD;? &efuek w f uúov kd üf qufvufynmoifMum;onf/ 1941 ckEpS w f iG f wuúov kd o f r*¾ trIaqmiftjzpf a½G;aumufwifajr§mufjcif; cH&onf/ 1947 ckEpS w f iG f wjynfv;kH ausmif;om;oydwf ay:aygufc&hJ m? &efuek w f uúov kd o f nf ausmif;om;rsm; oydww f iG f yg0ifcJhonf/ t*FvdyfESifh r[mrdwf ppfwyfrsm; odrf;ydkufxm;aom &efukefwuúodkvfor*¾ taqmuftODudk jyefvnf&½Scd o hJ nf/ wuúov kd t f aqmuftOD tcsKUd wGif useaf eao;aom t*Fvyd pf pfwyfrsm; tm;vH;k udk z,f½mS ; ay;onf/ Edik if jH cm; ausmif;om;or*¾rsm;ESihf tquftoG,f &cJo h nf/ 1947 ck arvwGif tdE, d´ jynf r'&yfNrdKUü usi;f yaom urÇmYausmif;om;0efxrf; (International Student Service) tm½SuGefz&ifh? 1947 ck ZGefvwGif 'def;rwfjynfü usif;yaom urÇmh ausmif;om;0efxrf; urÇmvHk;qdkif&m uGefz&ifhrsm;odkY wufa&mufcJhonf/ 1947 Zlvdkifv csufudkpvdkAufuD;,m;jynfwGif usif;yaom yxrtBudrfajrmuf urÇmYausmif;om;vli,f yGaJ wmfoUkd wufa&mufcNhJ yD;? urÇmUausmif;om;rsm;or*¾ (International Union of Students) ESihf qufo, G f cJhonf/ urÇmUausmif;om;rsm; or*¾aumifpD tpnf;ta0;odkY wufa&mufcJhonf/ ODoef;armifonf ,ck rEÅav; ol&, d aeYpOfowif;pm t,f'w D mcsKyftjzpf aqmif½u G af eonf/

312

vGwfvyfa&;BudK;yrf;rI - 1945 rS 1947 - 'Drdkua&pDa&; vltcGifUta&; trsKd;om;a&;toGif

Source: YU History (Diamond Jubilee)

*syefacwfwGif zGifhvSpfcJUonfU &efukefwuúodkvf (,ck txu- 2? vom)

Source: YU History (Diamond Jubilee)

txuf- ppfNy;D p ta&;ay:wuúov kd f zGiv hf pS cf o hJ nfU &ef;a';&D;,m; taqmufttHk (,ck txu- 2? yef;bJwef;) atmuf- ppfNy;D p &efuek w f uúov kd f tay:p;D rS jrifuiG ;f

Source: File Photo

313

jrefrmEdkifiHausmif;om;vIyf&Sm;rIordkif; - atmifxGef;

tcef; (11) Nird ;f csr;f a&; 'Dru kd a&pDa&;BuKd ;yrf;rI 'Dru kd a&pDa&; vlUtcGifhta&; jynfwGif;Nidrf;csrf;a&;ESifY trsK;d om;a&;toGif ausmif;om;vIy&f mS ;rIordik ;f (1948 rS 1949)

(u) 1947-48 Auo trIaqmiftzGUJ udkxGef;ñGefY udkwifa½T udkcspfoef; a':i,fi,fpdef

Ouú| (,refESpf taxGaxGtwGif;a&;rSL;a[mif;) taxGaxGtwGif;a&;rSL; (&Jabmfcsrf;at;) trIaqmif trsKd;orD;XmerSL;

(c) 1947-48 ynmoifEpS f a[majymyGrJ sm; &efukefc½dkifausmif;om;or*¾taeESifh ]qdk½S,fvpf0g'qdkwm bmvJ} [k a[majym&ef qdk½S,fvpfygwDodkY vnf;aumif;? ]uGefjrLepf0g'qdkwm bmvJ} [ka[majym&ef uGefjrLepfygwDodkUvnf;aumif; zdwfMum; a[majymap cJhonf/ uGefjrLepfygwDuom vufcHí ocifoef;NrdKif? ocifwifxGef;? &JabmfatmifBuD;wdkY wufa&mufí a[majym cJo h nf/ qd½k , S v f pfygwDu xdt k pDtpOfukd c½dik t f oif;wcku r[kwb f J wuouJo h Ykd aom tzGUJ tpnf;rsm;u vkyo f ifh aMumif; tMuHay; ajymMum;í c½kdiftoif; zdwfMum;csufudk jiif;y,fvdkufonf/ a[majymyGJudk bDtdkpDaumvdyf pmoifcef; naeydkif;wGif ûyvkyf&onf/ a[majymyGJ rdk;csKyfvkeD;rS NyD;onf/ þa[majymyGJ jyKvkyfNyD;aemuf wuorS BuD;rSL;í atmifqef;-tufwvDpmcsKyfESifh ywfoufNyD; ½Sif;vif;a[majymyGJ wck pDpOfonf/ uGefjrLepfygwDESifh zqyvwdkY qHkí ½Sif;vif;a[majymcJhjcif; jzpfonf/ yxraeUwGif uGefjrLepfygwD ud, k pf m;vS,rf sm;u vnf;aumif;? 'kw, d aeYwiG f zqyvrS vma&muf½iS ;f vif; ajzMum;onf/ wuocef;r usO;f aeí *syfqifcef;rü jyKvkyfonf/ 314

Nidrf;csrf;a&; 'Drdkua&pDa&;BudK;yrf;rI - 1948 rS 1949 - 'Drdkua&pDa&; vltcGifUta&; jynfwGif;Nidrf;csrf;a&; trsKd;om;a&;toGif

(*) 1948-49 Auo tvkyt f rIaqmiftzGUJ Auo nDvmcHusif;yaomtcg trIaqmifwzGJUvHk; uGefjrLepfygwDtEG,frsm; ta½G;cH&onf/ 1/ udkoef; Ouú| (wuo Ouú|a[mif;) 2/ udkvS0if; taxGaxGtwGif;a&;rSL; (aemif ñTefrSL;tqifhjrifhynm) 3/ udkat;armif trIaqmifrsm; (aemif ñTefrSL; orOD;pD;) 4/ udkbaumif; (aemif ausmif;om;a&;&mtajccHynm) 5/ udknDnD (aemif pma&;q&mvif;,kefeD) 6/ udkcspfoef;xGef; (aemif A[dkw&m;½Hk;a&SUae) 7/ udktkef;NrdKif (aemif OD;aqmifñTefrª; pm;^axG) 8/ udkcspfarmif (aemif b@ma&;ESihf pDrHudef; 'k0efBuD;) 9/ udkausmfatmif (aemif wuúodkvfbmomjyefESifh pmtkyfxkwfa0a&; pmwnf;rSL;? pma&;q&mausmfatmif) 10/ udkwifa½T (&Jabmfcsrf;at;? pma&;q&marmifpl;prf;) 11/ udkpHvGif 12/ udkapmvGif 13/ udkÓPfcspf (a'gufwmOmPfcspf) 14/ udkatmifodef; (&Jabmfa0vif;? tvkyform;OD;pD;Xme) xdkAuo trIaqmiftzGJUonf EdkifiHtwGif; jzpfay:ajymif;vJvmaom EdkifiHa&;ESifhtwl txl;wuf
(C) 1947-48 wuo trIaqmiftzGUJ 1/ udkpdefvS 2/ udk&efa0; 3/ udkatmifjrifh 4/ udkay:odef; 5/ udkomxGef; 6/ udkñGefYa0 7/ udkbaxG; 8/ udkarmifarmifausmf 9/ roef;oef;EG,f 10/ udkvS 11/ udkarmifarmif (c) udkarmifBuD;

Ouú| 'k-Ouú| aiGxdef; taxGaxGtwGif;a&;rSL; wGJbuftaxGaxGtwGif;a&;rSL; wuúodkvfcsif; qufoG,fa&;rSL; wuúodkvfausmif;om;wyfOD; wm0efcH jyefMum;a&;ESifh 0g'jyefYyGm;a&; aygif;oif;qufqHa&;ESihf jyefvnfxlaxmifa&; pmMunfhwdkufrSL; tdk;a0r*¾Zif; t,f'Dwm

(C-1) 1947-48 wuotrIaqmiftzGJY vkyfaqmifcsufrsm; 1946-47 wuotrIaqmiftzGJU vufxufwGif ausmif;om;rsm;yg0ifaom oHrPdwyfudk zGJUpnf;onf/ wuou wuúov kd af usmif;om;wyfO;D wm0efcH qufvufxm;½Sdonf/ ausmif;om;taysmfwrf;wyfzUJG udk 1947 ckEpS ?f azazmf0g&DvwGif tif;pdefwdkufyGJ jyif;xefaepOf wuorS zGJUpnf;cJhonf/ ,if;wyfzGJU0ifrsm;udk jynfaxmifpk jrefrm EdkifiHawmf jynfolU0efxrf;wyf&if;? &efukefc½dkifwGif ppfynmoifwef; zGifhvSpf oifMum;ay;onf/ 1947 ck? Edk0ifbmv (19) &ufwGif usif;yaom 'kwd,tBudrf trIaqmiftzGJUtpnf;ta0;wGif urÇmYausmif;om;0efxrf;tzGJU International Student Service (I.S.S), H.Q (Geneva) vkyfief;ESifh zGJUpnf;yHkrsm;udk wifjyNyD; urÇmhausmif;om; 0efxrf;tzGUJ jrefrmEdik if aH umfrwD (International Student Service Burma Committee, University of Rangoon) udk wnfaxmif&ef aqG;aEG;onf/ urÇmhausmif;om;0efxrf;tzGJU\ XmecsKyfudk *sDeDAmNrdKUwGif xm;½SdNyD; q&mrsm;? vlBuD;vlaumif;rsm;ESifh 315

jrefrmEdkifiHausmif;om;vIyf&Sm;rIordkif; - atmifxGef; ausmif;om;rsm; yl;aygif; zGJUpnf;xm;onf/ oufomacsmifcsda&;ESifh ,Ofaus;rItay: tajccHonf/ urÇmhausmif;om; tzGUJ jrefrmEdik if aH umfrwDukd wuorS OD;pD;í zGUJ pnf;&onf/ aumfrwD0ifrsm;tjzpf obmywdwOD;? 'kw, d obmywd wOD;? b@ma&;rSL;wOD;? taxGaxGtwGif;a&;rSL;wOD; xm;½SdNyD; trIaqmifaumfrwD0if OD;a&udk oifhavsmfovdk cefYxm;Edkifonf/ (C-2) 1947-48 tdk;a0r*¾Zif;yg uAsm? aqmif;yg;rsm;

acwfqef; olYEIwfrSmwJh ..... vGwfvyfNyD? ighEIwfrSmwJh ..... vGwfvyfNyD/ jynftvHk;rSmjzifh oDuHk;um xdkonfaw;udkrS? csKd{pGm om,musL;ygvdkY? jrL;wifh[efcsD/ ta½SUcGif arQmfumrSef;avawmh? ,aeUyif ay:vmxGef;ayxifh? ½Tef;a0qifh vif;a&mifjcnf? Munfygayh ..... tdk ..... ½Iprf;/ odkY csdefjrwfwGifrS? xlxyfum omapaMumif;ayy? aumif;NzdK;a0 atmifvHvTifhygvdkY? a'gif;tdk;a0 ac:oHqifhw,f? ckjzifh acwfqef;/ ndK0if;

&Jabmf . . . . cs;D usL;ygonf (0if;OD;) oif\toufonf i,fvSygao;onf? t½G,fonf EkvSygao;onf/ odkYaomf ..... tdk&Jabmf- oifonf rsufawmifarG;wqHk;udkom rMunfh? t½Snf½Iojzifh oifhudk csD;usL;yg\/ tdk&Jabmf- oifhtusKd;aumif;rIudkom rvdkvm;bJ trsm;twGuf tepfemcH&ef toifh½Sdí oif\ jrifhjrwfaom pdwf"gwfudk av;pm;pGm csD;usL;yg\/ tdk&Jabmf- oif\OD;aESmufESifh trSm;trSefudk wduspGm a0zefEdkifpGrf;½Sdí oifhtm; tonf;ESvHk;Mum;rS azmufxGuf vQHwufvmaom csD;usL;jcif;jzihf csD;usL;yg\/ tdk&Jabmf- oifhpdwf"gwfonf r,dkifrñGwf? oHrPdjzihfNyD;aom pdwf"gwfjzpfí axmyemum oifhtm; csD;usL;jcif;trIudk ûyyg\/ tdk&Jabmf- oifonf oifh&Jabmfrsm;tzdkY ]&Jabmf} ]&Ja½Smf} r[kwf? a&ra&maom ]&Jabmf} ppfppfjzpfí txl;csD;usL;yg\/ tdk&Jabmf- oifonf tbaumif;om;yDopGm tbvGwfvyfrIwckwnf;udkom OD;wnfum ppfxGufcJh\/ odkUvnf; oifhBudK;yrf;rIonf c&D;qHk;wdkif ra&mufwwfao;/ tdk&Jabmf- oifonf usyfjynfhvGwfvyfa&;udk rdudkifEdkifonftxd yef;wdkifodkY OD;vnfroHk? OD;qHaqG;ajrh ygvnf; rwGefYrqkwfbJ vufeufqGJudkifí csDwufygavmh/ tb ArmjynfwGif; z½dkz&Jjzpfaeonfudk Munfhrae tm;ygESifh/ aoaomfvnf; O'gef;wGif&pfygapawmh? xdktcgrS ig\ csD;usL;jcif;udk tqHk;owfygtHh/ tdk&Jabmf- xdktcg tlwGif; toJESvHk;Mum;rS vQHwufaygufxGufvmaom csD;usL;jcif;jzifh txl;av;pm;pGm igcsD;usL; OD;ñTwfygtHh/ tdk&Jabmf- xdktcgrS oifhtm; ]wdkif;jynfol&Jaumif;&Jabmf} bGJUxl;udk tyfESif;ygtHhownf;/

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Nidrf;csrf;a&; 'Drdkua&pDa&;BudK;yrf;rI - 1948 rS 1949 - 'Drdkua&pDa&; vltcGifUta&; jynfwGif;Nidrf;csrf;a&; trsKd;om;a&;toGif

urÇmah usmif;om;tzGt YJ pnf;rsm; (1947 td;k a0ygaqmif;yg;) &efukefwuúodkvfausmif;om;rsm;or*¾ESifh vnf;aumif;? ArmEdkifiHvHk;qdkif&mausmif;om;rsm;or*¾ESifh vnf;aumif; qufoG,fNyD;pD;aom urÇmYausmif;om;tzGJUtpnf; (2) &yfrSm International Student Service (urÇmhausmif;om; 0efxrf;tzGJU) ESifh International Union of Students (urÇmhausmif;om;rsm;or*¾) wdkU jzpfonf/ urÇmhausmif;om;0efxrf; A[dktzGJUcsKyfwnf&mXmerSm qGpfZmvefjynf *sDeDAmNrdKUjzpfí urÇmhausmif;om;rsm;or*¾ A[dkXmecsKyfrSm csufudkpvdkAufuD;,m;jynf y&wfNrdKUawmfü jzpfonf/ urÇmhausmif;om;0efxrf; zGJUpnf;yHkrSm EdkifiHwdkif; ½Sd ]yl;aygif;aqmif½GufaeaomtrsKd;om;aumfrwDtzGJY} rsm;ay:wGif zGJUpnf;xm;onf/ trsKd;om;aumfrwDwdkif;onf udk,fydkiftkyfcsKyfa&; pnf;rsOf;ESifhtcGifhta&;½Sdí oD;jcm;vGwfvyfcGifh ½Sdonf/ xdktzGJUtpnf;rSm ausmif;ol? ausmif;om; rsm;ESifh ygarmu©q&mBuD;rsm; yl;aygif;í OD;pD;vkyfudkifaom ]ud, k w f ikd u f n l aD &;} tzGJUjzpfonf/ wESpfwBudrf a'owdkufvHk; qdkif&mnDvmcHESifh EdkifiHwumnDvmcH jyKvkyfonf/ xdkEdkifiHwumnDvmcHtNyD;ü OD;pD;tzGJUnDvmcH usif;yonf/ urÇmhausmif;om;rsm;or*¾ zGJUpnf;yHkrSm EdkifiHwdkif;½Sd EdkifiHvHk;qdkif&m ausmif;om;rsm;or*¾ay:wGif zGJUpnf;wnf axmifonf/ xdkEdkifiHvHk;qdkif&m ausmif;om;rsm;or*¾rSmvnf; EdkifiHwGif;½Sd ausmif;BuD;rsm;? odyÜHwuúodkvfBuD;rsm;ü ynmoif,laeaom ausmif;ol? ausmif;om;wdkY\ or*¾rsm; pkpnf;zGJUxm;aom A[dkor*¾jzpfonf/ xdkEdkifiHvHk;qdkif&m ausmif;om;rsm;or*¾onf trsm;qHk;aom ausmif;om;xk\ udk,fpm;vS,fjzpfí zGJUpnf;tkyfcsKyfyHk pnf;rsOf;Oya'rSm 'Drdkua&pDpHepfus&rnfh tjyif vufawGU vkyfaqmifrIrsm;½Sdonfh tzGJUtpnf;jzpf&onf/ xdkYtjyif a,mufsm;? rdef;r? pD;yGm;a&;tajctae? aygif;oif;qufqHrI? EdkifiHa&;,HkMunfrI? bmomt,l0g'? vlrsKd; (odkY) tom;ta&mif? rcGJrjcm;em; apbJ toif;ol? toif;om;tjzpf 0ifcGifh½Sd&rnf/ xdkurÇmhausmif;om;rsm;or*¾[m ausmif;ol? ausmif;om;rsm;\ tzGJUtpnf;jzpfí ausmif;ol? ausmif;om;rsm;twGuf ausmif;ol? ausmif;om;rsm;uom vkyfudkifaqmif½Gufaom or*¾ jzpfonf/ wESpfwGif wBudrf? a'owdkufvHk;qdkif&m nDvmcHusif;yonf/ (3) ESpf wBudrf EdkifiHwumausmif;om; rsm;nDvmcH usif;yí rjyKvkyfjzpfaom ESpfrsm;ü EdkifiHwum OD;pD;nDvmcH jyKvkyfusif;yonf/ þonfESifh ywfoufí Student ausmif;om;? ausmif;ol [laom a0g[m&ESifh (National Union of Students) EdkifiHvHk;qdkif&m ausmif;om;rsm;or*¾\ t"dyÜg,fudk ½Sif;vif;&ef txl;vdktyfayonf/ urÇmhausmif;om;0efxrf; zGJU pnf;yHk? tkyfcsKyfyHk? pnf;rsOf; Oya'xJwGif Student ESifhywfoufí atmufygtwdkif; owfyHkñTef;onf/ Student onf txufwef;? pufrIvufrI ynmoifausmif;BuD;rsm;? twwfoif odyÜHausmif;BuD; wuúodkvfrsm;ü txufwef; ynm&yf ½SmazGoifMum;aeaom vli,frsm;udk qdkvdkonf/ ausmif;rsm;ü ynmoifMum;aeMuaom vli,fausmif;ol? ausmif;om; uav;rsm; ryg0ifay/ uREkfyfwdkY ArmjynfESifh tdE´d,rSvGJí Student [laoma0g[m&onf EdkifiHwumwGif ausmif;ol? ausmif;om;BuD;rsm;udkom ac:a0:oHk;pGJavonf/ xdkYaMumihf ,leufpudk (urÇmhynmavmu"mwf ,Ofaus;rI tzGJUcsKyf) rSwyg; urÇmhausmif;om;tzGJUtpnf;rsm;rSm ausmif;ol? ausmif;om;i,frsm; or*¾ESifh vHk;0yif rqufoG,fEdkif ay/ rywfoufoavmuf jzpfaeavonf/ xdkYaMumifh uREkfyfwdkYonf urÇmhausmif;0efxrf;tzGJU ESpfywfvnfnDvmcHü vnf;aumif;? urÇmhausmif;om;rsm;or*¾ OD;pD;nDvmcHüvnf;aumif;? ausmif;ol? ausmif;om;i,frsm;twGuf urÇmhtzGJU tpnf;wck½SdoifhaMumif; tMuHay;awmif;qdkcJhaMumif;/ urÇmhausmif;om;0efxrf;tzGJU\ tajccHrl&if;rSm atmufygtwdkif;jzpfonf/ urÇmhausmif;om;0efxrf;tzGJUonf wuúodkvfrsm; tcdkiftrmnDñGwfa&;ESifh tvkyfwlyl;aygif;aqmif½Gufa&;wdkYudk tiftm;BuD;rm;pGmjzihf wdk;yGm;BuD;jrifhap&ef urÇmtESHYtjym;ü ausmif;ol? ausmif;om;BuD;rsm;ESifh ygarmu©rsm; yl;wGJí tvkyfvkyf&ef jzpfonf/ ¤if;\ vkyfief;aqmifwm t&yf&yfwdkYwGif t,l0g'? bmomwdkif;ESifh EdkifiHa&;? 'Drdkua&pDus aom aygif;oif;qufqHa&; tm;vHk;wdkY\ udk,fpm;vS,frsm; yl;aygif;yg0if vkyfudkifMuonf/ tzGJU\ &mZ0ifrSm 1920 ckESpfwGif urÇmhc&pf,mef ausmif;ol? ausmif;om;BuD;rsm; tpnf;t½kH;u zefwD;ay;vdkufaom yxr ]]Oa&my ausmif;ol? ausmif;om;BuD;rsm; ulnDaxmufyHha&; aumfrwDtzGJUrS wqifh arG;xkwfvdkufaom urÇmhausmif;om;0efxrf;tzGJUonf jzpfay:vmavonf/ ausmif;om;0efxrf;tzGJUonf 1926 ckESpfwGif udk,fydkifoD;jcm;tkyfcsKyfa&;\ tcGifhta&;rsm;ESifh jynfhpHkaom tzGJUw&yf jzpfvmonf/ 1940 ckESpfwGif urÇmhausmif;om;0efxrf;tzGJU? urÇmhc&pf,mef ausmif;ol? ausmif;om;BuD;rsm; tpnf;t½Hk;? urÇmha&0wD ausmif;ol? ausmif;om;or*¾ESifh ½dkrefuufovpf c&pf,meftzGJUtpnf; wdkYonf ]]urÇmhausmif;ol? ausmif;om;BuD;rsm; ulnDaxmufyHa&;tzGJU}} udk wnfaxmifcJhMuonf/ xdktzGJUBuD;\ tkyfcsKyfa&; vkyfudkifrIt00udk urÇmhausmif;om;0efxrf;tzGJUodkY wm0efvTJtyfxm;onf/ 1946 ckESpfwGif urÇmhausmif;om;rsm;or*¾ onf urÇmhausmif;ol? ausmif;om;BuD;rsm; ulnDaxmufyhHa&;tzGJUBuD;ESifh qufoG,fcJhavonf/ urÇmhausmif;om;0efxrf;tzGJU\ vkyfief;rsm;rSm ausmif;ol? ausmif;om;BuD;rsm;tm; ulnDaxmufyHha&;? EdkifiHwum ynmoifMum;a&;? ausmif;om;twGuf wnf;cdktdrf? aq;½Hk? ,Ofaus;rI? A[dkXmersm; jyKvkyfjcif;? wuúodkvfrsm;ESifh ywfoufí owif;tvJtvS,f ydkYaqmifjyefMum;a&;? ynmpl;prf;½SmazGa&;? ynmc&D;vkyfief; ponfwdkY jzpfavonf/

317

jrefrmEdkifiHausmif;om;vIyf&Sm;rIordkif; - atmifxGef; urÇmhausmif;om;0efxrf;tzGJUü OD;pD;tzGJUESifh ½Hk;vkyfom;rsm;rS ty toif;0ifrxm;½Sday/ ausmif;om;0efxrf;tzGJUonf yl;aygif;xm;aom tpktpnf; (3) ck ay:wGif wnfaqmufxm;ayonf/ ¤if;wdkYrSm(1) oufqdkif&m toif;om;rsm;? (2) yl;aygif;aqmif½Gufaeaom trsKd;om;aumfrwDtzGJUrsm;? (3) ausmif;om;0efxrf;tzGJU\ rdwfaqGrsm;jzpfonf/ ausmif;om;0efxrf;tzGJU\ rdwfaqGqdkonfrSm tzGJU\vkyfief;aqmifwmrsm;udk vltm;? aiGtm;jzifh axmufyHhulnD jr§ifhwifay;vdkaom yk*¾dKvfBuD;rsm;? wuúodkvfq&m? q&mrrsm;? ausmif;ol? ausmif;om;rsm; jzpfavonf/ urÇmhausmif;om;rsm;or*¾\ &nf½G,fcsufrsm;rSm1/ wdk;wufa&;twGuf tvkyfvkyfudkifaeMuaom urÇmay:½Sd 'Drdku&ufwpf ausmif;ol? ausmif;om;taygif;\ udk,fpm;vS,f tzGJUtpnf;tjzpf? xdkoabmxm;t& ausmif;ol ausmif;om;tm;vHk;\ udpöt00 taMumif;t&mrsm;udk ulnDajz½Sif;&ef? 2/ a,muFsm;? rdef;r? pD;yGm;a&;tajctae? EdkifiHa&;,HkMunfudk;pm;rI? bmomt,l0g'? tom;ta&mif (odkY) vlrsKd; rcGJrjcm;yJ xdkufwefaom tcGifhta&;? txufwef;ESifh rlvwef;jrifh ynm&yfrsm;udk vli,frsm;tzdkY &,l&ef? ausmif;ol? ausmif;om;rsm;twGuf EdkifiHawmftpdk;&\ wdk;csJUxm;aom ynma&;qkrsm;? tdrfrIaxmufyHha&; vdkaeaom ae&mrsm;wGif ausmif;oHk;pmtkyfrsm;? ausmif;oHk; ypönf;rsm; tcrJh&jcif;ESifh ypönf;0wåK vGwfvyfcGifh&&efwdkYudk BudK;yrf; &,l&ef? 3/ usef;rmcdkifcHha&;twGuf taumif;qHk;jzpfEdkifaom aexdkifrI? pm;aomufrIESifh tcGifhta&;wdkYudk ausmif;ol? ausmif; om;rsm; tm;ay;&ef? 4/ ausmif;om;avmuwGif vlrsKd;tm;vHk;\ ,Ofaus;rIrsm;? vGwfvyfa&;ESifh 'Drdkua&pD cspfcifrIwdkYudk oHk;oyfap&ef? 5/ wdk;wufrItwGuf tvkyfwlvkyfaeMuí 'Drdkua&pDpepfusaom t&nftcsif;½Sdonfh pkpnf;nDnmí ausmif;om;xk udk,fpm;vS,f jynfhpHkaom tzGJYtpnf;rsm;udk wckwnf; yl;aygif; zGJUpnf;vmEdkif&ef BudK;pm;&ef? 6/ urÇmay:½Sdausmif;ol? ausmif;om;tcsif;csif; rdwfaqGrsm;tjzpf wnfjrJap&ef? 7/ vufawGUESifh 'Drdkua&pDpepfusí trsKd;om;ausmif;om;xk udk,fpm;vS,ftzGJUtpnf;rsm; tcsif;csif; wlnDaom vkyfief;rsm;wGif yl;aygif;tvkyfwl vkyfEdkif&eftwGuf jyKvkyfaqmifMuOf;ay;&ef? 8/ ausmif;ol? ausmif;om;rsm;ESifh tjcm;vli,ftaygif;wdkY yl;aygif;Edkifap&efESifh aygif;oif;qufqHa&;? vlrIudpö t00wdkYwGif wm0ef0wå&m; wwfodem;vnfrI½Sdap&efESifh wdk;wufrI BuD;yGm;rI½Sdap&ef? 9/ Nidrf;csrf;a&;ESifh vHkjcHKa&;twGuf BudK;yrf;wukwfjyKvkyfaeaom tpdk;&tzGJYtm;vHk;ESifh aygif;oif;qufqHa&; tzGJUtpnf;rsm;udk udk,fxdvufa&muf tifwdkuftm;wdkuf ulnD&ef? onfrS ynma&;qdkif&mXme taqmuftODrsm;rS zdESdyfcsKyfcs,frIESifh zufqpfpdwf"gwf0g'? pmaywnf½Sdaeonfh t&mrSeforQ wdkufzsuf&ef? 10/ EkdifiHwuma&;&mrsm;wGif ausmif;ol? ausmif;om;rsm; pdwfyg0ifpm;rIjzpfap&ef jyKvkyfay;&ef? EdkifiHwum tzGJU tpnf;rsm;wGif ausmif;om;rsm;\ ta&;rsm;udk wifjy&efESifh ausmif;om;rsm;\ {&mr ta&;wBuD; vkdtyfaomudpö tultnDrsm;udk ae&mXme toD;oD;ü 0g'jzefUaMunm&ef? jyefMum;&ef? 11/ uRefEdkifiHrsm;? uRefEdkifiHom; EdkifiHrsm;? jyifytultnD,lí rSDcdktm;xm;ae&aom EdkifiHrsm;½Sd ausmif;ol ausmif; om;rsm;tm; aygif;oif;qufqHrI? pD;yGm;a&;ESifh ynma&;zGHUNzdK;aprI? jynfhpHkpGm&½Sdap&ef ulnDaxmufyHh&ef? onfrS tqHk;pGeftxd xdkwdkif;EdkifiHrsm;rS ausmif;ol? ausmif;om;rsm;ESifh jynfolvlxktm; ¤if;wdkY\ vGwfvyfa&;ESifh wdkif;jynf vGwfvyfa&;BudK;yrf;rIwGif wwfEdkifaom tultnD taxmuftyHh tvHk;pHk ulnDrp&ef? 12/ urÇmhNidrf;csrf;a&;ESifh vlrIa&;&m\ 0efxrf;vkyfief;wdkYwGif avmu"gwfynmESifh ,Ofaus;rIwdkY\ wdk;wufrIudk xkwfa0&efESifh vkyfaqmif&eftwGuf wdkufwGef;EId;aqmf&ef? urÇmhausmif;om;rsm;or*¾onf vkyfief;aqmifwmt&yf&yfwGif txufazmfjyyg pdwf"gwfjzifh ûyvkyf aqmif½GufoGm; onf/ xdkvkyfief;rsm;udk A[dktvkyftrIaqmiftzGJUcsKyf\ acgif;aqmifrIjzifhom vkyfudkifoGm;avonf/ vkyfief;rsm;rSm(u) EdkifiHwumausmif;om;rsm;nDvmcH jyKvkyf&ef? tao;pdwfESifh tus,fvkyfief;? xdknDvmcHrsm;wGif vkyfaqmifcJh aom &nf½G,fcsufrsm;udk wwfod em;vnfrI½Sdap&eftwGuf jyKvkyfay;&ef? (c) EdkifiHwum vSnfhvnfa&;ESifh vJvS,fa&;vkyfief;? (*) ausmif;om;csif; tquftoG,fvkyfief;? (C) ausmif;om;rsm;ESifh ¤if;wdkY\ taMumif;t&m udpörsm;udk urÇmhowif;ydkYaqmifa&;jzihf ay;ydkY&ef? vufcH&ef? (i) urÇmhausmif;om;rsm;r*¾ESifh ywfoufaom ½Hk;pmtkyf? pmwrf;? aMunmpmwrf;rsm;udk bmomt&yf&yfjzifh xkwfa0a&;? (p) upm;ckefpm;? usef;rma&;? aygif;oif;qufqHa&;? (q) ygwDrxm;? wckwnf;aom bmomt,lroD;? ausmif;om;xk udk,fpm;vS,fjzpfaom ausmif;om;tzGJUtpnf;

318

Nidrf;csrf;a&; 'Drdkua&pDa&;BudK;yrf;rI - 1948 rS 1949 - 'Drdkua&pDa&; vltcGifUta&; jynfwGif;Nidrf;csrf;a&; trsKd;om;a&;toGif rsm;udk vkdtyfaomtultnDESifh aiGaMu;axmufyHh&ef? (Z) 0w¬Kypönf;? aiG? ulnDaxmufyHha&;? (ps) urÇmhukvor*¾? urÇmhyknukovwdkYESifh t&if;ESD;qHk;aygif;oif;qufqHrI wnfjrJa&;? (n) tjcm;EdkifiHwumtzGJUtpnf;rsm;ESifh &if;ESD;pGm aygif;oif;qufqHrI wnfjrJa&;? (#) ynm? avmu"gwf bmom?,Ofaus;rI wdk;wufap&eftwGuf ynm½Sdrsm; yl;aygif;aqmif½Gufa&;vkyfief;? (X) urÇmhausmif;om;or*¾ &nf½G,fcsufrsm;udk wdk;wufap&efvkyfEdkifonfh vdktyfaom tjcm; vkyfief;aqmifwmrsm;? (!) twwfoifqdkif&mXme zGifhonfhvkyfief;? q&m0ef? q&m? v,f,m? opfawm ponfh vkyfief;rsm;jzpfonf/ ,cktajctaet& urÇmhausmif;om;rsm;or*¾rSm twdkif;wdkif;½Sd wdk;wufaom ausmif;om;or*¾rsm; pka0;&m Xmejzpf&m EdkifiHwum ausmif;ol? ausmif;om;rsm;\ axmufcHrIudk &½Sdí ausmif;ol? ausmif;om;rsm;\ taqmufttHk rdbozG,f jzpfaeayonf/ EdkifiHwdkif;½SdEdkifiHvHk;qdkif&m ausmif;om;rsm;or*¾wdkYonf urÇmhausmif;om;rsm;or*¾ESifh qufoG,fNyD;avNyD? urÇmh'Drdku&ufwpf vli,frsm;tpnf;t½Hk;ESifh yl;aygif;í urÇmh wdk;wufa&;? Nidrf;csrf;a&;? wu,fh vGwfvyfa&;odkY vufwGJí OD;vnfrokef csDwufaeayonf/ urÇmhausmif;om;rsm;or*¾um; urÇmhausmif;ol? ausmif;om; rsm;tm; atmifvHawmfabmifodkY 0ifa&mufckdvIH&ef zdwfac:vsufÀ urÇmay:½Sd 'Drdku&ufwpf ausmif;om;rsm; touf½Snfygap? À urÇmhausmif;om;rsm;or*¾ wnfjrJygap? À urÇmhausmif;ol? ausmif;om;rsm;ESifh 'Drdku&ufwpfvli,frsm; touf½Snfygap? À igwdkY\ tem*wftwGuf csDwufMuavmh[laom À a
armifarmifausmf

cGyfa'gif; wacwfuRef;wGifjzifh oepfqef;udkwJh xGifMujyef ..... / a&S;,cif [dktwdwfrSmawmh vnfNidwfum wGefoHcsKdwJh wuúodkvf tdk;a0 a'gif;[mv EGJYaESmif;um *kPfrmefx,fvdkY rl&m
jrefrmEdkifiHausmif;om;vIyf&Sm;rIordkif; - atmifxGef;

(i) 1948-49 wuo trIaqmiftzGUJ 1/ udk&efa0; Ouú| 2/ udkay:odef; 'k-Ouú| 3/ udkarmifarmif (1) aiGxdef; 4/ udkudkav; taxGaxGtwGif;a&;rSL; 5/ rMunfMunfvS aygif;oif;qufqHa&;rSL; 6/ udkarmifarmifausmf EdkifiHaygif;pHkwuúodkvfausmif;rsm;ESifh EdkifiHjcm;qufoG,fa&;rSL; 7/ udkwifjrifh vlxkqufoG,fa&;ESifh pnf;½Hk;a&;rSL; 8/ udkjroef; jyefMum;a&;ESihf 0g'jyefYyGm;a&;rSL; 9/ udkpdefjr ynma&;ESifh jyefvnfxlaxmifa&;rSL; 10/ udkarmifarmif (2) pmMunfhwdkufrSL; 11/ udkarmifarmifoef; tdk;a0r*¾Zif; t,f'Dwm ud&k efa0;rSm qd½k , S v f pfygwDtEG,jf zpfonf/ xdt k csed f wuúov kd jf yify½Sd OD;aqmifygwDtEG,rf sm;½Sad omfvnf; xdktcsdefxd ausmif;om;tiftm;pkzGJUí ta½G;cH&jcif; r[kwfyg/ yk*dK¾ vfa&;tajccHjzifh wuoa½G;aumufyGJwGif ,SOfNydKif ta½G;cHjcif; jzpfonf/ tkypf w k pkwnf;rS ,SONf ydKifta½G;cHjcif;rsKd; r½Syd g/ xdu k mv trIaqmiftzGUJ onf wyfaygif;pkuo hJ Ykd jzpfaeonf/ tEG,f[k oHk;jcif;rSm oufqdkif&mygwD0if jzpfcsifvnf;jzpfrnf/ tcsKdUygwD0ifrsm; jzpfcsifrS jzpfrnf/ vdkvm; axmufco H l OD;aqmifru I kd cH,v l o kd rl sm; jzpfaumif;jzpfayrnf/ rnfoYkdyif jzpfap tEG,[ f o k m oH;k vQif vHak vmufrnf[k ,lqygonf/

(p) 1948-49 &uo trIaqmiftzGUJ

(q) &efuek t f pd;k &acwf wuúov kd t f ajctaeESihf vlrsK;d a&;jyóem

Source: Portraits (DTY)

1/ udknDnD (vif;,kefeD) Ouú| 2/ udkcifarmif0if; (½Srf;BuD;) twGif;a&;rSL; (aemif bPfrefae*sm) &uou OD;aqmifí a½Twd*Hkbk&m; paeaxmifh½Sd wefaqmif;BuD;wGif ukefaps;EIef; usqif;a&;twGuf ausmif;om;rsm; qE´jy tpnf;ta0;vkyfonf/ OD;xGef;atmifausmf OD;aqmifaom trIxrf;aygif;pHkor*¾? odrfBuD;aps; A[dkor*¾? vrf;ab;aps;onfrsm; tpnf;t½Hk;ESifh yl;wGJum 'Drdkua&pDtcGifhta&;? vlwef;pm; wdkufyGJ tcGifhta&;rsm;udk wdkufyGJ0ifvIyf½Sm;cJhonf/ &uoOuú| udknDnD (vif;,kefeD)

e,fcsJUqefYusifa&;? zufqpf*syefawmfvSefa&;udk trsKd;om;nDñGwfa&;jzifh atmifjrifpGm qifETJcJhonf/ awmfvSefa&;BuD; NyD;aomtcg t,ltqa&;&m uGJjym;rI? *dkPf;*Ppdwf? yk*d¾KvfpdwfwdkYudk tajccHí vuf0JnDñGwfa&; NydKuGJvmonf/ vGwfvyfa&;ESifh twl jynfwGif; rNidrfoufrIrsm; jzpfay:vmonf/ EdkifiHjcm; owif;XmetcsdKUu vGwfvyfp jrefrmtpdk;&udk ]&efukeftpdk;&} [lí wifpm; oa&mfaeMuonf/ xdt k csed f &efuek w f uúov kd üf rarQmv f ifah om vIy½f Sm;rIjzpfvmonf/ ykord rf S ausmif;om;tcsKUd vlrsKd;a&;pdwjf zifh u&ifolykefrsm;udk wdkuf&ef vIYHaqmfpnf;½Hk;Muonf/ ajrmif;jrc½dkifrS aqmfMoí &efukefwuúodkvf½Sd (___ aysmuf) c½dkiftoif; udk,fpm;vS,frsm;udk zdwfMum;cJhonf/ tpnf;ta0;wGif ykord af usmif;om;tcsKdU\vIYH aqmfcsufukd vufrcHcMhJ uyg/ autef,?l autef't D kd jyóem rSm tpdk;&ESifhom oufqdkifonf/ txl;ojzifh wuúodkvf&Sd u&if-Arm wdkif;&if;om; nDtpfudkrsm;Mum;odkY xdkjyóem o,f,lvmjcif; rûyoifh[k tcdkiftrmqHk;jzwfMuonf/ tqdyk gudpEö iS hf ywfoufí &efuek w f uúov kd ½f dS atmufArmEdik if cH ½dik t f oif; ud, k pf m;vS,rf sm; wufa&mufaom txufyg tpnf;ta0;rSm wuúodkvf½Sd u&if-Arm ausmif;om;xkMum; vlrsKd;a&;jyóem rjzpfap&ef? tjcm;vdktyf 320

Nidrf;csrf;a&; 'Drdkua&pDa&;BudK;yrf;rI - 1948 rS 1949 - 'Drdkua&pDa&; vltcGifUta&; jynfwGif;Nidrf;csrf;a&; trsKd;om;a&;toGif aom udpörsm; yl;aygif;aqmif½Guf&ef atmufArmEdkifiHc½dkifaygif;pHktzGJU(Lower Burma Inter Distric League) udk zGJUpnf;cJhonf/ Ouú| udkomxGef; ([Hom0wDc½dik )f (aemif oHtrwf) 'k-Ouú| udkwifvIdif (awmificl ½dik )f (aemif ñTefcsKyf? 0efxrf;a½G;cs,fa&;tzGJU) twGif;a&;rSL; udkwifOD; (ajrmif;jrc½dkif) (aemif ñTefcsKyf yifpifOD;pD;) trIaqmifrsm;rSm udkbdk;om ([oFmwc½dik )f udkpdefbef; (oxHck ½dik )f (aemif pdkufysdK;a&;bPf refae*sm) udkpdk;odef; (ajrmif;jrc½dkif) wdkYjzpfonf/ tzGJUtpnf; pnf;rsOf;a&;qGJ&ef udkwifOD;? udkpdefbef;wdkY (3) OD; yg0ifaom tzGJUudk wm0ef ay;tyfcJhonf/ rarQmfvifhyJ aygufzGm;vmaom xdktzGJUonf qdkif&mc½dkiftoD;oD;yg½Sdí wuoESifh pifNydKiftoGifaqmif aeouJhodkY jzpfrnfpdk;aomaMumifh aemufydkif;wGif zsufvdkufonff/

(Z) 1948 taqmiftajctae vufeufudkifwdkufyGJrsm; ae&mtESYHtjym;ü jzpfaecsdefwGif &efukefwuúodkvfudk qufvuf zGifhxm;onf/ taqmif ausmif;om;tcsKdU wpwp rdrda'oESifh tquftoG,fjywfvmonf/ c&D;vrf;rsm; vHkjcHKrIr½Sd? xdkESpfMo*kwf vwGif wyfrawmfrS wyf&if;wcsKdU awmcdo k mG ;aomtcg wuotm; ausmif;om;xk tpnf;ta0;ac:ay;&ef awmif;qdk cJhMuonf/ &efukefwuúodkvf tmPmydkifrsm;u ausmif;om;rsm;xHrS taqmifaMu;r&í taqmif xrif;qufauR;&ef rvG,fbJ ydwf&rnf[k xkwfjyefaMunmcJhonf/ xdkacwf taqmifp&dwfrSm ausmif;om;rsm;xHrS &½SdaomaiGudk oHk;& jcif;jzpfonf/ taqmifae ausmif;om;tcsdKUrSm rdrdwdkUrdbrsm;u ydkYaomaiGrsm; ra&mufí ray;oGif;Edkifjcif; jzpfonf/ odkY&mwGif wuúodkvf qufvufzGifhxm;onf/ taqmifae ausmif;om;rsm;udkvnf; taMumif;trsKd;rsKd;jzifh xrif; qufauR;ae&onf/ taqmifp&dwf r½Sad wmhaMumif; ajym&if;ESiyhf if qufauR;ae&onf/ taqmifausmif;om; tcsKdUonf taqmifa
321

jrefrmEdkifiHausmif;om;vIyf&Sm;rIordkif; - atmifxGef;

(ps ) 1948 ckEpS f ausmif;om;vIy&f mS ;rI 1948 ckESpf? Zlvdkif (6) &ufrS (10) &uf aeUtxd AuonDvmcHudk usif;yonf/ ynma&; awmif;qdkcsuf (10) csufESifh trsKd;om;a&;tqdk (10) csufudk AuotrIaqmiftzGJUu 1948 ckESpf? Zlvdkifv (15) &ufaeY aeUpGJjzifh tmPmydkifrsm;xH awmif;qdkcJhonf/ twGif;0ef OD;pdefndKxGef;u 1948 ckESpf? Mo*kwfv (18) &ufaeYwGif AuoodkY jyefMum;csuf ay;ydkYonf/ xdktxJwGif pOf;pm;OD;rnf/ rMumrD jyefMum;OD;rnf[k yg½Sdavonf/ 1948 ckESpf? pufwifbm yJ&pfü usif;yrnfh urÇmah usmifom;rsm;nDvmcHoYkd wufa&muf&ef b@ma&;tultnDukd tpd;k &xH awmif;cH&m b@ma&; tusyftwnf; aMumifh ray;EdkifaMumif; jyefMum;cJhonf/ 1948 ckEpS ?f Mo*kwv f (14) &ufaeYwiG f &uorS 'Dru kd a&pDtcGit hf a&;rsm; ydwyf ifwm;qD;csuu f kd ½kyo f rd ;f &ef? ukefaps;EIef;wufrIudk tpdk;&u ydwfyifwm;qD;&ef? avmavmq,f jynfwGif;a&; udpörsm;ü EdkifiHjcm;rS tultnD r,l&ef? q&mjzpfoifausmif;rS rw&m;zrf;qD;cHxm;&aom ausmif;om;rsm;or*¾ &JacgifcspfvIdifudk tjrefqkH; vTwfay; &efESifh 0&rf;xkwfcHxm;&aom ausmif;om;rsm;\ 0&rf;rsm; jyefvnf ½kyfodrf;&ef awmif;qdkcJhonf/ 1948 ckESpf? Mo*kwfv (31) &ufaeUwGif &uorS BuD;rSL;í a½Twd*Hk&ifjyifwGif ausmif;om;xktpnf;ta0; usif;yum &uorS udknDnDu awmif;qdkcsufrsm;udk tus,fw0ifh ½Sif;vif;NyD; Auo Ouú| udkoef;ESifh wuo Ouú| udk&efa0;wdkY wufa&mufNyD; axmufcHpum;ajymonf/ 1948 ckESpf? pufwufbmv (6) &ufaeYwGif AuoESifh &uou tpd;k &u xkwcf iG rhf ûyaom ausmif;om;*sme,frsm;udk &efuek Nf rdKUxJwiG f a0iSco hJ nf/ ajray: tmPmzDqefa&; vkyfief; jyKvkyfcJhjcif; jzpfonf/ tpdk;&onf Auoacgif;aqmifrsm;tm; owday;aMunmcsuf xkwfjyefvmcJhonf/ 1948 ckESpf? Edk0ifbmv (25) &ufaeY uefawmfrifyef;jcHü AuorS BuD;rSL;í trsKd;om;aeYudk usif;yonf/ obmywdtjzpf udkoef;u rdefYcGef;ajymMum;&mwGif ]]'Daeh[m vGwv f yfp Armjynf&YJ yxrqH;k trsK;d om;aehjzpfw,f/ tpdk;&u csKyfcs,frI Oya'awG? opömazguf Oya'awGudk t&rf;rJhoHk;NyD; 'Drdkua&pDta&;udk qefUusifum zufqpf toGifaqmifaeygw,f/ 'gaMumifh zufqpf qefUusifa&;? 'Drdkua&pDa&; wdkufyGJ0if&efvdkw,f/ zqyvu usif;yum ausmif;om;tcGifhta&;udk apmfum;wm jzpfw,f? (28) Budrfajrmuf trsKd;om;aeUudk Auo usif;yw,f? 'Drdkua&pDtiftm;pkeJY aygif;Edkifw,f? 'gaMumifh zufqpfwdkufzsufa&;? 'Drdkua&pDopf awmfvSefa&;pcef;odkY ta&mufydkYEdkifw,f? vGwfvyfa&;&wm zqyv tpGrf; aMumif&h wm r[kwb f ;l ? qd½k , S af wG tm;aumif;vdYk &wm r[kwb f ;l ? t*Fvyd u f ay;vdYk &wm jzpfw,f/ Armhvw G v f yfa&; [m ppfNyD; urÇmhtajctaeay:rSSm trsm;BuD; rlwnfcJhw,f/ t*Fvdyfu ArmudkcspfvdkY vGwfvyfa&;ay;wmr[kwfbl;/ (1) Armvli,frsm; awmfvSefa&;pdwf jyif;xeftm;BuD;vdkY? (2) 'kwd,urÇmppftNyD; ay:aygufwJh ukvor*¾rSm rJrsm;rsm;vdkcsifvdkY jzpfw,f/ Ek-tufwvDpmcsKyf aemufuG,frSm t*Fvdyfe,fcsJY&JY uvdefOmPf½Sdw,f? 'g[m bmvJqdk&if ArmUvuf0Jvrf; pOfukd vuFsmazgujf yefa&; vrf;pOfohkd ajymif;vJa&;twGuf Armtpdk;&[m t*Fvdyf? tar&duef 'Drdkua&pDudk vufcHvm atmif y&d,m,f qifxm;w,f? pD;yGm;a&;Muyfwnf;atmif zefwD;w,f? Armhqefpyg; pdkufysdK;a&;udk zsufqD;aom tm;jzifh ArmhpD;yGm;a&; Muyfwnf;atmif zefwD;ay;&efjzpfw,f/ t*FvdyfeJY tar&duefwdkY[m Armtay: b,fawmhrS raumif;bl;? ocifEt k pd;k &[m t*Fvyd ?f tar&duefwYkd &UJ tvdak wmf&d tpd;k & ½kyaf o;jzpfw,f/ 'gaMumihf 'Dae&muaeNyD; bk&m; a,mifa,mif? w&m;a,mifa,mif? awmifr[kwf ajrmufr[kwf ocifEk arSm½f ;l acgif;aqmifwhJ zqyvtpd;k &udk tjyKwfwdkufMuzdkY uRefawmf 'Dae&muaeNyD; av;av;eufeuf wdkufwGef;vdkufygw,f/}} [k ajymMum;oGm;avonf/ ,if;tpnf;ta0;wGif Edik if jH cm;tultnD r,la&;tqd?k zdEydS cf sKyfcs,rf OI ya'? opömazguf Oya'rsm; zsuo f rd ;f a&;? 'Drdkua&pD tcGifhta&;rsm; jyefay;&ef? vlrsdK;a&; t"du½kPf; wm;jrpfa&;? ynma&;&efyHkaiG wdk;jr§ifha&;? vlwef;pm; aygif;pHk epfemcsufrsm;onf w&m;rrQwí tjrefqHk; ta&;,laqmif½Gufa&; paomqHk;jzwfcsufcsonf/ ,if; tpnf; ta0;yGBJ uD;odYk trIxrf;aygif;pHk or*¾? odrBf uD;aps;A[do k r*¾? vrf;ab;aps;onfrsm;tzGUJ csKyf? ArmrGwq f vifueG u f &uf? wdkif;&if;jzpfukefxkwfvkyfa&; tzGJUcsKyfrS wufa&mufonf/ 1948 ckESpf? 'DZifbmv (20) &ufaehwGif wEdkifiHvHk;½Sd ausmif;om;rsm;tm; ausmif;om;aehusif;y&ef? e,fcsJUpHepfESifh zufqpfpHepfudk ½IUHcs&ef? Auo? wuo? &uowdkY yl;wGJí aMunmcsuf xkwfjyefcJhonf/ wuo oabmxm;rSm ausmif;om;xk w&yfv;kH ESihf wGzJ ufí trsKd;om;atmifyaJG eY? ausmif;om;aeYrsm;wGif trsKd;om;tiftm;pk 322

Nidrf;csrf;a&; 'Drdkua&pDa&;BudK;yrf;rI - 1948 rS 1949 - 'Drdkua&pDa&; vltcGifUta&; jynfwGif;Nidrf;csrf;a&; trsKd;om;a&;toGif taejzifh csDwuf&ef? ausmif;om;tcGifhta&; umuG,f&efESifh 'Drdkua&pDtcGifhta&;ESifh qefUusifaom tpdk;&\ csKyfcs,frIrsm;udk uefYuGuf&ef jzpfonf/ vGwfvyfa&;&NyD;aemuf ausmif;om;rsm;onf EdkifiHa&;wGif pGufzuf&efrvdk? ynma&;udkom tm;xkwf&ef vdkaMumif;? trsKd;om;a&;vkyfief;rsm;wGif ausmif;om;trsm; yg0ifvkyfudkifoifhaMumif;? ,aeU jrefrmEdkifiHwGif jzpfyGm;aeaom vIyf½Sm;rIrsm;onf ygwD ya,m*ruif;aom vIyf½Sm;rIrsm;jzpfaMumif;? vlrsKd;a&; vufeufuikd f ykeu f efrrI sm;udk urÇmeh ,fcsUJ vIy½f mS ;rI[k cH,Nl yD; ½Iwcf sonf/ u&ifoyl ek f ESrd Ef iS ;f a&;wGif ausmif;om;wyfO;D zGJYpnf;í pmAl;awmifwdkufyGJwGif yg0ifwdkufcdkufonf/

323

jrefrmEdkifiHausmif;om;vIyf&Sm;rIordkif; - atmifxGef;

OD;pdev f S (1947-48) Source: Oway Magazines

yckuúLNrdKUZmwdjzpfonf/ yckuúLNrdKU 0ufpvDtxufwef;ausmif;rS (10) wef; pmar;yGJudk atmifjrifí 1937 ck ESpw f iG f &efuek w f uúov kd üf qufvuf ynmoifMum;onf/ 1946 ckEpS w f iG f &efuek w f uúov kd o f Ykd jyefvnfa&muf½dS í Oya'ynmudk qufvuf oifMum;onf/ 1946-47 ckEpS w f iG f &efuek w f uúov kd o f r*¾\ aiGxed ;f tjzpf a½G;aumufwifajr§mufjcif; cH&í? 1947-48 ckEpS w f iG f wuúov kd o f r*¾ Ouú|tjzpf a&G;aumufwifajr§mufjcif; cH&onf/ wuúov kd o f r*¾ taqmuftODwiG f vkt d yfaom pm;yGJ? ukvm;xdkif? pmMunfhwdkuf bD½dkrsm; jynfhpHkatmif vkyfaqmifcJhonf/ OD;pdev f o S nf vTwaf wmfa½SUaeBuD;wOD;jzpfí? &efuek cf ½dik f zqyvvli,f Ouú|? &efuek cf ½dik f zqyv trIaqmif wOD; jzpfonf/ wuúov kd b f UJG &olrsm;u a½G;cs,w f ifajr§mufaom wuúov kd af umifpD vlBuD; wOD;vnf;jzpfonf/

324

Nidrf;csrf;a&; 'Drdkua&pDa&;BudK;yrf;rI - 1948 rS 1949 - 'Drdkua&pDa&; vltcGifUta&; jynfwGif;Nidrf;csrf;a&; trsKd;om;a&;toGif

OD;&efa0; (1948-49) Source: Oway Magazines

a&eHacsmif;NrKUd NrKUd rawmif&yfwiG f arG;zGm;onf/ rdcif? zcifrsm;onf a&eHwiG ;f pm;rsK;d ½k;d jzpfonf/ 10 wef; pmar;yGu J kd rif;bl;NrKUd tpd;k &txufwef;ausmif;rS 1941 ckEpS w f iG f atmifjrifí &efuek w f uúov kd üf ynmqufvuf oifMum; onf/ 1945 ck ta&;ay: wuúodkvfoifwef;rsm;rSpí qufvufynm oif Mum;onf/ 1946-47 wGif wuo taxGaxGtwGi;f a&;rSL; tjzpfjzifv h nf;aumif;? 1947-48 ckEpS w f iG f wuo'k-Ouú| tjzpf vnf;aumif;? a½G;aumufwifajr§mufjcif; cHcYJ &onf/ 1948-49 ckEpS w f iG f wuúov kd o f r*¾ Ouú|tjzpf a½G;aumufwifajr§mufjcif; cHc&hJ onf/ 1948 ckESpfwGif jynfwGif;ppf pwifjzpfyGm;onf/ 1949 ckESpfwGif autif'Dtdkolykefrsm; ay:aygufNyD; tif;pdef? awmifiNl rKUd rsm;udk odr;f ojzifah usmif;om;rsm; awmif;qdck sut f & wuúov kd af usmif; ydwaf y;&onf/ e,frS ausmif; ol? ausmif;om;rsm;udk tcsed rf jD yefEikd &f ef pDpOfjcif;? e,foUkd rjyefEikd af tmif tquftoG,f jywfaeaom ausmif;om; rsm;udk auR;arG; apmihaf ½Smufjcif;jyK&onf/ wuúov kd t f aysmw f rf; ppfwyfukd jyefvnfxal xmifNyD; tif;pdew f u kd yf JG rsm;wGif 0ifa&mufwdkufckduf&m ausmif;om; (3) OD; usqHk;cJhonf/ ArmEdkifiHvHk;qdkif&mausmif;om;or*¾rS BuD;rSL;um wpfjynfvHk; ausmif;om;oydwf arSmufcJhonf/ wuúodkvf oydwaf rSmufjcif; rjyKcahJ y/ tif'ekd ;D ½Sm;wGif 'wfcsf ppfwyfrsm;u 0ifa&mufwu kd cf u kd jf cif;udk qefYusiaf om tm;jzifh e,fomvefoH½Hk;udk 0dkif;0ef; qE´jycJhonf/ udkvdkeDpHepfudk qefYusifum trsKd;om; vGwfajrmufa&;wdkufyGJudk axmufccH o hJ nf/ OD;&efa0;onf ,cktcsed w f iG f zqyv tzGUJ 0ifwpfO;D jzpfí a&eHacsmif;NrKUd e,f zqyv Ouú|? rauG;c½dik f zqyv trIaqmif? rauG;c½dik f tvkyo f rm;aumifpD twGi;f a&;rSL;tjzpf wm0ef,l vkyaf qmifaeonf/

325

jrefrmEdkifiHausmif;om;vIyf&Sm;rIordkif; - atmifxGef;

tcef; (12) Nird ;f csr;f a&; 'Dru kd a&pDa&;BuKd ;yrf;rI 'Dru kd a&pDa&; vlYtcGifhta&; jynfwGif;Nidrf;csrf;a&;ESifY trsK;d om;a&;toGif ausmif;om;vIy&f mS ;rIordik ;f (1949 rS 1950)

(u) &efuek cf ½dik af usmif;om;rsm; pnf;½k;H a&;jyóem tif;pdew f u kd yf aJG Mumifh ydwcf &Jh aom wuúov kd jf yefziG Nhf yD; txuausmif;rsm;udv k nf; ZGev f wGif jyefziG chf o hJ nf/ odkYaomfvnf; Auo? wuo? &uo &Jabmfrsm;onf oydwfwkdufyGJwGif tcsKdU tzrf;cH&onf/ tcsKdU awmxJa&muf oGm;onf/ tcsKdU &efukefNrdKUy:ü vQKdU0SufvIyf½Sm;aeMuonf/ Auoonf &uo tygt0if? wEdkifiHvHk;½Sd txuf wef;ausmif;rsm;udk OD;aqmifvsuf½Sdonf/ awmxJa&mufukefMuí EdkifiHa&;wdkufyGJ tqifhjrifhoGm;onf[k xifrSwfp&m ½Sdonf/ vufawGUqdkif&m or*¾rsm;onf ausmif;om;xkESifh tquftoG,f jywfoGm;onf/ Oya'twGif; ausmif;om; pnf;½Hk;a&;twGuf w&m;0ifOD;aqmif tzGJUrsm; rJhouJhodkU jzpfaeonf/ NrdKUay:ü ausmif;om;xkonf tpdkiftcJvdkuf ½Sdaeonf/ ausmif;om;xkudk pnf;½Hk;vIyf½Sm;&ef tzGJUtpnf; r½Sdrjzpfyg/ wjynfv;kH ½Sd ausmif;om;vIy½f mS ;rIukd Auo? wuo? &uo paom &efuek ½f t dS zGUJ tpnf;rsm;om OD;aqmifrI ½Sdjcif;? &efukefausmif;om; tiftm;pkrSm trsm;pkjzpfjcif;aMumifh &efukefausmif;om; pnf;½Hk;a&;udk vspfvsL½Ixm;í r&ay/ Auo&Jabmfrsm; ausmif;om;xkpnf;½Hk;a&;udk jyefvnfwmplMuonf/ &uoOuú| udknDnD (vif;,kefeD) awmxJ a&mufaeonf/ 'k-Ouú| udktkef;NrdKifu Ouú|wm0ef,lxm;onf/ xdktcsdefumvu wuowGif udk&efa0; tkyfpku qdk½S,fvpfygwDtEG,fjzpfí ygwDEdkifiHa&;udk qefUusifonfqdkaom oefY½Sif;wdkY yl;wGJOD;aqmifrI&aeonf/ odUk aomf ¤if;wdYk onf txursm;wGif OD;aqmifrrI &ay/ &uoESihf Auouom txursm;wGif OD;aqmifr&I xm;onf/

(c) &uo pnf;½H;k a&;aumfrwD (1949) &uo pnf;½Hk;a&;aumfrwDudk zGJYpnf;cJU&m1/ udkpdk;odrf; Ouú| 2/ udkwifxGwf (pdef*Ref;txu) twGif;a&;rSL; 326

(aemif armfuGef;xdef;? aq;-1)

Nidrf;csrf;a&; 'Drdkua&pDa&;BudK;yrf;rI - 1949 rS 1950 - 'Drdkua&pDa&; vltcGifUta&; Nidrf;csrf;a&; trsKd;om;a&;toGif 3/ udkpdk;Edkif trIaqmiftzGJU 4/ udkcifarmifñGefU (aemif A[dkw&m;½Hk;a½SUae) 5/ udkÓPfxGef; (aemif Oya'0efxrf; 1) 6/ udktkef;armif (aemif bPfrefae*sm) 7/ udkwifarmif (aemif yJcl;wdkif; ynma&;rSL;) 8/ roef;oef;jr 9/ rarar&D wdkY jzpfonf/ AuoESihf &uo oydwaf rSmuf&aJ bmfrsm; awmxJa&mufomG ;aomfvnf; ausmif;rsm;wGif or*¾zUJG pnf;jcif;udk w&m;0ifydwfyifjcif; r½Sd/ xdktcsdefu yk'fr (5) onf ajcoGufvSaomaMumifh tpnf;ta0;tcsKdUudkyif vQKdU0Sufvkyf& onf/ aysmfyGJpm;xGufonfh toGifjzifh &efukef wd&pämefO,smOf? tif;vsm;uef tv,fuRef;rsm;ü jyKvkyfcJh&onf/

(*) axmiftwGi;f rS 0ufom;ykyt f a&;tcif;ESihf tjyifraS usmif;om;rsm;vIy&f mS ;rI &efukefaxmiftwGif; yk'fr (5) ESifh a&mufaeaom ausmif;om;rsm;? EdkifiHa&;orm;rsm;onf 0ufom;auR; aomaeYü 0ufom;ykyaf eojzifh qE´jyMuonf/ tdyaf qmifrsm;odYk r0if&ef qE´jyMuonf/ aemufq;kH nbufwiG f axmif tmPmydik rf sm;u rD;armif;BuD;rsm; xGe;f um ½du k Mf uonf/ xd½k u kd yf w JG iG f &Jabmfuakd tmifxeG ;f (aemif a'gufwmatmifxeG ;f arhaq;) aoqHk;oGm;onf[k owif;xGufvmonf/ xdktcg ausmif;om;wOD; aoqHk;jcif;ESifh ywfoufí AuoESifh &uo &Jabmfrsm; qE´jy&ef pDpOfcJhonf/ wuúov kd af usmif;om;wOD; udpjö zpfí wuoOuú| ud&k efa0; rjiif;omawmhbJ qE´jyyGv J yk &f ef yl;wGaJ umfrwD udk zGJUpnf;cJhavonf/ udk&efa0; Ouú| udkpdk;odrf; 'k-Ouú| -tjzpfyg0if aqmif½GufcJhonf/ bwfpu f m;rsm;jzihf &efuek af xmifBuD;udk 0dik ;f 0ef;a
(C) 1949ckEpS f &uoudk w&m;0ifzUJG pnf;jcif;ESihf trsK;d om;aeYusi;f yjcif; wuo taqmuftODcef;rü &efuek Nf rdKUay:½Sd ausmif;om;or*¾rsm;udk zdwMf um;um trsKd;om;aeY usif;ya&; twGuf nd§EIdif; aqG;aEG;cJhNyD; &efukefc½dkifausmif;om;rsm;or*¾ (&uo) udkvnf; pepfwus w&m;0if zGJYpnf;cJhonf/ 327

jrefrmEdkifiHausmif;om;vIyf&Sm;rIordkif; - atmifxGef; 1/ udkpdk;odrf; Ouú| 2/ udkwifxGwf twGif;a&;rSL; 3/ udktkef;armif pnf;½Hk;a&;rSL; 4/ udkxGef;
(i) 1949-50ckEpS f wuo trIaqmiftzGUJ 1/ udkarmifarmifausmf 2/ udkusifvdIif 3/ udkaiGodef; 4/ udkudkav; 5/ udk0if;az 6/ udkbdk;om 7/ udkausmfvdIif 8/ udkat;udk 9/ udkpHxGef;a0 10/ udkwif0if; 11/ udkudkBuD;

Ouú| (aemif a'gufwmarmifarmifausmf) 'k-Ouú| (aemif aqmufvkyfa&; 'k-0efBuD;) aiGxdef; taxGtaxGtwGif;a&;rSL; urÇmhausmif;om;0efxrf;tzGJUqufoG,fa&;rSL; 0g'jyefYyGm;a&;rSL; ynma&;rSL; vlxkqufoG,fa&;rSL; pnf;½Hk;a&;rSL; pmMunfhwdkufrSL; tdk;a0r*¾Zif;t,f'Dwm

(p) ausmif;om;aeYusi;f yjcif; AdkvfatmifausmfusqHk;cJhaom 'DZifbmv (20) &ufudk ausmif;om;aeYtjzpf owfrSwfum 1947 ckESpf ausmif;om;oydwfBuD;rS awmif;qdkcsuft& ausmif;ydwf&uftjzpf owfrSwfcJhavonf/ ausmif;om;aeY yl;wGJusif;ya&; tpnf;ta0;odkY wuorS udkarmifarmifausmf? udkusifvdIif? udkudkav;? udkzdk;om? &uorS udkpdk;odrf;? udkwifxGwf? udktkef;armif? udkjrifhodef;wdkY wufa&mufcJhMuonf/ &uou wuorS oefY½Sif;ausmif;om; trIaqmifrsm;udk EdkifiHa&;qefYusifol? ausmif;om;ta&;udk jywfjywfom;om; aqmif½Gufrnfhol r[kwf[k vnf;aumif;? wuou &uo trIaqmifrsm;udk ygwDEdkifiHa&; ya,m*½Sdolrsm;? uGefjrLepfygwD tEG,frsm;[k owfrSwfjcif;aMumifh vnf;aumif; wzufESifhwzuf aqG;aEG;&mwGif oabmwlnDrI&&ef cufcJcJhonf/ 1949 ckESpf? 'DZifbmv (19) &ufaeUwGif &uoonf wuoESifh yl;wGJí rusif;yEdkifaMumif;udk aMunmcJh onf/ wuoonf wuúodkvfwGif vnf;aumif;? &uoonf uefawmfrifyef;jcHwGif usif;y&ef pDpOfcJhMuonf/ uefawmfrifyef;jcHü &uou tcrf;tem;usif;yaepOf wuotzGJUrsm; uefawmfrifyef;jcHodkY csDwufvmNyD; ta&;ay: ñSdEIdif;tpnf;ta0;ûyvkyfum yl;wGJusif;ycJhavonf/ wuo Ouú| udkarmifarmifausmfu obmywd tjzpfvnf;aumif;? tcrf;tem;rSL;tjzpf &uo twGif; a&;rSL; udkwifxGwfu vnf;aumif;? wuorS twGif;a&;rSL; udkudkav;ESifh &uorS Ouú| udkpdk;odrf;wdkYu a[majymcJh onf/ 328

Nidrf;csrf;a&; 'Drdkua&pDa&;BudK;yrf;rI - 1949 rS 1950 - 'Drdkua&pDa&; vltcGifUta&; Nidrf;csrf;a&; trsKd;om;a&;toGif

(q) Aef;armfausmif;om; ajcmufO;D udpö w&m;0if AuorSm ysufaeí ausmif;om;trsm;pkrSm xdktcsdefu &uoudk rPÖdKifxm; vIyf½Sm;aeMuonf/ EdkifiHawmfopömazmufrIjzifh w&m;pGJcH&aom Aef;armfrSawmcdkonfh ausmif;om; (6) OD; udpaö y:vmonf/ xdkOya'rSm tjrifhqHk; ao'Pfay;Edkifonf/ &uoonf 0efBuD;XmeodkY uefYuGufpm ydkYívnf;aumif;? txuESifh wuúodkvfausmif;om;rsm; A[dktrsKd; om;ausmif; (,ck txu- 1? vom) ü ausmif;om;xktpnf;ta0; usif;ycJhonf/ udkwifndK? udkxGef;
(Z) urÇmNh ird ;f csr;f a&; qE´jyvufrw S af umufcjH cif; xdktcsdefu urÇmhNidrf;csrf;a&;aumfrwD Ouú|rSm '*kefwm&m jzpfonf/ udkpdk;odef;onf xdktzGJUwGif &uo Ouú|taeESifh yg0ifcJhonf/ urÇmhNidrf;csrf;a&;twGuf yefMum;vTmxkwfjyefum qE´jyvufrSwfrsm; aumufcHcJhonf/ tpnf;ta0;udk (51) vrf;? ausmfvif;pmaywdkufwGif jyKvkyfcJhonf/ urÇmhNidrf;csrf;a&;? tEkjrLAHk;ydwfyifa&; qE´jy vufrSwfrsm; aumufcHcJhonf/

(ps) wuúov kd n f aeoifwef; zGiv hf pS cf jhJ cif; &uorS OD;aqmifí uRe;f awmvrf;½Sd Munfjh rifwikd f txuwGif wuúov kd f naetxl;oifwef;udk zGiv hf pS Ef ikd f cJhonf/ xdkausmif;tkyfcsKyfrIaumfrwD Ouú|tjzpf udkoef;xGef; (aemif a'gufwmoef;xGef;) u wm0ef,lonf/ oifwef;udpörsm;udk udknDnD (aemif a'gufwmnDnD) u trsm;qHk; ulnDcJhavonf/ oifwef;wGif rSwfyHkwifaMu; 1d^- (wusyf) om aumufcHcJhonf/

(n) 1949 ausmif;om;vIy&f mS ;rI 1949 ckEpS ?f Zefe0g&DvwGif jynfwiG ;f a&;tajctae waeYwjcm; ½Iyaf xG;vm&m Zefe0g&Dv (27) &ufaeYwiG f wuorS BuD;rSL;í ausmif;om;xktpnf;ta0; usif;ycJhonf/ ,if;tpnf;ta0;ü tqkd (6) &yf wifoGif;cJh&m(1) wuúodkvfaumvdyfrsm; &uftuefYtowfr½Sd ydwfxm;&ef? (2) vuf½SdvIyf½Sm;rIrsm;ESifh ywfoufí tpdk;&\ tjyKtrludk ½IwfcsaMumif;? (3) tpdk;&trIxrf; vpmrsm; ½Sm;yg;p&dwf jzwfawmufjcif;udk rESpfNrdKUaMumif; ponfwdkY yg½Sdavonf/ þodkYjzifh jyif;xefaom vIyf½Sm;rIrsm; rsm;jym;vm&m wuúodkvfaumvdyfESifh NrdKUrausmif;BuD;rsm; ydwfvdkuf &onf/ 1949 ckeSpf? azazmf0g&Dv (7) &ufaeYwGif trIxrf;aygif;pHkoydwfBuD; arSmuf&mwGif trIxrf;aygif;pHkoydwf BuD;udk axmufcHaom tm;jzifh AuorS OD;pD;í &uo vufatmufcH ausmif;rsm; oydwfarSmufMuonf/ 1949 ckESpf? azazmf0g&D (26) &ufaeYwGif r[mAE¨Kvyef;jcHü oydwfarSmuf trIxrf;aygif;pHkESifh ausmif; om;rsm; yg0ifonfh pnf;a0;yGJBuD;ü a[majymcJhaom AuoOuú| udkoef;udk zrf;qD;NyD; ½Hk;wifppfaq;um axmif'Pf (4) v? yk'rf 5(c) jzihf tjypfay;vdkufonf/ &uoESifh wuo acgif;aqmifrsm;udkvnf; vdkufvHzrf;qD;onf/ þodkYjzifh trIxrf;aygif;pHk oydwfBuD;ESifh AuoOD;aqmifaom Ouú|a[mif; udkoef;armifonf awmcdkoGm; onf/ Auo? &uo? wuo tzGJU0ifrsm;ESihf eD;pyf&m ausmif;om;rsm; awmcdk&m AuorSm NydKuGJoGm;onf/ ausmif;om;avmuwGif tcsif;csif; pdwf0rf;uGJrIrsm; jyif;xefvmonf/ 329

jrefrmEdkifiHausmif;om;vIyf&Sm;rIordkif; - atmifxGef;

(#) 1949 td;k a0r*¾Zif;yg uAsm? aqmif;yg; cGyfa'gif; jrwfav;½Si-f a½Tw*d u kH Re;f rSmv? wif&h eT ;f um jzma0vGiu f o hJ Ykd ? pmaypOf&yd o f mcef;qDu? ,Suo f ef;wJv h nf; a&mifysKd/ arSmifwcdkYudkv? a&mifysKdUum ½Tef;vQHwifhapbdkY? wGef;vSef bGifhumy aZ,smqdk/ / NrdKifZr®L vGwf&m pcef;qDodkY? NydKiftwlñGwfum vSrf;atmifv? ,Sufoef;a0 pnfvGifwJhaejcnfudk rSDcdkatmif;ygvdkY? ausmif;,Hudk a'gif;ysHjref;cJhaygh? wifhqef;wJh ueufA[dk? wuúodkvfwJh-'dkYa½Tausmif;/ / rdk;a&ajr xl;umyGifhapzdkU? tdk;a0a0usL;oHvTifhumy? jrL;vQHwifhaejcnfjrifhu? jrndK½Sifrmeftif oHk;&yfv? uRefynm- uReftxHk;wdkY&,f? vGwf&mudk ZGwfcGm ½kef;ayawmh-]]tdkuG,f}} bkef;eJYcGyfa'gif;/ / a0vif;

or*¾ ArmhuRefoabmuf &mZ0ifwavQmufwGif qlylawmfvSefrI? aoG;pnf;tHkyrf;aom udk,frSxGufonfh aoG;eDa&mifcHwGif; cGyfa'gif;½kyfta&;½Sdaom tvHawmfonf ol&JBuD;atmif vHrS qif;oufaom igwdkYor*¾\ txGwftjrwf atmifvHyifjzpfavonf/ þ&JaoG;? &Jrmefwdk;apaom cGyfa'gif;tvHawmfatmufwGif or*¾pdwf udef;atmif;jcif;cH&aom Armhom;aumif;pk &wemrsm; pk½Hk;cJhMuonf/ tepfemcHum pGefYpm;jcif;wdkYjzifh ArmhvGwfvyfa&;udk tkwfjrpfcscJhMuonf/ ,ckvnf;pk½Hk; Mu&rnf/ vGwfvyfa&;wnfwHhrItwGuf BudK;yrf;Murnf/ tEdkifrcH t½HI;ray;aom or*¾pdwf½SdolwdkY or*¾atmifvHawmfatmufwGif y#dyu©jzpfMuonfrSm "r®wm[k qdkjim; vnf; ,aeYjzpfyGm;rIum; ygwDya,m* ruif;onfrSm xif½Sm;vSayonf/ y#dyu© jzpfyGm;rI½SdrS wkd;wufonfudk ig axmufcH,HkMunfonf/ odkYaomf y#dyu© jzpfvGef;u uGJtufrnfudk pdk;&drf&onf/ uGJtufaMumif;ay:rnf xifwdkif; AdkvfcsKyfatmifqef;? AdkvfatmifausmfaoG;wdkYjzifh zgax;jrJjrHap&ef or*¾pdwf½SdolwdkY\ oefY½Sif;aom 0g'w&yf jzpf&ay rnf/ ]]owdrrl *lrjrif}} qdkonfhtwdkif; or*¾pdwf½Sd ol&Jaumif;wdkY tcsif;csif;udkom rMunfhrlbJ ywf0ef;usifudk *½k jyKoifh vSayonf/ igwdkY uGJtufrnDrñGwf jzpfMuaomf tmPmydkifwdkY or*¾tm; vspfvsL½IMuonf/ 0rf;omaompdwf vTrf;aom rsufvHk;wdkYjzifh MunfhMuonf/ tacsmiform;wdkY or*¾tm; ykwfcwf tjypfajymMuonf/ ysuf&,f ûyMuonf/ jynfolY0efudk xrf;aqmif&if; uG,fvGefoGm;½Smonfh tvkyform;? v,form;wdkY\ rD;½I;wef;wefaqmif ypönf;rJhA[def;? tmPm½SifvSa½T ponfh Armhom;aumif;&wem tjrKawrsm; xGef;um;atmifajrt&yfwGif wnf½Sdaom or*¾taqmuf tODtm; rxDrJhjrifp jyKavNyD/ tb,faMumifh þtjyKtrl jyKusifhcH&oenf;[k qef;ppfaomf or*¾pdwf½SdolwdkY pnf;vHk;rI Avm tjypf½Smaejcif;wGif taumiftxnf azmfaejcif;aMumifhyifjzpf\/ or*¾pdwf½SdolwdkY pnf;vHk;rIum; ygwDpdwftjrpfudk y,fzsufrSom jzpfEdkif ayrnf/ or*¾rSuif;vGwfvQif rnfonfhygwD? rnfonfh 0g'udkvdkufvdkuf udk,fhtBudKuf vkyf&efjzpfaomfvnf; or*¾wGif½Sd aepOfwGifum; ausmif;om;0g'ESifh ausmif;om;ygwD[k ac:&rnf/ or*¾0g'udk vdkuf&rnfh or*¾pdwfudkom oefY½Sif;pGm arG;jrL oifhayonf/ ausmif;om;acgif;aqmif AdkvfatmifausmfESifh rEÅav;tmZmenfwdkY\ aoG;jzifh eDjref;0ifh0gcJhaom igwdkY or*¾tvH awmftm; OD;ñTwfí or*¾*kPf rñSdK;EGrf;ap&ef wm0ef½SdolwdkYrSm or*¾pdwf½Sdol igwdkYyif? igwdkY\ wm0efum; opöm½SdpGmESifh wu,fwef; ausmif;om;tusKd; b0opfodkYa&muf&ef aqmif½Guf&efom½Sdayonf/ ausmif;om;xk\ a½SUrS rm;rm;rwf rwf&yfí oHrPdpdwf"gwfjzifh wdkuf&Jol? wdkif;jynftm; or*¾onf rD;½I;wefaqmifozG,f jzpfapvdkolwdkYonf or*¾wGif or*¾pdwf&ifhoefpGm a0zefMu&rnf/ qef;ppf&rnf/ tcsif;csif; ½dkif;yif;&rnfrSm "r®wmyif? odkYrSom or*¾onf oefY½Sif;rnf? wdk;wufrnf/ twdkcsKyfqdk&aomf or*¾pdwf½Sdol igwdkYonf tEdkifrcH t½IH;ray;aom 0g'jzifh ausmif;om;xktusdK; o,fydk;aepOf rnfonfh avmu"Hw&m;\ vufwGif;odkY usa&mufaeaomfvnf; rwkefrvIyf ridka
330

Nidrf;csrf;a&; 'Drdkua&pDa&;BudK;yrf;rI - 1949 rS 1950 - 'Drdkua&pDa&; vltcGifUta&; Nidrf;csrf;a&; trsKd;om;a&;toGif 'PfcsufaMumifh igwdkY\ OD;acgif;onf aoG;oHwdkYjzifh &J&JeDapumrl igwdkYum; OD;rñTwf? aoG;tvdrf;vdrf; uyfaom vufwdkYjzifh or*¾tvHtm; udkifaqmifí EdkifiHawmfvlxktm; or*¾onf rD;½I;wefaqmiftjzpf vrf;ñTefjyovQuf csDwuf&efom oEdéXmefcscJhavNyD/

udkudkav;

(X) 1945 rS 49 xd Auo ppfNyD;acwf 1945 ckESpf rS 49 ckESpfxd (5) ESpfwm umvtwGif; AuoXmecsKyfwGif tvkyftrIaqmif (5) qufESifh Ouú| (6) OD; ½SdcJhonf/ 1945 ckESpf AvpXmecsKyfwGif wnfaxmifaom Auo|mecsKyf tvkyftrIaqmif aumfrwDrSwyg; usef½Sdaom Auo|mecsKyf tvkyftrIaqmifaumfrwD av;qufudk nDvmcHrsm;ü a½G;aumufwif ajr§mufcJhjcif; jzpfonf/ ,if;nDvmcHrsm;rS a½G;aumufwifajr§mufvdkufaom Auo|mecsKyf Ouú|rsm;rSmudkoef;xGef; 1946 ckESpf Zlvdkifv udkoef;armif 1947 ckESpf Zefe0g&Dv udkxGef;ñGefY 1947 ckESpf 'DZifbmv udkoef; 1948 ckESpf Zlvdkifv udkxGef;ñGefYrSm 1948 ckESpf? rwfvwGif Ouú|&mxl;rS EkwfxGufoGm;í 'k-Ouú|jzpfol udkoef;
331

jrefrmEdkifiHausmif;om;vIyf&Sm;rIordkif; - atmifxGef;

a'guw f marmifarmifausmf (1949-50) Source: Oway Magazines

rtlyifc½dkif? "EkjzLNrdKU eef;awmfukef;&yfü arG;zGm;onf/ "EkjzLNrdKY bufywpf omoemûyausmif;? &efukefNrdKU? pdef*Ref; a,mufsm;av;rsm;ausmif;wGif ynmoifMum;cJhonf/ 1946 ckESpfwGif &efukefwuúodkvfü qufvuf ynmoifMum;onf/ 1946-47 ckESpf rSpí 1948-49 ckESpftxd qufvufí wuotrIaqmiftjzpf a&G;aumuf wifajr§mufjcif; cHc&hJ onf/ 1949-50 ckEpS f wGif wuo Ouú| jzpfonf/ NrdKU&Gmtrsm;tjym;udk olykefrsm; odrf;ydkufxm;vsuf &Sdonf/ c&D;tcuftcJaMumifh ausmif;om; trsm;tjym; pmar;yGJ rajzEdkifojzifh wESpftwGif; pmar;yGJ (4) Budrf usif;yay;&onf/ awmcdk&mrS vufeufcs 0ifvmaom Aef;armfausmif;om; (6) OD;tm; ao'Pfay;ojzifh vGwfajrmuf&ef aqmif½Guf&onf/ ausmif;q&mwOD;tjzpf &efuek Nf rKdU omoemjyKausmif; wausmif;wGif vkyaf qmifvsuf ½So d nf/ ausmif;om;rsm; a½G;aumufwifajr§mufaom ausmif;om;udk,fpm;vS,f wuúodkvfaumifpDvlBuD; ESpfOD;teuf wOD;jzpfonf/

jrefrmEdik if w H iG f Oya' yg&*lbUGJ &&So d l (2) OD;om&SNd yD; wOD;rSm rqvacwf aemufq;kH or® a'gufwmarmifarmifEiS hf a'gufwmarmifarmifausmw f Ykd yif jzpfonf/ Oya'yg&*lbUGJ udk ½k½mS ;Edik if rH S &½Scd o hJ nf/ 1989 ckEpS w f iG f a':atmifqef;pkMunf\ tmPmzDqefa&;vIy½f mS ;rIwiG f yg0ifaqmif½u G rf jI zifh tzrf;cHNyD;? 1992 {NyDvwGif jyefvnfvw G af jrmuf vmonf/ 1998 ckESpf? azazmf0g&DvwGif ,ckpmtkyf a&;om;&mwGif yg0iftMuHay;ulnDrIaMumifh xyfrHí axmif'Pf (10) ESpf csrSwfcH&onf/ 2004 ckESpf? Edk0ifbmv (19) &ufwGif jyefvnfvGwfajrmufvmonf/

rSwfcsuf- pmvHk;tapmif;ESifh azmfjycsufrsm;onf aemufqHk;vuf½Sd tajctaetxd qufvufpkaqmif; a&;om;azmfjyxm;jcif;jzpfonf/ (atatyDyDbD? udkcGefqdkif; jyefvnfajymjycsuf/)

332

Nidrf;csrf;a&; 'Drdkua&pDa&;BudK;yrf;rI - 1950 rS 1951 - 'Drdkua&pDa&; vltcGifUta&; Nidrf;csrf;a&; trsKd;om;a&;toGif

tcef; (13) Nird ;f csr;f a&; 'Dru kd a&pDa&;BuKd ;yrf;rI 'Dru kd a&pDa&; vlUtcGifhta&;ESifY trsK;d om;a&;toGif ausmif;om;vIy&f mS ;rIordik ;f (1950 rS 1951)

(u) pifNyKd if &uorsm; zGUJ pnf;&efBuKd ;yrf;rI 1950-51 ckESpfwGif ausmif;om;pnf;½Hk;a&; vkyfief;rsm; jyefp&m &uorS ]ausmif;om;} [laom pmapmif (4) apmifudk xkwfa0cJhonf/ xdkpmapmifudk pnf;½Hk;a&;? ynmay;a&;twGuf BudK;pm; tm;xkwfcJhjcif; jzpfonf/ &uoonf ausmif;om;xkü ta&;ygaom tajctaeü½Sdonf/ wuowGif oefY½Sif; ausmif;om;tkyfpku OD;aqmif aeavonf/ qd½k , S v f pfygwDtEG,rf sm; pnf;½H;k a&;usqif;aeonf/ uGejf rLepfygwDtEG,rf sm; acgif;aqmifrI &xm;aom AuorSm trsm;pk awmcdkoGm;onf/ oefY½Sif; ausmif;om;xkonf Nidrf;csrf;pGm ynmoifMum;a&;udk a
jrefrmEdkifiHausmif;om;vIyf&Sm;rIordkif; - atmifxGef;

(c) &uo jyefvnfzUJG pnf;jcif; (1950-51) Oya'wGi;f rS &uo OD;aqmifaom vIy½f mS ;rI BuD;xGm;vmjcif;aMumifh vnf;aumif;? wuúov kd yf &0PftwGi;f ausmif;om;xktajctae wESpx f uf wESpf wk;d vmjcif;aMumihf vnf;aumif;? txuESihf trsKd;orD; omoemjyKausmif; rsm; Mum;odYk yif 0ifa&muf pnf;½H;k Edik cf ahJ yonf/ pnf;½Hk;a&;vkyfief;rsm;udk udkwifa½T? udak tmifjrif?h rarar&D? rcifrr (rcifrav;)? udkausmfjrifh (aemif tqdkawmfrif;aemif)? rMunfpdef (a'gufwmMunfpdef)? rwifjrifh? rat;jrifh? rwifwifNrdKif? udkwifxGwf? udkjrifhodef;? udkwifjrifh (aeaoG;eD) wdkY yg0ifcJhonf/ 1950-51 ckESpf &uonDvmcHudk pnf;½Hk;a&; tajccHaumif;aom udkwifxGwf? udkjrifhodef;wdkY aexkdifonhf pde*f Ref;trsKd;om;ausmif;? vrf;rawmf txu (1) wGif usif;yonf/ nDvmcHowif;twGuf &efuek Nf rdKU owif;pmwku d f toD;oD;rS owif;axmufrsm; wufa&mufcahJ vonf/ &uorSm ausmif;om;vIy½f mS ;rI rPÖKd ifjzpfaeNyD; wckwnf;aom &uoudk cdkifrmpGm jyefvnf zGJUpnf;EdkifcJhonf/ 1950-51 ckESpf &uo trIaqmiftzGJY udktkef;armif Ouú| udkjrifhodef; twGif;a&;rSL; udkcifarmifjrifh trIaqmifrsm; udkcifarmifwifh (wuúodkvfbkef;Edkif) ¤if;&uoudk udknDnD (vif;,kefeD) onf OD;aqmifí or*¾tzGJUtpnf;vkyfief;rsm; vkyfaqmifcJhjcif;? wdk; wufaom EdkifiHa&;tawG;tac: t,ltqrsm;? rmhufpf0g' avhvma&;tzGJUwGif wufwuf
(c-2)

334

1950 ckESpf wuo trIaqmiftzGJY 1/ udkpdefjrarmif 2/ udkarmifarmifoef; 3/ udak usmfNidr;f 4/ udkat;udk 5/ udkjrpdef 6/ udkvSwifh 7/ udkcspfpdef 8/ udkpHa½TOD; 9/ udkvSul 10/ udk0if;az 11/ udkbpD

Ouú| 'k-Ouú| aiGxed ;f (jrefrmhq½kd , S fvpfvrf;pOfygwD A[dak umfrwDtwGi;f a&;rSL;) taxGaxGtwGif;a&;rSL; wGJzuftwGif;a&;rSL; jyefMum;a&;ESifh 0g'jzefYjzL;a&; aygif;oif;qufqHa&;ESifh vlrIa&;&m vlxkynma&;ESifh wuúodkvfynma&; urÇmhwuúodkvfrsm; qufoG,fa&;ESifh EdkifiHjcm;qufoG,fa&; tdk;a0wm0efcH pmMunfhwdkufrSL;

1950-51 ckESpf wuo trIaqmiftzGJY 1/ udkudkav; Ouú| 2/ udkcifarmifjrifh 'k-Ouú| 3/ udkpdefbef; taxGaxGtwGif;a&;rSL; 4/ udkjrifhxGef; aiGxdef; 5/ udkwif0if; twGif;a&;rSL; (Pub & Prop) 6/ udktkef;cdkif twGif;a&;rSL; (S.S & S.C) 7/ udka&mbwfqGefcg; twGif;a&;rSL; (I.S.S & F.R) 8/ udkodef;atmif twGif;a&;rSL; (Mass Media & Organization) 9/ udkvSodef; wJGzuftwGif;a&;rSL; 10/ udkwif0if; pmMunfhwdkufrSL; 11/ udkwifxGef; tkd;a0t,f'Dwm

Nidrf;csrf;a&; 'Drdkua&pDa&;BudK;yrf;rI - 1950 rS 1951 - 'Drdkua&pDa&; vltcGifUta&; Nidrf;csrf;a&; trsKd;om;a&;toGif

(*) vufo;D xd;k ? oHww k ½f u kd Ef iS hf ausmif;om;rsm; 1951 ckEpS f wuúov kd w f iG f vufo;D xd;k ? oHww k ½f u dk u f pd ö jzpfay:vmonf/ wuúov kd w f iG f vGepf mG *,uf½u kd f vmonf/ xdkpOf wuo Ouú|rSm udkpdefjrarmif (a'gufwmpdefjrarmif) jzpfonf/ taxGaxGtwGif;a&;rSL;rSm oefY½Sif; ausmif;om;tkyfpkrS udkat;udk jzpfonf/ xdkESpf wuoa½G;aumufyGJ yxrtokwf Ouú|? 'k-Ouú|? aiGxdef;rSm qd½k , S v f pfygwD tEG,rf sm;jzpfNyD; ('k) tokwt f rIaqmif (6) OD;rSm oef½iS ;f ausmif;om;tkypf rk S jzpfonf/ uGejf rLepfygwD tEG,frsm; 0ifa&mufta½G;cHaomfvnf; tqdkygESpftxd ta½G;rcH&ay/ jyóemrSm wuotkyfpk (2) tkyfpkMum; tpnf;ta0;wGif udpöwckudk aqG;aEG;&m vufoD;xdk;rI jzpfoGm; onf/ ¤if;jzpf&yfonf xkdae&mwGif &yfraebJ pdwfrausyGJtjzpf qkd½S,fvpftEG,f tcsKdUonf oeYf½Sif;tkyfpkrS trI aqmifwcsKdUtm; Owå&aqmif (North Hall) wGif oHww k jf zifh ½ku d o f mG ;onf[k Mum;od&onf/ oHww k jf zifh ½du k o f l armifarmifBuD;onf oHwkwfarmifarmifBuD;[k trnfwGifcJhavonf/ xdktjzpftysufonf ausmif;om;xkMum; rsm;pGm *,uf½dkufcJhonf/ wuo\ *kPfodu©m ñdSK;EGrf;apaom taMumif;t&m jzpfcJhonf/ wuowGif rnfoljzpfap? rnfonfhtkyfpkrS a½G;cH&ol jzpfap? xkdtrIaqmifrsm;udk ausmif; om;xk udk,fpm;vS,ftjzpf todtrSwfjyKum wuúodkvftmPmydkifESifh tpdk;&uvnf; todtrSwfjyKonf/ wuoudk tm;vHk; av;pm;Muonf/ e,fcsJUqefYusifa&;? trsKd;om;vGwfajrmufa&; BudK;yrf;rIjzifh ausmif;om;vIyf½Sm;rI tpOf tvm BuD;rm;cJah om tzGUJ tpnf;jzpfonf/ jrefrmEdik if H e,fcsUJ qefYusiaf &;ordik ;f ? ausmif;om;vIy½f mS ;rIordik ;f wGif azsmufr &aom tzGJUtpnf;jzpfonf/ txufyg trIaqmifrsm;\ vufo;D xk;d ? oHww k ½f u kd f jzpf&yfonf wuo\ *kPo f u d m© ñdKS ;EGr;f atmifvyk f jcif; jzpfonf/ 17? 11? 50 &ufaeYwGif ausmif;om;xk tpnf;ta0;jyKvkyfum ta&;ay:aumfrwD (Action Committee) udk zGJUpnf;cJhonf/ ausmif;om;xk ta&;ay:tvkyfaumfrwD aMunmcsuf &ufpGJ- 17? 11? 50 &Jabmfw-Ykd wuoudk zufqpftarGcH ol,kwf? olrdkufrsm;vufrS u,fwif&ef/ wuo\ taoa&udk jyefvnfq,fwif&efESifh ausmif;om;xk tmPmudk jyefvnf odrf;ydkuf&eftwGuf ausmif;om;xk tpnf;ta0;w&yfudk 17? 11? 50 aomMumaeY? rGef;wnfh (12;00) em&DwGif tcef; (4) ü udñ k eG Yfa0 (aemif OD;aqmifñTefMum;a&;rSL;? touftmrcHaumfydka&;½Sif;) u obmywd? udknDnDu twGif;a&;rSL; tjzpf aqmif½Guf usif;ycJhaMumif;/ tqdyk g ausmif;om;xktpnf;ta0;odYk udMk unfvif (pma&;q&mMunfvif)? udw k iftek ;f ? udpk ;kd rif; (OD;oef;OD;? aemiftajccHynmOD;pD;Xme ñTecf sKyf) wdYk u tpnf;ta0; ac:,l&jcif;ESihf vuf½jdS zpfaeaom tajctae t&yf&yfukd ½Si;f vif;ajymMum;NyD; atmufygtqdrk sm;udk ausmif;om;xktpnf;ta0;rS uefYuu G o f rl ½Sd trsm;oabmwl wnDw ñGwfwnf; qHk;jzwf twnfjyKaMumif;/ tqdk (1) - vlrdkuf0g'udk ½Iwfcsa&;tqdk tqdk (2) - udkpdefjrarmif? udkat;udkESifh tmPmydkifwdkY vufodwfxdk; aqG;aEG;&mrS ay:aygufvmaom 20? 11? 50 &ufaeYwGif usif;yrnfh (Recall voting) ac: rJay;yGJudk(u) wuo tajccHpnf;rsOf;ESifh rudkufnDívnf;aumif;? (c) ausmif;om;xk tcGifhqE´r,lbJ tmPmydkifESifh 'l;axmufaphpyf&mrS ay:aygufvmjcif;aMumifh ausmif; om;xk w&yfvHk;tm; apmfum;&m a&mufojzifhvnf;aumif;? (*) ausmif;om;wkYd\ ajymifajrmufaom 'l;raxmufa&; tpOftvmudk csK;d azmuf apmfum;jcif;aMumifv h nf; aumif;? tqkyd g rJay;yGu J kd vH;k 0todtrSwrf jyK? w&m;r0if[k ,lqonft h jyif vH;k 0½Iwcf swu kd zf suaf &;tqd/k tqdk (3) - ,ckvuf½Sd wuotrIaqmiftzGJUtm;vHk;onf(u) ausmif;om;xk\ taxGaxGjyóem rajz½Sif;Edkifonfhtjyif? (c) vlrdkuf0g'udk ol&Jaumif;qefqef ausmif;om;avmuodkY ,laqmifvmum wuo\ toa&udk nd§K;EGrf;apí zsufqD;aeum? (*) ausmif;om;xk tmPmudk tmPmydkifwdkYxH 0uGufí xdk;tyfaeNyD;? (C) vlY,Ofaus;rI w&yfvkH;udkyif zsufqD;aejcif;aMumifh? 335

jrefrmEdkifiHausmif;om;vIyf&Sm;rIordkif; - atmifxGef; vuf½dS wuo trIaqmiftzGUJ onf rdru d , kd u f kd ½dak oaomtm;jzifh vnf;aumif;? wuo\ usq;kH aeaom toa&udk q,f,laomtm;jzifh vnf;aumif;? ,aeYrSpí (3) &uftwGif; trIaqmifwzGJUvHk; EkwfxGufay;&ef/ tqdk (4) - tqdyk g ausmif;om;xktpnf;ta0;rS csrSwcf ahJ om txufyg vkyif ef;aqmifwmrsm;ESihf aemufqufwJG a½G;aumufyGJwdkifonftxd? vkyfief;rsm;udk tNyD;wdkif atmifjrifonftxd aqmif½Guf&ef tmPmtjynfhtpHkESifh wdk;csJUEdkifcGif½Sdonfh ta&;ay:tvkyfaumfrwD (Action Committee) zGJUpnf;cefYtyfa&;tqdkwdkY jzpfonf/ tqdktrSwf (4) t& ta&;ay: tvkyfaumfrwDtm; atmufygtzGJU0ifrsm;jzifh cefYtyfcJhonf/ (1) udkpdk;odef; (2) udkaZmf0if; (aemif 0efxrf;a½G;cs,f ñTefcsKyf) (3) udkcifvS (aemif A[dkw&m;½Hk;a½SUae) (4) udkcifarmifjrifh (5) udkpdk;rif; wdkYjzpfonf/ &Jabmfw-hkd igwdkYtm;vHk; wuoudk vlrdkufrsm;vufrS u,fwif&ef igwdkYtm;vHk; toa& jyefvnf q,fwif&ef? igwdkYtm;vHk;\ a½SUvHkjcHKrItwGuf igwdkY twwfEdkifqHk;aom tm;udkay;um ulnDyl;aygif; aqmif½GufMuukeftHh/ vlrdkuf0g' wdkufzsufMu ausmif;om;ta&; atmif&rnf ta&;ay:tvkyfaumfrwD &efukefwuúodkvf vufoD;xkd; oHwkwf½kduf udpöudk (2) zuf pvHk;rS tjyeftvSef pGyfpGJrIrsm;jzifh ausmif;om;xkudk ½Sif;vif; Muonf/ trJuGufonf zsuf&rnf r[kwf/ uGefjrLepftEG,f ausmif;om;xkrsm; tjrwfxkwf oGm;rnfudk (2) zuf pvH;k rS pd;k &drMf uonf/ wuúov kd t f mPmydik rf sm;uvnf; rnfoUl ya,m*ygonf rod? vuf½dS wuotrIaqmif rjyKwfus a&;udk usm;uefay;&ef pDpOfonf/ &efukefwuúodkvf 'k-t"dywdjzpfaom a'gufwmat;armifonf wuotrIaqmifrsm;twGuf (Recall Voting) ac: qE´cH,lyGJ jyKvkyfay;&ef BudK;pm;onf/ ausmif;om;rsm;u ausmif;om;xktwGif; tcGifhtmPm ydkifqdkifrI udk 0ifa&muf pGufzufjcif;[k oabmxm;onf/ aMunmcsuf xkwfjyefNyD;aemuf Action Committee taeESifh ausmif;om;xkudk,fpm; tqdkygudpöESifh ywfoufí ½Sif;jy&ef &efukefwuúodkvf tkyfcsKyfa&;rSL; a'gufwmxifatmifudk awGUqHk&ef BudK;pm;cJhonf/ ¤if;r½Sdí rawGUcJh&ay/ odkYaomf naeydkif;wGif a'gufwmxifatmifu udkpdk;odef;tm; pmwapmifay;í um;jzifhvdkufcJh&ef ac:cJh onf/ pmrSmFROM THE ADMINSTRATOR OF THE UNIVERSITY OF RANGOON RANGOON UNIVERSITY POST OFFICE RANGOON, BURMA 17th, Nov: 1950

Maung Soe Thein Action Committee 54, Thaton Hall. Dear Maung Soe Thein, I can see you this evening at 8 p.m (or) tomorrow (Saturday) morning at 8:00 a.m. I am sorry I had a metting in town the whole of this afternoon and another meeting again tomorrow at 9 a.m. I have inform the vice-chancellor what the request of your Committee, and he be pleased to see you tomorrow Saturday afternoon at 1:00 p.m in the Council Room, University College Building. Htin Aung

336

Nidrf;csrf;a&; 'Drdkua&pDa&;BudK;yrf;rI - 1950 rS 1951 - 'Drdkua&pDa&; vltcGifUta&; Nidrf;csrf;a&; trsKd;om;a&;toGif udpk ;kd ode;f onf udn k n D ?D udpk ;kd rif;wdYk tm; ac:,lí a'gufwmxifatmif tdro f Ykd oGm;a&mufco hJ nf/ a'gufwm xifatmiftm; aumfrwDoabmxm;udk ½Sif;jyNyD; qE´cH,lyGJ Recall Voting udk oabmrwlaMumif; ajymonf/ q&mxifatmifu wuúodkvf 'k-t"dywdtaejzifh wuo trIaqmifrsm; Recall Voting twGuf wm0efay;xm; olrsm;udk Action Committe taeESifh awGU&ef pDpOfxm;ygaMumif;? 'k-t"dywd pDpOfxm;onfhtwdkif; tqdkyg rsufESmpHknD tpnf;ta0;odkY qufquf wufa&mufyg&ef arwåm&yfcHonf/ a'gufwmxifatmifu ¤if;taejzifh bmqE´? bmoabmxm; xifjrifcsufrS ray;yg/ 18? 11? 50 &ufaeY bGJUESif;obifcef;r taqmuftOD½Sd wuúodkvfaumifpD tpnf;ta0;cef;rü rsufESmpHknD tpnf;ta0; usif;y&m wuo trIaqmif (2) zGJUu 'k-t"dywd pDpOfcsufudk vufcHonf/ udkpdk;odef; OD;aqmifaom Action Committe u tqdkyg tpDtpOfudk vufrcHaMumif;? ausmif;om;xkqE´ oabmxm;ESifh ausmif;om;xk tpnf;ta0; qHk;jzwfcsufudk ½Sif;jyavonf/ 'k-t"dywd a'gufwmat;armifu ausmif;om;xktpnf;ta0;udk ausmif;om; b,fEpS af ,muf wufa&muf cJhovJ? wuúodkvf½Sd ausmif;om;w0uf rausmfvQif ausmif;om;xktpnf;ta0;[k ac:qdkEdkifrvm;[k tay:pD;rS apmfum;? armfum; ajymvmonf/ udkpdk;odef;wdkYu acgif;iHkrcHbJ jyefvnf ajymqkdcJhonf/ tpnf;ta0; wif;rmvmNyD; nd§EdIif;rIr&bJ NyD;qHk;oGm;onf/ a'gufwm xifatmif? OD;ausmf&if (aemif ygarmu©csKyf ref;0dZÆmESifh odyÜHwuúodkvf) wdkYonf bmrS 0ifa&muf rajymqdkcJhay/ tajctae rjywfrom;jzpfaeí wuo txl;tpnf;ta0; (Special Business Metting) udk ac:ay;&ef wuo pnf;rsOf;ESifhtnD Action Committee rS awmif;qdkcJhonf/ omreftm;jzifh ausmif;om;xk tpnf;ta0;udk wESpfwBudrfom usif;ycJhonf/ wuo trIaqmiftzGJUonf rvGefqefEdkifawmhbJ ac:ay;cJh&onf/

(C) wuo trIaqmifwzGUJ vH;k jyKwu f sjcif; wuo trIaqmiftzGUJ rS qk½d , S v f pf ygwDtEG,rf sm;u Action Committee rS awmif;qdck suft& tpnf; ta0; yxrydik ;f wGif Ekwx f u G jf cif; rjyKcJah y/ aemufyikd ;f rSom aqG;aEG;&if; t,kt H Munfr½Sd tqdjk zifh jzKwfcs cH&rnfp;kd í qdk½S,fvpfygwD tEG,ftrIaqmifrsm; wzGJUvkH; EkwfxGufoGm;onf/ oefY½Sif;tEG,frsm; EkwfxGufpm rwifMuay/ tkyfpk (2) pkpvkH;rS t,kHtMunfr½Sdwifaom tqdkudk Action Committee rS (2) zuf pvHk;udk axmufcHrJ ay;cJhonf/ tajzrSm wuo trIaqmifwzGJUvHk; jyKwfusoGm;avonf/ wuoudk jyefvnf *kPfqnfEdkifcJhayonf/ wuúodkvf 'k-t"dywd tpDtpOf tvkdtavsmuf ysufoGm;onf/

(i) wuo a½G;aumufyt JG opf jyKvyk jf cif; (1950) wuo trIaqmifwzGUJ vH;k jyKwfusoGm;NyD;aemuf 'kw, d ESp0f ufwiG f wuopnf;rsOf;ESihf tnD a½G;aumufyJG topfxyfrH jyKvkyfcJhonf/ oefh½Sif;tkyfpkrS1/ udkudkav; Ouú| (aemif pnfyifom,m) 2/ udkcifarmifjrifh 'k-Ouú| 3/ udkjrifhxGef; aiGxdef; 4/ udkpdefbef; taxGaxGtwGif;a&;rSL; 5/ udkvSodef; wGJzuf taxGaxGtwGif;a&;rSL; 6/ udkwif0if; jyefMum;a&;|me twGif;a&;rSL; 7/ udkodef;atmif vlxkqufqHa&;ESifh ynma&;|me twGif;a&;rSL; 8/ udka&mbwfqGefcg; wuúodkvftcsif;csif;ESifh EdkifiHjcm; qufoG,fa&;rSL; 9/ udktkef;cdkif aygif;oif;qufqHa&;ESifh jynfolYvkyfief; twGif;a&;rSL; 10/ udkwifxGef; tdk;a0r*¾Zif; wm0efcH 11/ udkwif0if; pmMunfhwkdufrSL; 337

jrefrmEdkifiHausmif;om;vIyf&Sm;rIordkif; - atmifxGef; xdktcsdeftxd qdk½S,fvpfygwDtEG,frsm;ESifh uGefjrLepftEG,frsm;onf tiftm;pktrnfudk cH,ljcif;r½Sd? ygwDEikd if aH &; qefYusifol ausmif;om;rsm;uom ]oef½h iS ;f aomausmif;om;tiftm;pk} trnfukd pwifo;kH cJjh cif; jzpfonf/ aemufyikd ;f wGirf o S m uGejf rLepftEG,?f qd½k , S v f pfygwDtEG,rf S cGx J u G o f rl sm;u tjcm;wk;d wufaom Edik if aH &; tawG;tac:? t,ltqvufcHolrsm;ESifh aygif;í wuo a½G;aumufyGJrsm;wGif ]wd;k wufaomtiftm;pk} [k trnfcH ,lavonf/ qdk½S,fvpfygwDtEG,frS cGJxGufvmolrsm;onf udk&D;,m;ppfudk taMumif;jyKí ygwDtwGif;uGJum tvkyf orm;? v,form;ygwD (qd½k , S ef )D ay:vmNyD;aemuf xdyk gwDtEG,rf sm;udk qdv k ykd gonf/ rlvu qd½k , S v f pfygwDtEG,f rsm;rSm wuo vufoD;xkd;? oHwkwf½dkuf jyóemay:NyD;aemuf xkdygwDtEG,frsm;udk qdkvdkygonf/ rlvu qdk½S,fvpf ygwD tEG,frsm;rSm wuo vufoD;xkd;? oHwkwf½dkuf jyóemay:cJhí vnf;aumif;? ¤if;wdkYxJu cGJxGufoGm;olrsm; ½Sdí vnf;aumif;? ausmif;om;xkMum;wGif emrnfysufvmí vnf;aumif;? ¤if;wdkY OD;aqmifrI wdrfjrKyfoGm;onf/

(p) Auo jyefvnfzUJG pnf;a&; pnf;½H;k a&;aumfrwD Auoonf ausmif;om;xkESifh tquftoG,fjywfNyD; Ouú|? twGif;a&rSL;ESifh trIaqmifwcsKdUrSm txdef; odrf;cH&onf/ tcsKdUrSm rvGJra½Smifom awmxJa&mufoGm;onf/ tcsKdUrSm jyif;xefaom vIyf½Sm;rItwGif; awGa0um xkdifoGm;olrsm;vnf;½Sdonf/ AuotrIaqmifrsm;onf wdkufyGJ\ rkefwdkif;Mum;wGif z½dkz&Jjzpfaeonf/ tajccHynm ausmif;om;rsm;or*¾ukd pHepfwus vIy½f mS ;&ef tajctae ray;awmhacs/ xdt k csed t f xd ausmif;om;or*¾ zGUJ pnf;jcif;udk wm;jrpfyw d yf ifjcif; r½Sad o;í Edik if w H 0Sr;f ausmif;rsm;wGif tpOftvmt& rdrw d Ykd todpw d jf zifh ausmif;om;or*¾rsm;udk zGUJ pnf; vIy½f mS ;vsuf½o dS nf/ &uoonf wjynfv;kH twdik ;f twmjzihf OD;aqmif&ef rvG,í f AuojyefvnfzUJG pnf;&ef BudK;yrf;cJhMuonf/ udkpdk;odef; OD;aqmifaom &uotrIaqmifrsm;onf e,frSqufoG,f pnf;½Hk;Edkifaom ausmif;om;or*¾rsm; udk zdwfMum;NyD; a½Twd*Hk tv,fypö,H? ajrmufbufwefaqmif; teD;½Sd Z&yfwaqmifwGif Auo jyefvnf zGJUpnf;a&; Oya'twGi;f ausmif;om;rsm; vIy½f mS ;pnf;½H;k a&;twGuf aqG;aEG;yGjJ yKvkycf o hJ nf/ xm;0,fausmif;om;or*¾ udpk ed 0f if; ESifh o&ufausmif;om;or*¾rS udkaZmf0if; (aemif ynma&;okawoeAsL½dk) wkdY wufa&mufcJhMuonf/ xkdtpnf;ta0;rS xdef;odrf;cH&NyD; jyefvnfvGwfajrmufvmaom ,cif Auo trIaqmifESifh &uo Ouú| a[mif; udknDnD (vif;,kefeD) udk Ouú|tjzpf wm0efay;í AuojyefvnfzGJUpnf;a&;? pnf;½Hk;a&;aumfrwDudk zGJUpnf;cJh onf/ xkpd Ofu ausmif;om;tkypf rk sm;rS wd;k wufaom pmayrsm;udk avhvmcJo h rl sm;rSm tvHeu D eG jf rLepfygwD tEG,?f ArmjynfuGefjrLepfygwD tEG,f? qdk½S,fvpfygwD tEG,f? rnfonfhygwDtEG,frS r[kwfaom wdk;wufaom EdkifiHa&; tawG;tac: t,ltqudk vufco H nfh rsKd;cspfausmif;om;rsm;vnf; yg0ifonf/ jynfoYl &aJ bmf tEG,[ f í l wuúov kd f wGif xifxif½mS ;½Sm; tkypf k r½Scd ahJ y/ aemufyikd ;f wGif vuf0t J iftm;pkrsm; NydKuGrJ aI Mumifh ygwDEikd if aH &;udk qefYusifo[ l í l ]]oefY½Sif;aom tkyfpk}} ay:vmonf/ txufygtkyfpkrsm;onf wuoa½G;aumufyGJ0if&mwGif yxrydkif;ü tkyfpktEG,ftrnfudk cH,ljcif;r½Sd/ ppfNyD;pu tcsKUd taqmif rdrt d cef;0wGif Oyrm- (tvHeMD unfvif) [laom qdik ;f bkwf csw d cf jhJ cif;rsm;½So d nf/ aemufyikd ;f wGif r½Sdawmhay/ wuo a½G;aumufyGJ yk*¾dKvfcsif;,SOfNydKifonfh tajccHrsKd;jzifhom 0ifa&muf ta½G;cH&onf/ rdrdwdkY ,HkMunfaomt,ltqrsm;udk tajccHí ausmif;om;xkodkY vkyfief;pOfcsjyNyD; ½Sif;vif;a[majym rJqG,fMuonf/ a&mifpHktrIaqmif tzGJUrsKd;jzpfonf/

(q) ud&k ;D ,m;ppfyEJG iS hf wuúov kd af usmif;om;tiftm;pktay: *,uf½u kd rf ?I wd;k wuftiftm;pk ay:vmjcif; 1950 ud&k ;D ,m;uRef;qG,üf awmifEiS hf ajrmufu&kd ;D ,m; ppfjzpfavonf/ xkpd pfyEJG iS hf ywfoufí ajrmufu&kd ;D ,m;tm; usL;ausmfol[k ukvor*¾ qHk;jzwfcsufudk xkdtcsdef tpdk;&u axmufcHcJhonf/ xkdokdY axmufcHrIaMumifh qdk½S,fvpfygwDwGif tuGJtjyJ jzpfoGm;onf/ xdktcsdef wuoü oefY½Sif;ausmif;om;rsm; OD;aqmifrI&aeonf/ qdk½S,fvpfygwD tEG,frsm; OD;aqmifrI usqHk;aeonf/ uGefjrLepftEG,frsm;? tvkyform; v,form;ygwD (qdk½S,feD) rS tEG,frsm;? tjcm;wOD;csif; wdk;wufaom EdkifiHa&;tawG;tac:udk ,lqvufcHonfh EdkifiHa&; pdwf0ifpm;aom ausmif;om;rsm;ESifh vufwGJum ]wdk;wufaom ausmif;om;tiftm;pk} trnfcHí zGJUpnf;cJhonf/ ¤if;ü338

Nidrf;csrf;a&; 'Drdkua&pDa&;BudK;yrf;rI - 1950 rS 1951 - 'Drdkua&pDa&; vltcGifUta&; Nidrf;csrf;a&; trsKd;om;a&;toGif udkwifndK udkMunfvif udkjroef; udkarmifarmifausmf udkxGef;vdIif udkeef;a0 udkcifvS udkñGefYa0 udknDnD

(aemif jzL;qufoG,fa&;OD;pD;rSL;) (aemif pma&;q&mMunfvif) (aemif pma&;q&mjroef;wifh) (aemif a'gufwmarmifarmifausmf) (aemif ajrpm&if;) (aemif yef;csDOD;eef;a0) (aemif A[dkw&m;½Hk;a½SUae) (aemif OD;aqmifñTefrSL;? touftmrcH) (aemif a'gufwmnDnD? owåKwGif;0efBuD;) wdkYjzpfonf/

aemufydkif;wGif qufvuf OD;aqmifcJholrsm;rSmudkbaumif; udkvS0if; udkatmifoef; udkodef;atmif udk,k udkausmfNidrf; wdkYjzpfonf/ tmPm& tzGJUtpnf;u vnf;aumif;? oefY½Sif;aomausmif;om;rsm;u vnf;aumif;? yk*v ¾ duydkif owif; pmtcsKdUu vnf;aumif;? wdk;wufaomausmif;om;tiftm;pkudk ArmjynfuGefjrLepfygwD? tvHeDuGefjrLepfygwD? qdk½S,feDrS tEG,frsm;aygif;í OD;aqmifaom tiftm;pk[k owfrSwfyHk&onf/ xdt k csdef ausmif;om;xktzdYk rnfonfyh gwD tEG,q f jkd cif;rSm t"dur[kwaf y/ oefY½iS ;f aom ausmif;om;rsm; ygwDEdkifiHa&; qefYusifa&;[laom a
Stop! Ye Koreans, Yet there is hope Hear me not the cannons boom, Driving Koreans to their doom? See me not the airplanes dive, Strafing the innocent their lives deprive? Smell me not the bloody scent Of blood stained bodies, bullets rent? Feel me not that fear in heart, And think that war is where fools take part? Hate me not this bloody battle, Where rumbling tanks and machine-guns rattle? Killing each other, obeying the "isms" Fighting with joy and dying in rhythms. Stop! Ye Koreans, yet there is hope Of saving your skins from atomic dope; Help! Ye Nations, stop this war! For sake of peace and for love of law.

339

jrefrmEdkifiHausmif;om;vIyf&Sm;rIordkif; - atmifxGef;

(Z) wuo tvkyt f pnf;ta0; oef½Y iS ;f trIaqmifrsm;ESihf wd;k wuftiftm;pk wuopnf;rsOf;t& tvkyftpnf;ta0; (Business Meeting) udk omreftm;jzifh trIaqmifoufwrf; rukefrD jyKvkyf&onf/ vdktyfygu txl;tvkyftpnf;ta0;udkvnf; jyKvkyfay;&onf/ vufo;D xk;d ? oHww k ½f u kd u f pd ö ay:cJNh yD;aemuf wESpw f Budrf yHrk eS v f yk af om tpnf;ta0;okYd wuo toif;0if rsm; wufa&muf&onf/ toH;k p&dwu f kd trIaqmiftzGUJ cefUxm;aom rSwyf w kH ifpm&if;ppf\ ppfaq;NyD;aMumif; vufrw S f ESifh wuG wifjyí tpnf;ta0; twnfjyKcsufudk &,lMuonf/ tpnf;ta0; rvkyfrD toif;0ifrsm;u pnf;rsOf;ESifh tnD BudKwif ay;ydkYxm;aom ar;cGef;rsm;udk ½Sif;vif; ajzMum;&onf/ xdkodkY wifjycsuf? ar;jref;csufrsm;udk toif;0ifrsm;u a0zefaqG;aEG;jcif;? vdktyfvQif tqdkrsm; wifoGif; qHk;jzwfjcif; ponfwdkY aqmif½Guf&í tvkyftpnf;ta0;onf trIaqmiftzGJUtwGuf vnf;aumif;? toif;0ifrsm; twGuf vnf;aumif;? ta&;ygaom tpnf;ta0;jzpfonf/ ¤if;tpnf;ta0;wGif trIaqmiftzGUJ \ vkyaf qmifrrI sm;udk rSwaf usmufwifjcif; jzpfonf/ tqifroifv h Qif trIaqmifwzGUJ vH;k uaomf vnf;aumif;? wOD;csi;f taejzifh aomfvnf; aumif; jzKwfcscH&onf/ oefY½iS ;f aom ausmif;om;tiftm;pkrsm;onf a½G;aumufyrJG sm;wGif tEdik &f íaeaomfvnf; wuo pnf;rsOf; t& ac:,lusif;yaom tvkyftpnf;ta0;wGif tjrJtusyftwnf;ESifh &ifqdkif&onf/ ¤if;wdkYudk axmufcHrJay;aom trsm;pkrmS þuJo h Ykd ta&;BuD;onfh tvkyt f pnf;ta0;udk pdw0f ifpm;rI enf;onf/ tifwu kd t f m;wdu k f wufa&mufavh r½Sd/ wdk;wufaom ausmif;om;tiftm;pkudk axmufcHrJay;olrsm;uom xdktpnf;ta0;rsKd;udk pdwfyg0ifpm; Muonf/ rdrdwdkYudk axmufcHolrsm; xdktpnf;ta0;odkY tifwdkuftm;wdkuf wufa&mufa&;twGuf wdk;wufaom ausmif;om;tiftm;pkuvnf; pnf;½Hk;vIHUaqmfonf/ xdkYaMumifh oefY½Sif;trIaqmifrsm;onf ¤if;tpnf;ta0;udk &ifqdkif&ef 0efav;Muonf/ xdo k Ykd jzpf&ef taMumif;rsm;uvnf; ½Scd zhJ ;l onf/ wuo ordik ;f wGif rnforl Q toif;om;tjzpfrS &moufyef txkwfcH&jcif; r½Sdyg/ odkYaomf oefY½Sif;&JabmfwOD;jzpfaom emrnfausmf umwGef;q&mwOD; txkwfcH&onf/ jzpf&aom taMumif;rSm AuoESihf wuoudk erlem,lí oefY½iS ;f trIaqmiftzGUJ u wuotaqmuftODwiG f wuúodkvf0if oifwef;zGifhonf/ xkdoifwef;\ wm0efcH wuo trIaqmifwOD;onf oifwef;olwOD;udk &nf;pm;pm ay;onf/ ¤if;udk odum© cs&ef r[kwb f J ¤if;tiftm;pk\ tjypf temtqmudk w&m;0ifausmif;om;xk tpnf;ta0;wGif azmfxkwf ar;Muonf/ ¤if;ar;cGef;twGuf jiif;onfjzpfap? 0efcHvQifjzpfap? omref½Sif;vif; ajymMum;vdkufygu þudpö NyD;Edkifaomfvnf; txufyg umwGef;q&monf þudpu ö dk olodygonf[k raeEdkif? rxkdifEdkif azmfaumifvkyf onf/ tvGepf um;ajymaumif;aom armifu, kd k (aemif w&m;½H;k a½SUae) \ xyfqifah r;cGe;f axmifacsmufwiG f umwGe;f q&m ydwrf o d mG ;onf/ odvQiaf zmfxw k &f ef awmif;qdo k nft h cg umwGe;f q&monf ajz&ef rvG,af wmhbJ tpnf;ta0;rS qkwfcGmoGm;onf/ ausmif;om;xk tpnf;ta0;½Sd trIaqmifpm;yGJrS trIaqmifrsm; idkifoGm;Muonf/ umwGef;q&m &Jabmfonf tpazmfcJhNyDjzpfí wuo*kPfodu©mudk ñSdK;EGrf;apaom udpöjzpfí tqdkygudpö w&m;0if ½Sif;vif;jcif;rjyKygu wuo toif;0iftjzpfrS &moufyef xkwfy,f&ef[laom ar;cGef;udk tqdkodkY ajymif;vJ qHk;jzwfonf/ txufyg qHk;jzwfcsufudk wuo oefY½Sif;trIaqmiftzGJUonf rckcHEdkifyJ ¤if;wdkY\ &JabmfrSm toif;om; tjzpfrS &moufyef xkwfy,fcH&aom b0odkY a&mufoGm;onf/ wuopnf;rsOf;udk rlva&;qGJcJhaom acgif;aqmifBuD; rsm;onf aphpyfaocsmpGm t*Fvdyfvdk a&;qGJcJhjcif; jzpfonf/ tvm;wl oefY½Sif;tiftm;pkrS trIaqmifwOD;onf tpnf;ta0;odkY wufa&muf&ef (3) Budrf ysufuGuf aeonfudk tpnf;ta0;rSwfwrf;wGif ppfaq;awGU½Sdí wuopnf;rsOf;t& tvkyftpnf;ta0;wGif jzKwfcH&onf/ tvm;wlyif oefY½iS ;f trIaqmiftzGUJ u wuúov kd Af [dak umifpo D Ykd ud, k pf m;vS,t f jzpf apvTwcf ahJ om jyifyrS *kPfoa&½Sdyk*¾dKvfBuD; (2) OD;udkvnf; wuotpnf;ta0;wGif wdk;wuftiftm;pku jzKwfcscJhavonf/ wuorS wuúov kd Af [dak umifpo D Ykd apvTwcf ahJ om ud, k pf m;vS,rf sm;onf ausmif;om;zufrS &yfwnfapvdo k nf/ tpnf;ta0;ü wuúodkvfA[dkaumifpDodkY apvTwfaom udk,fpm;vS,f (2) OD;udk aqmif½Gufcsufrsm;tm; ar;jref;cJhonf/ tpnf;ta0; wGif ½Sif;vif; ajzMum;csufrsm;udk tjyeftvSef a0zefaqG;aEG;NyD; wuo udk,fpm;vS,f (2) OD; aqmif½Gufcsufudk rauseyfaMumif;? rlvar;cGe;f udk tqdt k jzpf ajymif;wifMuonf/ rJcq JG ;kH jzwf&mwGif wuo oefY½iS ;f trIaqmiftzGUJ onf 340

Nidrf;csrf;a&; 'Drdkua&pDa&;BudK;yrf;rI - 1950 rS 1951 - 'Drdkua&pDa&; vltcGifUta&; Nidrf;csrf;a&; trsKd;om;a&;toGif ckcHEdkifaom tiftm;r½Sd jzpf&um tqdkyg udk,fpm;vS,f (2) OD;rSm tjzKwfcH&onf/ xkdYaMumifh wuúodkvfA[dkaumifpDodkY ajym&J? qdk&JESifh tpOftvm t½Sdeft0g½Sdol? wdk;wufaom tawG;tac: t,ltqrsm;taeESifh oabmxm;í OD;odef;az (odef;azjrifh) ESifh wuoOuú|a[mif; OD;pdefwdkYudk udk,fpm;vS,f (2) OD;tjzpf wuúodkvfaumifpD tpnf;ta0;odkY apvTwfvdkufonf/ ¤if;udk,fpm;vS,f (2) OD;rSm oefY½Sif;tiftm;pkuvnf; ¤if;udk,fpm;vS,f r[kwfí csKyfudkif&ef rvG,f? wdk;wuftiftm;pkuvnf; wuotrIaqmifrsm; r[kwfí csKyfudkif&ef rvG,f? xkdodkYaom tajctaewGif OD;odef;az jrifhonf rnfolY oabmxm;rQ r[kwf? rdrdqE´oabmt& wuúodkvfA[dkaumifpD tpnf;ta0;ü wuúodkvfwGif rmhufpf oabmw&m; oifMum;a&;tqdkudk wifonf/ OD;odef;azjrifhtqdkudk wuotrIaqmiftzGJUu uefYuGufavonf/ wdk;wuftiftm;pkuvnf; raxmufcH ay/ þodkYjzifh oefY½Sif;tiftm;pkonf a½G;aumufyGJwGif tjrJtEdkif&cJhaomfvnf; tvkyftpnf;ta0;wGif tjrJvdk ½IH;cJh&onf/ wdk;wuftiftm;pkuvnf; Edk0ifbmv (17) &ufwGif bmvkyfcJhoenf;[k ar;jref;&m ¤if;aeYrSm urÇmY ausmif;om;aeY jzpfNyD; ¤if;aeYtwGuf bmrQrvkyfcJhí a0zef&efjzpfonf/ odkY&mwGif tqdkygaeUESifh ywfoufí bmrQ avhvmxm;jcif; r½Sd? bmrQrodjzpfum tpnf;ta0;wGif ¤if;aeYjzpfcJhaom taMumif;t&mrsm;udk qufpyfajz&mrS ydkodu©musp&m jzpfvmonf/

(ps) 1950-51 &efuek w f uúov kd af usmif;om;or*¾ ESpyf wfvnftpD&ifcpH m 1950-51 ckEpS f twGi;f wGif uREyfk w f Ykd ]]&efuek w f uúov kd af usmif;om;rsm;or*¾}} udk Mum;a½G;aumufyJG (2) Burd f jzifh wnfaqmufcJh&mü yxrtBudrf Mum;a½G;aumufyGJudk 18? 12? 50 &ufaeYwGif usif;yûyvkyfcJhí? Ouú| udkudkav;? 'k-Ouú| udkcifarmifjrifhESifh b@ma&;rSL; udkjrifhxGef;wdkYudk a½G;aumuf wifajr§mufcJhMuavonf/ 'kw, d Mum;jzwfa½G;aumufyu JG kd 12? 1? 51 &ufaeYwiG f usi;f yûyvkyí f ? udpk ed b f ef; (taxGaxGtwGi;f a&;rSL;) udkvSodef; (wGJzuftaxGaxGtwGif;a&;rSL;)? udkwif0if; (jyefMum;a&;XmetwGif;a&;rSL;)? udkodef;atmif (vlxkqufqH a&;ESifh ynma&;Xme twGif;a&;rSL;)? rpöwma&mbwfqGefcg; (wuúodkvfcsif;ESifh EdkifiHjcm;qufoG,fa&;Xme twGif;a&;rSL;)? udktkef;cdkif (aygif;oif;qufqHa&; ESifh jynfolYvkyfief;twGif;a&;rSL;) wdkYudk a½G;aumufwifajr§mufcJh onf/ a½G;aumuf wifajr§mufc&H aom trIaqmiftzGUJ rS wuotpnf;ta0;Oya't& r*¾Zif;Xmeudk trIaqmiftjzpf wm0ef,l&ef udkwifxGef;ESifh pmMunhfwdkufrSL;tjzpf udkwif0if;wdkYtm; cefYtyfvdkufonf/ txufyguJo h Ykd aom ausmif;om;or*¾ tvkyt f rIaqmiftzGUJ ay:vmNyD;aemuf usrf;opöm usdeq f ykd rJG jyKvkyrf D ta&;ay: ausmif;om;xktcuftcJudk tjref&ifqdkifvdkuf&onf/ xkdtcsdefu ausmif;om;xk\ ta&;ay: tcuftcJ rsm;rSm(1) yxrESpf OypmESifh 0dZÆmausmif;om;rsm;udpö? (2) "mwfcGJcef;twGuf tydkaiGaMu;udpöwdkYjzpfí tmPmydkifwdkY\ pDrHcsufrsm;rSm cdkifvHkw&m;rQwaom taMumif;csif;&mwdkYESifh uif;vGwfpGm zdpD;vsuf½Sdonf/ Oyrm- yxrESpf OypmESifh 0dZÆmausmif;om;rsm;udpöü wuúodkvftmPmydkifwdkYonf ESpfOD; ausmif;zGifhpü yxrESpf OypmESifh 0dZÆmwef;ausmif;om;wdkYtm; pmar;yGJusif;yjyKvkyfjcif;½Sdrnf r[kwf[k twdtvif;aMunmcJhaomf vnf; pmar;yGJrsm; vGefpGmeD;uyfonfh tcgusrSyif pmar;yGJppfrnf[k a½SUaemufrnD tqDtai:rwnfh ynmoifMum; a&; udpöü uav;upm;ouJhodkY ½IHUcsnf? ESyfcsnfvkyfcJhojzifh yxrESpf OypmESifh 0dZÆmwef; ausmif;om;tm;vHk;rSm ynma&; tcuftcJwckudk rarQmfvifhbJ &ifqdkifcJh&avonf/ "gwfcGJcef;twGuf tvSLaiGaMu;udpöudkyif tvm;wl rw&m;rI wcktaeESifh &ifqdkif&onf/ wuúodkvf tpOftvm &mZ0iftqufquf bdk;awmfbk&m; vufxufurS rMum;bl;? rvkyfbl;? rjzpfay:cJhbl;aom "gwfcGJcef; aMu;[laom ynma&; qvmrD aiG 25d^-udk odyaHÜ usmif;awmfom;rsm; xHrS rw&m;ñSpí f awmif;cHc&hJ m ausmif;om;rsm; tm;vHk; rsm;pGmrausreyf jzpf&onf/ txufyg jyóemESp&f yfukd uREkyf w f Ykd trIaqmiftzGUJ \ yxrtBudrf 16? 2? 51 &ufaeY tpnf;ta0;ü wifoGif; aqG;aEG;cJhí yxrESpf ausmif;om;rsm; pmar;yGJudpöudk 17? 1? 51 &ufaeY ta&;ay: ausmif;om;xk qE´jytpnf;ta0; usif;yjyKvkyf wdkufyGJqifum xkdnaewGif vdkvm;csufrsm; &½SdcJhonf/ "gwfcGJcef; aMu; udpöudkvnf; ausmif;om;xk axmufcHcsufjzifh tmPmydkifrsm;xH ta&;qdkcJh&m Zefe0g&Dv (27) &ufaeUwGif atmifjrifrI& ½Sdí aiGrsm;jyefvnf xkwf,lcGifh&cJhonf/ 341

jrefrmEdkifiHausmif;om;vIyf&Sm;rIordkif; - atmifxGef; xdkYaemuf Ouú|ESifh trIaqmiftzGJU\ usrf;opömusdefqdkyGJudk 9? 2? 51 &uf aeYwGif usif;yí1/ 'Drdkua&pDudk usepGm avhvmusifhoHk;a&; 2/ Nidrf;csrf;pGm ynmoifMum;a&; 3/ ausmif;om;ta&;udk ausmif;om;xkqE´jzifhom oefY½Sif;pGm csDwuf,la&; 4/ ygwDEdkifiHa&;aqmif½GufrI uif;vGwfa&; 5/ wdk;wufaom urÇmhausmif;om;xkü yg0ifqifETJa&;wnf;[laom ausmif;om;or*¾\ rGefjrwfvSaom 0g'ESifh vrf;pOfudk uREkfyfwdkY owfrSwfaMunmcJhonf/ xdkwdk;wufrI t&yf&yfudk XmetvdkufcGJí tpD&ifcHygOD;rnf/ 1/ wuúodkvfcsif;ESifU EdkifiHjcm;qufoG,fa&;Xme urÇmvH;k qdik &f mausmif;om;0efxrf;tzGUJ udk 16? 1? 51 &ufaeYwiG f atmifjrifpmG zGUJ pnf;NyD;cJí h obmywdtjzpf a'gufwmxifatmif? 'k-obmywdtjzpf wuoOuú| udkudkav;? b@ma&;rSL;tjzpf a'gufwmomvS? twGif;a&;rSL;tjzpf udka&mbwfqGefcg;? trIaqmifvlBuD;rsm;tjzpf1/ ygarmu© OD;b 2/ ygarmu© OD;at;armif 3/ udkpdefbef; 4/ udkodef;atmif 5/ udkwif0if; 6/ udkjrol wdkYudk a½G;aumufzGJUpnf;cJhonf/ xdkaumfrwDrSaeí ynm½SmrSD;&mü tcuftcJawGUaeaom ausmif;om;wdkYtm; aiGaMu;ulnD axmufyHh&m odyÜH (6) OD;? 0dZÆm (4) OD;? aygif; (10) OD;udk wpfvvQif 50d^- ESifh aygif; 5000d^- axmufyHhaMu; ay;EdkifcJhonf/ wuúodkvfcsif;ESifh EdkifiHjcm;qufoG,fa&;Xme tpD&ifcHpm rSwfwrf;t& EdkifiHjcm;{nfhonfawmfrsm; tjzpf (1) e,lZDvefjynf urÇmvHk;qdkif&mausmif;om;rsm;tzGJUcsKyf twGif;a&;rSL; rpöwm tm(&f)tuf(pf)bpfpvD (R.S Bisley)? (2) rpötrf&mZm (M.Raza) ygupöwefEi S ?hf (3) rpöwm trfauaumewf (M.K Connent U.S.N.S.A) wdYk vma&mufí Armjynfausmif;om;a&;udpöudk &if;ESD;pGm aqG;aEG;avhvmMuonf/ jrefrmjynfudk,fpm;vS,frsm;tjzpf EdkifiHjcm;odkY(1) a'gufwma&mbwf (vufaxmufaq;rSL;) tm; puFmylNrdKUü usif;yaom ta½SUawmiftm½S awmifydkif; qdik &f m aq;yg&*lrsm;\ ausmif;om;rsm; use;f rma&;tajctaewGif aqG;aEG;yGo J Ykd apvTwcf o hJ nf/ a'gufwma&mbwf\ aqG;aEG;csufrsm;rSm rsm;pGmatmifjrifaMumif; tpD&ifcHEdkifonfhtjyif &efukefwuúodkvf ausmif;om;rsm; usef;rma&; twGuf ta&;wBuD; vdktyfaeaom jrefrmaiG wodef;wef "gwfrSefwckudk vnf;aumif;? ta&;BuD;aom aq;ypönf; tcsKdUudk vnf;aumif;? wuúodkvfaq;½HktwGuf &½SdcJhygonf/ (2) ¤if;tjyif tm½Swdkuf ausmif;om;a&;&mrsm;ü ESHYpyfpGm qnf;yl;í &if;ESD;rI&½Sd&ef udka&mbwfqGefcg;tm; ygupöwef? oD[dkVf? tdE´d,? tif'dkeD;½Sm;? rav;½Sm;? ,dk;',m;wdkYudk apvTwfcJhygonf/ urÇmvHk;qdkif&m ausmif;om;rsm; tzGUJ csKyf0if Edik if jH zpfaom uae'grS jrefrmjynf tif*sife, D m ausmif;om;rsm;twGuf ausmif;oH;k ypön;f rsm; (Drawing Instruments & Exercise Books) ESihf aq;0g;ypön;f rsm; ay;ydYk &½Sc d yhJ gonf/ *syefjynfrS "gwfreS af jymif;wckuv kd nf; aumif;? tar&duefausmif;om;rsm;tzGUJ rS aiGo;kH aomif; tultnDEiS hf aq;bufqikd &f m pmtkyt f rsK;d rsK;d ? odyb HÜ ufqikd &f m pmtkyftrsKd;rsKd;wdkYudk vufcH&½SdcJhygonf/ 2/ vlxkqufqHa&;ESifU ynma&;Xme ¤if;teuf rGejf rwfaom atmifjrifrI wcsufrmS 50-51 ckEpS f rufx&pfausmif;om;rsm;twGuf ykZeG af wmifEiS hf wuúov kd o f r*¾taqmuftOD ESpaf e&m cGí J apwemh0efxrf;oifwef;rsm; zGiv hf pS jf cif;jzpfonf/ apwem½Sif ausmif;om; BuD; tcsKdU\ tultnDudkvnf; aumif;pGmvufcH &½SdcJhygonf/ xkdoifwef;odkY ausmif;ol? ausmif;om; trsm;tjym; wufa&mufcJhygonf/ toif;\ &nf½G,fcsufESifh avsmfnDpGm vlxktzGJUtpnf;rsm;\ qufoG,frIudk 0rf;ajrmufpGm vufcHcJhNyD; 1/ ArmEdkifiHvHk;qdkif&m awmifolv,form;tpnf;t½Hk;XmecsKyf txl;nDvmcHodkY zdwfac:csuft& txl; {nfhonfawmf tjzpf 2? 1? 51&ufaeYwGif udk,fpm;vS,f (2) OD; apvTwfcJhygonf/ 2/ Armjynf tvkyform;tpnf;t½Hk;rsm;rS BuD;rSL;usif;yonfh EdkifiHvHk;qdkif&m 'kwd,tBudrfajrmuf tvkyf orm;or*¾ nDvmcHodkY zdwfac:csuft& or*¾udk,fpm;vS,f (2) OD;udk 9? 2? 51 &ufaeYwGif apvTwfcJhygonf/ 3/ ArmEdik if v H ;kH qdik &f mvli,frsm;tpnf;t½H;k BuD;wGif &efuek cf ½dik rf S BuD;rSL;usi;f yonfh ud;k Budraf jrmufnv D mcH 342

Nidrf;csrf;a&; 'Drdkua&pDa&;BudK;yrf;rI - 1950 rS 1951 - 'Drdkua&pDa&; vltcGifUta&; Nidrf;csrf;a&; trsKd;om;a&;toGif odkYvnf; zdwfac:csuft& 28? 6? 51 &ufaeYwGif udk,fpm;vS,f (3) OD; apvTwf wufa&mufcJhygonf/ 4/ ArmEdkifiHvHk;qdkif&mvli,frsm;tpnf;t½Hk;\ omrefnDvmcHodkYvnf; zdwfac:csuft& wufa&mufcJhyg onf/ ausmif;om;rsm; oufomacsmifcsdrItwGuf urÇmvHk;qdkif&mausmif;om;rsm;tzGJUcsKyfrS ay;ydkYaom ausmif;oHk;pm tkyfESihf ud&d,mrsm;udk txl;EIef;jzifh jzefYjzL;cJhEdkifygonf/ 3/ aygif;oif;qufqHa&;ESifU jynfolYvkyfief;Xme EdkifiHjcm;{nfhonfawmfrsm;udk aumif;pGmvufcHrnfh R.S Bislay tm; a[majymyGJ usif;y&ef wdkawmif;onfh umvtwGif; BudK;pm;cJhonf/ jynfolUvkyfief;Xmersm;rS ausmif;om;tusKd;twGuf or*¾rS qufoG,f&,lcJhaom tusKd;w&m;rsm;rSm1/ avaMumif;Xme U.B.A rS ausmif;om;rsm;tm; (70) &ufxuf ausmfvGefaom tcEIef;rsm; twGuf 10% avQmhygonf/ 2/ rD;&xm;XmerS ausmif;om;rsm;tm; w0ufEIef; avQmh,lygonf/ 3/ a&vrf;bufqdkif&m I.W.T rS ausmif;ydwf&uf (3) &ufxuf ausmfvGefaom tcsdefwGif a&vrf;ü oGm; vmaom ausmif;om;rsm;tm; txl;EIef;ESifh ay;ygonf/ jynfwiG ;f t&yf&yfü oGm;vmrI cufcaJ om ae&ma'orsm;odYk jyefonfh ausmif;om;rsm;tm; or*¾rS txl;pDpOf ay;cJhygonf/ 4/ jyefMum;a&;Xme t"du atmifjrifrItjzpf oefY½Sif;aom0g'ESifh vrf;pOfudk (9? 2? 51) &ufaeYwGif twdtvif; xkwfjyef aMunmcJhygonf/ rSefuefaom oabmw&m; &mEIef;jynfh0aeaom or*¾\ 0g'ESifh vrf;pOfudk jyefMum;a&;Xmeonf tcgtcGifhoifhwdkif; xkwfazmfaMunmjcif;? owif;pmyg ausmif;om;ta&;ESihf ywfoufaom uGJvGJonfh,lqcsufrsm;? ausmif;wGi;f ausmif;jyif tajctae t&yf&yfukd tcgtcGit hf vdu k f xkwjf yefaMunmcJo h nf/ xdUk jyif jynfoYl todtrSwf jyKaeY yGJawmfrsm;? ausmif;om; todrSwfjyKaeU yGJawmfrsm;ü or*¾\ oabmxm;udk wnfhrwfpGm xkwfjyefcJhonf/ 5/ pmMunfUyd#duwfwdkufXme or*¾pmMunfw h u kd Xf metwGuf pmtkyrf sm;udk urÇmvH;k qdik &f mausmif;om;rsm;tzGUJ csKyfEiS hf tjcm;Edik if jH cm;oH½;kH rsm;rS tultnDtjzpf vufcH&½Sdí or*¾pmMunfhwdkufcef;ü aumif;pGmxm;½Sdygonf/ 6/ r*¾Zif;XmetpD&ifcHpm 1950-51 ckESpf trIaqmiftajymif;tvJaMumifh yxrydkif;wGif r*¾Zif;Xme wm0efcHtzGJU aqmif½Gufaom vkyfief;rsm; teuf tdk;a0r*¾Zif; rxkwfa0EdkifcJhaom tdk;a0wm0efcH\ BudK;pm;rIaMumifh wESpfrQ tcsdef,l aqmif½Guf& aom udpöudk (2) v twGif; tdk;a0 tcsdefrD wGefusL;EdkifcJh\/ 7/ b@ma&;XmetpD&ifcHpm trIaqmifa[mif;rsm;xHrS 1950 ckEpS f 'DZifbmvwGif aiG 465d-5yJ vTaJ y;&NyD; vpOf 0ifaiGtjzpf qdik v f crsm; rS 2927d-8yJ? ,cktxd0if aiG½Sdaeygonf/ ¤if;wdkYteuf tmZmenfaeY? AdkvfcsKyfaeY? ausmif;om;rsm; psmyeudpörsm; wGiv f nf;aumif;? ½H;k oH;k ypön;f rsm;ESihf Ekid if jH cm;ausmif;om; ud, k pf m;vS,rf sm;\ {nfch yH rJG sm;ü vnf;aumif;? acRwmoH;k pGJí ,ckvufusef 202d-12yJ ½Sdygonf/ ESpftqufqufu wif½Sdvmaom wuúodkvfaumifpDESifh wuúodkvfor*¾ay: wGif wif½Sdaom vQyfppf"gwftm;cESifh a&caiGrsm;udk aumifpDrS avsmfay;NyD;aemuf vQyfppftm;ESifh a&cudk vpOfrSefrSef ay;&onf/ taxGaxGqdkif&m tpD&ifcHpm or*¾\ txufygXme (7) ckrSwyg; tjcm;rJhaom vkyfief;aqmif½Gufcsufrsm;udk twGif;a&;rSL;ESifh wGJzuf twGif;a&;rSL;\ taxGaxGqdkif&mXme tpD&ifcHpmü xnfhoGif; tpD&ifcHygonf/ ausmifom;or*¾? tvkyftrIaqmifopf a½G;aumufwifajr§mufNyD;aemuf Oya'tMuHay;t&m½Sdtjzpf 0wfvHk 343

jrefrmEdkifiHausmif;om;vIyf&Sm;rIordkif; - atmifxGef; awmf& OD;jrifhtm; vnf;aumif;? pm&if;ppftjzpf OD;oef;wltm; vnf;aumif;? aumifpD0ifvlBuD;rsm;tjzpf OD;ydkif (tdkifpDtufpf tNidrf;pm;) ESifh OD;at;armif (bDtufpfpD? bDt,fvf) tm; a½G;aumufwifajr§mufcJhonf/ or*¾toif; wdu k t f m; Munf½h aI pmifah ½Smufot l jzpf OD;uHoed ;f tm; qufvuf cefYxm;ygonf/ or*¾toif; rif;aptjzpf udv k aS usmf tm; cefYxm;ygonf/ wHjrufvSnf; ukvm;tm; qufvufxm;½Sdygonf/ or*¾qHyifñSyfqdkif? pmtkyfqdkifESihf pm;awmf qufrsm;udk ,cifESpfrsm; EIef;twdkif;yif qufvuf xm;½Sdygonf/ or*¾tzGJU\ OD;a&rSm qufvufwdk;wufcJh&m1948-49 wGif (1400) ½Sdí? 1949-50 wGif (1000) txd usqif;oGm;aomfvnf;? ,ckESpf 1950-51 wGif (1947) a,muftxd wdk;wufvmygonf/ taysmfwrf;wyfzGJUudkvnf; jyefvnfzGJUpnf;&ef BudK;pm;cJh&m oufqdkif&mXmeodkY taMumif;Mum;cJhonf/ bDtdkbmbm AdkvfrSL; (tjrJwrf;twGif;0ef udk,fpm; pm&if;ppf½Hk;) rS rwfv (29) &uf 1951 ckESpf jyefMum;pm&½SdNyD; ]wuúodkvfausmif;om;rsm;or*¾\ vdkvm;csufudk EdkifiHawmftpdk;&u todtrSwfjyKygonf/ xdkufoifUovdk ta&;,l aqmif½GufoGm;ygrnf/} [k a&;om;yg½SdaMumif; tpD&ifcHygonf/ ausmif;ESihf ywfoufí oufqikd &f mtzGUJ wdYk \ vdv k m;csufrsm;üvnf; or*¾\ aqmif½u G f atmifjrifcsufrsm; udk 0rf;ajrmufpGm tpD&ifcHygrnf/ (1) ygVdtoif;\ ]vlrsKd;jcm;ygarmu© cefhxm;a&;} wdkufyGJü or*¾rS tifwdkuftm;wdkuf ulnDcJhonf/ ygVdtoif;\ vdkvm;csufrsm;rSmvnf; atmifjrifNyD;ajrmufcJhygonf/ (2) 1950-51 ck? Oya'ausmif;om;toif;\ ]wESpf (2) Burd f pmar;yGu J si;f ya&;} awmif;qdck surf sm;udv k nf; vufcHí or*¾rS axmufcHaqmif½Guf ay;aeygonf/ (3) ]tif;0ausmif;aqmif o[m&ESihf pmzwftoif; awmif;qdck su}f ausmif;aqmif tpm;taomufrefae*sm ESifh 'k-refae*smwdkYtm; tif;0ausmif;aqmifrS tjrefqHk; ajymif;a½TUay;&efudkvnf; or*¾rS vufcHta&;,l aqmif½Guf &m tmPmydkifrsm;xHrS 21? 7? 51 &ufaeY jyefMum;pmt& xdkudpö atmifjrifNyD;ajrmufcJhygonf/ (4) Nrdwfc½dkifausmif;om;rsm;or*¾rS wuúodkvf0ifpmar;yGJü (74) a,muf0ifa&muf ajzqkd&m (1) a,muf wnf; atmifonfh udpöESifh ywfoufí or*¾rS ta&;,laqmif½Gufvsuf ½Sdygonf/ (5) 1951 ckESpf? rwfvtwGuf taqmifc ray;aom wuúodkvfausmif;om;rsm;tm; pmar;yGJajzqdkcGifh vufrSwf xkwfay;&ef? tmPmydkifrsm;xH ta&;qdkcJh&m atmifjrifNyD;jywfcJhygonf/ (6) atmufwdkbm ausmif;ydwf&uf ukefqHk;NyD;aemuf 'k-ESpf0ufrS ausmif;0ifvmaom ausmif;om;rsm;tm; yxr ESpf0uftwGuf ausmif;vcaiG (60d^) udk rawmif;qdk&ef tmPmydkifrsm;xH ta&;qdk&m 24? 1? 51 &ufaeY jyefMum;pmt& atmifjrifNyD;jywfcJhygonf/ (7) aq;aumvdyf ausmif;olrsm;tm; T.T.C ESifh bifwefausmif;aqmifrsm;wGif ae&mxkdifcif; vHkavmufpGm &½Sd&ef tmPmydkifrsm;xHü awmif;qdk&m vdkvm;csufrsm; vHk;0atmifjrifcJhygonf/ (8) 1951 ckESpf? ZGefv pmar;yGJatmifpm&if;udk apmifhqdkif;vsuf½Sdaom abmf'g ausmif;om;rsm;twGuf 1951 ckESpf? ZlvdkifvtwGuf ausmif;aqmifESifh xrif;cudk w0ufc avQmh,l&ef tmPmydkifrsm;xH or*¾rS awmif;qdk&m atmifjrifNyD;jywf cJhygonf/ (9) wuúodkvfor*¾ü ,ciftrIaqmifrsm; vufxufu usef½SdcJhaom rD;c 1714d-14 yJ a&c 260dy&dabm* 310daygif; 2284d-14 yJ udk ausmif;om;aumifpDvlBuD;rsm;\ awmif;qdkcsuft& tmPmydkifrsm;xHrS vdkufavsm ausat;csufudk vufcH&½Sdygonf/ (10) tcvGwf ynmoifMum;a&;pDrHudef;udk tpdk;&rS wdvif;pGm xkwfjyefaMunmNyD;onfhaemuf tpkd;&cefY twGi;f 0ef (20) OD;? aumifpv D Bl uD; (10) OD;wdYk EiS fh wGzJ ufí aqmif½u G &f ef or*¾ Ouú|? twGi;f a&;rSL;ESihf ausmif;aumifpD vlBuD;wOD; aygif; (3) OD;wdkYu aqmif½Gufaeygonf/ xdkaumfrwDtzGJUwGif344

Nidrf;csrf;a&; 'Drdkua&pDa&;BudK;yrf;rI - 1950 rS 1951 - 'Drdkua&pDa&; vltcGifUta&; Nidrf;csrf;a&; trsKd;om;a&;toGif (1) or*¾pmMunfhwdkufpmtkyfESihf y&dabm*twGufaiG 10000d^(2) *wfpwifemESihf t*Fvdyfjrefrm vufESdyfpuftwGufaiG 5000d^(3) or*¾taqmuftODwdk;csJU&mü vdktyfonfh "gwftm;ud&d,mtwGufaiG 7000d^(4) or*¾taqmuftODtm; y&dowf (1000) 0ifEdkif&ef wdk;csJUaqmufvkyfvdkojzifh - 415000d^437000d^(5) pmtkyf (6) or*¾aemuf (5) ESpftwGuf pmyHkESdyfpuf (5) vHk;ESifh pmvHk;rsm;twGufaiG -

15000d^45000d^600000d^-

-wdkY awmif;qdkcJh&m 1? 2? 3? 4 rSm vufiif; vdkvm;csuf 5? 6 rSm tem*wf vdkvm;csuftjzpf awmif;qdk&m vufiif; vdv k m;csufaiG 50000d^- rwnfaiGtjzpf &½Scd yhJ gonf/ or*¾w;kd csJUa&;ESihf or*¾ pmyHEk ydS pf uf wnfaxmif&ef twGurf l vufiif;vdv k m;csut f aeESihf xnfo h iG ;f pOf;pm;onfxuf tem*wfvv kd m;csuüf xnfo h iG ;f pOf;pm;í vdu k af vsm ygrnf[k uwd0efcHcsuf &½SdcJhygonf/ (12) 1951 ckEpS ?f Zlvikd v f (4) &ufaeU wuúov kd q f ;D edwt f zGUJ qH;k jzwfcsufEiS fh Zlvikd v f (14) &uf aumifpD tpnf;ta0; twnfjyKcsuft& tcsuf (9) csufygaom pDrHudef;topfw&yf xkwfjyef&mwGif (u) pmar;yGJ (3) cgus qufwdkuf ajzNyD;í ratmifjrifaom ausmif;om;xkrsm;udk ausmif;xkwfjcif;? (c) oifwef; (6) v aemufusaeonfh tajctae½Sdaejcif;wdkYrSm ausmif;om;tusKd;udk wdkuf½dkuf xdcdkufae ojzifh uREkfyfwdkY or*¾rS 15? 7? 51 &ufaeYwGifvnf;aumif;? 17? 7? 51 &ufaeYwGifvnf;aumif; aMunmcsuf (3) ck xkwfjyefí ausmif;om;xktm; wifjy EdI;aqmfcJhonf/ tmPmydkifrsm;xHüvnf; wif;rmpGm ta&;qdkcJhonf/ odkYESihfyif 23? 7? 51 &ufaeYwGif tmPmydkifrsm;xHrS ausat;vdkufavsmcsuf t00udk or*¾rS aeYcsif;yif aMunmcsuf xkwfjyefí ausmif;om;xktm; wifjyNyD; jzpfygaMumif;/ cifarmifjrifh ('k-Ouú|) w-u-o

345

jrefrmEdkifiHausmif;om;vIyf&Sm;rIordkif; - atmifxGef;

OD;udu k akd v; (1950-51) jrpfBuD;em;NrdKUwGif arG;zGm;onf/ wuúov kd 0f ifpmar;yGu J kd 1946 ckEpS w f iG f rH½k mG NrdKUrS atmifjrifcí hJ wuúov kd o f Ykd qufvufynmoifMum;onf/ 1948-49 ckEpS Ef iS hf 1949-50 ckEpS rf sm;wGif wuo trIaqmiftjzpf a½G;aumuf wifajr§mufjcif;cH&í wuotwGi;f a&;rª;tjzpf wm0ef,cl o hJ nf/ 1950-51 ckEpS w f iG f wuoOuú| jzpfonf/ rlvwef;rS wuúov kd x f d tcrJyh nma&;pHepfEiS hf ûyvkyo f nf/ wuúov kd yf xrESpo f ifwef;rsm; (Oypmtykid ;f -u ESihf 0dZmÆ tydik ;f -u) tm; pmar;yGv J yk af &;ESihf ywfoufí y,fzsu&f ef ûyvkycf o hJ nf/ aemfa0jynf atmfpvdNk rdKUwGif usif;yaom urÇmhwuúodkvf0efxrf;tzGJY (World University Service) nDvmcHodkY wufa&mufcJhonf/ OD;udu k akd v;onf &efuek Nf rdKU jrLeDpyD g,fwiG f jynfoYlqufqaH &; t&m½St d jzpf Edik if aH wmfwm0efukd ,ck xrf;aqmif vsuf½Sdonf/

Source: SLORC Press Conference

OD;cifarmifjrifh

346

OD;cifarmifjrif-h {&m0wDwikd ;f ? a';'&JNrKdU ZmwdjzpfNyD;? uG,v f eG o f l tqdak usmf udo k ef;vIid \ f tudjk zpf onf/ zufqpf*syefqefYusifa&; umvtwGif;u vli,fjzpfaom OD;cifarmifjrifhonf Adkvfae 0if;ESifh ocifpdk;tMum; qufom;tjzpf wm0ef,l aqmif½GufcJhonf/ 1949 ckESpfwGif &uo trIaqmifwOD;tjzpf wm0ef,laqmif½GufcJhonf/ OD;cif armifjrifhonf 1950-51 'k-Ouú|tjzpf a½G;aumufwifajr§muf cH&onf/ 1958 ckESpfwGif tdrfapmifhtpdk;&u zrf;qD;NyD; udk;udk;uRef;odkY tydkYcH&onf/ 1960 ckESpf ausmfrsm;wGif yrnw acgif;aqmifwOD;jzpfum 1963 ckESpf? Edk0ifbmvwGif ]]rdkifw&mNidrf;csrf;a&;c&D;½Snf}} csDwuf qE´jyyJGwGif jynfolUaumfrwD0ifESifh vlxkppfaMumif;rsm;\ wyfrSL;csKyftjzpf wm0ef,lcJhonf/ xdkYaMumifh qE´jyyJGNyD;í &uftenf;i,ftMumwGif tzrf;cH&NyD; udk;udk;uRef;odkY 'kwd,tBudrf ydkYcH&onf/ 1973 ckESpfwGif jyefvGwfonf/ 1978 wGif wwd,tBudrf xyfrHtzrf;cH&NyD; 1980 ckESpfwGif jyefvGwfonf/ 1988 ckESpf? Edk0ifbmvwGif jynfolYwdk;wufa&;ygwDudk zJGUpnf;NyD; Ouú|tjzpf wm0ef,lcJhonf/ 1988 ckESpfESifh 1989 ckESpfrsm;twGif; ppftmPm½Sifpepf qefYusifa&;w&m;rsm; a[mMum;cJhonf/ 1989 ZGefvwGif jynfolUwdk;wufa&;ygwD A[dktrIaqmiftzJGUwckvHk;udk zrf;qD;&m OD;cifarmifjrifhyg pwkw¬tBudrf tzrf;cH&onf/ 1989 ck? Edk0ifbm (6) &ufaeYwGif axmif'PftESpf (20) csrSwfjcif;cH&onf/ 1993 ckESpf? azazmf0g&Dvv,favmufwGif 0rf;udkufa&m*g cHpm;&NyD; tif;pdefaxmiftwGif;üyif touf (63) ESpfwGif uG,fvGefonf/ olemr usef; jzpfaecsdefwGif tmPmydkifrsm;u aq;0g;ukoay;&ef jiif;y,fjcif;cHcJh&onf/ rqvtpdk;&rS ay;aom EdkifiH*kPf&nfbJGUudk vufcH&efjiif;y,fcJhonf/ (tusOf;axmifxJrS tmZmenfrsm;? {&m0wDpmtkyfwdkuf? 1999? pm-26/ ArmjynfueG jf rLepfygwD\ EdkifiHawmftmPmodrf;a&;vIyf½Sm;rIrsm;? 1989? pm-77)

Nidrf;csrf;a&; 'Drdkua&pDa&;BudK;yrf;rI - 1951 rS 1952 - 'Drdkua&pDa&; vltcGifUta&; Nidrf;csrf;a&; trsdK;om;a&;toGif

tcef; (14) Nird ;f csr;f a&; 'Dru kd a&pDa&;BuKd ;yrf;rI 'Dru kd a&pDa&; vlUtcGifhta&; Nidrf;csrf;a&;ESifY trsKd ;om;a&;toGif ausmif;om;vIy&f mS ;rIordik ;f (1951 rS 1952)

(u) Auorsm;tzGUJ csKyf ay:ayguv f mjcif; (1951-52) 1951-52 ckESpf tpydkif;wGif ausmif;om;avmuü t"dutiftm;pkrSm oefY½Sif;ESifh wdk;wufwdkY jzpfonf/ ausmif;om;wdYk\ yifu, kd o f bm0t& zdEydS o f u l kd qefYusiv f jkd cif;? trSew f &m;udk jrwfE;kd jcif;? tmPm&tzGUJ tpnf;wdYk\ jyKrlaqmif½Gufcsufrsm;udk rauseyfjcif;? rnfolonf rdrdausmif;om;ta&;udk opöm½Sd½Sd jywfom;&J0ifhpGm aqmif½GufEdkif rnfhtay: tuJjzwfjcif; ponfwdkYaMumifh wdk;wufaom ausmif;om;tiftm;pkudk wpwp ydkrdkaxmufcHvmMuonf/ wdk;wufwdkY\ acgif;aqmifrI wufvmonf/ xdktcsdeftxd &efukefwuúodkvfonf tpOftvmESifh taetxm;t& wjynfvHk;½Sdausmif;om;rsm;udk OD;aqmifrI ay;&m ae&mjzpfonf/ &efukefwuúodkvfwGif wdk;wuftiftm;pk OD;aqmifrI jrifrh m;vmonfEiS hf trQrEÅav;wuúov kd f tygt0if e,fausmif;om;or*¾rsm;wGif trsm;pkonf wd;k wuftiftm;pk\ acgif;aqmifrIudk vufcHvmMuonf/ wdk;wufausmif;om;tiftm;pkonf e,for*¾rsm;udk tawmfav; us,fus,f jyefYjyefY pnf;½Hk;EdkifcJhaom tajctae½Sdonf/ xkdtcsdef a½Twd*Hkbk&m;? tv,fypö,H½Sd OD;at;armifZ&yfwGif ausmif;om;nDvmcH usif;yonf/ xdknDvmcH usif;yaomtcsdefESihf oefY½Sif;tiftm;pkuvnf; wuotaqmuftODwGif pifNydKifnDvmcH usif;yonf/ rlv Auo rSmvnf; awmxJa&mufoGm;NyDjzpfí vpfvyfoGm;aom ae&mwGif tiftm;pk (2) ck NydKifMujcif; jzpfonf/ Auo (2) ck ay:aygufrnfh tajctaeonf ausmif;om;xktwGuf aumif;aom vu©Pm r[kwaf y/ OD;at;armifZ&yfoYkd wufa&muf aom e,fausmif;om;or*¾rsm;rS udk,fpm;vS,ftcsKdUonf wckwnf;aom nDvmcHjzpfajrmufa&;? wckwnf;aom Auo jzpfajrmufa&; twGuf BudK;yrf;Muonf/ wdk;wufausmif;om;tiftm;pkuvnf; wckwnf;aom nDvmcHESifh wckwnf;aom AuozGUJ a&;udk vdv k m;onf/ nDvmcHukd acwå&yfí usif;ycJo h nf/ e,fausmif;om;or*¾rsm; BudK;yrf;rI udk axmufcBH udKqdck o hJ nf/ oefY½iS ;f ESihf wd;k wuf aqG;aEG;&m atmifjrifrI r&cJah y/ þodYk wd;k wufausmif;om;tiftm;pk OD;pD;usif;yaom nDvmcHwGif Auorsm;tzGJUcsKyf (A.B.F.S.U) udk zGJUpnf;cJhonf/ oefY½Sif;tiftm;pku BuD;rSL;í Auo (A.B.S.U) udk zGJUpnf;cJhonf/ odkYaomf aemufydkif;wGif oefY½Sif;tiftm;pk\ OD;aqmifrI csdeJY ,drf;,dkifvmjcif;? 347

jrefrmEdkifiHausmif;om;vIyf&Sm;rIordkif; - atmifxGef; trSefwu,f ausmif;om;or*¾udk us,f0ef;pGm pnf;½Hk;EdkifrI r½Sdjcif;? ausmif;om; jyóemESifh ausmif;om;vIyf½Sm;rIudk xda&mufjywfom;pGm OD;aqmifEdkifrI r½Sdjcif;wdkYaMumifh oefY½Sif;wdkY\ (A.B.S.U) rSm wjznf;jznf; vHk;yg;yg;um wdrfjrKyf aysmufuG,foGm;avonf/ wd;k wufwYkd \ Auorsm;tzGUJ csKyfonf e,fausmif;om;or*¾rsm;udk us,fus,fjyefYjyefY pnf;½H;k um xda&muf pGm OD;aqmifraI y;Edik af om tzGUJ tpnf;jzpfc&hJ m wckwnf;aom Auorsm; tzGUJ csKyftjzpf cdik cf ikd rf mrm &yfwnfEikd cf o hJ nf/

(c) Auorsm;tzGUJ csKyEf iS hf AuotzGUJ trIaqmifrsm; A.B.F.S.U & A.B.S.U (c-1) wdk;wufwdkh\ Auorsm;tzGJYcsKyf (A.B.F.S.U) trIaqmifrsm;rSm udkvS0if; Ouú| (,cif Auo twGif;a&;rSL;a[mif;) (ñTefrSL; tqifhjrifhynmOD;pD;Xme) udkausmfNidrf; 'k-Ouú| (aemif A[dkw&m;½Hk;a½SUae) udkwiftHk; 'k-Ouú| udkatmifbef; taxGaxGtwGif;a&;rSL; (aemif A[dkw&m;½Hk;a½SUae) udkbaumif; wGJzuftaxGaxGtwGif;a&;rSL; (aemif tajccHynmausmif;om;a&;&m) udkpdk;odef; b@ma&;rSL; udkodef;atmif aiGxdef; udkat;oef; EdkifiHjcm;qufoG,fa&;rSL; (aemif or0efvufaxmuf) udkrif;vGif (aemif pma&;q&m armifom&) udkwifhvGif wdkYjzpfonf/ (c-2) 1951-52 wuotrIaqmiftzGJY 1/ udkpdefbef; 2/ udkOD;armif 3/ udkwifatmif 4/ udkausmfausmf 5/ udkwifarmifxGwf 6/ udkwifxGef; 7/ udkjrifhcdkif 8/ udkcifarmifvwf 9/ udkudkav; 10/ cdkifjrJzdk;csdef 11/ udkvScif

Ouú| 'k-Ouú| b@ma&;rSL; taxGaxGtwGif;a&;rSL; wGJzuf taxGaxGtwGif;a&;rSL; jyefMum;a&;XmetwGif;a&;rSL; EdkifiHjcm;qufoG,fa&;XmetwGif;a&;rSL; aygif;oif;qufqHa&;ESifh oufomacsmifcsda&;XmetwGif;a&;rSL; wuúodkvfESifh vlxkynma&;XmetwGif;a&;rSL; tdk;a0r*¾Zif;wm0efcH pmMunfhwdkufrSL;

(c-3) oefh½Sif; AuotrIaqmiftzGJYrsm; (A.B.S.U) 1951-52 1/ udkpdefbef; Ouú| 2/ udkpdefvGif 'k-Ouú| 3/ udkcifarmifñGefU b@ma&;rSL; 4/ udk0if;az taxGtaxGtwGif;a&;rSL; 5/ udkudkBuD; wGJzuf taxGaxGtwGif;a&;rSL; 6/ udk&JxGwf EdkifiHjcm;a&;rSL; ("gwfyHkwGif- udkwifatmif[k azmfjyxm;onf/) 7/ udkvSpdk;vGif aygif;oif;qufqHa&;rSL; 8/ udkpdef0if; ÓPAvESifh pmMunfhwdkufrSL; 348

Nidrf;csrf;a&; 'Drdkua&pDa&;BudK;yrf;rI - 1951 rS 1952 - 'Drdkua&pDa&; vltcGifUta&; Nidrf;csrf;a&; trsdK;om;a&;toGif 9/ udkjrifhodef; 10/ udkatmifausmfjrifh 11/ udkjrifhaqG 12/ udkcspfaqG 13/ udkpHarmif 14/ udkjrifhodef;

Source: Aung Tun Original Copy

jyefMum;a&;rSL; um,AvrSL; wGJzuf um,AvrSL; &JacgifXmerSL; wGJzuf &JacgifXmerSL; wGJzuf vufaxmuftwGif;a&;rSL;

oefh½Sif; AuotrIaqmiftzJGY (1951-52)

a½SYwef;- udkjrifhodef; udkcifarmifñGefh udkpdefvGif (jyefMum;a&;rSL;) (b@ma&;rSL;) ('k-Ouú|)

udkpdefbef; udk0if;az ukdudkBuD; udkwifatmif (Ouú|) (taxGaxGtwGif;a&;rSL;) (wJGzuftwGif;a&;rSL;) (EdkifiHjcm;qufqHa&;)

Auorsm;tzGUJ csKyfonf trIaqmiftzGUJ tjyif trIaqmiftoD;oD;u vkyif ef;tvdu k f OD;aqmifaom AsL½drk sm; xm;½Sdonf/ wdk;wufwdkY OD;pD;usif;yaom AuonDvmcHwGif Auorsm;tzGJUcsKyf pnf;rsOf;udk wifjy twnfjyKonf/ xkdpnf;rsOf;udk tajccHí Auorsm;tzGJUcsKyf zGJUpnf;cJhjcif; jzpfonf/ nDvmcHwGif trsKd;om;a&;? ausmif;om;a&;? urÇmhNidrf;csrf;a&; ponfwdkYESifh pyfvsOf;í qHk;jzwfcsufrsm;udk wnDwñGww f nf; csrSwEf ikd cf o hJ nf/ Auorsm;tzGUJ csKyfonf ,cif Auorsm;enf;wl urÇmah usmif;om;or*¾tzGUJ csKyf (I.U.S) tzGJU0if jzpfcJhonf/ þodkY Auorsm;tzGJUcsKyf zGJUpnf;Edkifjcif;jzifh wjynfvHk;½Sd ausmif;om;or*¾rsm;udk w&m;0if pnf;½H;k OD;aqmifa&;twGuf A[dt k zGUJ tpnf; xlaxmifEidk jf cif;jzpfonf/ wuúov kd ef ,fajrrS pnf;½H;k a&;udv k nf; tusKd;jyKcJhonf/

(*) Auorsm;tzGUJ csKyf vkyaf qmifcsurf mS ;,Gi;f rIrsm; (1951-52) 1951 ckESpfwGif zqyvtpkd;&onf &efukeftpdk;&[k ac:&aom tajctaerS vGwfajrmuf aeNyDjzpfonf/ xkdpOfu tpdk;&udk vufeufudkif wdkufcdkufaeaom tiftm;pkrsm;vnf; NrdKUay:rS xGufajy;aeMuNyD; aus;vufrsm;wGif MoZmtmPm jyefYvsu½f o dS nf/ odYk aomf NrdKUay:wGif ¤if;wdYk pnf;½H;k a&; ½So d ifo h avmuf ½Sad eavonf/ jynfwiG ;f Nidr;f csr;f a&; r½Sdao;bJ jynfwGif;ppf t½Sdefaumif;qJ jzpfonf/ jynfwGif;ppfESifhtwl zdESdyfcsKyfcs,frIrsm;vnf; ½Sdao;onf/ xkdtcsdefumvwGif Auorsm;tzGJUcsKyfonf 'Drdkua&pDa&;? Nidrf;csrf;a&;ESihf ausmif;om;xkta&; twGuf wuf
jrefrmEdkifiHausmif;om;vIyf&Sm;rIordkif; - atmifxGef; oabmxm;cJhonf/ ¤if;wdkYonf Oya'wGif;½Sd usefvlwef;pm;tzGJUtpnf;rsm;tm; tmPmpuf? ½kyf0w¬KESifh tcGifhta&; rsm;ay;jcif;? oyfvQKdpnf;½Hk;jcif;rsm; jyKvkyfEdkifcJhayonf/ odkYaomf Auorsm;tzGJUcsKyfudk rdrdwdkYqE´½Sdovdk zdEdSyfEdkifjcif;? pnf;½Hk; NzdKcGJEdkifjcif; rjyKEdkifyg/ þodkYjzifh Auorsm;tzGJUcsKyfonf wjynfvHk; ausmif;om;or*¾rsm;udk OD;aqmif pnf;½Hk;vIyf½Sm;aom wckwnf;aom pifNydKifr½Sd? NydKifzufr½Sd w&m;0iftzGJUtpnf; jzpfcJhonf/ xdktzGJUtpnf;onf &efukefwuúodkvf½Sd wdk;wufaom ausmif;om;tiftm;pk\ OD;aqmifrIudk cH,lcJhayonf/ ¤if;tiftm;pkrSm a½SUuazmfjycJhonfhtwdkif; trmcHtkyfpk (3) pkay: tajccHxm;jcif; jzpfonf/ jyóem t&yf&yfudk qdkif&m tzGJUtpnf;odkY rwifjyrD tajccHtkyfpkudk,fpm;vS,frsm; yl;aygif;xm;aom Joint Committee wGif OD;pGm aqG;aEG;ñSEd iId ;f onf/ ¤if;wGi&f ½Sx d m;aom oabmwlncD suu f kd qdik &f m tzGUJ tpnf;taeESihf tiftm;pktaeESifh wm0ef,l taumiftxnfazmf vIyf½Sm;onf/ tkyfpk taetxm;& taumif;qHk;tkyfpku ta&;BuD;aomae&m Key Post rsm; &,lci G ½hf jdS cif;? OD;a&rsm; ydrk &kd ½SEd ikd jf cif;½So d nf/ xkYd aMumifh jyóemt&yf&yfukd qdik &f mtzGUJ tpnf;\ trIaqmif wGif wifjy&efxuf OD;aqmifyl;wGJaumfrwDwGif yrmPn§dEdIif;a&;udk tiftm;enf;aom tkyfpkrsm;u tav;xm;onf/ tBuD;? tvwf? ti,ftkyfpk (3) rsKd;wGif ta&twGuf tenf;qHk; ti,ftkyfpku ydkí tav;xm;onf/ þodkYjzifh jyóemt&yfudk OD;aqmifyl;wGJaumfrwDwGifom ñ§dEIdif;tqHk;tjzwf,lNyD; vkyfief;rsm; taumift xnfazmfaomtcg w&m;0iftzGJUtpnf; trIaqmiftzGJUo@mef arS;rSdefvmonf/ trIaqmiftzGJU tpnf;ta0; xdkifí qHk;jzwfcsuf rcsoavmufjzpfonf/ odkY&mwGif EdkifiHa&;todjzifh vnf;aumif;? rdrdwdkYtkyfpk udk,fpm;vS,frsm;ygaom OD;aqmifyl;wGJaumfrwD\ tqHk;tjzwf cH,lí vnf;aumif;? trIaqmiftzGJU\ tcef;u@ aysmufaejcif;udk t"du rxm;? us&mwm0efudk ,HkMunfcsufjzifh vkyfcJhMuonf/ odYk&mwGif xkv d yk ef nf;vky[ f efrmS rrSeu f efyg/ ¤if;tusK;d qufrmS trmcHtyk pf k (3) ckrS &Jabmfrsm; omr[kwb f J rdrdESifh vufwGJvkyfaqmifEdkifaom tjcm;&Jabmfrsm;? wdkif;&if;om;rsm;ESifh us,fjyefYaom toGifjzifh zGJUpnf; vIyf½Sm; vmaomtcg txufyg vkyef nf;vky[ f efaMumifh w&m;0if trIaqmifypkH H aysmufvmjcif;? rvdv k m;tyfaom jyóemrsm; awGUMuHK&onf/

(C) Auorsm;tzGUJ csKyEf iS hf jynfwiG ;f Nird ;f csr;f a&; jynfwGif;ppf\ ted|m½Hkrsm; csKyfNidrf;ap&ef jynfwGif;Nidrf;csrf;a&;twGuf EdkifiHa&;t& awGUqHkaqG;aEG; ajz½Si;f apvdak om toHrsm; xGuaf y:vmaomtcg zqyvu vufeufuikd f awmfveS w f u kd cf u kd af eaom tiftm;pkrsm;udk aomif;usef;ol a&mifpHkolykefrsm;[k owfrSwfum vufeufcsNyD; tvif;0if&ef ajymonf/ wzufuvnf; EdkifiHa&; cH,lcsuf cdkifrmjyif;xefolrsm; jzpf½kHomru omreftzGJUtpnf;rsKd; r[kwfí vufeufcsum jynfwGif;ppf&yfpJa&;udk vHk;0vufrcH/ Nidrf;csrf;a&;? ñGefYaygif;tpdk;&jzpfvdkaom toHrsm; xGufay:vmonf/ w½kwfuGefjrLepfygwD\ *syef zufqpfwdkufcdkufa&;umvwGif csrSwfcJhonfh Nidrf;csrf;a&; ñGefYaygif;tpdk;&vrf;pOfESifh ywfoufonfhf pmwrf;rsm; udk tajccHa&;om;xm;aom bmomjyefpmtkyftcsKdU xGufay:vmonf/ jynfwiG ;f ppfukd awGUqHak qG;aEG;jcif;jzifh &yfp&J ef? a
(i) 1952 td;k a0r*¾Zif;yg q&mBu;D ocifu, kd af wmfridI ;f \ uAsm &efuek w f uúov kd f td;k a0r*¾Zif;bJYG av;csK;d Bu;D (1) taMumif;tusKd;wnf;[laom taumif;tqdk; taxGaxG tcsuftvuf xdkxdk½Sif;apzdkU? ]a'gif;tdk;a0} wuúodkvf r*¾Zif;qDodkU? tqufudk ruif;EkdifordkU owif;ydkUvdkufrnf/ ]tdkuG,f} txufe*kd&ft&if;qDu? rysufrNydK r,Gif;ayordkU? toif;tyif; qdkwJh? tcsif;csif;wdkU p½kdufnDvdkU-tvdkuf txdkufnD/

350

Nidrf;csrf;a&; 'Drdkua&pDa&;BudK;yrf;rI - 1951 rS 1952 - 'Drdkua&pDa&; vltcGifUta&; Nidrf;csrf;a&; trsdK;om;a&;toGif

tdk;a0r*¾Zif;bJGYav;csKd;udk wuúokdvfusifUxHk; ed*Hk;csKyfuAsm ]&pemav;csKd;BuD;} vdkYvnf; trnfay;xm;onf/ þav;csKd;BuD;wGif q&mBuD;u wuúodkvfausmif;om;rsm; nDñGwfMu&ef wdkufwGef;xm;onf/ nDñGwfrS Nidrf;csrf;om,mEdkifaMumif; ñTefjyonf/ xdkYjyif e,fcsJUESifh w½kwfjzLta&;rSmvnf; pdwfrat;p&m jzpfaMumif; q&mBuD;u owday;xm;onf/ (vufa½G;pifav;csKd;w&m? pm- 348)

jynfwiG ;f Nird ;f csr;f a&;tzJcYG sKyf acgi;f aqmif ocifu, kd af wmfridI ;f Source: Oway Magazines

(2) aMomf (Logic) avm*sdwfh acwfu,fvdkU? aumvdyftjzpfwGifjzifh? wavmpdwfnpfbG,f- q&mMuHKoeJY? &wemyHk taemufbuf awmifpOf pudkif;wGifjzifh? armif&ifrdSKif;BuD;- Adkvf0ifcHNyD;? [dkt&if ,ref- touf½SdorQ BudK;rayghvdkU zdkyv’ifysHrSm t*¾d,xdk;&mu? trsKd;bmom? ½kd;&mtwGufudkjzifh? toufaoawmif? raoGra½Smifbl; qdkwJh? xdkwuJhtaumif? tcifwyJh uav;wdkUudkv rif;avmif; rif;vsmawGudk? xrif;awmif;um auR;cJhwJhtjyif ]aMomf} t,loefoefjzifh? ukvm;jzLESHr[Jh ukvm;jzLESHr[JheJU? wqlql wnHnHawGudk? tvSLcHvdkUarG;NyD; ]tif;} ukvm;ta&;pbdkY? 'g;aoG;Mu[JheJU? tmay;um q&mulnDojzifh? jrefrmZAÁL'D tppfwaumif;qdkwJh acwfwaumif;&JUjyif? jrifjrifu&mudk? twGifomtkyftkyfNyD;? (Empire) tifyg&m vkyfcsifwJh vl½Iyfaumif e,fcsJUtaygif;udkjzifh? a'gif;prkwf wvSJYwnfhatmifaemfuG,f? raumif;t½kyf? ukvm;a*gif;jyKwfua&mYvdkU? armif;xkwfcJhNyD/ / (3) odkYvuGm? tqifrwJhcsifawmh? ]]wdkYArm}} ociftzGJUqDu u MuifwyJh taxGaxGtvDvD/ ta0rnDapwJh? wudefudef tarSmifhrao;? tdkuG,f! at-bD-pD (A.B.C) awG&JU tdrfapmifhacG;/

/

(4) cufyJcufouGm? ½SufvJ½Sufp&m? vuf0Jvusfm tjzLteD? vlw½Sif;wdkUaMumifh . . . ]aMomf} wrdom;csif;awGawmif owdw&m;uif;uif;NyD;? tcsif;csif;yif rnDrñGwfrlí? jynfuRwfatmif tNrD;waxmifaxmifESifh . . . wnD;nD;wajymifajymif rD;avmifwdkufoGif;csdefrdkU? csif;wGif; aus;tnmwcdku? uav;&mZ N*dK[fudkawmif? awG;um tvdkvdkvGrf;rdwJhjyif? rpGrf;Ekdif romr,m 'ku©jzifh? Z&m'kAÁvt½G,f ½GHpbG,feJY? tvGefri,fwJh (77) ESpftwGif;wGif;rS? uRefacwfpm&if; wzefwcg? jyefuma&mufrvm;vdkU aemufwD;aemufcsm rcefYpGmpdwfu,fESifh? aMumufvnf;aMumufcg vefYumxdyfrdwJhjyif . . . ]tr,frif;} jrefrmh &efESpfaxGt&dyfayrdkU? wdwfESifhedrdwfESifh t&m&mawG;awG;NyD;.... aMomf? ArmjrefajyxdyfqdkwJh..... Armcsefau½SdufwdkYaMumifh pdwfjzifhq&mrat;/ / ocifudk,fawmfrdSKif; (vufa½G;pifav;csKd;w&m? pm- 348) 351

jrefrmEdkifiHausmif;om;vIyf&Sm;rIordkif; - atmifxGef;

(p)

wuúov kd af usmif;om;rsm;or*¾ ESpyf wfvnftpD&ifcpH m (1951-52)

taxGaxGXme 1951-52 ck? &efuek w f uúov kd af usmif;om;rsm;or*¾ trIaqmifa½G;aumufyu JG kd pnf;rsO;f Oya't& (2) Budrf cGJí usif;ycJhonf/ yxrtBudrf a½G;aumufyGJudk 1951 ck? pufwifbmv (11) &ufaeYü usif;yjyKvkyfcJhí? Ouú| udkpdefbef;? 'k-Ouú| udkOD;armif? b@ma&;rSL; udkwifatmifwdkYudk a½G;aumufwifajr§muf cJhMuayonf/ 'kwd,tBudrf a½G;aumufyGJudk 1951 ck? pufwifbmv (21) &ufaeYü usif;yjyKvkyfí udkausmfausmf (taxGaxG twGif;a&;rSL;)? udkwifarmifxGwf (wGJzuftaxGaxGtwGif;a&;rSL;)? udkwifxGef; (jyefMum;a&;Xme? twGif;a&;rSL;)? udkjrifhcdkif (EdkifiHjcm;qufoG,fa&;Xme? twGif;a&;rSL;)? udkudkav; (wuúodkvfESifh vlxkynma&;Xme? twGif;a&;rSL;)? udkcifarmifvwf (aygif;oif;qufqHa&;ESifh oufomacsmifcsda&;Xme? twGif;a&;rSL;) wdkYudk a½G;aumufwifajr§muf cJhMuygonf/ a½G;aumuf wifajr§mufjcif;cH&aom trIaqmiftzGJUrSm wuo pnf;rsOf;Oya't& r*¾Zif;Xme? wm0efcH pmwnf;tjzpf trfcdkifjrJzdk;csdefESifh pmMunhfwdkufrSL;tjzpf udkvScifwdkYtm; cefYtyfvdkufygonf/ wuo pnf;rsOf;Oya'ESifhtnD zGJUpnf;NyD;ajrmufcJhaom trIaqmiftzGJUonf 1951 ck? pufwifbmv 28 &ufaeYwGif or*¾taqmuftODü usrf;opömusdefqdkí wm0ef0wå&m;rsm;udk vufcH aqmif½GufcJhygonf/ xdkusrf;opömusdefqdkyGJodkY zdwfMum;csuft& ae;½Sif;owif;pm t,f'DwmcsKyf OD;avm½Hk? jynfolYNidrf;csrf;a&; tzGJUacgif;aqmif OD;atmifoef;ESifh wuoOuú|a[mif; 0efBuD; trfat&m½SpfwdkY
Nidrf;csrf;a&; 'Drdkua&pDa&;BudK;yrf;rI - 1951 rS 1952 - 'Drdkua&pDa&; vltcGifUta&; Nidrf;csrf;a&; trsdK;om;a&;toGif txl;&efyakH iGrS ausmif;ol? ausmif;om; (12) a,mufwYkd tm; axmufyahH Mu;aiG wv 60d^-usyf xkwaf y;&ef oabmwl nDygonf/ xdkYaMumifh wuorS atmufwdkbmv (26) &ufaeYwGif avQmufvTmrsm; ac:,lcJhygonf/ odkY&mwGif oufqdkif&mwdkY\ tvkyfoabmt& ay:aygufcJhaom tcuftcJwdkYaMumifh aiGxkwfay;a&;udpo ö nf aESmifhaES;cJh aomf vnf; ,ckESpf Zlvdkifv twGif;wGif ausmif;ol? ausmif;om; (12) a,mufwdkYtm; wa,mufvQif axmufyHhaMu;aiG (600) usyf wdwdudk ulnDaxmufyhHcJhNyD; jzpfygonf/ axmufyHhaMu;&xdkufolrsm;tm; a½G;cs,f&mü wuoonf atmufygrltwdkif; a½G;cs,fcJhygonf/ (1) ynmBudK;pm;rI½Sdjcif;? (2) aiGtultnD trSefwu,fvdkjcif;? (3) or*¾pdwf½Sdjcif;wdkY jzpfygonf/ trSefpifppf axmufyHhaMu;avQmufol tm;vHk;vdkvdkyif aiGa&;aMu;a&; usyfwnf;rIESihf &ifqdkifvsuf ½Sdolrsm; yif jzpfygonf/ xdYk aMumifv h nf; a½G;cs,f&mü tcuftcJ awGU½Scd &hJ ygonf/ rnfoYkd yifjzpfap uREkyf w f Ykd onf a½G;cs,f&mü txufyg rltwdik ;f wOD;ESiw hf OD; EdiI ;f ,SONf yD; aiGtultnD ydrk v kd t kd yfonf[k MuHpnf,q l &aom ausmif;ol? ausmif;om; (12) a,mufwdkYtm; axmufyhHaMu;aiGrsm;udk xkwfay;cJh&ygonf/ axmufyHhaMu;aiG &½Sdolrsm;rSm1/ raMumif0g; cHkeHygwf - 670 'k-Oypm 2/ r&if&if cHkeHygwf - 84 y-Oypm 3/ udkvSatmif cHkeHygwf - 1014 y-Oypm 4/ udkatmifoef; cHkeHygwf - 978 y-Oypm 5/ udkat;az cHkeHygwf - 198 'k-Oypm 6/ udkxGef;ñGefY cHkeHygwf - 549 y-Oypm 7/ udktkef;az cHkeHygwf - 966 'k-Oypm 8/ udkBudKifxGef; cHkeHygwf - 663 y-Oypm 9/ udkwifjrifh cHkeHygwf - 1106 y-Oypm 10/ udkbwkwf cHkeHygwf - 161 y-Oypm 11/ udkaomif;wif cHkeHygwf - 4 'k-Oypm 12/ udkñGefYarmif cHkeHygwf - 581 y-Oypm wuúov kd f ausmif;ol? ausmif;om;rsm;tm;vH;k usef;rma&;ppfaq;&efukd wuowckwnf;jzifh aqmif½u G &f ef cJ,Of;ojzifh wuorS oufqikd &f modYk tultnDawmif;&m ,ckEpS Of ;D rS ausmif;ol? ausmif;om;tm;vH;k wdYk tm; usef;rm a&;ppfaq;jcif; jyKEdkifcJhygonf/ Edk0ifbmv (23) &ufaeY? trsKd;om;atmifyGJaeYudk ArmEdkifiHvHk;qdkif&mausmif;om;or*¾ (oefY½Sif;aom ausmif;om;xk) rS BuD;rSL;í bDatat abmvHk;uGif;BuD;wGifusif;y&m wuoonf ausmif;om;rsm; OD;pD;aom xkdtcrf;tem;odkY tifwdkuftm;wdkuf wufa&mufNyD; yg0ifqifETJcJhonf/ 'DZifbmvwGif wuúodkvf tif*sifeD,mausmif;om;rsm;or*¾rS rdrdwdkY\ vwfwavm epfemcsufrsm;udk wuúov kd af umifpo D Ykd awmif;qd&k m jiif;y,fojzifh qE´jyoydwaf rSmufc&hJ m wuorS yxrajcvSr;f taejzifh aMunmcsuf xkwfjyefí xkdqE´jyoydwfudk axmufcHcJhygonf/ xkdrSwqifh tif*sifeD,mausmif;om;rsm;\ vufwavm epfemcsuf rsm;udk wuorS wuúov kd af umifpo D Ykd xyfrH wifjyjyefonf/ 1951 ck? 'DZifbmv (7) &ufaeUwGif wuorS ausmif;om; xk tpnf;ta0;ac:,lí nDaemifrsm;jzpfaom tif*sifeD,mausmif;om;rsm;\ awmif;qdkcsufrsm;onf w&m;enf; vrf;usojzifh axmufcHaMumif;jzifh tif*sifeD,mausmif;om;rsm;or*¾\ qE´jyoydwfudk axmufcHaom tm;jzifh wuúodkvfausmif;udkvnf; (7) &ufaeUrS (8) &ufaeY? naetxd (2) &ufwdwd qE´jy u½kPmoydwfarSmuf&ef qH;k jzwf ygonf/ wuoonf tif*sief , D mta&;udk aqmif½u G &f mü tif*sief , D mausmif;om;rsm;or*¾\ wcJeufaom tultnD pnf;vHk;rIudk &½Sdojzifh awmif;qdkcsufrsm;udk auseyfzG,f&m &½SdcJhonf/ e,fcsJUwdkYtm; wdkufcdkuf&if;? toufpGefYoGm;½Smonfh Adkvfatmifausmf\aeUjzpfaom 'DZifbmv (20) &uf? ausmif;om;aeYwGif wuoü ausmif;om;aeY tcrf;tem; usif;ycJhygonf/ Adkvfatmifausmf\ txdrf;trSwftjzpf Adkvfatmifausmf\ udk,fw0uf opfom;½kyfxkonf wuo taqmuftODa½SUwGif ppfrjzpfrDu xifxif½Sm;½Sm; wnf½SdcJhonf/ odkY&mwGif ppfab; ppf'PfaMumihf ,dk,Gif;cJh&ay&m 353

jrefrmEdkifiHausmif;om;vIyf&Sm;rIordkif; - atmifxGef; ,aeUwdkif jyefvnf rwnfaqmufEdkifao;ojzifh þudpöudk ½kyfvHk;ay:onftxd wm0ef,l aqmif½Guf&ef tjrJwrf; tzGUJ wckukd Akv d af tmifausmf txdr;f trSwf &efyakH iGaumfrwD trnfjzihf 'DZifbmv (24) &ufaeYwiG f zGUJ pnf;ay;cJo h nf/ tzGJU0ifvlBuD;rsm;rSmobmywd OD;pdefbef; (wuo? Auo Ouú|) b@ma&;rSL; OD;ydkif (tNidrf;pm; tdkifpDtuf 0wfvHkawmf&) twGif;a&;rSL; OD;ausmfausmf (wuo taxGaxGtwGif;a&;rSL;) trIaqmifrsm; OD;apm[ef (tNidrf;pm; tdkif-pD-tuf) 0efBuD; trfat &m&Spf (wuoOuú|a[mif;) OD;omxGef;atmif (ArmEdkifiH ukefonfBuD;rsm;toif; Ouú|) rpöwm ,lEGwfbmvD (trfat? t,fvft,fvfbD) OD;wifatmif ( wuotrIaqmif) OD;udkudkav; (wuotrIaqmif) OD;wifxGef; ( wuotrIaqmif) OD;0if;az (AuotaxGaxGtwGif;a&;rSL;) OD;pdefvGif (Auo 'k-Ouú|) tD*spfjynfwGif ausmif;om;vli,frsm;ESifh wdkif;&if;om;rsm;tm; zdESdyfcsKyfcs,fvsuf½Sdaom e,fcsJUwdkYtm; ½IUH csaMumif;jzihf Auo (oefY½iS ;f aom ausmif;om;xk) ESihf wuowdYk yl;wGí J qH;k jzwfNyD; aMunmcsuf xkwjf yefco hJ nf/ 19- 10- 51 ckESpf? trIaqmiftzGJU wdkufzsufatmifjrifcJhaom pmar;yGJ 3 BudrfusvQif ausmif;xkwfcH&rnf [laomtcsufukd jyefvnftoufoiG ;f rnfh t&dyv f u©Pmrsm; ay:aygufvmojzihf wuoonf ausmif;om; ud, k pf m; vS,f aumifpDvlBuD;wdkYtm; þjyóemrsKd; ay:aygufvmygu rnfonhf tcsdeftcg ae&mXmera½G; wdkufzsufypf&ef ñTeMf um;cJo h nf/ xkñ d eT Mf um;csut f wdik ;f ausmif;om;ud, k pf m;vS,f wuúov kd af umifpv D Bl uD;rsm;\ BudK;yrf;csuaf Mumihf 1952 ck? Zefe0g&D (12) &ufaeUwGif usif;yaom aumifpDtpnf;ta0;wGif þtcsufonf vHk;0ausysufoGm;NyD jzpfygonf/ ½ku©aA' vufaxmufuxduq&m rpöwmqdkac;? vufaxmufuxdu a':jrpfESifh ausmif;om;&Jabmf (2) OD;\ psmye udpöwGifvnf; tokbydkYaqmif&ef EdI;aqmfvsuf armfawmfum;rsm;jzifh o,f,lydkYaqmifay;cJhygonf/ wuúov kd af umifpo D Ykd awmif;qdck sut f & wuúov kd f ajy;ckeu f pm;yGaJ umfrwDwiG f ausmif;om;ud, k pf m;vS,Ef iS hf q&mOD;a& tnDtrQ yg0ifapvsuf zGJUpnf;ay;cJhygonf/ ausmif;om;udk,fpm;vS,f (5) OD;rSm udktkH;cdkif? udk0if;az? udkoef;0if;? udka½SmMunfESifh udkausmfjrifh wdkYjzpfygonf/ ausmif;aqmifc (17) usyfonf xdu k w f efonfxuf ydrk v kd suf½o dS nf[k ,lqojzihf avQmhayghay;&ef? 1951 ck? 'DZifbmvuyif awmif;qdkcJhaomfvnf; xkdudpörSm tcsdefMumjrifhcJhygonf/ 1952 ck? Zlvdkifv aumifpDtpnf; ta0;wGif pOf;pm;aqG;aEG;í ausmif;om;wOD;twGuf wvvQif aiG (60) usyfxuf rydak pbJ ¤if;aiG (60) usyfukd cGaJ 0&mü ausmif;aqmifcudk avQmhayghapvsuf tpm;taomufbufwGif xyfavmif; xnfhoGif;ay;&ef ausmif;aqmif aumf rwDodkY ñTefMum;ygrnf[k qHk;jzwfonf/ &efukefwuúodkvfwGif 1951-52 ckrS pí tcvGwfynmoifMum;a&;pepf oGwfoGif;cJhaomfvnf; pmar;yGJ 0ifaMu;vGwNf idr;f cGihf r&jcif;rSm tcvGwyf nmoifMum;a&;0g'ESifh qefYusiaf eonf[k ,lqojzihf pmar;yG0J ifciG hf vGwNf idr;f cGijhf yK&ef awmif;qdck yhJ gonf/ odYk &mwGif wuúov kd af umifprD S xdu k pd o ö nf tpd;k &ESifh oufqikd o f jzifh tpd;k &odYk awmif;qdk cJh&m ,cktcsdeftxd jyefMum;jcif; rjyKao;aMumif;jzihf wuoodkY taMumif;jyefcJhygonf/ xkduJhodkY tvkyfwm0efrsm;udk xrf;aqmifcJh&mrS 1952 ck? {NyDvodkY a&muf½SdcJhojzifh aEG&moD ausmif;ydwf&uf twGif; wuo\ tvkyfudpöt00wdkYudk wm0ef,laqmif½Guf&ef aEG&moDwm0efcHrsm;tjzpf udkpdefbef;? udktHk;cdkif? udkausmfausmf? udkwifxGef;ESifh trf cdkifjrJzdk;csdefwdkYtm; cefYtyfcJhygonf/ ausmif;jyefzGifhonfh tcsdefwGif ausmif;om;OD;a& ydkrdkrsm;jym;vmojzihf ae&mxkdifcif; tcuftcJ jyóem ay:aygufvmrnfudk od½Sdonfhtwdkif; wuúodkvf½Sd vdktyfonfh taqmuftODrsm; tjrefqHk; csJUxGifwnfaqmuf&ef BudKwif awmif;qdkcJhygonf/ wuúov kd rf S ausmif;aqmif taqmuftODwckom ,ckEpS t f zdYk aqmufrnf[q k o kd jzihf aemufxyf tenf;qH;k ausmif;om;rsm;twGuf ausmif;aqmif (2) ckESifh ausmif;olrsm;twGuf ausmif;aqmif (1) ,ckESpftzdkY xyfrHwnf 354

Nidrf;csrf;a&; 'Drdkua&pDa&;BudK;yrf;rI - 1951 rS 1952 - 'Drdkua&pDa&; vltcGifUta&; Nidrf;csrf;a&; trsdK;om;a&;toGif aqmufay;&ef awmif;qdkygonf/ xkdawmif;qdkcsuft& wuúodkvfaumifpDrS EdkifiHawmf tpdk;&xHodkY 1952-53 ckESpf twGuf wuúodkvfaxmufyhHaMu; &efyHkaiGwGif vdktyfaomaiGudk xnfhoGif; owfrSwfay;&ef awmif;qdkxm; aMumif;jzihf wuoodkY taMumif;jyefMum; cJhygonf/ ausmif;aqmifrsm;wGif ausmif;ol? ausmif;om;rsm;onf a&½Sm;yg;í a&rvHkravmufjzpfae&m 0if'grD&m½Sd a&avSmifuefrS a&rsm;udk 0,f,&l eftwGuf oufqikd &f mtmPmydik rf sm;ESifh oGm;a&muf pDpOf&ef vnf;aumif;? jzpfEikd rf nf qdkygu ¤if;a&avSmifuefrS wuúodkvfa&avSmifuefodkY ,ckvuf½Sd (3) vufr a&ydkufrS a&&Edkif&eftwGuf &efukef aumfydka&;½Sif;ESifh aphpyf&ef wuúodkvf0if;rSL;tm; wm0efay;jcif;jzihf wuúodkvfaumifpDrS wuo\ awmif;qdkcsufudk aqmif½Gufay;cJhygonf/ wuúodkvfausmif;aqmifrsm;½Sd a&csKd;cef;rsm;ESifh tdrfomrsm; npfywfeHapmfjcif; r½Sd&atmif vdktyfonfh jyifqifcsufrsm; ûyvkyf&ef wuorS awmif;qdkojzihf? wuúodkvf0if; tkyfcsKyfa&;tzGJUodkY aqmif½Guf&ef ñTefMum;NyD; jzpfaMumif;jzihf wuúodkvfaumifpDrS taMumif;jyefMum;cJhygonf/ ausmif;aqmifrsm;½Sd txyfwkdif;wGif aomufa&wdkifuDrsm; xm;ay;&ef awmif;qdkojzihf wuúodkvfaumifpDrS wuúodkvf0if;tkyfcsKyfa&;aumfrwDodkY wm0ef,laqmif½Gufapygonf/ ausmif;ol? ausmif;om;rsm; aexkid rf I tenf;i,foufomaumif;rGeaf p&ef tif;vsm;? bifwef? 0,fvifwef Owå&ausmif;aqmifrsm;ü av;a,mufcef;ESifh ESpfa,mufcef;rsm;udk wa,mufcef;rsm;tjzpf eH&Humay;&ef awmif;qdk ojzihf wuúodkvfaumifpDrS oabmwlnDNyD; aqmif½Guf&ef oufqdkif&modkY ñTefMum;wm0ef,lapygonf/ xkdYtjyif ausmif;aqmifrsm;wGif ausmif;om;wOD;vQif rD;wvH;k usay;&ef awmif;qdo k nfuv kd nf; oabmwlojzihf oufqidk &f mrS wyfqifay;&ef pDpOfaeNyD jzpfygonf/ 0dZÆmwef;rsm;ESifh odyÜHwef;rsm;wGif jrefrmpmudk roifrae& bmomjyKvkyfojzihf wuorS tajctae taMumif; trsK;d rsK;d wdYkaMumihf xku d pd u ö kd &yfqikd ;f xm;&ef wuúov kd af umifpo D Ykd uefYuu G pf m ay;ydYkcyhJ gonf/ þtpD&ifcpH m a&;onfhtcsdef txd wuúodkvfrS rnfodkYrQ jyefMum;jcif; r½Sdao;ojzihf þudpöudk twdtustpD&if rcHEkdifyg/ wuúov kd f omrefpmar;yGrJ sm;ü tydik ;f cGjJ cm;jcif;ESihf trSwpf Oftvdu k f tpDtpOf cGjJ cm;jcif;udk zsuford ;f ay;&ef awmif;qdkcsufudk wuúodkvfqD;edwftzGJUrS oabmwlnDonf[k od½Sd&aomfvnf; þtpD&ifcHpm a&;onfhtcsdeftxd jyefMum;pm r&ao;yg/ 1952 ck? ZGev f wGif wuo taxGaxGtwGi;f a&;rSL; udak usmfausmf cGi, hf o l jzih?f wGzJ uf taxGaxGtwGi;f a&;rSL; udkwifarmifxG#ftm; xkdXmeudk wm0ef,l aqmif½Gufapygonf/ pmar;yGJpepfa[mif;t& ajzqkd&rnhf ausmif;om;rsm;tm; txl;oifwef;rsm;ay;&ef awmif;qdkxm;&m ,ck tpD&ifcHpma&;onhf tcsdeftxd jyefMum;pm r&ao;yg/ 1951-52 ckESpftwGif; wuúodkvfausmif;om;rsm;or*¾ trIaqmiftzGJUonf txufazmfjyyg vkyfief; aqmifwmrsm;udk aqmif½GufcJh&m NyD;ajrmufcJhonfh vkyfief;rsm;vnf; trsm;yif½Sdygonf/ rNyD;jywfao;onfh vkyfief; tcsKdUvnf; ½Sdygonf/ txl;tpD&ifcHvdkonfrSm ausmif;ol? ausmif;om;wdkY\ aexkdifpm;aomufa&;ESifh ywfoufí wuoonf txl;ta&;,l aqmif½GufcJhygonf/ odkY&mwGif xkduJhodkYaom udprö sm;rSm EkdifiHawmftpdk;&ESifh oufqdkif&m tmPmydkifwdkY\ vkyftm;ay:wGif rsm;pGmrSDcdkvsuf ½Sdojzihf ausmif;om;xkESifh wdkif;jynfvlxktm; xkdtcsufudk txl; ESvHk;ydkufMu&ef arwåm&yfcHvdkygonf/ aemif qufvufwm0ef,lMurnfh trIaqmiftzGJUrsm;onf ausmif;om;xk\ vkyfief;rsm;udk atmifjrifpGm xrf;aqmifEdkifMuygap[k uREkfyfwdkY trIaqmiftzGJUu arQmfvifhqkawmif;ygaMumif;/ 1951-52 ckEpS f wuúov kd af umifpo D Ykd wuo\ ud, k pf m;vS,t f jzpf 0wfvakH wmf& OD;ydik f (tNidr;f pm; tdik pf D tuf) ESifh OD;apm[ef (tNidrf;pm; tdkifpDtuf) wdkYtm; cefYtyfygonf/ wuo\ Oya' tMuHay;t&m½Sdtjzpf Oya' uxdu OD;jrifh 0wfvHkawmf&tm; cefYtyfygonf/ wuo\ pm&if;ppftjzpf OD;oef;xl;tm; cefYtyfygonf/ or*¾\ tkyfxdef;oltjzpf OD;uHodef;tm; vnf;aumif;? pma&;tjzpf udktHk;jrifhtm; vnf;aumif;? ½Hk;aptjzpf armifvSausmftm; vnf;aumif; cefYtyfygonf/ b@ma&;Xme tpD&ifcHpm b@ma&;XmeESihf ywfoufí tpD&ifcHvdkonfrSm 1950-51 ckESpf trIaqmiftzGJUrS 0ifaiG? xGufaiG pm&if; ½Sif;wrf; pmtkyfpmwrf;rsm;ESihf wuG vufusefaiG pkpkaygif; 332 usyf 2 yJ (okH;&m oH;k q,fh ESpfusyf ESpfyJ) wdwu d kd 355

jrefrmEdkifiHausmif;om;vIyf&Sm;rIordkif; - atmifxGef; vufcH &½Scd yhJ gonf/ 1951-52 ckEpS t f wGuf or*¾toif;0ifrsm;xHrS 3893 usyf (oH;k axmifh ½Sp&f m ud;k q,fh oH;k usyf) wdwu d kd &½SNd yD;? or*¾taqmuftOD qdik cf ef;rsm;rS (10) vtwGuf 3697d^-8yJ (oH;k axmifh ajcmuf&m ud;k q,fYcek pfusyf ½SpfyJ) wdwdudk &½Sdygonf/ wuúodkvfodkY EdkifiHawmftpdk;&rS xkwfay;aom wuúodkvfaxmufyHhaMu; odef;ig;q,fxJrS or*¾twGuf aiGaygif; 16495 usyf (waomif; ajcmufaxmifh av;&m udk;q,fh ig;usyf) wdwdudk tcsKd;us &½Sdyg onf/ 1951-52 ckESpftwGuf or*¾t&yf&yf 0ifaiGaygif;rSm 24ç417d^-8yJ (ESpfaomif; av;axmifh av;&m wq,fh ckepfusyf ½SpfyJ) wdwdjzpf\/ 1952 ck? Zlvdkifvukeftxd ESpfcsKyfpm&if;ydwfcsdefwGif or*¾vufusefaiG bPfü 3774d18 jym; (oHk;axmif ckepf&m ckepfq,fh av;usyf q,f½Spfjym;) ESifh aiGom; 29d-25jym; (ESpfq,fh udk;usyfESifh ESpfq,hf ig;jym;) ½SdNyD; EdkifiHawmftpdk;&xHrS pwkw¬ywf t&pfusaiGtjzpf 4123d-75jym; (av;axmifh w&m ESpfq,fh oHk;usyf ckepfq,fh ig;jym;) &½Sd&ef ½Sdojzihf pkpkaygif;aiG 7927d-18jym; (ckepfaxmif udk;&m ESpfq,fh ckepfusyfESifh q,fh½Spfjym;) wdwd jzpfygonf/ &efukefwuúodkvf txl;&efyHkaiGrS &½Sdaom aiG 7200d^- (ckepfaxmifh ESpf&musyf) wdwdudk wu,f&NyD; ynmBudK;pm;vdkMuaom ausmif;olausmif;om; (12) OD;wdkYtm; wuorS aeí wvvQif 60d^- (ajcmufq,fusyf)ESifh (10) vtwGuf wa,mufvQif 600d^- (ajcmuf&musyf) wdwdudk axmufyHhaMu;tjzpf xkwfay;EdkifcJhygonf/ wuúodkvfausmif;om;or*¾? wuúodkvfESifU vlxkynmzGHNhzdK;a&;Xme ESpfywfvnftpD&ifcHpm wuúodkvfausmif;om;or*¾? wuúodkvfESifh vlxkynmzGHUNzdK;a&;Xmeudk 1951 ck? pufwifbmv (21) &ufaeYrS pí vufcHaqmif½GufcJh&m atmufygwdkYudk atmifjrifcJhygonf/ 1951 ck? atmufwb kd mv (8) &ufaeUrS pí wuotaqmuftODwiG f ypön;f rJah usmif;om;rsm;ESifh tvkyo f rm;rsm;tm; &nfpl;vsuf aeUpOf nae (4) em&DrS (6) em&D txd tcrJhwuúodkvf0ifoifwef; zGifhvSpfcJh&m t*Fvdyfpm? jrefrmpm? ocsFm? &mZ0if? yx0D? ½lyaA'ESifh "mwkaA' bmom&yfrsm;udk oifMum;jyo ay;ygonf/ xkd tcrJh oif wef;wGif vdt k yfaom ausmif;oH;k ypön;f twGuf ausmif;om;wOD; 0ifaMu;aiG (2) usyfpD aumufcyH gonf/ ausmif;om; ESihftvkyform; (200) cefY wufa&mufoifMum;Muonfudk awGU&ygonf/ ausmif;om;rsm; tusKd;twGufiSm pmrsuf ESm (60) rS (80) txd½Sdaom yx0DrSwfpkrsm; (Geography Notes)? "gwkaA'rSwfpkrsm; (Chemistry Notes)? t*Fvdyf pum;yHkuav;rsm;udk ½kdufESdyfxkwfa0cJh&m yx0DrSwfpkudk usoifhaom tzdk;ESihf a0iScJhygonf/ txufazmfjyyg usefrSwfpk pmtkyfrsm;udk tcrJhxkwfa0ygonf/ 1951 ck? Edk0ifbmv (19) &ufaeYrS pí Oypm odyÜHoifwef; (Tutorial Classes in Pure Science) udk zGifhvSpfjyef&m ausmif;om;aygif; (150) ausmfausmf wufa&mufygonf/ xkdoifwef;wGif (Geometry Questions) rsm; ½dkufESdyfí tcrJha0iSygonf/ 1951 ck? Edk0ifbmv (27) &ufaeYrS pí csif;ausmif;om;or*¾\ awmif;yefcsuft& jrefrmpmwGif tcuftcJ awGUaeMuaom nDawmf? aemifawmfrsm;jzpfMuonfh csif;ausmif;om;rsm;tm; txl;jrefrmpmoifwef;udk zGifhvSpfcJhjyef ygonf/ txufygwdkYudk aqmif½Guf&mü tyifyef;cHum ulnDí wuúodkvfoifwef;wGif oifMum;jyoay;Muaom udk0if;az (t*Fvdyfpm)? udkwifxGef; (t*Fvdyfpm)? udkwifarmif (t*Fvdyfpm)? udkatmifoef; (jrefrmpm)? udktHk;az (jrefrmpm)? udka½T (ocsFm)? udkatmifvSZH (ocsFm)? udkxGef;&if (yx0D)? udkwifarmifBuD; (&mZ0if)? udkxdef0if; ("gwkaA')wdkYtm; vnf;aumif;? Oypmwef;wGif oifMum;ay;onhf q&mOD;oef;0if; (B.S.c)? Alr.R.C Shaker (B.S.c)? udkuHñGefU? udkudkav;wdkYtm; vnf;aumif;? q&mOD;atmifcif (bDat)? udkausmfausmf (bDat) ? udkwifatmif (bDat) wdkYtm; vnf;aumif; aus;Zl;Oyum& wif½SdygaMumif; rSwfwrf;wiftyfygonf/ txufyg aqmif½Gufcsufrsm;udk Munfhjcif;tm;jzihf wdkawmif;vSpGmaom tcsdeftwGif;ü vkyfief;aqmifwm awmfawmfrsm;rsm; atmifjrifonfudk awGU&ojzifh þXmetwGuf tm;&auseyfzG,f½Sdonf[k xifjrifrdygonf/ jyefMum;a&;Xme ESpfywfvnftpD&ifcHpm &efukefwuúodkvfausmif;om;rsm;or*¾ trIaqmiftzGJU jyefMum;a&;Xme\ 1951-52 ckESpf tvkyf oufwrf;twGif; aqmif½GufNyD;ajrmufcJhaom vkyfief;&yfrsm;udk tpD&ifcHygonf/ jyefMum;a&;Xmeonf atmufyg&nf½G,fcsufrsm;udk xm;½SdNyD; xkd&nf½G,fcsufrsm;ESifh udkufnD&ef pGrf;orQ tvkyfwm0efrsm;udk aqmif½GufcJhonf/ 356

Nidrf;csrf;a&; 'Drdkua&pDa&;BudK;yrf;rI - 1951 rS 1952 - 'Drdkua&pDa&; vltcGifUta&; Nidrf;csrf;a&; trsdK;om;a&;toGif 1/ wuoonf ausmif;om;xkESifh ruif;uGmbJ tjrJwap qufpyfrI½Sd&ef/ 2/ ausmif;om;xkESihf jynfolvlxk\ qufqHa&;wGif ajyjypfrI ½Sd&eftwGuf taxmuftyHhjyK&ef/ 3/ wuúov kd Ef iS hf ausmif;om;xk\ tjzpftysuftajctaetrSeu f kd wdik ;f jynfoYkd wuoonf ausmif;om; xkESihf ruif;uGmbJ qufpyfrI½Sd&ef? ausmif;om;xk\ ynma&;? aexkdifpm;aomufa&; tp½SdonfESifh pyfvsOf;í epfemcsufrsm;? awmif;qdkcsufrsm;? atmifjrifrIrsm;/ qHk;½HI;rIrsm;udk aMunmcsufrsm; xkwfjyefí today;cJhonf/ wuo\ vkyfief;ESifh vIyf½Sm;rI[lorQudkvnf; aMunmcsufrsm;jzifh today;cJhonf/ ausmif;om;xkEiS fh jynfov l x l \ k qufqaH &;wGif ajyjypfom,map&ef aMunmcsufrsm;ESihf wrsKd;? owif;pm rsm;\ tultnDrsm;jzihf woG,f enf;vrf;½SdorQ aqmif½Gufay;cJhygonf/ ausmif;om;xkESihf pyfvsOf;í vnf;aumif;? wuúodkvfESihf pyfvsOf;í vnf;aumif;? wuoESifh pyfvsOf;í vnf;aumif;? txifrSm; tjrifrSm; jzpfaeaom udp&ö yfrsm;udk wdkif;jynf\ em;rsufpdozG,f jzpfaom owif;pmrsm;rS tcsdefrD BudK;pm; ajz½Sif;ay;cJhygonf/ jyefMum;a&;Xmeonf r*¾Zif;XmeESifh yl;wGJí wuo\ tmabmftjzpf wywfwcg owif;pOf xkwfa0&ef BudK;yrf;ygaomfvnf; taMumif;trsKd;rsKd;aMumifh ,ckESpftzdkY rxkwfa0Edkifjcif;udk 0rf;enf;ygonf/ rnfodkYyifjzpfap jyefMum;a&;Xme\ t"du aqmif½Guftyfaom udpörsm;twGuf txl;aus;Zl;wifygonf/ OD;armif 'k-OuúX wuo

(q) Auorsm;tzGUJ csKyf nDvmcH (1952-53) Auorsm;tzGJUcsKyfnDvmcHudk wuotaqmuftODcef;rwGif usif;yjcif;jzpfonf/ jynfwGif;Nidrf;csrf;a&; jyóemudk nDvmcHodkY rwifjyrD aqG;aEG;ñSdEIdif;Muonf/ oabmwlnDrIr&? rnfonfh tkyfpkzufurQ ravQmhyg/ nDvmcH vkyfxHk;vkyfenf;t& ¤if;udpöESifh ywfoufaomtqdkudk pdppfa&; aumfrwDodkY wifonf/ tqdkyg pdppfa&; aumfrwD tpnf;ta0;udk nydkif;wGif wHcg;ydwf tpnf;ta0; vkyfcJhonf/ rNyD;rqHk; jzpfaeaomtcg rEÅav;rS ud, k pf m;vS,f udo k mEd;k (aemif usL½Siq f &m)? rEÅav;c½dik f ausmif;om;or*¾rS udb k ek ;f Edik w f Ykdonf tpnf;ta0; tjyifrmS &efyzJG efw;D onf/ vkyMf uHzefw;D rIjzpfonf/ jynfwiG ;f Nidr;f csr;f a&;ESihf ywfoufaomtqku d kd nDvmcHoYkd wifjy&ef qH;k jzwf vdkufonf/ xkdaeY nDvmcH pwifusif;yaomtcg jynfwGif;Nidrf;csrf;a&;udpö tBudwfte,f aqG;aEG;Muonf/ Policy udpöjzpfí rnfonfh tkyfpkurS tavQmhray;? nDvmcHudk acwå&yfqdkif;í jyefpcJhonf/ Auorsm;tzJcYG sKyf nDvmcHobifBu;D Ny;D qH;k oGm;aomaehwiG f AuoXmecsKyf tvkyt f rIaqmifrsm;ESiUf e,fausmif;om; ud, k pf m;vS,af wmfrsm;udk þodahk wG&Y \ Source: Aung Tun Original Copy

357

jrefrmEdkifiHausmif;om;vIyf&Sm;rIordkif; - atmifxGef; udpk ;kd odr;f ? udrk if;vGi?f ud, k w k Ykd u tkypf k (3) ckukd acgif;aqmif aqG;aEG;Muonf/ rJcq JG ;Hk jzwf&ef tajctaeodYk a&mufcJhaomfvnf; udkpdk;odrf;u xkdtajctaeodkY ra&muf&ef BudK;pm;cJhonf/ trsKd;om;a&; jyóemudk nDvmcHwGif rJcGJqHk;jzwf&aom tajctae a&mufyguvnf; rsm;pGm t½kyfqdk;ayrnf/ wdk;wuftiftm;pk\ OD;aqmifrIESifh pnf;½Hk; a&;rsm;pGm xdcdkufayrnf/ OD;aqmifyl;wGJaumfrwD (Joint Committee) wGif jyefñSd&ef a½TUqdkif;vdkufonf/ tqdkyg nDvmcHü udkvS0if; (aemif ñTefMum;a&;rSL;? tqifhjrifh)u]]uRefawmfwdkY wdk;wufausmif;om; tiftm;pkudk owif;tcsKdU? txl;ojzifh jrefrmhtvif; owif;pm? Armhacwf? t*Fvdyf ae½Sif;owif;pm ponfwdkYu vuf0JuGefjrLepfrsm;[k owfrSwfxm;onf/ tmPm&tzGJUtpnf;u ajray:ajratmuf twdu k t f cH vuf0t J iftm;pkrsm;\ ud, k pf m;vS,rf sm;[k rSw, f x l m;onf/ rdrw d Ykdonf rnfoUl MoZmcHrS r[kwf e,fcsJUqdkvQif tar&duef e,fcsJUomr[kwf? ½k½Se,fcsJUvmvQifvnf; wdkufrSmyJ}} [k obmywd rdefcGef;wGif pdwfvdkufrmefyg a[majymoGm;onf/

(Z) Auorsm;tzGUJ csKyf tvkyt f rIaqmiftzGUJ (rl&if;wGif aysmufqHk;ae) (ps) wuowGif wd;k wufwYkd ta&G;cH&jcif; (1952-53) oefY½Sif;aom ausmif;om;tiftm;pkrsm;onf cdkifrmwdusvSaom EdkifiHa&;cH,lcsuf r½Sdjcif;? wdk;wufaom EdkifiHa&;t,ltq? 0g'oabmw&m;? tawG;tac:rsm;udk qefYusifjcif;? tmPmydkifrsm;\ zdESdyfcsKyfcs,frI trsKd;rsKd;udk jywfom;pGm&ifqikd &f aJ om pdw"f gwfr½Sjd cif;? ¤if;wdYk \ Nidr;f csr;f pGm ynmoifMum;a&; tay:wGio f m ausmif;om;ta&;ESihf jynfolYta&;udk bmrQrvkyfbJ at;at;csrf;csrf; ynmoifMum;a&;udk tajccHMujcif;? ausmif;om;ta&;rsm;tm; tmPmydkifrsm;ESifh aphpyfa&;udkom t"duxm; tajccHjcif;wdkYaMumifh ausmif;om;xkMum; OD;aqmifrIusqif;vmonf/ oefY½Sif;wdkYu ausmif;om;ta&;ESifh rdbjynfolwdkY\ta&; rqdkif[k cH,louJhokdY jzpfaeonf/ wzufwGifvnf; wdk;wuftiftm;pkrsm;u ausmif;om;ta&;ESifh rdbjynfolrsm;ta&;onf twlwlyif jzpfonf/ rdbjynforl sm;twGuf b0vHjk cHKrI r½Sv d Qif zdEydS cf aH e&vQif ukeaf ps;EIe;f rsm; wufaevQif rdbwdYk \ om;orD; ausmif;om;rsm;onf Nidrf;csrf;pGm ynmoifMum;a&;udk xdcdkufrnf[k wdk;wufausmif;om; tiftm;pkrsm;uvnf; vufcHxm;Muonf/ rdbrsm; b0vHkjcHKrI½SdrS? zGHUNzdK;wdk;wufrI? zdESdyfcsKyfcs,frIrsm;uif;rS ausmif;om;rsm;twGuf ynmoifMum;a&; vdt k yfcsufrsm; jynfph í kH Nidr;f csrf;pGm ynmoifMum;Edik rf nfjzpfonf/ ¤if;wdYk twGuf wdu k yf 0JG if&rnf[k cH,lavonf/ þodkYjzifh wdk;wufausmif;om;tiftm;pk pnf;½Hk;a&;tiftm;aumif;vmonf/ wuúodkvfvli,ftzGJU (Versity Youth) ESifh ñSdEIdif;í wuoa½G;aumufyGJ 0ifcJhonf/ odkYaomf xkdESpfwGif wdk;wufwdkY Ouú|tjzpf ta½G;cHEdkifaom wuotrIaqmifjzpfzl;ol r½Sd/ wuo pnf;rsOf;t& trIaqmifjzpfzl;olom Ouú|tjzpf ta½G;cHEkid fcGif½o dS nf/ OuúX jzpfNyD;uvnf; xyfrH ta½G;cHEdkifcGifh r½Sd/ wuopnf;rsOf;onf tvGefcdkifrmwdusonf/ xkdpnf;rsOf;a&;qGJolrsm;udkvnf; aus;Zl;wif&rnf/ wuopnf;rsO;f t& yxrtokwf Ouú|? 'k-Ouú|ESihf aiGxed ;f a½G;&onf/ aiGxed ;f onf bGUJ &NyD; ausmif;wuf aeol jzpf&rnf/ 'kwd,tokwfwGif trIaqmif (6) OD; a½G;&onf/ xkd (6) OD; teuf taxGaxGtwGi;f a&;rSL;ESihf usef vkyfief;rsm; tvdkuf wm0efcHrsm; a½G;cs,f&onf/ xkdtrIaqmif (9) OD;u wm0efcHESifh pmMunfhwkdufrSL;udk a½G;cs,f& onf/ xkdYaMumifh wuowGif trIaqmif (11) OD;xuf avsmhvQifvnf; r&? ydkívnf; r&yg/ tdk;a0r*¾Zif; wm0efcH ESihf pmMunfhwdkufrSL;rsm;onf useftrIaqmifrsm;ESifh wef;wltcGifhta&;½Sdaom trIaqmiftzGJU0ifrsm;jzpfonf/

(n) 1952-53 wuotrIaqmiftzGUJ 1/ udkudkBuD; 2/ udkBudKif 3/ udkpdefoif; 4/ udkatmifbef; 358

Ouú| 'k-Ouú| aiGxdef; taxGaxGtwGif;a&;rSL;

(udkudkBuD;? udkudkav;tkyfpk) (wuúodkvfvli,ftkyfpk) (wdk;wuf)

Nidrf;csrf;a&; 'Drdkua&pDa&;BudK;yrf;rI - 1951 rS 1952 - 'Drdkua&pDa&; vltcGifUta&; Nidrf;csrf;a&; trsdK;om;a&;toGif 5/ udkcifarmifjrifh vlxkqufoG,fa&;ESifh aygif;oif;qufqHa&;wm0efcH (wdk;wuf) 6/ udkausmf0if; wGJzuftaxGaxGtwGif;a&;rSL;ESifh owif;jyefMum;a&;wm0efcH 7/ udkMunfñGefY EdkifiHjcm;qufoG,fa&;wm0efcH 8/ udk0if;armif upm;ckefpm;ESifh ,Ofaus;rIjr§ifhwifa&; 9/ udkwifhvGif ausmif;om;oufomacsmifcsda&;wm0efcH 10/ udkbaumif; tdk;a0r*¾Zif;wm0efcH t,f'Dwm (yxru udkvS0if;) 11/ udkoef;armif pmMunfhwdkufrSL; -wdkYjzpfonf/ xkdESpf wuorS BuD;rSL;í Nidrf;csrf;a&;? 'Drdkua&pDa&;? ausmif;om;b0 om,majzmifhjzL;a&; OD;wnfcsuf rsm;ESifh yxrqHk;tBudrf ausmif;om;yGJawmfudk wuúodkvfe,fajrwGif pnfum;pGm usif;yEdkifcJhonf/ xdkyGJawmf usif;y Edkifjcif;onf ausmif;om;xkESifh wdk;wufausmif;om;tiftm;pk\ atmifyGJjzpfonf/ ausmif;om;xktMum; pnf;½Hk;a&; ydrk &kd vmonf/ ausmif;om;yGaJ wmfukd Edik if aH &;t"dygÜ ,f jynf0h pGm usif;ycJjh cif;jzpfí tmPm& zqyvtpd;k &rSm emomcH cuf jzpfcJhonf/ wuowGif wdk;wufausmif;om;tiftm;pk OD;aqmifrI&vmjcif;onf ¤if;wdkYtwGuf BuD;rm;aom twdkuftcHtkyfpk jzpfvmjcif;[k oabmxm;vmMuonf/

(#) td;k a0r*¾Zif; (52-53 ckEpS )f yg uAsm? aqmif;yg;

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359

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360

Nidrf;csrf;a&; 'Drdkua&pDa&;BudK;yrf;rI - 1951 rS 1952 - 'Drdkua&pDa&; vltcGifUta&; Nidrf;csrf;a&; trsdK;om;a&;toGif tajcqdk; taeqdk;odkY a&mufolwdkif; udk,fhtoufudk wefzdk;rxm;bJ? jzpfvdk&mjzpf ZGwfESpfí vkyfMurnfrSm tHhMop&m r[kwfacs/ 'ku©udk 'ku©[lí rrSwfxifEdkifbJ vlYtjzpfESifh &oifh&xkdufaom vlYtcGifhta&;av;rsm;udk at;csrf;NidrfoufpGm awmif;qdk&ef twGuf rdkif (300) ausmfrQaom c&D;udk ajcvsifvmMuonfh tvkyform;rsm;tm; vlpdwfusyfjynfh ½Sdolwdkif;? udk,fcsif;pmum n§mwmaxmufxm;Muayrnf jzpfaomfvnf; e,fcsJUtpdk;&u þt&rf;rJh t"r®EdSyfuGyfaejcif;jzifh olwdkY\ qdk;npfaom twGif;oP²mefudk ydkrdkay:vGifatmif jyKvkyf&ma&mufaeayonf/ t"r®w&m; vufudkifxm;aom e,fcsJUpepfukdvnf; tjrefqHk; wdkufzsufEdkifatmif vlrsm;tm; qGJay;ae&m a&mufavonf/ tvkyform;rsm;ESifh uRefawmfwdkY pum;ajymaeMupOf ausmif;tjyifzuf vrf;rwGif jrif;pD;ykvdyf/ aemuf rvSrf; rurf;wGifum; wkwf½SnfBuD;rsm; qGJudkifxm;aom ykvdyfom ½dk;½dk; (15) a,mufcefY vrf;avQmufaeonf/ uRefawmfonf udkAaqGudk vSrf;Munfh&m oluvnf; uRefawmfhudk jyeftMunfheJY qHkaeavonf/ ¤if;aemuf uRefawmfuyif teD;½Sd ocifazoef;tm; ]]uRefawmfwdkY cifAsm;wdkYeJYtwl tvkyform;awGudk csKyfcs,fxm;wmudk wdkufzsufr,f/ tvkyform;awG rauG;u xGufoGm;MurS uRefawmfwdkY a&eHacsmif;udk qufoGm;awmhr,f}} [k ajymjyvdkufavonf/ cPMumvQif ocifxdef0if;ESifh ocifpdk;wdkY a&mufvmMuí (5) OD;om; a½SYvkyfief;rsm;twGuf wdkifyifMuNyD; at;at;oufomESifh udpöNyD;Edkifu NyD;zdkYtwGuf ta&;ydkifESifhawGUqHk&ef pDpOfMuonhftwdkif; aemuf (2) &ufwGif ta&;ydkifxH vludk,fwdkifwzHk? pmESifhwwef qufoG,fum tvkyform;rsm; csDwufa&;udpöudk vkyfMuavonf/ odYk aomf ta&;ydik rf mS uRefawmfwYkd tm; wywf½u kd u f m tcsdeq f aJG eonfukd od&aomtcg olEiS q hf ufvuf pum;urf;vSr;f jcif; rjyKawmhbJ yk'rf (144) udk csKd;zsufí qufvufcsDwuf&efuo kd m jyifqifMuavonf/ uRefawmfwYkd u vlBuD;yDyD qufqyH gvsuf ta&;ydkifrSm uRefawmfwdkYtay: taumufOmPfMuHum uRefawmfhwdkYtm; zrf;0&rf;udk wiful; xkwfxm;cJh avonf/ oydwform;wyfudk 'DZifbmv (12) &uf eHeufwGif csDwuf&ef pDpOfxm;aomfvnf; uRefawmfwdkY (5) OD;rSm xkdaeY eHeufaetm½Hkudk vGwfvGwfvyfvyf rjrifawGU&awmhbJ vGefcJhaomaeYn (7) em&Duyif uRefawmfwdkYrSm rauG;*wf tcsKyfcef;twGif; a&mufcJhMuavonf/ uRefawmfwdkYtm; zrf;qD;onhf tcsdefupí ykvdyftrIxrf;rsm;u ½dkufESufMuojzifh ausmif;oluav;rsm;ESifh ausmif;om;trsm;tjym; 'Pf&mtemw& &½Sdí tmZmenf udkatmifausmf toufaoqHk;&onfh tcsdefwdkifatmif tjzpftysufrsm;udkum; tjyifu vlrsm;rSm uRefawmfwdkYxuf ydkrdkodMuayonf/ odkYaMumifh ,ckausmif;om;ta&;awmfyHkESifh qdkifaom tcsKdUajz½Sif;zG,f tcsufrsm;udkom a&;vdkygonf/ ¤if;wdkYrSm(1) uRefawmfESifh udkAaqGudk zrf;aomaMumifh ausmif;om;rsm; þrQ qlylvm&onf/ (2) ausmif;om;rsm;rSm rdrdwdkYESifh rqdkifaom EdkifiHa&;wGif 0ifpGufonf/ (3) ausmif;om;rsm;udk EdkifiHa&;orm;rsm;u vufudkifwkwftjzpf toHk;csaeonf/ (4) ausmif;om;rsm;onf ocifrsm;ESifh aygif;onf/ (1) uRefawmfESifh udkAaqGudk zrf;vdkufojzifh ausmif;om;rsm; þrQqlylvm&onf/ odkYr[kwfvQif ausmif;om;rsm; ausmif;wGif pmtoifysufrnf r[kwf[laom xifjrifcsufrSm tcsKdUw0ufom rSefayonf/ txufwGif a&;om;cJhonfh twdkif; ,ckacwf ausmif;om;rsm;rSm a½S;uvdk eH&Hav;zuf ywfvnf0dkif;xm;aom ausmif;pmoifcef;udk rdrdavmu tjzpfxm;um ausmif;pmtkyfrsm;wGifom pdwf0ifpm;jcif; rjyKawmh? rdrdudk,fudk ta&;ygaom wdkif;oljynfom; tjzpfodkY jr§ifhwifvdkufum jynfoljynfom;tm;vHk;ESifh oufqdkifaom jyóemtm;vHk;wGifvnf; pdwf0ifpm;vmavonf/ ¤if;tjyif ausmif;om;rsm;rSm ausmif;om;[laom vlwrsKd;tjzpfESifh bHkaygufvmMuolrsm; r[kwfojzifh rdrd\ rdb? OD;av;paom aoG;csif;om;csif; wdkif;oljynfom;rsm; twd'ku©a&mufvQif rdrdwdkYvnf; a&muf&onf/ wdkif;ol jynfom;rsm; ab;'ku©a&mufí wGef;vSefwdkufcdkufvQif rdrduvnf; 0ifa&muf wdkufcdkuf&rnf[k oabmydkufvmMuav onf/ xkdYaMumifhyif ,ckwdkif;jynfrSm e,fcsJUpepfaMumifh ab;'ku©taygif; wqifhxufwqifh awGUMuHKcHpm; ae&aomtcg ausmif;om;rsm;rSmvnf; at;at;vlvl raeEdkifMubJ xdyfxufrD;yljzifh wdkif;jynfudk rnfodkYul&rnfudk tcsuf½SmaeMu avonf/ wdkif;oljynfom; qif;&Jom;tvkyform;rsm;twGuf uRefawmfwdkYudk zrf;vdkufaomtcgwGifum; tqifoifh jyifqifNyD; jzpfaom ausmif;om;rsm;udk qlyl&ef tcgay;vdkufouJhodkY jzpfoGm;avonf/ tu,fí uRefawmfwdkYudk rzrf;bJaeygu ,ckvdk jzpfysufqJjzpfaom ausmif;om;ta&;awmfyHkonf ,cktcsdefwGif rjzpfbJ tcsdefajymif;csif ajymif;oGm;ayrnf/ odkYaomf rjzpfbJum; rae? taES;ESifhtjref jzpfay:&awmhrnf/ pifppfaomfum; uRefawmfwdkYudk zrf;vdkufjcif;rSm aygufuGJ tHhqJqJjzpfaom ,rf;tdk;BuD;udk rD;tzGm;zGm; csvdkufjcif;om jzpfayonf/ ,ckausmif;om;ta&;awmfyHkonf uRefawmfwkdY (2) OD;tm; zrf;qD;jcif;tay:wGif vHk;0 t&if;rwnfaMumif;udk oufaotxift½Sm; jyrnf/ uRefawmfwkdY (2) OD;udkzrf;qD;í rauG;axmifBuD;twGif; tcsKyfESifhxm;pOf? 'DZifbmv (14) &ufaeY eHeuf (9) em&D cefYavmufwGif tcGefawmf0efBuD;csKyf OD;bOD;onf &efukefrSaeí uRefawmfwdkY½Sdaom rauG;axmifodkY w,fvDzkef;quf

361

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362

Nidrf;csrf;a&; 'Drdkua&pDa&;BudK;yrf;rI - 1951 rS 1952 - 'Drdkua&pDa&; vltcGifUta&; Nidrf;csrf;a&; trsdK;om;a&;toGif t½Hk;onfvnf; xkdYtwl? odkYaMumifhyif or*¾toif;ESifh wdkYArmtpnf;t½Hk;wdkYrSm vGJa½Smifí r&atmif vkyfief;pcef;wGif yl;aygif;Mu&avonf/ ausmif;om;rsm;or*¾ OuúXa[mif; udkatmifqef;onf ,ck ocifatmifqef;tjzpf wdkYArmtpnf;t½Hk;wGif a&mufae\/ aemifwiG u f m; udak tmifqef;ajc&mcHum wdYk Armtpnf;t½H;k udk wyfcsDí0ifMurnfh ausmif;om;rsm;udk jrifa,mif aeao;onf/

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urÇmah usmif;om;rsm;tzGcYJ sKyf

Source: Oway Magazines

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jrefrmEdkifiHausmif;om;vIyf&Sm;rIordkif; - atmifxGef; ½SdwJhteuf pmrwwfolaygif; (70ç000ç000) ½Sdwm awGU&w,f/ e,fcsJUvufatmuf a&mufaewJh tD&efrSm pmrwwfol 80 &mcdkifEIef;? ajrmuftmz&duwdkufrSm 90 &mckdifEIef;? Edkif*sD;&D;,m;rSm 90 &mckdifEIef;? tdEd´,rSm 87 &mckdefEIef;? tif'dkeD;½Sm;rSm 90 &mckdifEIef;? ArmjynfrSmvnf; 60 &mckdifEIef; tp½Sdojzifh awGU&jyefw,f/ onftcsufrsm;aMumifh ausmif;om;awG&JU ynmoifMum;Edkifa&;[m zufqpf? e,fcsJUpepf qefYusifa&;wdkufyGJeJU cJGjcm;r&bl;vdkY ausmif;om;awGtaeeJY t,l½SdvmMuw,f/ 1939 ck? Edk0ifbmv (17) &ufaehrSm emZDzufqpfrsm;u csufudkpvdkAufuD;,m;eJY tjcm;Oa&my wd k i f ;jynf r S m ½S d wJ h ,l e D A mpD wD ? txuf wef ;ausmif ;awG yd wf y pf j cif ;ud k uefYuGufwJhtaeeJY wurÇmvHk;rSm½SdwJh ausmif;om;awG[m ]urÇmh ausmif;om;rsm;aeh} tjzpf ,ckxd ESpfpOfESpfwdkif; usif;yaeMuw,f/ tar&duef or®wa[mif; wOD;jzpfwJh ½kpbJh ½SdpOftcgu qdk&if ¤if;aeYrSm urÇmt&yf&yf ½Sd ausmif;om;rsm; xH odkY toHvTifh tm;ay;pum; ajymcJhw,f/ odkYaMumifhyif twdkif;wdkif;? tjynfjynfrS ausmif;om;rsm;onf twdwfoifcef;pmrsm;udk cH,lum aemufaemifwGif olwdkY\ ynmoifMum;a&;udk rwm;qD;Edkif&eftwGuf pkaygif; umuG,frnfh urÇmhausmif;om;tzGJUcsKyfBuD; wcktaeESifh ½Sdoifh½Sdtyfonf[k oabmaygufum ¤if;tzGJUcsKyfBuD; wnfaqmufEdkifa&;twGuf BudK;pm;Muw,f/ tzGJUcsKyfwnfaqmufa&;udk BudK;pm;MuwJh ausmif;om;rsm;xJwGif tar&duef? t*Fvef? qdkAD,uf? jyifopf? w½kwfjynf tp½Sdonfh BuD;ig;BuD;EdkifiHrS ausmif;om;rsm;omru 'def;rwf? qGD'if? ,l*dkpvm;AD;,m;? tdEd´,? aemfa0;ESifh tjcm;wdkif;jynfrsm;rS ausmif;om;rsm;vnf; yg0ifMuwmudk awGY&w,f/ 'Dtm;vHk;aom ausmif;om;rsm;&JU BudK;yrf; csufaMumifh 1946 ck? Mo*kwfvxJrSm urÇmY ausmif;om;tzGJUcsKyfBuD; taeeJY rm;rm;rwfrwf ay:xGufcJhw,f/ 'DtzGJUcsKyfBuD;udk wnfaxmifwJh urÇmYausmif;om; uGef*&ufBuD;rSmqdk&ifvnf; wdkif;jynfaygif; (43) EdkifiHrS ausmif;om; udk,fpm;vS,fawG wufa&mufaqG;aEG; wnfaxmif cJhw,f/ þodkUjzifh urÇmhausmif;om;tzGJUcsKyfBuD;udk wkdif;jynfwkdif;u ausmif;om;awG&JU vHk;yrf;rIaMumihf atmifjrifpGm wnfaxmifvdkufMuwmudk awGU½Sd&w,f/ (2) &nfrSef;csufESifU tajccH0g'vrf;pOf vlYavmuBuD; om,m
364

Nidrf;csrf;a&; 'Drdkua&pDa&;BudK;yrf;rI - 1951 rS 1952 - 'Drdkua&pDa&; vltcGifUta&; Nidrf;csrf;a&; trsdK;om;a&;toGif vlwdkif; ynmoifMum;Edkifa&;twGuf awmif;qdkwdkufyGJ0ifcJhwJh wdkif;jynfwdkif;u ausmif;om;vIyf½Sm;rIawGudk wzGJUcsif; taeESifhaomfvnf;aumif; tm;ay;vkyfaqmifulnDcJhwm awGU&w,f/ udkvdkeDeJY? udkvdkeDwydkif; wdkif;jynfrsm;rS ausmif;om;rsm; b0vGwfajrmufa&; wdkufyGJudkvnf; tpGrf;ukef tm;ay;ulnD aqmif½GufMuw,f/ ¤if;wkdif;jynfrS ausmif;om;rsm;tm; 'Drdkua&pDopfEdkifiHwGif urÇmhausmif;om;tzGJUcsKyfBuD;\ axmufyHhaMu; &efyHkaiGjzihf ynmoifMum;ay;jcif;? udkvkdeDEdkifiHrsm;½Sd ausmif;om;rsm;tm; oufqdkif&m bmom&yfESifh ywfoufaom pmtkyfrsm; ay;ydkYjcif;? usef;rma&;twGuf aq;rsm;? aq;ypönf;rsm;? "gwfrSefpufrsm;? olemjyKum;rsm; ay;ydkYjcif;wdkYudk tzGJUcsKyfBuD;taeeJY jyKvkyfaqmif½GufcJhw,f/ 'gwGifruao;bJ tqkwfema0'em pGJuyfaom txl;ojzifh udkvdkeDEdkifiHrS ausmif;om;rsm;twGuf tqkwfemukaq;½Hkrsm;udk ausmif;om;tzGJUtpnf;rsm;\ tultnDjzifh csufudk pvdkAufuD;,m;ESifh yDuif;wGif wnfaqmuf ay;xm;jyefw,f/ ¤if;aemuf wwkdif;jynf ausmif;om;rsm; tajctae? b0aexkdifrI? ynma&;tqifhtwef;udk wjcm;wdkif;jynf rsm;rS ausmif;om;wdkY em;vnfoabmaygufap&ef ynmay;onhf ynma&;pmapmifrsm;udkvnf; xkwfa0jzefYjzL;ao; w,f/ ausmif;om;tcsif;csif; em;vnfrI? cspfMunfrI &½Sda&;twGuf wdkif;jynftcsif;csif; vSnfhvnfvnfywfjcif; ponfh aqmif½Gufcsufrsm;udkvnf; vkyfay;cJhw,f/ txl;tjcm;qHk;ESifh &mZ0ifwGif ay:vGifvSaom vkyfaqmifcsufwckum; urÇmhausmif;om;ESifh vli,frsm;&JU Nidrf;csrf;a&; yGJawmfBuD;jzpfw,f/ 'DNidrf;csrf;a&;yGJawmf jyKvkyfay;wJh &nf½G,fcsufuawmh vli,f? ausmif;om;awGudk vlY,Ofaus;rI tpOftvmeJY vlUavmuzGHUNzdK;a&;udk zsufqD;acsrIef;ypfonhf ppfudk ½GHUrkef;ap&efeJY ESpfoufzG,faom Nidrf;csrf;om,ma&; pdwf"gwfrsm; cdkifrmap&efjzpfw,f/ 'DyGJawmfBuD;[m (2) ESpfjcm;wcg jyKvkyfusif;yw,f/ yGJawmf BuD;udk wdkif;jynftoD;oD;rS vli,f? ausmif;om;rsm; axmifaomif; csDwuf qifETJMuw,f/ yGJawmfrSm vli,f? ausmif;om;awG[m wOD;eJY wOD; &if;ESD;pGm qufqHNyD; aysmf½TifpGm uckefMuwmudk awGU&w,f/ yGJawmfBuD;twGif;rSm wdkif;jynftoD;oD;u vli,fausmif;om;awG[m rdrdwkdYa'oqdkif&m ,Ofaus;rI? tEkynm? tpOf tvm? tutckef? *Dwrsm;udk wifjyMuw,f/ þuJhodkY wdkif;jynf\ "avhxHk;pH? ,Ofaus;rI? *Dw? tutckefrsm;udk wifjyMujcif;tm;jzifh wOD;&JU ,Ofaus;rI? wOD;&JU "avhxHk;pH tpOftvm tEkynmawGudk av;pm;aom pdwf"gwfrsm; &½SdNyD; wdkif;jynfcsif; Nidrf;csrf;pGmwnfwHha&;udk vli,f? ausmif;om;awGtaeeJY xifxif½Sm;½Sm; uGif;uGif;uGufuGuf jrifvmMuw,f/ wOD;eJY wOD; rkef;wD;rI enf;yg;NyD; vmcJhMuw,f/ vlrsKd;csif; rkef;wD;rIudk zefwD;ydkYaqmifapwJh 0g'qdk;rdIif;awGudk ½GUHrkef;vmMuw,f/ wjynfeJY wjynf? vlrsKd;wrsKd;eJY wrsKd;? wdkufcdkufvdkrI? tkyfpdk;csKyfcs,fvdkrIqdkwJh raumif;pdwfxm; awG[mvnf; vGifhpifyaysmufukefw,f/ onfaemuf yGJawmfBuD; twGif;rSmyJ wdkif;jynfwdkif;u upm;ckefupm;a&; 0goemygwJh vli,f? ausmif;om; awGtwGuf rdwfaqGjzpf upm;ckefpm;NydKifyGJBuD;rsm; jyKvkyfay;jcif;jzifhvnf; cspfcif&if;ESD;rIudk wnfaqmuf ay;ao;w,f/ aemufqHk;taeeJY qufvufwifjy&r,fqdk&if 'DaeY urÇmhausmif;om;tzGJUcsKyfBuD;[m wdkif;jynfwdkif;vdkvdku ausmif;om;rsm;&JU tzGJUcsKyfBuD; jzpfw,f/ tzGJUcsKyfBuD;udk wdkif;jynfwdkif;u apvTwfxm;wJh ausmif;om;udk,fpm;vS,f awGu tkyfcsKyfvkyfaqmifw,f/ tzGJUcsKyfBuD;&JU &efyHkaiG[mvnf; toif;0iftzGJUtpnf;rsm;&JU qufaMu;jzifh rwnfxm; w,f/ 'Dawmh tzGJUcsKyfBuD;[m ausmif;om;ydkifwJh ausmif;om;tkyfcsKyfwJh ausmif;om;&efyHkaiGeJY tzGJUcsKyfBuD; jzpfw,fqdkwm xif½Sm;w,f/ onfvdkrSefuefwJh tajccHay:rSm wnfaqmuf zGJUpnf;xm;vdkY tzGJUcsKyfBuD;[m waeYwjcm; cdkifrmvm½Hkomru wdk;wufvmw,f/ ,aeYqdk&if wdkif;jynfaygif; (72) EdkifiHu ausmif;om;tzGJUtpnf;awG[m tzGJUcsKyfBuD;eJY qufoG,f xm;w,f/ tzGJUcsKyfBuD;&JU tiftm;[m ausmif;om; (5) oef;cGJudk udk,fpm;jyKwJh tzGJUcsKyfBuD; jzpfaew,f/ ukefukef ajym&&if ausmif;om;xk w&yfvHk;&JU qE´eJYudkufnDwJh tajccH0g'eJY vrf;pOfaMumifhvnf; waeUwjcm; wdk;wufaezdkYom ½Sdw,f/ odkYaMumifh wurÇmvHk;½SdwJh ausmif;om;xkw&yfvHk; tm;xm;xkdufonfh tzGJUcsKyfBuD; jzpfaeonfhtwGuf Arm ausmif;om; ausmif;olrsm; em;vnfEdkifap&eftwGuf tusOf;csKyftm;jzifh 'DtzGJUcsKyfBuD;eJY rdwfqufwifjy vdkuf&jcif; jzpfw,f/

urÇmUausmif;om;rsm;tzGJYcsKyfBuD; t"Gefh½Snfygap vS0if;

365

jrefrmEdkifiHausmif;om;vIyf&Sm;rIordkif; - atmifxGef;

ppfudkrkef;onf (1) urÇmppfwJh onf;epfESifhrQ? Mum;jyef&aomf wdwfujzpfpOf? jyefvmxifí pdwfwGif vSyfvSyfwkefrd\/ / (2) AHk;? pufaoewf? rjywfoGef;ypf? urÇmppfaMumifh om;wpfESifhaoG;? ajrrSmazG;vsuf idka
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Nidrf;csrf;a&; 'Drdkua&pDa&;BudK;yrf;rI - 1951 rS 1952 - 'Drdkua&pDa&; vltcGifUta&; Nidrf;csrf;a&; trsdK;om;a&;toGif

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367

jrefrmEdkifiHausmif;om;vIyf&Sm;rIordkif; - atmifxGef;

ightwlyif MunfvifNidrfhat;? *Dwaw;udk uav;b0? i,fpOfuvQif ,k,cJhol? ]]tbjzL}}vnf; oufwlyrm? jrwfEdk;&Smonfh oHomat;csdK? þapmif;tdk\ nd§KUnd§KUrJrJ? rD;aoG;cJodkY 0ifpGJoaE¨? tajctaeaMumifh rsuf&nf0Jum? &yfae\/ / jcL;yef;jcL;cuf uEkwf,Sufonfh toufu,f0if ½kyfa½Tpifudk? ae0if;NzdK;zs tcsdefusxd? yDoatmifxk yef;ykorm;? bdk;oufMum;vnf; xGm;xGm;nufnuf? aMurGysufonfh olYvuf&mEk? tpkpkaMumifh Orsuf&nfESifh awGae\/ / yef;csDq&m olwdkYrSmvnf;? ESpfwmumv qGJcJh&onfh? oufrQciftyf yef;csDcsyfwdkY? jzpf&yfqdk;0g; ppfrD;Mum;0,f? avmifoGm;ojzifh rsuf&nfESifhvQif? pdkYeifhumom &yfae\/ / ESpfaygif;rsm;pGm pkaqmif;vmonfh? pmay0w¬K &wkuAsm? ajrmufrsm;pGmvnf; AsL[mcif;vSpf? owfyGJjzpfonfh ppfrD;a0a0? avmifuRrf;aví pmaycspfwwf? yd#duwfrSL; jymyHkOD;wGif? t½l;yrm idkae½Sm\/ / (8) tu,fqdkvQif ighNrdKUwGifom? r[kwfygbJ Armjynf0Srf;? ppfrD;vTrf;rdkY vQrf;vQrf;eDeD? aoG;wdkYonfvnf; pD;vnfcJhNyD jzpfownf;/ /

368

Nidrf;csrf;a&; 'Drdkua&pDa&;BudK;yrf;rI - 1951 rS 1952 - 'Drdkua&pDa&; vltcGifUta&; Nidrf;csrf;a&; trsdK;om;a&;toGif

,Ofaus;rIESifh okckrvnf;? þppfrD;0,f csD;ESD;ysufokef;cJhNyDwnf;/ / b0twl ausmif;olausmif;om;? ajrmuftrsm;vnf; vlom;csif;csif;? arwåmuif;í cif;onfhppfrSm? toufwmudk pGefU½SmcJh& NyDomwnf;/ / (9) xdkYaMumifhomyif ppfqdkvQifrl rjrifvdkbJ? rkef;½HGU½GJí vufwGJnDnm? awmif;qdkvmonf urÇmhNidrf;csrf;a&;udkwnf;/ / (10) vlom;tm;vHk; ppfudkrkef;í? pk½Hk;qE´ tmoDoudk? r&&atmif BudK;yrf;pdkY/ / rif;vS - ñGefhMuL; (wuúodkvfausmif;om;yGJawmf yxrqk&uAsm)

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jrefrmEdkifiHausmif;om;vIyf&Sm;rIordkif; - atmifxGef;

OD;pdeb f ef; (1951-52) Source: Oway Magazines

&efuek Zf mwdjzpfonf/ 1946 ckEpS w f iG f &efuek w f uúov kd o f Ykd a&muf½ydS nm qnf;yl;onf/ 1950-51 ckEpS w f iG f wuotrIaqmif tjzpf a½G;aumufwifajr§mufjcif;cH&í twGi;f a&;rSL; wm0ef ay;tyfjcif;cH&onf/ 195152 ckEpS w f iG f wuo Ouú|jzpfonf/ ppfNyD;acwf 1946 ckEpS rf pS í wuúov kd pf mar;yGrJ sm;udk t&pfuspmar;yGJ (Compartmantal Exam) jyKvyk cf o hJ nf/ 1951-52 ckEpS w f iG f t&pfus pmar;yGrJ S ,ckvuf½dS Part.A Part.B pepfoYkd ajymif;vJ&ef wuúov kd t f mPmydik f tzGUJ rS qH;k jzwfonf/ xkq d ;kH jzwfcsuu f kd ausmif;om;xk qE´awmif;cH&m ausmif;om; trsm;pku ,ckvuf½pdS epfukd vufc&H ef rJay;qH;k jzwfco hJ nf/ OD;pdeb f ef;onf Edik if aH wmf pku d yf sKd;a&;bPf½;kH csKyf refae*smtjzpf Edik if aH wmfwm0efukd xrf;aqmifvsuf½o dS nf/

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Nidrf;csrf;a&; 'Drdkua&pDa&;BudK;yrf;rI - 1952 rS 1953 - 'Drdkua&pDa&; ausmif;om;xktcGifUta&;umuG,fa&; trsKd;om;a&;toGif

tcef; (15) Nird ;f csr;f a&; 'Dru kd a&pDa&;BuKd ;yrf;rI 'Dru kd a&pDa&; ausmif;om;xktcGit hf a&;umuG,af &;ESifY trsK;d om;a&;toGif ausmif;om;vIy&f mS ;rIordik ;f (1952 rS 1953)

(u) 'Dtufpt f kd arG;zGm;jcif; 1952-53 ckESpf ynmoifESpfwGif wdk;wufaom ausmif;om;tiftm;pk OD;aqmifrI&½Sdvmjcif;onf tmPm& ygwD tzGJUtpnf;tzdkY rsm;pGmjyóemBuD;w&yf jzpfaeonf/ wdk;wufaom ausmif;om;tiftm;pkrsm;onf Auorsm; tzGJUcsKyf? &uo? wuo [laom t"du ausmif;om;tzGJUtpnf;rsm;wGif OD;aqmifrI &xm;onf/ tpOftvmBuD;rm; aom wuoudk vGwo f mG ;jcif;onf tmPm&ygwD tzGUJ tpnf;twGuf BuD;rm;aom qH;k ½H;I rI jzpfonf/ oefY½iS ;f udv k nf; tm;udk;í rjzpfEdkifawmhay/ rdrdwdkY pdwftcs&qHk; tiftm;pkzGJUpnf;&eftwGuf wdk;wufwdkY\ OD;aqmifrIudk z,f½Sm;&ef wuúodkvfwGif jyefvnf wmplaeonf/ yxrOD;qH;k oefY½Si;f rS cGx J u G o f mG ;aom udu k Bkd uD;? udu k akd v; nDaemiftyk pf u k kd zJx h w k o f nfh vufusef qd½k , S v f pf ygwDtEG,frsm;udk jyefvnftoufoGif;onf/ tcGifhta&; rufvHk;rsm;ay;í pnf;½Hk;onf/ þodkYjzifh 'Drdku&ufwpf ausmif;om;tiftm;pk-'Dtufpt f kd (Democratic Student Organization) udk xlaxmifonf/ tmPm&ygwDtzGUJ t pnf;onf wuúodkvfe,fajrwGif 'Dtufpftdk udk arG;zGm;oefYpifvdkufonf/

(c) 1952-53 ynmoifEpS f wuúodkvfe,fajrü ausmif;rsm;jyefvnf zGifhvSpfaomtcgwGif wuúodkvfonfvnf; touf0ifvIyf½Sm;vm onfh pmoifcef;rsm;wGif at;csrf;pGm ynmoifMum;&rnfhtpm;? vrf;ray:odkY a&mufonf/ pDwef;vrf;avQmufvm Muonf/ pmtkyfESifh azmifwdeftpm;? ydkpwmESifh tvHudkifvmMuonf/ ½lyaA'? yx0Dtpm;? zdESdyfrIvGwfajrmufa&; tcGifhta&;rsm; pwif oifMum;vm&onf/ ygarmu©\ pmayydkYcsoHtpm;? w&m;a[maom ausmif;om;? ausmif;ol rsm;\ toHudk Mum;emvm&\/ ocsFmykpämtpm;? ausmif;om;ynmudk ajz½Sif;Mu\/ oifcef;pmrsm; ra&;awmhbJ ynmpmwrf;rsm; a&;vmMuonf/ zm;cGJ&rnfhtpm;? a½G;aumufyGJrJyHk;udk ½dkufcGJMu&onf/ tajctaerSm wif;rmvm 371

jrefrmEdkifiHausmif;om;vIyf&Sm;rIordkif; - atmifxGef; onf/ &ifhusufí &ifhusufvmonf/ aemufqHk; aygufuGJvmonf/ qE´awG xkwfazmfvmMuonf/ &Jpdwf? &Jrmefudk jyMuonf/ olwkdYvdktyfcsufrsm; tcGifhta&;rsm;udk awmif;qdkMuonf/ zdESdyfcs,fvS,folwdkYu ausmif;om;wdkY\ awmif;qdak om tcGit hf a&;rsm;tpm;? zdEydS cf sKyfcs,fa&;udo k m ay;vmMuonf/ uavmifEiS hf azmifwed t f pm;? aoewfEiS hf vSpH yG u f kd ay;vmMuonf/ jynfph v kH akd om rif&nftpm;? aoG;pufEiS hf rsu&f nfukd jrifMu&onf/ ausmif;oH;k y&dabm*rsm;? ausmif;taqmuftODrsm; vdck sifaom ausmif;om;vli,fwYkd tm; tusOf;axmifrsm;udo k m ay;tyfvmMuonf/ ausmif; e,fajrudk q&mrsm; jznfhwif;&rnfhtpm; y&dowfrsm; jznfhwif;jcif; jyKvkyfvmonf/ om,maysmf½TifrIonf ausmif;om;vli,fwdkYtwGuf b,faomtcgrS vHkavmufjynfhpHkonf[lí r½Sd/ olwdkY onf om,maysmf½iT rf u I kd tjrJwrf; iwfrw G af eonf/ aysmfaysmf½iT ½f iT f at;at;csrf;csrf;aexkid í f vGwv f yfpmG ynmoif ,lvdkaom ausmif;om;vli,fwdkYtm; qlyltHk
(*) 1952 ausmif;om;tcGit hf a&; umuG,af &;wdu k yf JG xdt k csed u f Armjynfausmif;om;tajctaeudk qef;ppfMunfv h Qif ausmif;om;rsm;vdv k m;csu?f awmif;qdck suf rsm;udk wduspGm awGU½Sd&onf/ ynmoifMum;ydkifcGifhonf ausmif;om;rsm;\ t"dutcGifhta&; w&yf jzpfonf/ ]vlhtcGifUta&; aMunmpmwrf;BuD;\ tydk'f (26) wGif taxGaxGvlrItjzpf azmfxkwf jy|mef;xm;onfrSm vlwdkif;onf ynmoifMum;ydkifcGifU ½Sdap&rnf} [lí jzpfayonf/ 1947 EdkifiHawmfzGJUpnf;yHk tajccHOya' tydk'f (33) wGifyif azmfjyxm;onfrSm]EdkifiHom;rsm;onf atmufyg tcGifUta&;rsm;udk &½SdcHpm;Edkif&ef EdkifiHawmfonf 0g'xm;½Sdí xkd0g'twdkif; aqmif½Guf&rnf/} tydk'fcGJ (C) wGif ]ynmoifMum;Edkifaom tcGifUta&;} [lí yg½Sdonf/ odkYaomf ynmoifMum;ydkifcGifh vlYtcGifhta&;onf vufawGUwGif rnfonhftajctaewGif wnf½Sdoenf;/ Edik if t H pd;k &u tcvGwf roifrae& ynmoifMum;ydik cf iG hf Oya'udk jy|mef;xm;aomfvnf; tcvGwf rlvwef;ausmif;rsm; wGif 0ifa&muf oifMum;cGifh&aom ausmif;om;rsm;rSm Armjynf rlvwef;ausmif;om;OD;a& woef;cGJausmfESifh EdIif;,SOf vQif vGepf mG enf;yg;vsuf ½So d nfukd awGU&onf/ tcvGwrf v l wef;ynmoifMum;cGirhf mS ,cifu (5) wef;txd oifMum; Edik cf iG ½hf adS omfvnf; ,ck (4) wef; txdom ynmoifMum;Edik cf iG ½hf o dS nf/ tpd;k &ausmif;rsm;ü 0ifa&muf ynmoifMum;cGihf r&aom ausmif;om;rsm;twGuf tvGwfynmoifausmif;rsm;wGif vcBuD;av;pGm ay;í ynmoifMum;&onf/ tcsKdU bmom&yf wckwGif 10d^- rS 30d^- txday;í ynmoifaeMu&onf/ xkdausmif;rsm;yifvQif ausmif;taqmuftOD? y&dabm* rvHak vmufraI Mumifh aemufEpS q f v kd Qif ausmif;om;rsm;tm; aemufxyf vufrcHEikd o f nfh tajctaeodYk qdu k af &muf vsuf½Sdonf/ EdkifiHtpdk;&\ ,refESpf bwf*sufudk MunfhvQifvnf; ppfwyf? tusOf;axmif? ykvdyf? tkyfcsKyfa&;wdkYwGif oHk;aiG 22.6% ynma&;? usef;rma&;? jyefvnfxlaxmifa&;wGif 26.2% jzpfonf/ taxGaxGynma&;twGuf toHk; jyKaom aiGrmS rajymyavmufonfukd awGU½S&d onf/ taqmuftOD rvHak vmufr?I pmtkyif mS ;&ef rvHak vmufr?I vufawGU u@wGif ypönf;ud&d,m rvHkavmufrIrsm; &ifqdkifae&onf/ aq;odyw HÜ iG v f nf;aumif;? tif*sife, D modyw HÜ iG v f nf;aumif;? wuúov kd w f iG v f nf;aumif; ausmif;om;rsm; jynfhodyfcg ynmoifMum;ae&onf/ ae&m&½Sda&;twGuf tajy;tvTm; ausmif;wufaeMu&onf/ ,ckESpf wuúodkvfwGif ausmif;om;opfrsm;? ausmif;aqmifr&onfhtjzpf &ifqdkifcJhMu&onf/ wuorS awmif;qdkí aqmufvkyfqJausmif;aqmifrsm; NyD;oGm;vQifvnf; ausmif;tdyf? ausmif;pm;aevdkolESifh ausmif;om;OD;a& rqhH jzpfaeOD;rnf/ ausmif;om;rsm;rSm o[m,ESihf pmzwfcef;ü vnf;aumif;? xrif;pm;cef;ü vnf;aumif; aexkid Mf u 372

Nidrf;csrf;a&; 'Drdkua&pDa&;BudK;yrf;rI - 1952 rS 1953 - 'Drdkua&pDa&; ausmif;om;xktcGifUta&;umuG,fa&; trsKd;om;a&;toGif &onf/ q&mrsm; rvHkavmufrI? pmMunfhwdkufü ynm&yfqdkif&mpmtkyfrsm; vHkavmufpGm r½Sdjcif;? tcsKdUpmtkyfrsm;rSm jy|mef;xm;aomfvnf; 0,f,lí r&Edkifjcif;ponfh jypfcsufrsm; awGU&onf/ ausmif;om;rsm;rSm bGJU&í ausmif;rSxGuf aomfvnf; ynmt&nftcsif;t& oifah wmfaomvkyif ef; r&MuonfrmS tqef;r[kwaf y/ ynmwwf tvkyv f ufrrhJ sm; waeYwjcm; wd;k yGm;vmayonf/ rEÅav;wuúov kd w f iG f ausmif;om;rsm;twGuf aq;½Hrk ½S?d &efuek w f uúov kd w f iG v f nf; ausmif;om;tenf;i,fuo kd m vufcEH ikd af om aq;½Hw k ckom ½So d nf/ aq;rvHak vmufraI Mumihf ,refEpS u f raooifb h J aooGm;&aom udkapmMunf ('k-Oypm) udk MunfhvQif odEdkifonf/ txufyg rjynfhpHkrvHkavmufrIrsm;aMumihf ausmif;om;rsm;\ vdktyfcsufrsm;? epfemcsufrsm;? qHk;½IH;aeaom tcGit hf a&;rsm;udk azmfxw k í f wuotrIaqmiftzGUJ onf wuúov kd üf ½Sad om bmom&yfqikd &f mtoif;tzGUJ rsm;? o[m, ESifh pmzwftoif;rS udk,fpm;vS,frsm;udk zdwfac:aqG;aEG;í vdkvm;csuf (22) csufudk azmfxkwfcg 30? 9? 52 &ufaeY wGif wuúodkvfaumifpDodkY wifjycJhonf/ þawmif;qdck surf sm;udk &efuek w f uúov kd o f [m,ESihf pmzwftoif;rsm;tzGUJ csKyf 'kw, d ESp0f uf nDvmcHBuD;rS vnf;aumif;? waumif;ausmif;aqmif? oxHkausmif;aqmif? jynfausmif;aqmif? yJcl;ausmif;aqmif? ppfudkif;ausmif; aqmif? tif;vsm;ausmif;aqmif? oD&ad usmif;aqmif ausmif;om;xk tpnf;ta0;rsm;rS vnf;aumif;? &efuek w f uúov kd f tdE´d,ausmif;om;^olrsm;toif;? &efukefwuúodkvf ynmodyÜHausmif;ol^om;rsm;toif;rS vnf;aumif;? wuo awmif;qdkcsufudk axmufcHcJhMuonf/ 'DZifbmv (20) &uf ausmif;om;aeYwGif usif;yaom ausmif;om;xktpnf;ta0;BuD;rS awmif;qdkcsuf (22) csuu f kd wuorS aiGxed ;f udpk ed o f if;u wifoiG ;f NyD; ausmif;om;xkBuD;w&yfv;kH u axmufccH MhJ uonf/ ¤if;tpnf; ta0;yGJ tNyD;wGif ausmif;om;xkBuD;onf t"dywdvrf;rBuD;rS &efukefwuúodkvf bJGUESif;obifcef;rBuD;odkY csDwuf qE´jy axmufcHcJhonf/ ausmif;om;xk pnf;vHk;nDñGwfrIaMumifh awmif;qdkcsufrsm; &½SdcJhonf/

(C) 1952 Zlvikd v f ausmif;aqmifvufcaH &;wdu k yf JG ausmif;rsm; jyefvnfzGifhvSpfvdkufaomtcgwGif ausmif;om;tcGifhta&;rsm;udk tmPmydkifrsm;u rw&m; jyefvnf ½kyfodrf;vmMuonf/ ausmif;om;rsm;udk zdESdyfcsKyfcs,f&ef BudK;pm;vmMuonf/ &efukefwuúodkvfrSm qdkvQif ausmif;aqmifrsm;odYk ausmif;om;rsm; vufco H nfah e&mwGif uefYowfcsufrsm; trsKd;rsKd; jyKvkyv f mMuonf/ &efuek Nf rdKU ay:wGif aexdkifaom ausmif;om;rsm;? pepfa[mif;t& ajzqdkaom ausmif;om;rsm;? 'D*&D&NyD;aom ausmif;om;rsm;? uefYowfxm;onhf c½dik f (rEÅav;? a½Tb?kd rH½k mG ? ausmufqnf? ppfuikd ;f ? rdwv D¬ m? armfvNrdKif) ponfwYkdrS ausmif;om;rsm; udk &efukefwuúodkvfü vufrcH&ef qHk;jzwfvdkufonf/ ausmif;aqmifOya' rvdkufemonfh ausmif;om;rsm;tm;(1) wuúodkvfpmar;yGJrsm;udk ajzqdkcGifUray;jcif; (2) 'D*&D&NyD;aom ausmif;om;jzpfygu 'D*&Dudk jyefvnf½kyfodrf;jcif; (3) ausmif;rS xkwfy,fjcif; ponfh tjypfay;rIrsKd;udk jyKvkyfvmMuonf/ ausmif;aqmifrsm;wGif aexkid &f ef tcGit hf a&;r&cJv h Qif e,fraS usmif;om;rsm;onf rnfoYkd ausmif;wufawmh rnfenf;/ xko d Ykd ausmif;om;tusKd;ESihf qefYusifaom ausmif;aqmifvufcaH &; Oya'udk ref;wuúov kd o f r*¾ trIaqmif tzGUJ onf &efuek w f uúov kd af usmif;om;or*¾EiS hf yl;aygif;wdu k yf 0JG ifco hJ nf/ wuúov kd pf mar;yGaJ tmifaom ausmif;om;rsm; tm; uefYowfjcif;r½Sb d J &efuek w f uúov kd f ausmif;aqmifrsm;ü vufc&H ef? ausmif;om;a[mif;rsm;udv k nf; cGjJ cm;rIr½Sb d J ausmif;aqmifwiG f vufc&H ef? vdt k yfonfah e&mrsm;wGif ,m,DwrJ sm; aqmufvyk af y;&ef? Zlvikd v f (15) &ufaeYwiG f pwifNyD; oifMum;ydYck s&mwGif ausmif;om;rsm;udk tjypfay;rnf[o l nfh tcsuu f kd y,fzsuaf y;&ef paom awmif;qkcd surf sm;udk oufqidk &f m tmPmydkifrsm;xH ta&;qkdwdkufyGJ0ifcJh&m ausmif;om;xk nDñGwfa&;tm;aMumifh vdkvm;csufrsm; &mEIef;jynfh&cJhonf/

(i) 1953-54 wuoa&G;aumufyJG xkad eYa½G;aumufyw JG iG f wd;k wufEiS hf 'Dtufpt f w kd Ykd tm;NydKifMuonf/ oefY½iS ;f wdYk onf tiftm;pktjzpf &yfwnf cJhaomfvnf; t"dutcef;wGif r½Sdawmhacs/ wdk;wufwdkYrSm pnf;½Hk;a&;tajccHt& tom&vsuf½Sdonf/ tqdyk gESpw f iG f wuúov kd o f Ykd a&mufvmaom ausmif;om;OD;a&rSm w½Sed x f ;dk rsm;jym;vmonf/ or*¾a½G;aumufyJG tpOftvmwckrSm a½G;aumufyGJwGif rJay;Edkifa&;twGuf ausmif;om;xktm; or*¾0ifyHkpHpm½Gufrsm; ay;a0&onf/ 373

jrefrmEdkifiHausmif;om;vIyf&Sm;rIordkif; - atmifxGef; or*¾0ifjzpfro S m rJay;ydik cf iG ½hf o dS nf/ ,cifusi;f ycJah om a½G;aumufyrJG sm;wGif ¤if;yHpk pH m½Gurf sm;tm; ausmif;om;xktm; tcsKyftcs,fr½Sd ay;a0cJhonf/ 1953-54 ck ynmoifESpftwGuf a½G;aumufyGJt&m½Sd 'Dtufpftdk udkudkBuD;onf yHkpHpm½Gufrsm;udk tcsKyf tcs,fwkdif;um owfrSwfay;cJhonf/ a½G;aumufyGJ 0ifa&muf,SOfNydKifaom tzGJUtpnf;onf ½Gufa&ig;&m xkwf,lvQif ¤if;ig;&mjyefoGif;NyD;rS aemufxyf xkwf,lEdkifaom pepfudk jyKvkyfcJhayonf/ xkdYaMumifh toif;0ifpm½Guf a0ay;a&;rSm 'Dtufpftdk vufxJa&mufaeavonf/ yHkpHpm½Guf jyKvkyfa&;wGif 'Dtufpftdk tusKd;twGuf rsm;pGm vkyfudkifEdkifonf/ ¤if;or*¾yHkpHrsm;udk jyefoGif;aomtcgwGif 0ifaMu; (3) usyf ay;&onf/ þwGif 'DtufpftdktzGJUonf csKdUwJhaom ausmif;om;? ausmif;olwdkYtm; tcGifhaumif; ,lcJhonf/ ajrmufrsm;pGmaom ausmif;om;wdkYtm; yHkpHrsm; xkwfay;NyD; aiGrsm; oGi;f NyD;vQif rJ&a&;twGuf vkyEf ikd cf o hJ nf/ &efuek Nf rdKUwGif q,fwef;atmifaomfvnf; wuúov kd o f Ykd qufvuf rwufEidk b f J ½H;k rsm;wGif tvkyv f yk af eolaygif; (600) ausmf ½So d nf/ ¤if;wdYk ukd aiGtajrmuftrsm; tukecf í H wuúov kd f wGif rSwfyHkwifay;onf/ or*¾yHkpHrsm; ay;a0NyD; 0ifaMu;twGuf ¤if;wdkYu tpm;xdk;ay;cJhonf/ a½G;aumufyGJaeYwGif 'Dtufpftdk tzGJUtm; rJay;&ef ½Hk;udk oufoufrJh ydwfay;onf/ 'DtufpftdkbufrS rJrsm;&ef BudK;yrf;cJhonf/ rJqG,f&mwGif aiGudkoHk;í acsmhjrL½kHrubJ rvHkYwvHkr,frsm;ESihf rdwfqufay;jcif;? erf;½IyfyGwfoyfenf;udk twk,al pcJo h nf/ ausmif;om;? ausmif;olrsm;udk pdw"f gwftm; t&nfaysmv f mNyD; ¤if;wdYkbuf OD;vnfvmap&ef toH;k jyKcJh onf/ wDwDpDausmif;aqmifrS rrsKd;jrifhtm; 0efBuD;uawmfwOD;u ac:,lawGUqHkcJhonf/ rrsKd;jrifhtm; 'Dtufpftdktm; rJay;&ef ajymaomfvnf; rrsKd;jrifhu vufrcH/ rrsKd;jrifhtm; ajymifavSmif vTwf½Hkomru Ncdrf;ajcmufcJhonf/ bifwef ausmif;aqmifrS rjrihfjrihfcifESifh a':vDoef;wdkYtm; 0efBuD;wOD;ESifh qdk½S,fvpftrwfwOD;u ac:,lNcdrf;ajcmufonf/ a½G;aumuf yGJaeYwGif rJrxnfhEdkif&eftwGuf ¤if;wdkYtdrfwGif ac:,lí tus,fcsKyf xm;cJhonf/

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Source: Oway Magazines

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w&m;rQwaom a½G;aumufyGJBuD; tjrefjzpfa&;twGuf BudK;yrf;Muygpdkh? ausmif;ol^om; &Jabmftaygif;wdkhMo*kwv f (28) &ufaeYu ysufomG ;aom wuoa½G;aumufyBJG uD;udk &Jabmfausmif;om;^olwYkd todyifjzpf \/ xkdodkY or*¾a½G;aumufyGJ ysufpD;oGm;jcif;um; wuo&mZ0ifwGif wBudrfwcgrS ay:vnf; ray:? jzpfvnf; rjzpfcb hJ ;l cJ?h a½G;aumufyJG ysupf ;D oGm;jcif;twGuf ausmif;om;xk w&yfv;kH tzdYk rsm;pGm 0rf;enf;p&maumif;onhf tjyif ausmif;om;rsm;\ vufiif;awGUMuHK cHpm;&csufwdkYudk ajz½Sif;ay;Edkif&eftwGufvnf; aESmifhaES;jcif; jzpfcJh&ayonf/ &Jabmfw-hkd wuoonf ausmif;om;xktm; udk,fpm;jyK&m? ausmif;om;xk\ qE´tm;xkwfazmf&m? ausmif;om;xk\ rSDcdk&mjzpfayonf/ wuo avmavmq,f r½SdonfhtwGuf igwdkY\ tm;xm;&mawmifBuD; NydKuGJaeonfESifh wlvS ayonf/ ,aeYqdkvQif ausmif;om;xk\ &ifqdkifawGUMuHK cHpm;&csufrsm;onf rsm;jym;vS\/ avmavmq,f aqmif½Guf&ef tcsufrsm;vnf; ½Sd\/ atmufwdkbm ausmif;wvydwfa&;qdkvQif ,ckatmufwdkbm ausmif;rydwfrD aqmif½GufrS jzpfEkdifrnfhudpö jzpfonf/ xko d Ykd w&m;rQwaom wuoa½G;aumufyBJG uD;onf ,cktwGi;f ESpBf udrpf vH;k NyD;pD;oGm;rSyif jzpfrnf/ wuo a½G;aumufyBJG uD; tjrefjzpfa&;? w&m;rQwa&;rSm ausmif;ol^om;wdYk \ wm0efjzpfonf/ ausmif;om;xk\ qE´tay: wGio f m trSjD yKayonf/ ,cktcsdew f iG f Mo*kwv f (28) &ufaeY nu jyKvkyfaom ausmif;om;xk tpnf;ta0;yGrJ Sm w&m;rQwaom a½G;aumufyGJjzpfajrmufa&;aumfrwD[lí wdk;wuf? nDñGwf? trsKd;om;? 'DtufpftdktzGJUrS udk,fpm; vS,rf sm;jzifh zGUJ pnf;xm;\/ wzufrS Ouú|a[mif; udu k Bkd uD;vnf; a½G;aumufyv JG yk rf nf[q k x kd m;onf/ xdo k Ykd pifNydKijf zpf ay:a&;udk vH;k 0igwdYk rvdv k m;? a½G;aumufyjJG zpfa&;onf ausmif;om;xkqE´? ausmif;om;xk vdv k m;rIrsm;udk xkwaf zmf &eftwGuf Mum;umvtwGif;0,f igwdkY o[m,ESifh pmzwftoif;rsm;ay:wGif wm0efusa&mufvsuf½SdNyD[k igwdkY ,HkMunfayonf/ xdk,HkMunfcsuft& vnf;aumif;? qdkif&m o[m,ESifh pmzwftoif; ausmif;om;xktzGJU tpnf;rsm;rS wm0efay;tyfcsuft& vnf;aumif;? igwdkY o[m,ESifh pmzwftoif;rsm;rS OD;pD;um ausmif;om;xk tpnf;ta0;yGw J &yfukd ,ck pufwifbmv (3) &uf Mumoyaw;aeY aeYvnf (12) em&DwiG f ,k'oefcef;rü usif;y rnfjzpf&m ausmif;om;? ausmif;olwdkif; tifwdkuftm;wdkuf wufa&mufum wuo a½G;aumufyGJ tjrefjzpfa&;? a½G;aumufyGJwGif w&m;rQwa&;wdkYtwGuf rdrdwdkY qE´udk xkwfazmfjyMu&ef arwåm&yfcHygaMumif;/ w&m;rQwaom a½G;aumufyGJBuD; tjrefjzpfa&;odkh o[m,ESifU pmzwftoif;rsm; 1/ tif;0aqmif 2/ ppfudkif;aqmif 3/ yif;,aqmif 4/ yJcl;aqmif 5/ oxHkaqmif 6/ a½Tbdkaqmif 378

7/ '*Hkaqmif 8/ jynfaqmif 9/ waumif;aqmif 10/ aq;odyÜHaqmif 11/ tif;vsm;aqmif 12/ oD&daqmif

Nidrf;csrf;a&; 'Drdkua&pDa&;BudK;yrf;rI - 1952 rS 1953 - 'Drdkua&pDa&; ausmif;om;xktcGifUta&;umuG,fa&; trsKd;om;a&;toGif

(2)

ausmif;om;xktpnf;ta0;yGjJ zpfajrmufa&;aumfrwD xkwfjyefaMunmcsuftrSwf (1)

,ckvwfwavm ausmif;om;rsm;ta&; tvGefw&m ½IyfaxG;aeonfudk wuoa½G;aumufyGJ tvsiftjref a½G;aumufjcif;jzifh ajz½Sif;&ef ausmif;aygif;pHk o[m,ESifh pmzwftoif;rsm;rS Ouú|? twGif;a&;rSL;rsm;\ tpnf; ta0;w&yfudk 1? 9? 53 aeY? nae (4) em&D tcsdefwGif wuotaqmuftODü usif;yjyKvkyfaMumif;/ tpnf;ta0; wGif yif;,ausmif;aqmif Ouú| udkomausmfu obmywdtjzpf aqmif½Gufí oxHkausmif;aqmif twGif;a&;rSL; udak rmifarmifBuD;u twGi;f a&;rSL;tjzpf aqmif½u G Nf yD; atmufygqH;k jzwfcsurf sm;udk wnDwñGww f nf; qH;k jzwfvu kd f aMumif;/ w&m;rQwaom wuoa½G;aumufyGJ tvsiftjref usif;yEdkifa&;twGuf o[m,ESifh pmzwftoif;rsm;? aeYausmif;ol? ausmif;om;wdYk\ Ouú|ESihf twGi;f a&;rSL;rsm;u BuD;rSL;í 3? 9? 53 &ufaeYwiG f ausmif;om;xktpnf;ta0; w&yf usif;yjyKvkyf&ef/ txufyg ausmif;om;xktpnf;ta0; usif;yEdkifa&;twGuf o[m,ESifh pmzwftoif;rsm;\ Ouú|ESifh twGif;a&;rSL; aygif;pHkyg0ifaom aumfrwDw&yfudk xkdtpnf;ta0;rS zGJUpnf;vdkufaMumif;/ xkdtzGJUwGifudkomausmf Ouú| (yif;,aqmif o[m,ESifh pmzwftoif; Ouú|) udkwifa½T 'kOuú| (a½Tbdkaqmif o[m,ESifh pmzwftoif; Ouú|) udkwifxGef; twGif;a&;rSL; (oxHkaqmif o[m,ESifh pmzwftoif; twGif;a&;rSL;) udkarmifarmifBuD; tzGJU0ifrsm; (yJcl;aqmif o[m,ESifh pmzwftoif; twGif;a&;rSL;) udkjrwfpH (oxHkaqmif o[m,ESihf pmzwftoif; Ouú|) rjrifhjrifhcif (oD&daqmif o[m,ESifh pmzwftoif; Ouú|) rcifzkef;rdk (tif;vsm;aqmif o[m,ESihf pmzwftoif; Ouú|) -ponfwdkYudk trsm;oabmwl a½G;cs,fvdkufMuaMumif;/ w&m;rQwaom wuo a½G;aumufyGJ tjrefjzpfa&;odkh

twGif;a&;rSL; ausmif;om;xk tpnf;ta0;yGJ jzpfajrmufa&;aumfrwD &efukefwuúodkvf

tpnf;ta0; wufa&mufaom taqmifrsm; 1/ ppfudkif;aqmif 2/ a½Tbdkaqmif 3/ tif;0aqmif 4/ oxHkaqmif 5/ yJcl;aqmif 6/ yif;,aqmif 7/ waumif;aqmif 8/ jynfausmif;aqmif 9/ tif;vsm;aqmif 10/ oD&daqmif 11/ aq;odyÜHausmif;aqmif wkdYjzpfonf/ 379

jrefrmEdkifiHausmif;om;vIyf&Sm;rIordkif; - atmifxGef;

(3)

w&m;rQwaom a½G;aumufyJG jzpfajrmufa&;twGuf n§Ed idI ;f MupdYk

,aeY wuúov kd af usmif;awmfBuD;wGif ynmoifMum;vsu½f adS om ausmif;om;xkw&yfv;kH rSm jyóemtrsKd;rsKd;? tcGit hf a&;qH;k ½I;H rI toG,o f , G jf zifh &ifqikd v f suf ½SMd uayonf/ ausmif;aqmifcef;rrsm; rvHak vmufjcif;? ausmif;oH;k y&dabm* csKdUwJhjcif;? oifMum;ydkYcsol q&mrsm;enf;yg;jcif;? avmu"mwfynmqdkif&m prf;oyfypönf;rsm; rzlvHkjcif; wdYk rmS jiif;uG,í f r&Edik af tmifjzpfaeonf/ xdo k Ykd rjynfph rkH vHak vmufrt I m; ajz½Si;f ay;&rnft h pm; oufqikd &f mwdYkonf ausmif;om;tcsif;csif;wdkY aoG;uGJatmifzefwD;um ausmif;om;tcGifhta&;udk ydwfyifwm;qD;&ef MuHpnfvsuf½MdS u ayonf/ xko d Ykd jzpfay:vsuf½adS om ausmif;om;wdYk \ vdt k yfcsufrsm;udk aqmif½u G &f efEiS hf ausmif;om;tcGifhta&; umuG,f&efrSm ausmif;om;xkw&yfvHk;u wifajr§mufxm;aom wuotrIaqmiftzGJU\ wm0efyifjzpfonf/ odkYaomf ,cktcsdef 1952-53 ckESpftwGuf a½G;aumufwifajr§mufcJhaom trIaqmiftm;vHk;rSm wuo zGJUpnf;yHkpnf;rsOf; Oya't& wm0efukefqHk;cJhNyD jzpfonf/ odkYtwGuf trIaqmiftzGJUuwqifh wm0efvTJtyfjcif;cH& aom aEG&moDwm0efcH av;OD;om ½Scd ahJ yawmhonf/ aEG&moDwm0efcH av;OD;omvQif trIaqmiftzGUJ opf a½G;aumufyJG rjyKvkyrf pD yfMum;wGif ausmif;om;xk\ jyóemt&yf&yfukd ajz½Si;f aqmif½u G cf &hJ ayonf/ ,ckuo hJ Ykd BuD;rm;vSaom or*¾\ wm0efESifh ausmif;om;tusKd;udk aEG&moDwm0efcH (4) OD;wnf;ESifh aqmif½Gufae&mwGif pnf;rsOf;Oya'udk ½dkaoav;pm;&ojzifh vnf;aumif;? trIaqmifwzGJUvHk;\ tmPmudk,lum wm0eftm;vHk;udk xrf;aqmifae&ojzifh tcuftcJrsm;pGm awGUMuHKae&ayonf/ ausmif;om;tusKd;udk ydik Ef ikd pf mG aqmif½u G Ef ikd &f efEiS hf awGUqHak e&aom tcuftcJrsm;udk ausmv f eG &f efrmS wuo a½G;aumufyGJ tjrefqHk;usif;yum trIaqmiftzGJUudk jyefvnfzGJUpnf;&efyif jzpfonf/ pnf;rsOf;Oya't&vnf; aumif;? ausmif;om;xktusKd;udk ydkifEkdifpGm aqmif½Guf&efESifh awGUqHkaeaom tcuftcJrsm;udk ausmfvGef&ef wuo a½G;aumufyGJudk tjrefqHk; usif;yum trIaqmiftzGJUudk jyefvnfzGJUpnf;&efyif jzpfawmhonf/ pnf;rsOf;Oya't& vnf;aumif;? ausmif;om;xktusKd;udk ydik Ef ikd pf mG aqmif½u G Ef ikd &f eftwGuf vnf;aumif;? wuo a½G;aumufyo JG nf vdt k yfvmonfukd awGU½S&d onf/ vuf½dS wuowm0efukd xrf;aqmifae&aom aEG&moD wm0efcrH sm;wGiv f nf; aEG&moDwm0efcaH [mif; wOD;jzpfol Ouú|a[mif; udu k Bkd uD;u aEG&moDwm0efrsm;udk &yfpv J u kd f onf[k pnf;rsO;f Oya't& vkyyf ikd cf iG rhf ½Sb d J aMunmcJo h nf/ þuJo h Ykd a½G;aumufyJG ra½G;rD pyfMum;umvwGif ausmif;om; wdYk \ vdv k m;csufrsm;? tcGit hf a&;rsm;udk aEG&moDwm0efcrH sm; pkaygif;aqmif½u G &f rnht f pm; aEG&moDwm0efcw H OD;jzpf ol udu k Bkd u;D onf woD;wjcm;cGjJ cm;um igomvQit f mPm½So d nf[k pnf;urf;rJah
Nidrf;csrf;a&; 'Drdkua&pDa&;BudK;yrf;rI - 1952 rS 1953 - 'Drdkua&pDa&; ausmif;om;xktcGifUta&;umuG,fa&; trsKd;om;a&;toGif

(4)

&efuek w f uúov kd f wd;k wufaomausmif;om;tiftm;pk aMunmcsuf

wuoa½G;aumufyGJ tjrefqHk;usif;ya&;oabmxm; &Jabmf ausmif;ol^om;taygif;wdkhMo*kwv f (28) &ufaeYwiG u f sif;ycJah om &efuek w f uúov kd af usmif;om;rsm;or*¾ a½G;aumufyo JG nf rw&m; rI? vdrfvnfrIaMumifh ysufqD;oGm;cJhayonf/ a½G;aumufyGJysufNyD; ,cktcsdefxd (15) &uf twGif;üMo*kwfv (28) &ufaeY nu usif;yaom ausmif;om;xkpnf;a0;yGJ/ o[m,ESifh pmzwftoif;toD;oD;\ ausmif;om;xkpnf;a0;yGJrsm;/ pufwifbmv (3) &ufaeYu ,k'oefcef;rü usif;yaom ausmif;om;xkpnf;a0;yGJ/ pufwifbmv (8) &ufaeYu usif;yaom &efuek w f uúov kd f aeYausmif;ol^om;toif;\ pnf;a0;yGrJ sm;u ]w&m;rQwaoma½G;aumufyGJudk tjrefqHk;pdppfNyD; acwfa[mif;Ouú|a[mif;rsm;u OD;pD;usif;y&ef} awmif;qdkqHk;jzwf cJah yonf/ odYk aomf ausmif;om;xkBuD;\ aeYpOfEiS t hf rQ awmif;qdq k ;kH jzwfcsufwYkd ukd vH;k 0rvdu k ef mbJ wuoOuú| a[mif; udu k Bkd uD;onf wuoa½G;aumufyJG t&m½St d jzpfrS z,fray;½Hrk Qru a½G;aumufyu JG kd pnf;rsOf;t& olomvQif usif;yrnf[k qdck o hJ nf/ wzef wuúov kd yf garmu©csKyf? OD;pdev f ?S OD;&efa0;? rGepf v H iId w f Ykd EiS hf a½G;aumufyu JG sif;yrnf[k xyfí aMunmjyefonf/ wuo pnf;rsOf;wGif a½G;aumufyGJudk Ouú|a[mif;u OD;pD;usif;y&rnf[k qdkcJhayonf/ þtcsufonf rSeaf yonf/ odYkaomf Ouú|a[mif;\ rw&m;rIaMumifh a½G;aumufyJG ysujf ym;oGm;&ayonf/ þodYka½G;aumufyJG ysujf ym; oGm;NyD;aemuf rnfuJhodkY aqmif½Guf&rnfqdkaomtcsufudk wuopnf;rsOf;wGif vHk;0ryg0ifcJhacs/ pnf;rsOf;wGif ryg0ifcahJ omf rnfoYkd aqmif½u G cf MhJ uoenf;/ wuo\ a½G;aumufyt JG pOftvmudk Munf½h í I aqmif½u G &f ayonf/ wuoa½G;aumufyGJ tpOftvmt& 1946 ckwGif trIaqmifa[mif;rsm;ESifh Mum;ausmif;om;BuD;rsm;u OD;pD;usif;y cJh&ayonf/ þum; tpOftvmoabmt& jzpfayonf/ odkYaomf þodkYrvkyfbJ igomqdkifonf[k qdkcJhonf/ wzef þodkYtpOftvm rvdkufemcJhaomf wuowGif tmPmtykdifqHk;jzpfaom tvkyftpnf;ta0;yGJudk ac:,lay;&ef jzpfonf/ xkt d pnf;ta0;rSaeí w&m;rQwaom a½G;aumufyjJG zpfa&;twGuf ausmif;om;xkoabmudk ,lí wduspGm qHk;jzwf&rnf jzpfonf/ &mZ0ifjyefMunfhvQif b,fwdkif;jynfrSm jzpfjzpf pnf;rsOf;Oya'ESifh pyfvsOf;í tusyftwnf;awGUvQif vlxk\qE´udk,lonfh (Referendum) tp½Sdonfudk vkyf&onf/ þodkYvkyf&jcif;onf b,fwikd ;f jynf b,ftzGUJ tpnf;jzpfjzpf vlxo k mvQif tmPmtydik q f ;kH jzpfaejcif;aMumifjh zpfonf/ ,ckvnf; wuo tjzpftysufESifh ywfoufí tmPmtydkifqHk;jzpfonfh tvkyftpnf;ta0;ac:í qE´,l&ef oifhayonf/ odYk aomf a½G;aumufyt JG &m½So d nf wuopnf;rsO;f wGif rjynfph akH omtcsuu f kd tpOftvmt&vnf;aumif;? pnf;rsOf;t&vnf;aumif;? jyKvkyf&rnfjzpfygvsuf a½G;aumufyGJudk igwOD;wnf;omqdkifonf[k uyfaeum bmrS rvkyfbJ aecJhonf/ þodkYaecJhjcif;jzifh wOD;ESifhwOD; a½G;aumufyGJudk tcsif;rsm;apum wuoudk tmPmydkifrsm;? tpd;k &tzGUJ rsm;u 0ifíwm;qD;&ef tcsdeq f jJG cif;jzifh atmufwb kd m ausmif;ydw&f uftwGuf bmrSrvkyEf ikd b f J Ed0k ifbmrS om usif;y&ef pDpOfaejcif; jzpfayonf/ uREkfyfwdkh\ oabmxm;um;,cktcsdefwGif rnfodkYyifjzpfap? wuoa½G;aumufyGJ jzpfajrmufa&;onf tjrefqHk; vdktyfvsuf½SdacsNyD/ tb,faMumifhenf;(1) aemuf (15) &uf MumvQif atmufwdkbmausmif;ydwf&ufodkY a&muf½Sdawmhrnfjzpf&m ausmif;wvydwfa&;onf ausmif;ol^om;wdkif;\ vdktyfcsuf jzpfayonf/ xkdvdktyfcsufonf wuorSaeí ta&;wBuD;aqmif½Guf ay;&rnf jzpf\/ wuo rzGJUpnf;&ao;vQif vHk;0raqmif½GufEdkif jzpf\/ (2) ,aeY wuoESifhywfoufí tcsif;jzpfyGm;rIwdkYonf a½G;aumufyGJBuD;NyD;u tjrefqHk; ½Sif;vif;oGm;rnf jzpf\/ (3) avmavmq,f ausmif;om;rsm; vufawGUepfemaeaom epfemcsufrsm;onf ausmif;om;xkBuD; w&yfvHk;udk udk,fpm;jyKonfh wuo½SdrSom jzpfEdkifayonf/ (4) wuotaeESifh pifNydKif (2) ck jzpfay:a&;udk vHk;0 rvdkvm;ay/ txufygtcsuf (4) csufwYkd aMumifh wd;k wufaomausmif;om;tiftm;pkonf a½G;aumufyt JG &m½Sd udu k Bkd uD; tay:ü vHk;0t,HktMunfr½Sdaomfvnf;? usef ygarmu©csKyf? OD;pdefvS (Ouú|a[mif;)? OD;&efa0; (Ouú|a[mif;)ESifh 381

jrefrmEdkifiHausmif;om;vIyf&Sm;rIordkif; - atmifxGef; rGepf v H iId f (0wfvakH wmf&) wdYk \ *kPo f u d m© udk av;pm;aomtm;jzifh udu k Bkd uD;\ aMunmcsuftwdik ;f atmufwb dk mv ausmif;ydwf&uf rwdkifrDtwGif; tjrefqHk;usif;yay;&ef jzpfonf/ þodkYusif;y&müvnf;(1) Identity Card rsm;ESifh rJay;&ef? (2) Membership Card rsm;udk toif;0ifwdkif;\ vufxJodkY ta&mufay;tyfxm;&ef? (3) Ballot Card rsm;ay:wGif a½G;aumufyGJt&m½SdESifh BuD;Muyfoltm;vHk;\ vufrSwfxkd;&ef? (4) ta½G;cHol udk,fpm;vS,frsm;\ qE´,l&ef/ txufygtcsufwdkYtm; aqmif½GufvQif wdk;wufaomtiftm;pkrS vufcH&rnfjzpfaMumif;/ ausmif;om;ta&; atmif&rnf &efukefwuúodkvf wdk;wufaomausmif;om;tiftm;pk þaMunmcsuf (4) csufukd Munfjh cif;tm;jzifh ]w&m;rQwaom wuoa½G;aumufyJG tjrefq;kH usi;f yay;avmU} awmif;qdkaeMuayonf/ ausmif;om;xku OD;pD;usif;yrnfavm? udkudkBuD;u OD;pD;usif;yrnfavm/ ausmif;om;xku OD;pD;usif;yvQif a½G;aumufyGJ (2) rsKd; jzpfvmrnf/ ESpfydkif;uGJoGm;vQif 'Dtufpftdkrsm;onf vlrsm;pkaxmufcHrIrvdkbJ xifovdk jyKusifhEdkifMuayrnf/ pdwfBudKuftrIaqmiftzGJUudk a½G;cs,fMuayrnf/ xkdYaMumifh ausmif;om;xkonf udkudkBuD; OD;pD;usif;yaom a½G;aumufyGJ0ifMurnf[k vufcHvdkufMuonf/ ESpyf ikd ;f uGu J kd apmifí h trIaqmif&mxl;tm; tacsmifqEJG u dI &f ef 'Dtufpt f w kd YkdtwGuf [moGm;onf/ xkt d cg udu k Bkd uD;onf a½G;aumufyGJwGif ESpfzuftjiif;yGm;rIudk tcGifhaumif;,lum a½G;aumufyGJ usif;yrnfh&ufudk twwfEdkifqHk;a½TUqdkif;&ef tMuHjyKvmonf/ a½G;aumufyGJ tjrefqHk;jzpfa&; vrf;rBuD;ay:wGif csDwufvmaom ausmif;om;xkBuD;tm; wm;qD; ydwfyifaeacsNyD/ atmufwdkbm ausmif;ydwf&uf eD;uyfvmacsrnf/

(ps) 1953 atmufwb kd mta&;tcif; jzpfay:ykH ppfBudKacwfwGif vnf;aumif;? ppfNyD;acwfwGif vnf;aumif; &efukefwuúodkvfonf tpOftvmtm;jzifh ZGev f wGif ausmif;pzGio hf nf/ yxrESp0f ufNyD;aomtcg atmufwb kd m ausmif;wvydwaf y;onf/ 'kw, d ESp0f uftwGuf Edk0ifbmwGif jyefzGifhum? 'DZifbmwGif c&pörwftwGuf (10) &uf ydwfay;onf/ rwfvwGif twef;wifpmar;yGJrsm;udk usif;yay;onf/ ppfNyD;acwfwGif ZGefvü aemufqufwGJpmar;yGJrsm;udk usif;yay;onf/ þzGifh&uf? ydwf&uf? pmar;yGJ usif;y&ufonf tpOftvmjzpfonf/ wuúodkvfrS q&m? q&mrrsm;? ausmif;om;? ausmif;olrsm;tm;vHk;twGuf tqifajyaeaom vdktyfaomydwf&ufrsm; jzpfonf/ 1953 apmapmydik ;f wGif wuúov kd t f mPmykid rf sm;u ,ckEpS w f iG f atmufwb kd mvü (15) &ufom ausmif;ydwf rnf[k aMunmcJo h nf/ xko d Ykd aMunmpOfu ausmif;ydw&f ufEiS hf a0;ao;ojzifh ausmif;wvydwaf &;udk vdv k m;Muaomf vnf; ausmif;om;xku rnfodkYrS rzGifh[cJhao;ay/ tmPmydkifrsm;u pmoifcsdef ykd&ap&ef[laom taMumif;jycJhonf/ wuoa½G;aumufyu JG kd &efuek w f uúov kd üf Mo*kwv f (28) &ufwiG f vnf;aumif;? ref;wuúov kd üf pufwif bmv (7) &ufwiG f vnf;aumif; usi;f ycJo h nf/ 'Dtufpt f kd ausmif;om;rsm;onf rJq, G yf w JG iG f atmufwb kd m ausmif;wv ydwaf &; aqmif½u G af y;rnf[k ajymcJo h nf/ odYk aomf 'Dtufpt f kd ausmif;om;rsm;u a½G;aumufyw JG iG f tEdik rf &cJo h w l Ykd tm; ausmif;om;xku wGef;uefz,f½Sm; aeacsNyD/ vufrcHMuawmhay/

382

Nidrf;csrf;a&; 'Drdkua&pDa&;BudK;yrf;rI - 1952 rS 1953 - 'Drdkua&pDa&; ausmif;om;xktcGifUta&;umuG,fa&; trsKd;om;a&;toGif

odhk ygarmu©csKyf &efukefwuúodkvf aeYpGJ- 22? 9? 53 udpö/

/ atmufwdkbm ausmif;wvydwfay;&ef awmif;qdkjcif;/

ygarmu©csKyfcifAsm;21? 9? 53 &ufaeY? nae (4) em&DcGJtcsdefwGif wuo tpnf;ta0;cef;rBuD;ü &efukefwuúodkvf½Sd o[m,ESihf pmzwftoif;rsm;? c½dik t f oif;rsm;? bmom&yfqikd &f m toif;rsm;? vlrsKd;pktoif;rsm;ESihf Edik if jH cm;om; ausmif;om;toif;aygif;pHkwdkY\ tpnf;ta0;udk usif;yjyKvkyfcJhonf/ ¤if;tpnf;ta0;yGJwGif obmywdtjzpf a½TbdkaqmifrS udkwifa½T (o[m,ESifh pmzwftoif;rsm;tzGJUcsKyf 'k-Ouú|) u aqmif½u G Nf yD; twGi;f a&;rSL;tjzpf yJc;l aqmifrS (o[m,ESihf pmzwftoif;rsm;tzGUJ csKyf twGi;f a&;rSL;) udkwifxGef;u aqmif½Gufygonf/ ¤if;tpnf;ta0;yGBJ uD;odYk wufa&mufvmMuaom atmufazmfjyyg toif;tzGUJ ud, k pf m;vS,rf sm;u tm;vH;k wnDwñGwf oabmwlnpD mG atmufwb kd m ausmif;wvydwaf y;&ef (atmufwb kd mv w&ufrpS í) av;av;euf euf awmif;qdkvdkufygaMumif;/ o[m,ESifUpmzwftoif; o[m,ESifUpmzwftoif; (1) tif;0 (5) a½Tbdk (9) wDwDpD (2) yif;, (6) oxHk (10) aq;odyÜH (3) ppfudkif; (7) '*kH (11) oD&d (4) yJcl; (8) waumif; (12) tif;vsm; c½dkiftoif; (1) rauG; (2) rif;bl; (3) o&uf (4) ykodrf (5) yJcl;

(6) [oFmw (7) rdw¬Dvm (8) a½Tbdk (9) ajrmif;jr (10) &rnf;oif;

(11) jynf (12) armfvNrdKiftoif; (13) csif;wGif;toif; (14) xm;0,ftoif;

ausmif;om;a[mif; (1) NrdKUr

(2) pdef*Ref;

(3) pdefar&D

vlrsKd;pkausmif;om;rsm; (1) &cdkifausmif;ol^om;rsm;toif; (2) awmifay:csif;or*¾ (3) ½Srf;jynfausmif;ol^om;rsm;or*¾ bmom&yfqdkif&mtoif; (1) &mZ0iftoif; (2) abm*aA' (3) ocsFm

(4) ½lyaA' (5) owåaA' (6) rEkóaA'

(4) ucsifjynfe,fausmif;om;or*¾ (5) xm;0,fausmif;om;rsm;toif;

(7) jyifopfbmom (8) bDtufpD (opfawm) (9) ynmodyÜHausmif;om;rsm; 383

jrefrmEdkifiHausmif;om;vIyf&Sm;rIordkif; - atmifxGef; EdkifiHjcm;ausmif;om;rsm;toif; (1) tdE´d,ausmif;ol^om;rsm;toif; (2) w½kwfausmif;ol^om;rsm;toif; toif;tzGJYtpnf;rsm; (1) ausmif;om;opftcGifhta&;awmif;qdkrIaumfrwD (2) wdk;wufaomausmif;om;tiftm;pk ausmif;om;ta&;atmif&rnf (wifxGef;) twGif;a&;rSL; toif;aygif;pHktzGJYpnf;a0;yGJ &efukefwuúodkvf odhk ygarmu©csKyf &efukefwuúodkvf rS Ouú| (52-53) a½G;aumufyGJt&m½Sd wuo (&efukefwuúokdvfausmif;om;rsm;or*¾) aeYpGJ- 22? 9? 53 taMumif;t&m / / atmufwdkbmausmif;wvydwfa&;udpö jyefvnfpOf;pm;ay;&ef/ uRefawmfwdkY\ awmif;qdkxm;csufudk 23? 9? 53 aeY? n ygarmu©rsm; tpnf;ta0;wGif wifjyaqG;aEG; pOf;pm;qHk;jzwf vdkufavsmyg&ef xyfrHí awmif;yefEdI;aqmfjcif; tpD&ifcHtyfygonf/ 1/ uRefawmf\ ausmif;wvydwfa&;awmif;qdkcsufudk 23? 9? 53 aeY ygarmu©rsm;tpnf;ta0;wGif wifjy aqG;aEG;rnf[k od½Sd&ygonf/ 2/ odkYaomfvnf; ,aeY 22? 9? 53 aeYwGif? aeYvnf (12) em&Dtcsdefu wuocef;rwGif wdk;wufaom ausmif;om;acgif;aqmifrsm; OD;pD;usif;yonfh tpnf;ta0;rS uRefawmf\ awmif;qdkcsufESifh tvm;wl qHk;jzwfcsufjzpfaom ausmif; (1) vydwfa&;udk qHk;jzwfawmif;qdkonf[k od½Sd&ygonf/ 3/ xdt k pnf;ta0;onf wuopnf;rsOf;Oya' yk'rf (13)? tyd'k f (2)? tyd'k if ,f (1) t& vH;k 0qefYusifvsuf wuo txl;tpnf;ta0; r[kwfbJ wdk;wufaomausmif;om;rsm; tpnf;ta0;omvQif jzpfaomfjim; vnf; wuotpnf;ta0; [efaqmifvsuf ausmif;wvydwfa&;udk qHk;jzwfawmif;qdkjcif;? pDwef;vSnfh vnfjcif;ponfh wuopnf;rsOf;ESifh tusKH;r0ifonfh vkyfief;rsm;udkvkyfonf[k vlBuD;rif;rsm;u ,lq vsuf uRefawmfh ausmif;wvydwfa&;udkyif aqG;aEG;pOf;pm;vdrfhrnf r[kwf[k pdk;&drfrdygonf/ 4/ uRefawmfudk,fwdkifvnf; ,aeYeHeuf (8) em&DwGif ¤if;wdk;wufaom ausmif;om;acgif;aqmifrsm; yg0if onfh tzGUJ tpnf;aygif;pHk tpnf;ta0;w&yfac:qdí k ausmif;wvydwaf &;udpö rnfrQc&D;a&mufaeNyD;vQif? ¤if;wdkYtm; w&m;r0ifaom ,aeYtpnf;ta0;udk rjyKvkyf&ef wm;jrpfcJhygonf/ 5/ odkYygí xkdwdk;wufaom ausmif;om;acgif;aqmifrsm; y&rf;ywmjyKrItwGuf rnfodkYrQ tmCmwrxm;bJ uRefawmf\ ausmif;wvydwfa&; awmif;qdkcsufudk aqG;aEG;pOf;pm; qHk;jzwfcsufcsvsuf vdkufavsmay; yg&ef txl;av;pm;pGm arwåm&yfcH awmif;yeftyfygaMumif;/ udkudkBuD; Ouú| (52-53) wuo 384

Nidrf;csrf;a&; 'Drdkua&pDa&;BudK;yrf;rI - 1952 rS 1953 - 'Drdkua&pDa&; ausmif;om;xktcGifUta&;umuG,fa&; trsKd;om;a&;toGif

&efuek w f uúov kd f 'Dru kd &ufwpfausmif;om;rsm;tzGYJ aMunmcsuf ausmif;ol^om;taygif;wdkhuREkfyfwdkY 'Drdku&ufwpfausmif;om;rsm;tzGJUrS 3? 9? 53 aeY wuocef;rü usif;ycJhaom ausmif;om;xk tpnf;ta0;rS ausmif;om;tcGifhta&;ESifh ywfoufaom atmufygtcsufrsm;udk awmif;qdkcJhonf/ (1) ausmif;wvydwfa&;? (2) aq;odyaHÜ usmif;om;rsm;twGuf aqmufvyk q f jJ zpfaom ausmif;aqmifwaqmiftjyif aemufxyfausmif;aqmif wckukd aq;odyaHÜ usmif;teD; jynfvrf;ESihf pde*f Ref;vrf;axmif½h dS ajruGuv f yfay:ü tjrefq;kH aqmufvyk af y;&ef? (3) 25 rSwfay;pepfESifh 10-10-10-70 pepf (tif*sifeD,mausmif;om;rsm;twGuf) zsufodrf;ay;&ef? (4) ausmif;q&mrsm;udk vHkavmufpGm wdk;csJUcefYxm;ay;&ef? (5) ausmif;aqmifc 60d^- rS 50d^- txd avQmhcsay;&ef/ txufyg awmif;qkdcsufrsm;teuf atmufazmfjyyg tcsufrsm;udk qdkif&mrS vdkufavsmavonf/ (1) aq;odyaHÜ usmif;om;rsm;twGuf aqmufvyk q f jJ zpfaom ausmif;aqmif waqmiftjyif aemufxyf ausmif;aqmif wckudk aq;odyÜHteD; jynfvrf;ESifh pdef*Ref;vrf;axmifh½Sd ajruGufvyfay:wGif tjrefqHk; aqmufvkyfay;rnf/ (2) tif*sifeD,mausmif;om;rsm;twGuf 10-10-10-70 pepf zsufodrf;ay;rnf/ (3) ausmif;q&mrsm; vHkavmufpGm wdk;csJUcefYxm;ay;rnf/ ,ckvnf; cefYaeqJjzpfonf/ (4) aemufxyf ausmif;aqmiftopf (6) aqmif wdk;csJUaqmufvkyfay;rnf/ tjcm;usef½adS eaom awmif;qdck sufrsm;udv k nf; &uftenf;i,ftwGi;f taumiftxnfazmfEikd af &;twGuf uREfkyfwdkYtzGJUrS BudK;pm; aqmif½GufqJjzpfaMumif;/ atmif&rnf trIaqmiftzGYJ 'Drdku&ufwpfausmif;om;rsm;tzGJY &efukefwuúodkvf þodkYjzifh ausmif;wvydwfa&;udk awmif;qdkcJhaomfvnf; ausmif; (15) &ufom ydwfrnf[k wuúodkvf tmPmydkifrsm; (qdk½S,fvpf0efBuD;rsm;? BudK;udkifEdkifolrsm; yg0ifonf) u ZGwfwif;cHjcif;onf acgif;aqmifrsm;tm; qlylvIYHaqmfolrsm;tjzpf taMumif;jyzrf;qD;rnf? ausmif;xkwfypfrnf/ xkdtcg 'Dtufpftdkausmif;om;rsm;om usefcJh onf/ ausmif;om;nDñGwfa&; ysufqD;oGm;atmif jyKvkyfaeonf/ armfvNrKdiw f uúov kd f ausmif;om;rsm;uvnf; ud, k pf m;vS,af pvTwí f atmufwb kd m ausmif;wvydwaf &;udk awmif;qdck o hJ nf/ ref;wuúov kd af usmif;om;rsm;or*¾rS 12? 9? 53 &ufaeYwiG f ausmif;om;xk tpnf;ta0;yGw J &yftm; cef;raqmifopfwGifusif;yum awmif;qdkcsuf (22) csufwGif ausmif;wvydwfa&;awmif;qdkcsuf yg0ifcJhonf/ 18? 9? 53 &ufaeYwiG f a½Tref;rde;f uav;aqmif? &wemyHak qmifEiS hf jynfawmfom (3) aqmif yl;wGt J pnf;ta0;rS awmif;qdk cJhonf/ atmufwdkbm ausmif;wvydwfa&;onf ausmif;om;xk\ ]&ydkifcGifU} wckjzpfonf/ 23? 9? 53 &ufaeYwGif &efukefwuúodkvf bGJUESif;obifcef;raqmifwGif qD;edwf (Senate) tpnf;ta0; usif;yonf/ ygarmu©csKyf a'gufwmxifatmifu ausmif;om;rsm; awmif;qdck sufjzpfaom ]atmufwb kd m ausmif;wv ydwaf &;} udk wifjyavonf/ odkYaomf a'gufwmomvSu ]qH;k jzwfNy;D vQif vH;k 0rpOf;pm;Edik yf g} [kajymNyD; ukvm;xdkifrS ZGwfxavonf/ ausmif;wvydwfa&; raqG;aEG;bJ (15) &ufom xm;vdkufMuonf/ odkYaomf qD;edwf (Senate) rS qHk;jzwfcsufudk wuúodkvfaumifpDrS twnfjyKay;onf/ 26? 9? 53 &ufaeY? eHeuf (11) em&DwiG f ygarmu©csKyf a'gufwmxifatmifEiS hf wuúov kd f 'k-t"dywd OD;bdBk uD; wdkYu &efukefwuúodkvf? ref;wuúodkvf? armfvNrdKifwuúodkvfwdkYrS ausmif;om;xk udk,fpm;vS,frsm;tm; awGUqHkaqG; aEG;yGJ usif;ycJhonf/ pmoifcsdef ydkrdk&&efjzpfí bmaMumifh vufrcHEdkifovJ[k ar;avonf/ pmoifcsed yf &kd &ef[al om tmPmydik rf sm;\ taMumif;jycsuu f kd rqefYusib f J ausmif;om;xku wkeYfjyefco hJ nfrmS (u) trSew f u,f pmoifMum;rIukd (15) &ufykd &vdak pjcif;jzpfygu ausmif;udk tenf;i,fapmzGijhf cif;? ausmif;udk 385

jrefrmEdkifiHausmif;om;vIyf&Sm;rIordkif; - atmifxGef; tenf;i,f aemufusydwfjcif;? aeYpOfpmoifcsdefrsm;wGif jznfh,ljcif;jzifh&Edkifí txufygtwdkif; aqmif½Guf &ef/ (c) atmufwdkbm ausmif;wvydwfcJUjcif;onf(1) ausmif;om;rsm;taeESifh yxrESpf0ufwGifoifcJhaom oifcef;pmrsm;udk ausnufatmif jyKvkyfEdkif&ef jzpfjcif;? (2) q&m? q&mrrsm;taeESifhvnf; 'kwd,ESpf0ufwGif oifMum;&rnfh oifcef;pmrsm;udk pepfwus jyifqif csdef&apjcif;? (3) atmufwdkbm oDwif;uRwfyGJawmf½Sdí ausmif;om;trsm;pkonf rdrdwdkY&yf½Gm½Sd rdbaqGrsKd;rsm;xH jyefa&; twGuf vHkavmufaom tcsdef&apjcif;/ (8) þvdktyfaom tajccHrsm;t& tpOftvmydwfay;aom atmufwdkbm (1) v ausmif;ydwfay;&ef/ jyefvnfwifjycJhonf/ pmoifcsdefydk&apjcif;udk rqefYusifcJh/ ausmif;om;xkESifh q&m? q&mrrsm;uvnf; vdkvm;cJhMuonf/ xdktcg ygarmu©u wuúodkvfaumifpDodkY ausmif;wvydwfa&; xyfrHwifjyay;rnf[k uwday;vdkufonf/ 25? 9? 53 &ufaeY? aeYvnf (12) em&DcGJwGif ausmif;om;xk tpnf;ta0;yGJ jyKvkyfonf/ obmywdtjzpf o[m,ESihf pmzwftoif;rsm;tzGUJ csKyf Ouú| udo k mausm?f tcrf;tem;rSL;tjzpf udw k ifxeG ;f u aqmif½u G o f nf/ ausmif; wvydwfa&;udk awmif;qdkqHk;jzwfMuonf/ nae (4) em&DcGJwGif wuúodkvftoif;tzGJUaygif; (70) ausmfwdkY pnf;a0; um (21) OD; aumfrwDwck zGJUpnf;Muonf/ xkdtcsdef 0efBuD;OD;ausmfNidrf;u ]ynma&;ESiUf tpd;k &oabmxm;} udk vma&muf a[mMum;rnf[k wuúodkvf e,fajrwGif ysUH ESYH omG ;onf/ ,k'oefcef;rwGif ausmif;om;? ausmif;olrsm; jynfEh u S o f mG ;onf/ rMumrD OD;ausmNf idr;f onf ud, k &f aH wmfrsm;jzifh qdu k af &mufvmonf/ olonf tenf;i,f okwo f ;D okwjf ymEdik af eonf/ rsurf eS x f x l Bl uD;rSm rD;a&mifwiG f vif;vufomG ;onf/ ausmif;om;rsm;tm; awGU&aomtcg ol\aESmif;b0udk owd&vmonf/ olonf wcgu ausmif; om;acgif;aqmif wOD;jzpfonf/ 0efBuD; ra[majymrD a'gufwmxifatmifu ]ausmif;om;rsm; NidrfNidrf0yf0yfem;axmifMuyg? q&mUudk 0efBuD;OD;ausmfNidrf; ajymcdkif;vdkhajym&ygw,f} [k ajymonf/ 0efBuD;u ]]ppfNyD;acwfwGif bGJY&olrsm;onf *syefpuúLrsm;om jzpfaMumif;? *syefpuúLrS t*FvdyfpuúLrsm; jzpfvmatmif tpdk;&u BudK;pm;aeaMumif;? xkdhaMumifU ausmif;ydwf&uf (15) &ufomydwf&jcif;jzpfaMumif;? ausmif;om;rsm; ydkrdkynm oif,lEdkif&ef pDpOfjcif;jzpfaMumif;? ausmif;om;rsm; vdkufemapvdkaMumif;}} ajymoGm;onf/ 0efBuD;u r½Sif;vif;onfhtcsufrsm;udk ar;jref;&ef tcGifhay;aomtcg ausmif;om;rsm;u ]]'Dtufpftdkausmif;om;awGom a½G;aumufyGJrSm tEkdif&vQif ausmif;wvydwfay;ygvdkY awmif;qdkvQif vdkuf avsmr,f r[kwfvm;}} ]]ausmif;om;awG qlylatmifvkyfwm r[kwfvm;}} ]]ausmif;om;awG zrf;csifvdkY r[kwfvm;}} xkdtcg 0efBuD;onf ar;cGef;rsm;udk rajz½Sif;½kHomru ausmif;om;rsm;tm; atmf[pfBudrf;armif;vmonf/ xkdtcg ausmif;ol? ausmif;om; (2000) ausmfonf ausmif;wvydwfay;&ef qE´jya
Nidrf;csrf;a&; 'Drdkua&pDa&;BudK;yrf;rI - 1952 rS 1953 - 'Drdkua&pDa&; ausmif;om;xktcGifUta&;umuG,fa&; trsKd;om;a&;toGif ]ynma&;pepfnHUzsif;aeao;ojzifU ynmydkrdkoif,lEdkif&ef ausmif; (15) &ufomydwf&jcif;jzpfaMumif;? apw emESifUom jyKvkyfaMumif;} wdkif;jynfodkY aMunmonf/ aMumifvQmwrmwHk;BuD;tm; oum&nfcsKdjzifh avmif;cJhonf/ tqdyfwHk;BuD;tm; touf½Snfaq;tjzpf ajymMum;cJhonf/ t&ufykvif;ay:wGif tpmaMuaq;[k wHqdyfa&;uyfxm; NyD; t&uform;tjzpfrS ykef;uG,fvdkjcif;om jzpfonf/ ausmif;om;rsm;u wuúodkvfausmif;om;or*¾ Ouú| udkEk 0efBuD;csKyfjzpfvmaomtcgwGif ynma&;pepf ajymif;vJvmrnf[k arQmfvifhcJhMuonf/ wcsdefwacwfu bDatbGJUudk jyeftyfcJhaom udkEkonf q|ro*Fg,emwif rif;BuD;tjzpf arQmrf eS ;f vsuf pdwyf w k ;D wzuf? yk'rf (5) wzuf0g'udk vufuikd jf yKum wuúov kd t f "dywd (csepf ,fvm) &mxl;BuD;ud, k í l vwfvwfqwfqwf jy|mef;twnfjyKawmhrnfh wuúov kd pf mar;yGpJ epfopfonf ausmif;om;rsm;udk aiG ukev f yl ef;jzpfaprnfh wuúov kd pf mar;yGpJ epfEiS hf zdEydS cf sK;d ESrd cf &H aom [du k pf ul;zdik ef ,f ausmif;xGuf vufrw S &f pmar;yGpJ epf wdkYjzifh zmax;jyKjyifxm;aom ynma&;pepfa[mif;BuD;yif jzpfonf/ ]udkvdkeDynma&;pepf zsufodrf;ypf} ]'Drdkua&pD ynma&;csufjcif;ay;} a
(n) 1953 atmufwb kd mta&;awmfykH jzpfymG ;jcif; atmufwb kd m ausmif;wvydwt f a&;awmfyrkH mS aphpyfr&bJ rvGrJ a½Smifom tajctaejzpfvmonf/ wd;k wuf tiftm;pkonf ausmif;om;xk\ w&m;0iftcGit hf a&;twGuf &ifqidk &f ef jyifqifMuonf/ udb k aumif;ESihf udv k 0S if;wdYk u 1949 ckESpf ausmif;om;oydwf tawGUtMuHKt& wdkufyGJruRHap&ef? &uftuefYtowfjzifh qE´jyoydwf (Token Strike) vkyf&ef &Jabmfrsm;udk csjy½Sif;vif; aqG;aEG;onf/ a&½SnfoydwfjzpfvQif aemufqHk;tajctaeudk xdef;xm;&ef tcufMuHKrnhf tajctaersm;udk ½Sif;vif;aqG;aEG;oGm;onf/ udkpdk;odef;ESifh udktkef;armif (bPf) u vufrcH? wuoa½G;aumufyGJ zsuf&aomtcsdefrS pí ausmif;om;xk vIyf½Sm;aeaom t½SdefaMumifh vnf;aumif;? ,ckudpörSm atmufwdkbm (1) &ufrS (15) &uf tuefYtowf½Sdonfh xl;jcm;aom tajctaet& vnf;aumif;? (15) &ufom vIy½f mS ;&rnft h ajctaeudk xde;f xm;Edik rf nf[k ,HMk unfonf/ xkdudpöudk wuotaqmuftODay:wGif vnf;aumif;? nydkif;wGif Adkvfatmifausmf ausmufwdkifajc&if; tarSmif&dyfwGif vnf;aumif; tBudwfte,f aqG;aEG;Muonf/ ausmif;om;&Jabmf trsm;pkrSm oabmxm; (2) ck Mum;wGif rjywfrom; jzpfaeonf/ udktkef;armifESifh udkpdk;odef;wdkY qE´twdkif; ta&;awmfyHkudk &ifqdkif&ef qHk;jzwfcJh Muonf/ xdkodkY ausmif;om;trsm;pku qHk;jzwfcJh&jcif;rSmvnf; 26? 9? 53 &ufaeY *,ufjzpfonf/ 26? 9? 53 aeY 387

jrefrmEdkifiHausmif;om;vIyf&Sm;rIordkif; - atmifxGef; vnf (12) em&DcGJ &efukefwuúodkvf bGJUESif;obifcef;r0,f wuúodkvfaumifpD tpnf;ta0; usif;yonf/ þtpnf; ta0;ESihf wcsdew f nf;rSmyif wuotaqmuftODü ausmif;om;xktpnf;ta0; usif;yí bGUJ ESi;f obif taqmuftOD tm; 0dkif;0ef;qE´jy&ef qHk;jzwfcJhonf/ bGJUESif;obifcef;rü ausmif;om; (3000) ausmf pdwfqE´onf ESvHk;om;rsm;twGif;rS
Nidrf;csrf;a&; 'Drdkua&pDa&;BudK;yrf;rI - 1952 rS 1953 - 'Drdkua&pDa&; ausmif;om;xktcGifUta&;umuG,fa&; trsKd;om;a&;toGif onf ,ckvuf½Sd tpdk;&tm; tEÅ&m,fay;vdrfhrnf[k ,lqonf/ trSefrSm wuúodkvfonf &mZ0ift& vlxkBuD;zufrS tjrJ ½Sdaeayonf/ vlxkBuD;tm; qefYusifolwdkYudk wdkufcdkufcJhayonf/ xkdta&;udk jrifojzifh qdk½S,fvpfwdkYonf wuúodkvfudktkyfpdk;&ef oJoJrJrJ BudK;pm;Muonf/ 1948 ckwGif wuúov kd f 'k-t"dywdtjzpf qd½k , S v f pfwYkdonf OD;umpDukd wuúov kd af umifpw D iG f a½G;cs,cf \ hJ / aemufyikd ;f wGif OD;at;armif udk a½G;cs,f&m ¤if;onf tpdk;&tpDtrHudk vufrcHaomtcg ,ckvuf½Sd 'k-t"dywdudk 1951 ckESpfwGif OD;at;armifESifh tNydKifa½G;apum tEdik , f cl ahJ yonf/ 1947 ckEpS w f iG f rEÅav;wuúov kd u f kd zGiv hf pS cf &hJ m ausmif;tkyt f jzpf q&mOD;atmif oef; (odYk ) q&mOD;umpDukd wuúov kd af umifprD S a½G;cs,fc\ hJ / odYk aomf qd½k , S v f pftpd;k &onf OD;udak v;udk ausmif;tkyf tjzpf cefYxm;cJo h nf/ wzef 1951 ckEpS w f iG f jrefrmpmXmeü vljyefawmfwOD;udk Adv k cf ifarmifuav;twGuf cefYxm;cJ&h ayonf/ wpwp þodkY wuúodkvfynmoifMum;a&;ü 0ifa&mufpGufzufEdkif&ef tcsuftcsmae&mrsm;udk vlpm;xkd;&ef MuHpnfaeayonf/ aemufq;kH ygarmu©csKyf ae&mü vlpm;xd;k jcif;? ygarmu©csKyftmPmudk uefYowf&ef MuHqMuonf/ wzef wuúodkvf toHk;p&dwfrsm;twGufvnf; wuúodkvfynma&;onf vTrf;rdk;cs,fvS,f cHae&ayonf/ wuúov kd t f oH;k p&dwu f kd tpd;k &u vTwaf wmfü awmif;ay;&\/ þodYk axmufyrhH t I wGuf wuúov kd v f w G v f yfru I kd xdcu kd f ayonf/ t*FvefEikd if w H iG f wuúov kd rf sm;tm; aiGaMu;axmufyrhH t I zGUJ udk zGUJ xm;onf/ xkt d zGUJ rS tpd;k &u owfrw S x f m; aom aiGtm;vkH;udk wuúodkvfrsm;odkY cGJa0ay;onf/ xdkYaemufwGifum; xdktzGJUonf vnf;aumif;? tpdk;&tzGJUonf vnf;aumif;? 0ifa&mufpGufzufrI uif;vGwfayawmhonf/ xkd&uf rwdkifrDu 29? 9? 53 &ufwGif qE´jy oydwfarSmufMuonf/

ausmif;wvydwfa&;twGuf nDnDñGwfñGwfqE´jyMu &Jabmfausmif;om;taygif;wdkhatmufwdkbm ausmif;wvydwfa&;twGuf ausmif;om;xkBuD;w&yfvHk;ESifh ausmif;om;tzGJUtpnf;rsm;? ausmif;om;tiftm;pkrsm;uyg awmif;qdck MhJ uayonf/ odYk aomf w&m;rQwonfh awmif;qdck suu f kd wuúov kd t f yk cf sKyfa&; tzGUJ onf vH;k 0rvdu k af vQmbJ wif;rmí aecJah yonf/ þodYk wif;rmaeonft h wGuf 26? 9? 53 &ufaeYwiG f wuo taqmuftODü tzGUJ aygif;pHk BuD;rSL;usif;yum ausmif;om;xktpnf;a0;yGBJ uD;rS ausmif;om;^ol wdik ;f qE´ukd xkwaf zmf &eftwGuf 29? 9? 53 &uf? t*FgaeYü ausmif;ol^om;wdik ;f ausmif;wvydwaf &;twGuf ausmif;vH;k 0rwufbJ qE´jy&ef qHk;jzwfcsufcscJhonf/ ausmif;wvydwfa&;onf ausmif;om;xkw&yfvHk;\ ta&;jzpfonf/ xkdausmif;om;xkw&yfvHk; ta&;udk ausmif;om;^olwdkif; nDñGwfpGm vufwGJwdkufcdkuf,lrS atmifjrifrnfjzpf&m ausmif;wvydwfa&;udk vdkvm;aom ausmif;om;^olwdkif; 29? 9? 53 &ufaeYwGif vHk;0ausmif;rwufbJ qE´jyMu&ef arwåm&yfcHygaMumif;/ ausmif;om;ta&; atmifjrif&rnf 1/ ppfudkif;aqmif o[m,ESifh pmzwftoif; 2/ yif;,aqmif o[m,ESifh pmzwftoif; 3/ tif;0aqmif o[m,ESifh pmzwftoif; 4/ yJcl;aqmif o[m,ESifh pmzwftoif; 5/ oxHkaqmif o[m,ESifh pmzwftoif; 6/ '*Hkaqmif o[m,ESifh pmzwftoif; 7/ a½Tbdkaqmif o[m,ESifh pmzwftoif; 8/ waumif;aqmif o[m,ESifh pmzwftoif; 9/ jynfaqmif o[m,ESifh pmzwftoif; 10/ oD&daqmiff o[m,ESifh pmzwftoif; 11/ wD? wD? pDaqmiff o[m,ESifh pmzwftoif; 12/ tif;vsm;aqmiff o[m,ESifh pmzwftoif; 13/ aeYausmif;ol^om;rsm;toif; 14/ [Hom0wDc½dkif ausmif;om;^olrsm;toif; 15/ a½Tbdkc½dkifausmif;om;^olrsm;toif; 389

jrefrmEdkifiHausmif;om;vIyf&Sm;rIordkif; - atmifxGef; 16/ rtlyifc½dkifausmif;om;^olrsm;toif; 17/ csif;wGif;c½dkifrsm;toif; 18/ zsmyHkc½dkifrsm;toif; 19/ ykodrfc½dkifrsm;toif; 20/ rif;bl;c½dkifrsm;toif; 21/ ajrmif;jrc½dkifrsm;toif; 22/ [oFmwc½dkifrsm;toif; 23/ yckuúLc½dkifrsm;toif; 24/ Nrdwfc½dkifrsm;toif; 25/ rEÅav;c½dkifrsm;toif; 26/ arNrdKUc½dkifrsm;toif; 27/ yJcl;c½dkifrsm;toif; 28/ o&ufc½dkifrsm;toif; 29/ rauG;c½dkifrsm;toif; 30/ ysOf;rem;c½dkifrsm;toif; 31/ tif;pdefc½dkifrsm;toif; 32/ rdw¬Dvmc½dkifrsm;toif; 33/ awmifilc½dkifrsm;toif; 34/ awmifay:csif; ausmif;om;^olrsm;toif; 35/ xm;0,fausmif;om;^olrsm;toif; 36/ &cdkifausmif;om;^olrsm;toif; 37/ u&ifausmif;om;^olrsm;toif; 38/ w½kwfausmif;om;^olrsm;toif; 39/ pdefaygausmif;om;^olrsm;toif; 40/ b&m;om;ESifh uGefYAifhausmif;om;^olrsm;toif; 41/ NrdKUrausmif;om;^olrsm;toif; 42/ pdef*Ref;? pdefar&Dausmif;om;^olrsm;toif; 43/ vStvGwfynmoifausmif;om;^olrsm;toif; 44/ ul½Sifausmif;om;^olrsm;toif; 45/ ausmufajrmif;ausmif;om;^olrsm;toif; 46/ &mZ0iftoif; 47/ jyifopfpmaytoif; 48/ rEkóaA'toif; 49/ blrdaA'toif; 50/ abm*aA'toif; 51/ 0gPdÖZaA'toif; 52/ yx0Dtoif; 53/ ½lyaA'toif; 54/ ocsFmtoif; 55/ ynmodyÜHausmif;om;^olrsm;toif; 56/ opfawmodyÜHausmif;om;^olrsm;toif; 57/ ausmif;om;opftcGifhta&;awmif;qdka&;aumfrwD 58/ &efukefwuúodkvfwdk;wufaomausmif;om;tiftm;pk 59/ &efukefwuúodkvfoefY½Sif;aomausmif;om;xk 60/ &efukefwuúodkvftrsKd;om;'Drdku&ufwpftiftm;pk 390

Nidrf;csrf;a&; 'Drdkua&pDa&;BudK;yrf;rI - 1952 rS 1953 - 'Drdkua&pDa&; ausmif;om;xktcGifUta&;umuG,fa&; trsKd;om;a&;toGif þodYkjzifh toif;aygif; (60) ausmo f nf ausmif;rsm;ydwaf &;twGuf 29? 9? 53 &ufwiG f nDñw G pf mG oydwaf rSmuf cJhMuonf/ ausmif;om; (7300) wdkYonf wnDwñGwfwnf; qE´jyí rw&m;rIudk wkefYjyef tajzay;vdkufonf/ tvm;wl ref;wuúodkvfüvnf; rwuorS OD;pD;í 28? 9? 53 &ufaeY? (12) em&DrS jycJhonf/ ausmif;om; rsm;onf bwfpfum;BuD; (13) pD;jzifh vSnfhvnfMuonf/ ]0efBuD;ausmfNidrf; tvdkr½Sd} ]0efBuD;&m½Spf tvdkr½Sd} ]ausmif;om;xktwGif; qdk½S,fvpfawG 0ifr½IyfeJh} ]ausmif;om;nDñGwfa&; rNzdKcGJeJh} ]ausmif;om;tcGifUta&; rcsKyfcs,feJh} ]500 zrf;&if 5000 wufr,f} ]50 zrf;&if 500 wufr,f} wcsdefu ausmif;om;acgif;aqmif udk&m½SpfESifh udkausmfNidrf;udk ,aeYausmif;om;rsm;u qefYusifaeMuNyDjzpf onf/ um;wef;BuD;rsm;onf NrdKUxJrS ausmif;odYk jyefvn S v hf monf/ um;OD;wGif ausmif;om;wdYk \ cGyaf 'gif;tvHonf wvlvl vGifhysHaeonf/ cGyfa'gif;\ a½T0ga&mifonf pdwfudk wnfNidrfaponf/ MunfEl;aysmf½Tifí arQmfvifhtm;&ap onf/ teDxrJ S cGyaf 'gif;\[efrmS ppfzufNydKifaeonfyh rm ausmif;om;xkonf zdEydS cf sKyfcs,rf rI sm;Mum;rS vl;vGeYf ½ek ;f uef ae&onfrmS ausmif;om;xkEiS hf ausmif;om;tvHrmS wom;wnf; xyfaeayonf/ av\t[ke0f ,f ]wjzwfjzwf} cyfoo H nf csDwufaeaom ausmif;om;xk\ ppfcsDoHyifjzpfonf/ 29? 9? 53 &uf? aeYvnf (2) em&DwiG f aq;aumvdyaf usmif;om;xk tpnf;ta0;jyKvkyaf vonf/ udak tmifxeG ;f u ausmif;wvydwfa&;udk wifjyonf/ obmywd udkvSbl;u rydwfoifhaMumif; wifjyonf/ udkatmifxGef;u tus,f ½Si;f vif;í tqdw k ifonf/ rJc&JG m wvydwaf &;zufrS (126) rJ½í dS uefYuu G zf ufrS (120)rJ½í dS tqdEk ikd o f nf/ trIaqmif tzGJUu raqmif½Guf&Jí wdkuf&JolwdkYu qufvuf aqmif½Guf&ef qHk;jzwfonf/ 30? 9? 53 &uf? eHeuf (11) em&DwGif tif*sifeD,maumvdyf ausmif;om;xktpnf;ta0; usif;yonf/ atmufwdkbm (1) &ufaeYrS (17) &ufaeY txd vufawGUoifwef;qif;&efudk zsufí vHk;0rqif;bJ ausmif;wv ydwf&efESifh atmufwdkbm (1) &ufaeY? eHeuf (8) em&DwGif qE´jyvSnfhvnfMu&ef qHk;jzwfonf/ 30? 9? 53 &uf aeYvnf (12) em&DwiG f &mZ0ifcef;raqmifopfwiG f ausmif;om;xktpnf;ta0; usif;yonf/ obmywdtjzpf udktkef;BudKifu aqmif½Gufí tcrf;tem;rSL;tjzpf udkomEdk;u aqmif½Gufonf/ ausmif;wvydwfa&; tqdkudk udkatmifjrifhu tus,fw0ifh wifoGif;NyD; udkausmfOD;ESifh udkwifOD;u axmufcHonf/ þtcsdefwGif 'Dtufpftdk udo k ef;wif? udak rmifarmifBuD;ESihf udak |;atmifazwdYku uefYuu G Mf uonf/ ausmif;om;xkw&yfv;kH rdrw d Ykd &ydik cf iG jhf zpfonfh (1) vydwaf &;tm; wcJeuf axmufcaH qG;aEG;MupOf 'Dtufpt f kd (2) OD;? (3) OD;u 0ifa&mufzsuq f ;D aomtcg ausmif;om;xk BuD;u qlnHpGmatmf[pfNyD; 'Dtufpftdkrsm;udk tpnf;ta0;yGJrSxGufoGm;&ef awmif;qdkavonf/ 'Dtufpftdkrsm; t½Suf wuGJ xGuo f mG ;&onf/ ausmif;om;xkBuD; qufvufaqG;aEG;um atmufwb kd m ausmif;wvydwfa&; aqmif½Gufa&; aumfrwDudk zGJUpnf;Muonf/ atmufwdkbm (1) &ufaeYrS pí ausmif;rwuf&ef qHk;jzwfvdkufMuonf/ armfvNrdKifaumvdyfrS ausmif;om;xkuvnf; atmufwdkbmvwGif (1) vvHk; ausmif;rwufMu&ef wnDw ñGwfwnf; qHk;jzwfvdkufMuonf/ atmufwdkbm (1) &ufrS (15) &uftxd (350) pvHk; rnfolrQ ausmif;rwufMu awmhay/ 30? 9? 53 &uf? nae (4) em&DwGif 0efBuD;csKyf OD;EktdrfwGif OD;Eku zdwfac:í &efukefwuúodkvfausmif;om; or*¾trSL;jyKonfh &efukefwuúodkvf toif;tzGJUaygif;pHk udk,fpm;vS,frsm;ESifh OD;Eku wuúodkvft"dywdtaeESifh awGUqHkonf/ wufa&mufolrsm;rSm ygarmu©csKyf a'gufwmxifatmifESifh tzGJUaygif;pHkudk,fpm;vS,f udkwifxGef;? udak tmifjrif?h wuoud, k pf m;vS,f udu k Bkd uD;? udak tmifbef;? wd;k wufaom ausmif;om;xk ud, k pf m;vS,f udak usmNf idr;f ESihf udv k 0S if;? trsKd;om;'Dru kd &ufrS udv k ?S oefY½iS ;f rS udpk ;kd vGi?f ausmif;wvydwaf &;aumfrwDrS ud&k x J eG ;f ? ½Sr;f ud, k pf m;vS,f cGeMf umat;wdYk jzpfMuygonf/ þawGUqHyk w JG iG f udak tmifbef;u ausmif;wvydwaf &;udpu ö kd ajymjyonf/ OD;Eku 'gawG ajymzdkY ausmif;om;awGudk zdwfjcif; r[kwfaMumif;? ausmif;om;acgif;aqmifrsm;ESifh &if;ESD;vdkíom ,ckvdk awGUqHkjcif; jzpfaMumif; ajymonf/ OD;Eku qufvufí ausmif;om;awGwiG f *g&0w&m;enf;yg;aeí 0rf;enf;aMumif;? *g&0w&m; ½Sd&rnfhtaMumif;udk tus,fw0ifh ajymjyonf/ wdk;wufaom ausmif;om;tiftm;pk udk,fpm;vS,f udkausmfNidrf;u ausmif;om;rsm;onf q&mrdbwdYk tay:wGif xm;½St d yfaom *g&0w&m;udk av;pm;vdu k ef moifah Mumif; tus,fw0ifh 391

jrefrmEdkifiHausmif;om;vIyf&Sm;rIordkif; - atmifxGef;

(tay:) pufwifbm (29) &ufaeh ausmif;rwufbJ qE´jyaeMupOf þodt hk pkta0;rsm;udk ae&mwdik ;f wGif awGcY &hJ onf (tv,f) ausmif;wvydwfa&; qE´jy 'd;k ywfausmif;om; (atmuf 0J) qE´jyvmaom tif*sief , D mausmif;om;rsm;tm; (Ouú|) udak rmifarmifat;u rdechf eG ;f ajymMum;aepOf (atmuf ,m) atmufwdkbmv (1) &ufaeh qE´jyvSnv Uf nfvmaom tif*sief , D mausmif;om;rsm;

Source: Oway Magazines

392

Nidrf;csrf;a&; 'Drdkua&pDa&;BudK;yrf;rI - 1952 rS 1953 - 'Drdkua&pDa&; ausmif;om;xktcGifUta&;umuG,fa&; trsKd;om;a&;toGif ajymjyNyD;? OD;EkrdefYMum;csufudk axmufcHajymqdkonf/ udkausmfNidrf;u wzef ausmif;wvydwfa&; udpu ö dk xyfrHwifjy onf/ ausmif;wvydwfa&;udpöudk ausmif;om;rsm;\ qE´udk,lNyD; jyKvkyf&ef? pnf;urf;wckvkyfvQif ausmif;om;? ausmif;q&m? tmPmydkif oHk;OD; wdkifyifn§dEIdif;jyKvkyf&ef? (New System) vkyfpOfuvnf; ausmif;om;qE´,l vkyfcJhí atmifjrifcyhJ u kH kd Oyrmxm;í ajymjyonf/ wOD;\ em;vnfoabmaygufru I kd r,lbJ wOD;u vkycf v hJ Qif atmifjrifrnf r[kwaf Mumif; ajymjyonf/ þwGif OD;Eku tvkyo f rm;rsm; tvkycf sdeyf v kd yk &f vQif oydwaf rSmufonfukd oabmayguf aMumif;? ausmif;om;rsm; pmoifcsdef yd&k atmifvyk o f nfukd vufrcHjcif;udk em;rvnfaMumif; ajymjyonf/ udak usmfNidr;f u ausmif;om;rsm; ausmif;wvydwfa&;udk vufrcHjcif;rSm pmroifvdkí r[kwfaMumif;? a½S;acwfuESifh rwlawmhbJ ppfNyD;acwfwiG f ausmif;om;rsm; acwfynmudk ydrk v kd u kd pf m; oif,v l mMuaMumif;? ,cktcsdew f iG f pmoifcsifaomausmif; om;OD;a& rsm;jym;vGef;í tpdk;&ausmif;wGif q&mrsm; rvHkavmufum taqmuftOD? ausmif;oHk;ypönf;rsm; rvHkr avmuf jzpfaejcif;? vctrsm;BuD;ay;NyD; tjyiftvGwfynmoifausmif;wGif oif,lae&jcif;? tjyiftvGwfynmoif ausmif;rsm; waeYwjcm; rsm;jym;vmaejcif; ponfhtcsufrsm;udk ajymjyonf/ ausmif;wvydwfa&;udk vdkvm;onfrSm ynmydkoifvdkíom jzpfaMumif;? wpfvydwfa&;rSm vdkvnf;vdktyfaMumif;? wuúodkvfynma&;rSm txufwef;ausmif; awGEiS hf rwlawmhbJ q&mrsm; ñTejf y½Hak vmufom½Sí d ausmif;om;rsm;ud, k w f ikd f avhvm&onfu rsm;aMumif;? yxrESpf 0ufwGif vdkufrDem;vnfEdkifaMumif;? þodkY wvvHk;avhvmygrS ausmif;jyefzGifhzGifhjcif; jyKvkyfrnfh pmar;yGJudk ajzqdkEdkif aMumif;? wvydwfrSom ausmif;om;a&m q&myg tdrfjyefcsdef &EdkifaMumif;? xkdYaMumifh wvydwfa&;rSm vdktyfaMumif; ajymjyonf/ tjcm;udk,fpm;vS,frsm;uvnf; axmufcHajymqdkMuonf/ udkausmfNidrf;u ynma&;pepftm; ydkrdkaumif; rGefatmif vkyf&mwGif (15) &ufrQ pmydkoifay;½HkESifh jzpfEdkifrnf rxifaMumif;? q&mrsm;? ausmif;oHk;y&dabm*rsm; rvHkravmuf? ynma&;toHk;p&dwf enf;jcif;wdkYom t"dujyóemjzpfaMumif; ajymjyonf/ þwGif OD;Eku [dkwkef;u ausmif;ydwf&ufrsm;&onfrSm ArmawG pmrwwfatmifvdkY t*FvdyfawGu vkyfcJh vdkYom jzpfaMumif; ajymjyonf/ udkausmfNidrf;u rdrdMum;zl;onfrSm t*Fvefwuúodkvfrsm;wGif q&mrsm; oifMum;rI ñTefMum;rItjyif ausmif;om;rsm;udk,fwdkif avhvma&;twGuf ausmif;ydwf&ufudk rsm;EdkiforQ rsm;rsm;xm;aMumif; ygarmu©csKyfwdkY todyifjzpfaMumif; jyefvnfajymjyonf/ OD;Eku wvydwaf &;udk ray;Edik af Mumif;? pmoifBudraf ygif; (180) jynfah tmif jznfv h jkd cif;jzpfaMumif; ajymjyonf/ udak usmfNidr;f u OD;Ek vdck sifaom tBudrf (180) udk vdu k ef mygrnf/ aEG&moDausmif;ydw&f uf? 'DZifbmausmif;ydw&f ufEiS hf tjcm;ausmif;ydw&f ufawGukd avQmhNyD; tBudrf (180) jynfah tmifvyk yf g/ ausmif;om;awG vdv k m;onfh atmufwb kd m (1) v ydwfa&;udkvnf; vdktyfí OD;Eku vdkufavsm&ef ajymjyonf/ þodkYvkyfvQif ESpfOD;ESpfzuf qE´jynhf0rnfjzpfaMumif; ajymjyonf/ ausmif;om;awG qE´r½SdbJ ZGwfvkyf ygu ]]t½l;rdYk a&rcsKd;bJaewmud?k a&csKd;&r,fvYkd ZGw½f u kd Ef u S Nf yD; t½l;udk a&csKd;atmifvyk w f mESihf wlaernf jzpfaMumif;}} ajymjyonf/ aemufqHk;wGif OD;Eku wvydwfa&;udk vHk;0rvdkufavsmEdkifaMumif; ]]rif;wdYk vnf; vlxu k kd wdik Nf yD;vky?f igwdYk vnf; igwdYk vx l ek YJ wdik Nf yD; vky&f rSmyJ? rif;wdYk vkyo f avmuf igwdkU vkyf&rSmyJ? aemufqHk;awmh (2) OD; (2) buf emMurSmyJ? OoQpfoD;xkovdk ESpfOD;pvHk;emrSmyJ? rif;wdkYeJY igwdkYuawmh Battle yJ}} [k ajymjyonf/ trSew f &m;twGuf wdu k cf u kd af eaom tudEk iS aUf rmifrsm;tm; o'¨gMunfjzLpGm auR;arG;aeonfU trESin Uf rD av;rsm;

Source: Oway Magazines

393

jrefrmEdkifiHausmif;om;vIyf&Sm;rIordkif; - atmifxGef; udkausmfNidrf;u rdrdwdkY ausmif;om;awGrSm tpdk;&udk rzufNydKifEdkifMuyg? OD;Eku tckvdk ausmif;om;av;awGeJY ppfNydKifwdkufr,fqdkonfrSm c½kudkcg;awmif;usKdufNyD; oHwkwfeJY ½dkufzrf;ovdkom jzpfaernfjzpfaMumif;? ausmif;wv ydwfa&;udpu ö dk aemufqHk;tqHk;tjzwfay;EdkifwJh yk*dK¾ vftjzpf EdkifiHawmf0efBuD;csKyftaeESifha&m wuúodkvft"dywdtae ESifhyg tm;udk;NyD; vmaqG;aEG;wifjyjcif;om jzpfaMumif; ajymjyNyD;? awGUqHkyGJNyD;um ausmif;om;udk,fpm;vS,frsm; jyefvmcJhMuonf/ wuoOuú|a[mif; udkEkuvnf; ausmif;om;rsm;udk zdESdyf&efjyifqifvmNyD/ 30? 9? 53 &uf? aeYvnf (12) em&DwGif ausmif;om;xktpnf;ta0; usif;yonf/ rlvu (3) em&DcGJ usif;y&efjzpfaomfvnf; 0ef BuD;csKyfOD;Eku zdwfí OD;EkESifh oGm;awGUoifhroifh pOfpm;MuNyD; oGm;awGU&ef qHk;jzwfcJhonf/ xdkYaemuf ausmif;wvydwf a&;udk aqG;aEG;Muonf/ oefY½Sif;ausmif;om; udkwifxGef;u ausmif;wvydwfa&;tqdk wifoGif;onf/ udkvSpdk;vGif (trsKd;om;'Drdku&uf)? udkcGefMumat; (½Srf;)? udk,k? udkwifa½T? udkaZmf0if; (wdk;wuf)wdkYu axmufcHMuonf/ udk,k (wdk;wuf) u tpdk;&onf qlylausmif;om;rsm;udk (50) ru (500) txdzrf;rnfjzpfaMumif; Ncdrf;ajcmufaeaMumif;? 'gudkaMumufzdkY rvdk? zrf;vQif ausmif;wvydwfa&; vdkvm;ol (7300) vHk; zrf;&rnfjzpfaMumif;? rzrf;EdkifaMumif;? tu,fí zrf;yguvnf; 'Dausmif;om;awGtwGuf axmifxw J iG f axmifwiG ;f wuúov kd w f pfck zGi&hf efom½Sad Mumif;? ausmif; om;rsm;u ausmif;wvydwfvdkufNyDjzpfí tdrfjyefpmusufMu&ef? pmBudK;pm;Mu&efponfjzifh tus,fw0ifh wvydwf a&;udk axmufcHajymqdkMuonf/ xdkYaemuf ausmif;wvydwfa&;aqmif½Gufa&;aumfrwD wckudk zGJUpnf;Muonf/ atmufwdkbm (1) &ufaeY? (2) &ufaeYrsm;ü wm0eft&ausmif;wufol tenf;pkom pmoifcef;odkY oGm;Mu onf/ oydwaf rSmufausmif;om;rsm;onf ausmif;rwuf&ef arwÅm&yfcpH nf;½H;k cJMh uonf/ ausmif;om;xkonf rdrq d E´ twGuf yg0ifvIyf½Sm;cJhonf/ 'dk;ywf? tdk;pnf0dkif;rsm;jzifh vIHUaqmfarwåm&yfcHcJhonf/ pmoifcef;rsm;ü wm0eft& ausmif;wufaom 'Dtufpt f kd tenf;pkrv S í JG usD;ESizhf w k zf w k jf zpfco hJ nf/ rlv 'Dtufpt f u kd akd xmufccH o hJ rl sm;yif ausmif; rwufMuyg/ trsm;qE´ukd qefYusifNyD; wm0eft&ausmif;wufjcif;? trmcH 'Dtufpt f kd wOD;ESpOf ;D tm; ausmif;wufjcif; udk ajymrdaom ocsFmXmerS enf;jyq&m OD;uHñGefYonf ¤if;'Dtufpftdkrsm; vufcsufjzifh ausmif;xkwfcH&onf/ wuúodkvfe,fajrwckvHk; tif*sifeD,mausmif;om;rsm;? aq;ausmif;om;rsm;tygt0if qE´jyvIyf½Sm;rIrsm; ESifh ausmif;om;rsm; wuf
394

Source: Oway Magazines

pmoifcef;rsm;rSm þodhk aoGaY jcmufomG ;\

Nidrf;csrf;a&; 'Drdkua&pDa&;BudK;yrf;rI - 1952 rS 1953 - 'Drdkua&pDa&; ausmif;om;xktcGifUta&;umuG,fa&; trsKd;om;a&;toGif awmhonf/ e,fjyefoGm;aom ausmif;om;wdkYtm; ausmif;odkY twif;jyefvdkufydkYonf/ ausmif;wvydwf&ef qHk;jzwfí tdrfjyefvmMuaom ausmif;om;wdkYtm; tmPmjzifhwm;qD;í &ifywfwGef;um ausmif;odkYvSnfhaponf/ ausmufqnf NrdKU½Sd ref;wuúodkvf ausmif;om;^ol (26) a,mufwdkYtm; ta&;ydkifu um;ESifhtwif;vdkufac:í ref;wuúokdvfodkY jyefydkYonf/ acsmhjr§Laomtm;jzifh 'efaygufxrif;auR;onf/ þodkYtm;jzifh twif;tMuyfudkifonftxd vkyfapumrl ref;wuúov kd w f iG f ausmif;om;^ol (979) a,muf½o dS nft h euf atmufwb kd m tp&ufrsm;wGif (50) ausmo f m½Scd o hJ nf/ xkt d csdef &efuek w f uúov kd üf ausmif;wufol r½So d avmuf jzpfomG ;onf/ arwåm&yfc&H rnfo h l r½So d avmuf jzpfaeonf/ aysmfaysmfyg;yg;wD;ckefum ausmif;om;xkatmifyGJtwGuf pnf;um;vSonf/ ausmif;tkyfBuD;rsm;\ Ncdrf; ajcmufpmrsm;rSm toHk;r0ifawmhacs/

rEåav;NrKd Y wuúov kd af usmif;? ausmif;tkyBf u;D pmtrSwf- 87-tufpf,l 1 (2) at 1953 ck? atmufwdkbmv (13) &uf odhk OD;wif wqifU- a':xGef;&D (ukefonf) jrpfi,fNrdKY taMumif;t&m / / atmufwdkbmv wuúodkvfoydwfudpöwGif ausmif;om;^olrsm;\ ausmif;wufysufcGifh avQmufvTmrsm;wifjcif;udp/ö taMumif;Mum;tyfygonf/ rEÅav;wuúodkvfausmif;rS ausmif;om;^ol wOD;jzpfaom cHktrSwf 349? Oypmtwef;tydkif; (*) trnf armifwifjrifh\ cGifhavQmufvTmudk txufazmfjyygudpEö Sifh ywfoufí taMumif;rvHkavmufjcif;aMumifh vufrcH Edkifyg/ oydwaf rSmuf ausmif;om;^ol wOD; r[kwaf Mumif;? oydwaf rSmufausmif;om;wdYk\ aESmif, h u S rf u I kd aMumufí ausmif;rwufEikd af Mumif;? avQmufvmT wGif twdtvif;azmfjyí cGiahf wmif;qdck rhJ o S mvQif cGiahf vQmufvmT udk pOf;pm; vdrfhrnf jzpfygaMumif;/ OD;udkav; (ausmif;tkyfBuD;) wuúodkvfausmif;? rEåav;NrdKY

&efuek w f uúov kd f 'kw, d t"dywd\ owday;arwÅm&yfccH suf 1/ 2/ 3/ 4/ 5/ 6/ 7/

&efukefwuúodkvfausmif;udk 1953 ckESpf? atmufwdkbmv (17) &ufaeY naetxdzGifhxm;rnf/ ausmif; om;^olrsm; ausmif;wufMu&ef EdI;aqmfygonf/ ausmif;wufolrsm;udk &JtzGJU\tultnDjzifh tapmifhta½Smufay;rnf/ ausmif;wuf&ef rjzpfEikd af om ausmif;om;^olwYkd onf rdrw d Ykd onf oydwaf rSmufaom ausmif;om;^olrsm; r[kwfaMumif; azmfjyonfh cGifhwdkifpmrsm;udk ygarmu©csKyfxH ay;ydkYMu&ef EdI;aqmfygonf/ þuJhodkY cGifhwdkifpmrydkYbJ ausmif;wuf&ef ysufuGufolrsm;udk ta&;,l&vdrfhrnf/ ausmif;wufolrsm;tm; taESmifht,Sufay;jcif;? oydwfwm;jcif; rjyKvkyfMu&ef av;eufpGmarwåm&yfcH ygonf/ ausmif;wufolrsm;tm; taESmifht,Sufay;olrsm;? oydwfwm;olrsm;udk &JtzGJUuta&;,l&ef tpdk;&udk tultnDawmif;xm;NyD; jzpfonf/ ausmif;ol^om;rsm;\ rdbrsm;ESit hf yk x f ed ;f olrsm;uvnf; rdrw d Ykdom;orD;rsm;udk qH;k roGeo f ifNyD; xde;f odr;f apmifha½SmufMuyg&ef av;eufpGmarwåm&yfcHygonf/ (yH)k bdkBuD; &efukefwuúodkvf 'k-t"dywd 395

jrefrmEdkifiHausmif;om;vIyf&Sm;rIordkif; - atmifxGef; txufygaMunmcsufESifh jyefpmudk MunfhvQif ]oydwfarSmufausmif;om;rsm; aESmifU,SufrIudk aMumuf½GHY í ausmif;rwufEdkifyg} [k avQmuf&rnf[k ñTefMum;xm;&m þvkyfMuHcsufjzifh ausmif;om;rsm;tm;zrf;&ef zqyv qdk½S,fvpfwdkYu tuGufqifjcif; jzpfayonf/

(#) ausmif;xJo0Ydk ifp;D jcif;ESifh t&Sed jf ri§ w hf ufjcif;? vlzrf;yGrJ sm;usi;f yjcif; atmufwdkbm (3) &ufaeY? eHeuf (5) em&DwGif &efukefwuúodkvf *dwf0wGif ykvdyfrsm;a&mufvmonf/ taqmifom;rsm;udk vIUH aqmfpnf;½H;k um ausmif;om;xktiftm;jzifh ykvyd rf sm; taqmiftwGi;f odYk t0ifrcHbJ wGe;f xkwf cJhavonf/ wdk;wufacgif;aqmifydkif;udk zrf;&ef rdk;rvif;rD 0ifpD;cJhjcif; jzpfonf/ rnfonfhtaqmif? rnfonfhtcef;? rnfow l Ykdaeonfukd opömazmuf owif;ay;ausmif;om;rsm;aMumifh odxm;[efwo l nfh ppfuikd ;f aqmifrS jrefrmpmenf;jy udt k ahH rmifEiS hf wcsKdU? waumif;ausmif;aqmifrS aq;odyHÜ (c) ydik ;f udrk sKd;atmifausmfviG ?f jynfausmif;aqmifrS opfawm udktHk;? a½Tbdkausmif;aqmifrS 'kwd,ESpfOypmwef; udkausmfNidrf;wdkYygoGm;onf/ 'kwd,ESpf Oypmoifwef;om; udkoef; (Auo Ouú|a[mif;) vnf; a½Twd*Hkbk&m; tv,fypö,HrSm tzrf;tqD;cH&onf/ þodYk ykvyd rf sm;u 0ifp;D aomaMumifh xkad eYreufr;kd vif;pwGif jyifyaqmifrsm;rS ausmif;om;rsm; vIy½f mS ;vm Muonf/ qE´jya
Source: Oway Magazines

396

Nidrf;csrf;a&; 'Drdkua&pDa&;BudK;yrf;rI - 1952 rS 1953 - 'Drdkua&pDa&; ausmif;om;xktcGifUta&;umuG,fa&; trsKd;om;a&;toGif (#-1) atmufwdkbm (2) &ufaeh &efukefwuúodkvfe,fajrü xkwfjyefcJhaom yk'fr (144) rSm

&efuek cf ½dik f &mZ0wfw&m;olBu;D ½H;k awmf 1953 ckESpf &mZ0wftao;rI trSwf (123)? wm;qD;uefYuGufrI? 0dkif;nDaomif;usef;í ½kef;&if;qefcwf jyKvkyfrI ponfrsm;udk wm;jrpf&ef&mZ0wfw&m;olBuD;trdefh &mZ0wfusifUxHk;yk'fr (144) jynfaxmifpk jrefrmEdkifiH\ NrdKUawmfjzpfaom &efukefNrdKU½Sd &efukefwuúodkvfausmif;om;rsm;or*¾onf 1315 ckESpf? awmfovif; vqkwf (9) &ufaeY? 1953 ckESpf? atmufwdkbm (2) &ufaeYwGif wuúodkvfausmif;om; or*¾cef;raqmifwGif jyKvkyfaom tpnf;ta0;rS qHk;jzwfcsufrsm;(1) oDwif;uRwfv ausmif; (1) vydwfa&; udpöudk qufvufaqmif½Guf&efESifh (2) ¤if;ausmif; (1) vydwfa&;udpöESifhywfoufí zrf;qD;xm;aom ausmif;om;acgif;aqmif (4) OD;wdkYtm; tjrefqHk; vTwfay;&ef/ oufqikd &f mtmPmydik w f Ykdu rvdu k af vsmcJv h Qif qufvufízrf;qD;xm;aom ausmif;om;rsm; vTwaf y;onf txd ta&;,l&ef cdkifvHkaom owif;&½Sdxm;ojzifh xdkqHk;jzwfcsufESifh ywfoufí &efukefwuúodkvfw0dkufwGif t"du½kPf;BuD; jzpfyGm;zG,f&m½Sdonf[k ,lqaomaMumifh ¤if;t"du½kPf; ab;tEÅ&m,fudk z,f½Sm;wm;qD;Edkifap jcif;iSmuREkfyfpD&ifydkifcGifh½Sdonfh &efukefc½dkife,ferdwftwGif; 1315 ck? awmfovif;vqkwf (9) &uf? 1953 atmufwdkbmv (2) &ufrS pí 1315 ck? oDwif;uRwfvqkwf (8) &uf? 1953 atmufwdkbmv (31) &ufaeY noef;acgifcsdefwGif atmufwGifazmfjy owfrSwfxm;aom ae&mw0dkufwGif(u) pka0;jcif; (c) tpkta0;wGif yg0ifjcif; (8) a[majymjcif;? wdkufwGef;jcif;? vIHYaqmfjcif; (C) pm½Gufpmwef;rsm; ½dkufESdyfjcif;? a0iSjcif; (odkY) tjcm;enf;wenf;jzifh aMumfjimjcif; (i) vlpv k al 0;ESihf pDwef;vSnv hf nfomG ;jcif; ponfu h pd u ö kd atmufazmfjyyg e,ferdwt f wGi;f rnfonfyh *k Kd¾ vf rsm;rqdk rvkyrf aqmif½u G &f [k uREkyf f &efuek cf ½dik f &mZ0wfw&m;olBuD; OD;tke;f azonf &mZ0wfusifx h ;kH Oya'yk'rf (144) wGif uREkfyftm;tyfESif;xm;aom tmPmrsm;udkoHk;pGJvsuf þtrdefYudk xkwfjyefwm;jrpfvdkufonf/ 1315 ck? awmfovif;vqkwf (9) &uf? 1953 ck? atmufwdkbmv (2) &ufaeYwGif uREkfyfvufrSwfa&;xkd; í þ½Hk;awmfwHqdyf cyfESdyfvdkufonf/ ae&ma'oESifU e,ferdwf 1/ ta½SUbuf - tif;vsm;vrf; 2/ ajrmufbufvm;aomf - tif;vsm;vrf; 3/ taemufbufvm;aomf - jynfvrf;rBuD; 4/ awmifbufvm;aomf - wuúodkvf&dyfomvrf; wdkYjzifh e,ferdwfowfrSwfxm;aom wuúodkvfe,fajr w0dkuf (tke;f az) c½kdif&mZ0wfw&m;olBuD; &efukefNrdKY rdwÅLtrdefhpmrsm;udk atmufygtwdkif; ay;ydkhygonf/ 1/ twGif;0efcsKyf? jynfxJa&;Xme 6/ &efukefc½dkif? zqyv 2/ ppf½Hk; 7/ ñTefMum;a&;0ef? jyefMum;a&;Xme 3/ yJcl;wdkif;rif;BuD;? &efukefNrdKU 8/ t"dywd? wuúodkvfausmif; 4/ jrefrmEdkifiHawmf? &Jrif;BuD; 9/ 'k-t"dywd? wuúodkvfausmif; 5/ &efukefNrdKU? &Jrif;BuD; 10/ ygarmu©csKyf? wuúodkvfausmif; 397

jrefrmEdkifiHausmif;om;vIyf&Sm;rIordkif; - atmifxGef; trdefYpmESifh ywfoufí tm;vHk;aom owif;pmrsm;wGif owif;tjzpf xnfhoGif;ay;yg&efESifh toHvTifhXme uvnf; tvsiftjref toHvTifhyg&ef arwåm&yfcHygonf/ þyk'rf (144) jzifh vlwikd ;f \ t
Nidrf;csrf;a&; 'Drdkua&pDa&;BudK;yrf;rI - 1952 rS 1953 - 'Drdkua&pDa&; ausmif;om;xktcGifUta&;umuG,fa&; trsKd;om;a&;toGif

(tay:) tqufrjywf usaeaom rsu&f nf,Akd ;kH rsm;Mum;0,f ausmif;om;tcsKYd tajy;tvTm; xGuaf jy;aepOf (tv,f) yHkudkMunfUygta0;uyifjrifEikd yf gonf aoewfEiS Uf rypfyg[k jiif;qdEk ikd rf nfavm (atmuf 0J) 0g;&if;wkwjf zifU vSrd ½Uf u kd cf &H ½Hrk u vufvrdS cf sK;d í tzrf;cHae&aom ausmif;om;av;wOD; (atmuf ,m) jyif;xefvSaom rsu&f nf,Akd ;kH aiGaY MumifU owdvpfaeaom ausmif;om;

Source: Oway Magazines

399

jrefrmEdkifiHausmif;om;vIyf&Sm;rIordkif; - atmifxGef;

400

Source: Oway Magazines

ausmif;om;rsm; wa,mufNyD;wa,muf vJusaeavonf/ nnf;wGm;oHwUkd onf ysUH vGiv hf mavonf/ rsu&f nfpufrsm; rSm ajrodkY waygufayguf usvmavonf/ 'Pf&mrsm;rS aoG;eDrsm; yGifhtHxGufvmavonf/ ausmif;oltrsKd;orD;rsm;onf 'Pf&m&olrsm;tm; aumuf,ljyKpkMuonf/ yxrESpfOypm odyÜHwef;rS &cdkif ausmif;om; udkpHjrrSm nmbufvufwGif aoewfxdrSefcH&onf/ 'kwd,ESpfOypm odyÜHwef;rS udkcifarmifaxG;rSm nm bufrsufckH;wGif rsuf&nf,dkAHk; tpxdrSefavonf/ tjcm;ausmif;om; wOD;rSm aygifwGif 'Pf&m&avonf/ a½Tbkd aqmifrS udkaZmf0if;? yif;,aqmifrS udkombef;? ppfudkif;aqmifrS udkvSOD;? udkodef;ñGefY? udkcifarmifESifh udkpdefwdk;wdkYrSm 'Pf&m&cJhMuonf/ udkaZmf0if;? udkombef;ESifh udkpdefwdk;wdkYtm; &efukefaq;½HkBuD; tcef;eHygwf (1) ESifh (2) wGif twGif;vlemtjzpf uko&onf/ yif;,aqmif tcef;eHygwf (88) wGifaeonfh udkcifarmifvwfrSm &Jt&m½SdwOD;\ om;jzpfaomfvnf; ykvdyfwdkU\ &ufpufrI? tMurf;zufrIrsm;tm; rcH&yfEdkifawmhí rD;owfa&ydkuftm; 0ifa&muf jzwfawmufí ykvdyfwdkY\ ½dkufESufzrf;qD;jcif; cHcJh&onf/ nae (4) em&DcGJwGif w&m;olBuD; OD;vSausmfESifh OD;a½TbwdkYtm; &Jt&m½Sdrsm;ESifhtwl awGUjrif&onf/ &J t&m½Srd sm;ESihf ygvmaom ygarmu©csKyf a'gufwmxifatmif? ygarmu© OD;bd;k om? armfueG ;f xde;f t&m½Sd OD;odr;f armifEiS hf tjcm;q&m (2) OD;wdkY aqG;aEG;yGJ jyKvkyfMuonf/ nae (5) em&DwGif udkpHxGef;vSudk zrf;qD;oGm;onf/ oD&daqmifESifh wDwDpDaqmifrS trsKd;orD; (2) OD;udk ac:,lppfaq;cJhonf/ nydkif;wGif ukdcifvSESifh jynfausmif;aqmifrS udktkef;BudKif? udkcifarmifjrifhwdkY zrf;qD;cH&avonf/ þnwGif toHvTifh½HkrSaeí ausmif;0if;twGif;rS aoewfoHMum;í tpdk;&u aoewfrsm;udk rdk;ay:odkYaxmif um azmufNyD;? ausmif;om;rsm;udk ajcmufveS Yf &aMumif; aMunmavonf/ odYk aomf aemufwaeY 4? 10? 53 &ufaeYxkwf owif;pmwGirf l jynfxaJ &;0efBuD; Adv k cf ifarmifuav; ud, k w f idk f umbdik af oewfEiS hf (2) csuf azmufum aoewfypf&ef trdefYay;onf[k zwf&onf/ yif;,? tif;0? ppfudkif; ausmif;aqmifrsm;wGif aoewfusnfqef&mrsm;u ausmif;om;xktwGif; ypfoGif;jcif; jzpfaMumif;udk tcdkiftrm oufaopdkufxlMuayonf/ tif;0wHcg; tkwfwdkiftopf pdkufxlNyD; ¤if;tay:wGif]'Drdkua&pDusqHk;jcif; txdrf;trSwf} [laom pmwrf;udk urÜn;f xd;k xm;ayonf/ þurÜn;f pmwrf; usnq f &H mrsm; xifaeaom eH&EH iS hf wHcg;tkwf wdik o f pfonf tif;0wHcg;\ &mZ0ifjzpfonf/ þae&mwGif pD;uscJah om ausmif;om;wdYk \ rsuf&nfpufrsm;? aoG;puf rsm;? tif;0wHcg;\ &mZ0ifa&;cJhMuavNyD/ tif;0wHcg;\ &mZ0iftm; ausmif;om;vli,fwkdY\ tonf;ESvHk;twGif;rS xkwfypfí&awmhrnf r[kwfay/ atmufwb kd m (3) &uf? nae (3) em&DwiG f udAk aqGav;? udo k ef;wif? udo k ed ;f wd;k ? udo k ed ;f vIid ?f udak rmifarmif? udjk rifo h ed ;f ? udak usmfNidr;f ? udo k ed ;f bvGiw f Ykd ukd zrf;qD;í bm;vrf;tcsKyfaxmifwiG f csKyfaESmifnO§ ;f yrf;Muonf/ tvGwf ynmoifausmif;rS udkwifodef;? udkodef;0if;wdkYudk (22) ppf&Jwyf&if;rS zrf;qD;csKyfaESmifum ½dkufESufn§Of;yef;Muonf/ atmufwb kd mv (4) &ufaeY? aeYvnf (12) em&DwiG f t"dywdvrf;ESihf ppfuikd ;f vrf;axmifq h rkH mS ygarmu©csKyf a'gufwmxifatmifu wuúodkvft"dywd 0efBuD;csKyf OD;Ek\]nDarmifrsm;odkh arwÅm&yfcHcsuf} [laom pmwrf;udk (3) Budrf zwfMum;tNyD;wGif ajr atmufolykefrsm;? ausmif;om;r[kwfolrsm;? vufeufyek ;f rsm;? ausmif;wufvdkolrsm;tm; Ncdrf;ajcmufrI[laom pGyfpGJcsuf (4) csujf zifh tif;0? ppfuikd ;f ? yif;,? yJc;l ESihf oxHak usmif;aqmifwdkY tm; ykvdyfaygif; (1000) ausmf 0dkif;NyD; wcef; 0ifwcef;xGuf ½SmazGMuonf/ pGyfpGJcsuf (4) csufwiG yf gonfh t&mrsm; bmrSr awGU&ay/ pmtkyEf iS hf azmifwed o f m½Sad om ausmif;om;vli,fwYkt d m; ykvyd f (1000) ausm0f dkif;í ½SmazGjcif;onf zsufr&onfh tpGef; uGufwck &mZ0ifwGif pGef;xif;jcif;om jzpfavonf/ atmufwdkbmv (12) &ufwGif wuúodkvftoif; tzGJUaygif;pHk Ouú| udkomausmftm; owif;uGefz&ifh tNyD;wGif zrf;qD;cJhonf/ rd;k ay:oyhkd pfaomusnq f efonf þodehk &H rH sm;wGif awG&Y ygrnfavm

Nidrf;csrf;a&; 'Drdkua&pDa&;BudK;yrf;rI - 1952 rS 1953 - 'Drdkua&pDa&; ausmif;om;xktcGifUta&;umuG,fa&; trsKd;om;a&;toGif

atmufwdkbm (4) &ufu 0ifa&muf½mS azG&ef yif;,aqmifa½S*Y w d w f iG f ykvyd w f yfrsm; toif½U adS eonf

vSpH yG w f yf umuDa&mif0wf vufeufudkifwdkhonf wuúov kd ef ,fajrü þodhk usL;ausmcf \ UJ

Source: Oway Magazines

atmufwdkbm (4) &ufaehu þodkh ykvyd rf sm; taqmifcef;rsm; twGi;f odhk 0ifa&muf½mS azGonf

401

jrefrmEdkifiHausmif;om;vIyf&Sm;rIordkif; - atmifxGef; atmufwdkbm (13) &ufwGif udkcspfNrdKifESifh udkarmifarmifBuD;wdkYudk jzefajza&;tzGJUrS ½Sif;vif;NyD; tjyefwGif zrf;qD;Muonf/ atmufwdkbmv (21) &ufwGif &efukefc½dkif ausmif;aygif;pHkrS udk,fpm;vS,frsm;tm; ½Sif;vif;tNyD;wGif &uo Ouú| udkwifxGwftm; zrf;qD;Muonf/ &efukefc½dkifausmif;om;or*¾onf wuúodkvfausmif;om;ta&;udk Nidrf;csrf;pGm ajz½Si;f &ef ausmif;om;rdbrsm; yg0ifaom aphpyfa&;aumfrwDw&yfukd zGUJ pnf;cJo h nf/ qef;udwrf ek Yf wu kd w f iG f (3) Budrf pnf;a0;NyD;aemuf aumfrwDOuú| jzpfaom q&mBuD;ocifudk,fawmfrIdif;onf atmufwdkbmv (23) &ufwGif wuúodkvfaumifpDodkY arwåm&yfcHpmwapmif ay;ydkYcJhonf/ udktkH;armif? udkxGef;vIdif? udkpdef0if;? udkpdk;odef;? udkwifhvGif? udkxGef;az? udkcifvS wdkYudkvnf; zrf;qD;cJhMu onf/ udk,kudkvnf; ½dkufESufzrf;qD;Muonf/ rEÅav;rS udkausmfOD;? udkoef;OD;? udkazarmifjrifh? udktkef;armif? udk omvS wdkYvnf; zrf;qD;cH&onf/ armfvNrdKifwuúodkvfrS udkwifarmif (or*¾twGif;a&;rSL;)? udkatmifodkufESifh udkoef;pdk;av;wdkYvnf; (11) &ufMumrQ zrf;qD;cHcJh&onf/ þodYk ausmif;om;rsm; rw&m;zrf;qD;cH&ojzifh &efuek cf ½dik af usmif;om;xkBuD;onf w[kex f ;kd tH
402

Source: Oway Magazines

aemifawmf wuúov kd af usmif;om;rsm;twGuf &wufrat;Edik b f J wufwuf
Nidrf;csrf;a&; 'Drdkua&pDa&;BudK;yrf;rI - 1952 rS 1953 - 'Drdkua&pDa&; ausmif;om;xktcGifUta&;umuG,fa&; trsKd;om;a&;toGif OD;oef;atmifu ausmif;ydwfxm;csdefwGif taqmifrsm;ü½SmazG&m vufeufrsm;awGUaMumif; vkyfMuHpGyfpGJaMunmonf/ ausmif;om;tcef;rS taysmftyg;vdkuf&mwGif toHk;jyKaom tufzft,fvfrsm; awGUonf[k ausmif;om;rsm;\ tusifh odu©mudk vkyfZmwfcif;í emrnfzsufonf/ xdktcsdefrSpí wuúodkvfausmif;om;rsm;u tufzft,fvfoef;atmif[k uifyGef;wyfcJhMuonf/ tajctaerSm ESpfbufpvHk;rS ausmif;jyefzGifhcsdeftwGuf jyifqifvIyf½Sm;aeMuonf/

(X) Ed0k ifbmausmif;jyefziG chf sed ?f ausmif;xkwyf EJG iS hf wdu k yf t JG &Sed jf rifyh kH 1953 ckESpf? Edk0ifbmv wuúodkvfjyefzGifhaomtcgwGif 0efcHcsufudk vufrSwfxdk;rS ausmif;aecGifhvufcHrnf aMunmxm;onf/ xdkudpEö Sifh ywfoufí rnfodkYoabmxm;&rnfudk pOf;pm;Muonf/ xkdpOf cH0efcsufvufrSwfxdk;& rnfudk 'l;axmuftnHhcH&jcif;tjzpf ,lqum trsKd;orD;rsm;? &Jabmfrsm;u 0efcHcsufvufrSwf ra&;xdk;vdk? tm;vHk; aom ausmif;om;rsm; vufrSwfrxdk;a&;twGuf avmavmq,f qE´jyvIyf½Sm;&ef rvG,fyg/ txl;ojzifh wdk;wuf &Jabmfrsm; vufrSwfrxdk;bJ ausmif;jyef0ifjcif; rjyKygu ausmif;om;xkudk wdk;wufaomausmif;om;tiftm;pk\ OD;aqmifrIrS cGJxkwfcH&jcif; jzpfayonf/ vuf½SdtajctaerSm tm;vHk; ausmif;xJjyefa&muf&ef t"du jzpfayonf/ xdYk aMumifh rvTo J mra½Smifom vufrw S x f ;kd &ef oabmxm;onf/ udb k aumif;ESihf udv k 0S if;wdYk rmS ausmif;jyefrwufawmh/ udkpdk;odef;ESifh udktkef;armif tajctaet& wdk;wufausmif;om;tkyfpkESifh tjcm;tkyfpktoD;oD;rS &Jabmfrsm;ESifhwGJí ausmif;om;vIyf½Sm;rIudk teD;uyf qufvufwm0ef,lEdkif&ef ausmif;xJodkY jyef0ifcJhMuonf/ ausmif;jyefzGifhaomtcg trsKd;rsKd;aom csKyfcs,frrI sm;udk awGU&onf/ txl;ojzifh taqmifrsm;wGif rD;udk n (11) em&Dtxdom cGifhjyKjcif;? taqmifrsm;wGif oHZumumjcif;? oHwHcg;wyfjcif; ponfwdkYjzifh ydkrdkxdef;csKyfvmí ydkrdkrausreyf jzpfMuonf/ taqmifae ausmif;om;rsm;onf taqmifvdkuf nbufwGif rD;rSdwfqE´jyMuonf/ taqmifwGif um&Hxm;aom oHZumrsm;? oHqw JG cH g;rsm;udk ausmif;om;xktiftm;jzifh NzdKzsufcsonf/ rnfou l OD;aqmifí zsufq;D jcif;[k wduspGm rpGypf EJG ikd ?f ausmif;om;xk tpkta0;tvdu k f tHMh ozG,af umif;avmufatmif zsufq;D Muonf/ t"dywdvrf; wavsmuf½dS rD;vHk;rsm;udk cGJzsufMuonf/ ausmif;om;rsm;onf tzsuform;rsm; r[kwfMuyg/ csKyfcs,frIr½SdpOf tqdyk grD;vH;k rsm;udk bmrSrvkycf MhJ uyg/ bGUJ ESi;f obifwiG f vnf;aumif;? ½H;k taqmuftOD eH&w H iG f vnf;aumif;? t"dywdvrf;rBuD;ay:wGif vnf;aumif;? oabFmaq;rsm;jzifh rdrdwdkYqE´udk azmfxkwfa&;Muonf/ ynma&;0efBuD; OD;oef;atmif\ taqmifwiG f vufeufawGUonf[k pGypf cJG suu f kd vufz0g;wGif aq;rJow k cf g eH&w H iG f azmfjyMuonf/ ausmif;wufaomaeYrsm;wGif eH&H uyfpmapmifrsm;uyfí vnf;aumif;? ydpk wmrsm;uyfí vnf;aumif;? aMunmcsufrsm;xkwí f vnf;aumif;? awmif;qdk csufrsm;? rauseyfcsufrsm;udk azmfxkwfMuonf/ ausmif;ydwf&ufnrsm;wGif 'dk;ywfwD;í vIHUaqmfqE´jyMuonf/ qE´jy&mwGif xl;xl;jcm;jcm;yHkpHrsm;jzifh jyolrsm;vnf; ½Sdonf/ yif;,aqmifü udkatmifMunfonf n (11) em&D xdk;aomtcg ¤if;tcef;wGif za,mif;wdkifrsm; pDí xGef;xm;onf/ taqmifrSL; OD;azatmif (ygarmu© tNidrf;pm; 'óedu) u rD;a&mifawGUí vmajymaomtcg udkatmifMunfu olYtaejzifh bk&m;rD;ylaZmfxm;onf[k jyefajymojzifh q&mOD;azatmif acgif;½IyfoGm;onf/ þodYk ausmif;om;wdYk \vIy½f mS ;rIEiS hf ywfoufí acgif;aqmif[, k q l olrsm;udk ta&;,lvu kd yf gu OD;aqmifrI rJhoGm;um ausmif;om;vIyf½Sm;rI NidrfoGm;rnf[k ,lq[ef½Sdonf/ þodkYaom tajccHjzifh wdk;wufausmif;om;tiftm; pkudk xyfrHNzdKcGJcJhonf/

Source: Oway Magazines

zdEydS cf sKycf s,rf u I kd atmUEv S ;kH empGmjzifh þodt hk Ny;D oN*KØ [&f ef jyifqifxm;pOf

403

jrefrmEdkifiHausmif;om;vIyf&Sm;rIordkif; - atmifxGef; 1953 ckEpS ?f Ed0k ifbmv (9) &uf &efuek w f uúov kd af umifpD tpnf;ta0;rS atmufygausmif;om;wdt hk m; aomif;use;f ol udk,fpm;vS,frsm;[k pGyfpGJum &moufyefausmif;xkwfvdkuf\/ (1) udkbaumif; cHkeHygwf 153 0dZÆmwef; (yxrESpf) (2) udkvS0if; cHkeHygwf 64 Oya'wef; ('kwd,ESpf) (3) udkoef; cHkeHygwf 63 Oya'wef; (4) udktHharmif (jrefrmpm enf;jyq&mESifh Oya'oifwef;om;) (5) udkwifxGwf cHkeHygwf 1602 'kwd,ESpf (0dZÆm) (6) udkoef; cHkeHygwf 110 Oypm (odyÜH) (7) udkomausmf cHkeHygwf 83 'kwd,ESpf (0dZÆm) (8) udkpdk;odef; cHkeHygwf 1592 'kwd,ESpf (0dZÆm) (9) udkvSa½T cHkeHygwf 111 'kwd,ESpf (0dZÆm) (10) udkcspfNrdKif cHkeHygwf 36 bDtufpfpD tif*sifeD,m (aemufqHk;ESpf) (11) udkoef;Edkif cHkeHygwf 10 bDat ynmydkif; (12) udkjrifhaqG cHkeHygwf 1485 'kwd,ESpf Oypm (13) udktkH;armif cHkeHygwf 143 'kwd,ESpf (0dZÆm) (14) udkatmifodef;0if; (jrefrmpmenf;jyq&mESifh yxrESpf Oya'wef;) (15) udkausmfNidrf; cHkeHygwf 1582 'kwd,ESpf Oypm (16) udkwifhvGif cHkeHygwf 1566 'kwd,ESpf (odyÜH) (17) udk,k cHkeHygwf 93 bDtufpD ('kwd,ESpf) (18) udkcifvS cHkeHygwf 178 'kwd,ESpf 0dZÆmwef; (19) udkatmifbef; cHkeHygwf 192 'kwd,ESpf 0dZÆmwef; (20) udkodef;atmif cHkeHygwf 198 'kwd,ESpf 0dZÆmwef; (21) udw k ifatmif(2) cHkeHygwf 10 bDtufpD ('kwd,ESpf) (22) udkpD cHkeHygwf 887 'kwd,ESpf (Oypm) (23) udkvSxGef;atmif cHkeHygwf 809 yxrESpf (Oypm) (24) udkat;armif cHkeHygwf 966 'kwd,ESpf (Oypm) (25) udkÓPfxGef; cHkeHygwf 'kwd,ESpf (0dZÆm) (26) udkatmifxGef; cHkeHygwf 64 wwd,ESpf (aq;ausmif;om;) (27) udkatmifrdk; cHkeHygwf 77 'kwd,ESpf (aq;ausmif;om;) (28) udkrsKd;atmifausmfvGif cHkeHygwf 115 'kwd,ESpf (aq;ausmif;om;) (29) udkodef;ñGefY cHkeHygwf aq;ausmif;om; (30) armfemoGif cHkeHygwf 87 'kwd,ESpf (aq;ausmif;ol) atmufyg ausmif;om; (10) a,muftm; (1) udkjrwfpH (2) udkarmifarmifoGif (3) udkwifvS (4) udkatmif (5) rcifzkef;rdk (6) rat;ñGefY (7) udkausmfNidrf; (8) udkaomif;pdef (9) udkwifxGef; (10) udk&JxG#f 404

wESpfxkwfy,fonf/ cHkeHygwf 84 'kwd,ESpf (0dZÆm) cHkeHygwf 1312 'kwd,ESpf (Oypm odyÜH) cHkeHygwf 1613 'kwd,ESpf (Oypm) cHkeHygwf 29 yxrESpf (0dZÆm) cHkeHygwf yxrESpf (0dZÆm) cHkeHygwf 43 'kwd,ESpf (aq;ausmif;ol) cHkeHygwf 143 'kwd,ESpf (aq;ausmif;om;) pwkw¬ESpf (tif*sifeD,mwef;) 'kwd,ESpf (0dZÆm) yxrESpf (0dZÆm-odyÜH)

Nidrf;csrf;a&; 'Drdkua&pDa&;BudK;yrf;rI - 1952 rS 1953 - 'Drdkua&pDa&; ausmif;om;xktcGifUta&;umuG,fa&; trsKd;om;a&;toGif atmufygausmif;om;rsm; owday;cHcJU&onf/ (1) udktkef;cdkif (2) r0if;ar (3) rMuH (5) rcif0rf; (6) udkcifarmifyGm; (7) udkat;

(4) rjroef; (8) udkausmfjrifh

atmufwb kd mta&;awmfyw kH iG f ausmif;xkwcf &H aomausmif;om;rsm;

udo k ed ;f atmif Sr. B.A.

udt k ;kH armif Sr. B.Com

ud, k k Sr. B.Sc

udo k mausmf Sr. B.A.

udv k x S eG ;f atmif Jr. B.A

udw k ifxeG ;f Sr. B.Sc

udak usmNf ird ;f Sr. I.A

udv k 0S if; II. B.L

udak tmifr;kd II. M.B.B.S

udak tmifbef; Sr. B.A.

udjk rifaU qG Sr. I.A (jyef0ifciG &hf )

udo k ed ;f ñGehf II. M.B.B.S

udrk sK;d atmifausmv f iG f II. M.B.B.S udak usmNfird ;f II.M.B.B.S(jyef0ifciG &h f )

Source: Oway Magazines

udw k ifatmif II. B.A. (Ed.)

405 ud{k armif Sr. I.A

jrefrmEdkifiHausmif;om;vIyf&Sm;rIordkif; - atmifxGef;

rcifzek ;f rdk Jr. B.A. (1 ESp)f

udkvSa½T Sr. B.A.

udak tmifxeG ;f III. M.B.B.S

udkwifxGwf Sr. I.Sc

rjrifjU rifcU if II. M.B. (jyef0ifciG &Uf )

Source: Oway Magazines

udw k ifarmifBu;D Sr. B.A.

Edk0ifbm (26) &ufaeY? eHeuf (6) em&DrS nae (6) em&Dtxd ausmif;om;rsm; cGyfa'gif;tvHvTifhxlum zsuo f rd ;f cH&onfh &ydik cf iG t hf wGuf tpmiwfcq H E´jyMuonf/ wdu k yf rJG mS (1) &uftwGuf jzpfonf/ zdEydS cf sKyfcs,rf t I wGuf tavmif;aumifoN*ØK[frI qE´jyvSnfhvnfyGJ jyKvkyfonf/ ¤if;qE´jyyGJ jyKvkyfyHkrSm wu,fhtavmif;aumifxnfhaom tacgif;udk MuHawmokóefwGif oGm;0,fonf/ yif;,aqmif udkwifa½T (rHk½Gm A[dkw&m;½Hk;a½SUae) \ tcef;qDodkY jrif;vSnf;jzifh o,fvmonf/ ¤if;tcef;wGif tacgif;xJodkY &orQpuúLpkwfrsm; xnfhonf/ acgif;ESpfzufwGif ]zdESdyf csKycf s,rf I tavmif;aumif} [k pmwef;a&;onf/ yif;,aqmif *dwaf ½SUwGif tavmif;aumifjyifqifxm;í ausmif;om; xktm; pka0;aponf/ udt k ;Hk armifu obmywdtjzpf aqmif½u G í f udck ifausmfu tcrf;tem;rSL;tjzpf aqmif½u G o f nf/ xdYk aemuf bk&m;vrf;bwfpfum;vdkif;rS um;av;rsm;udk iSm;onf/ tjcm;bwfpfum;vdkif;rS um;rsm;udk qdkif&mtzGJUtpnf;u Ncdr;f ajcmufyw d yf ifxm;í xdu k m;av;rsm;udk iSm;&jcif;jzpfonf/ xdu k m;av;rsm;udyk if udpk ;kd ode;f ESihf udw k ifxeG ;f wdYk onf toif;rS wm0ef½Sdolrsm;tm; vQKdU0SufoGm;a&muf awGUqHkaqG;aEG;NyD; aiGBudKwifay;í iSm;&jcif; jzpfonf/ um;wpD; trd;k ay:wGif zdEydS cf sKyfcs,rf t I avmif;aumif acgif;udw k ifNyD; NrdKUxJoYkd vSnv hf nfa
Nidrf;csrf;a&; 'Drdkua&pDa&;BudK;yrf;rI - 1952 rS 1953 - 'Drdkua&pDa&; ausmif;om;xktcGifUta&;umuG,fa&; trsKd;om;a&;toGif

(!) rEåav;wuúov kd f ausmif;om;rsm;wdu k yf JG ausmif;om;rsm;onf rdrdtcGifhta&;twGuf rnfodkYyif aqmif½Gufapumrl tmPmvuf½Sdolrsm;onf &uf&ufpufpuf n§i;f yef;Muonfom jzpfonf/ atmufwb kd mv (7) &uf? eHeuf (5) em&Dtcsed w f iG f rEÅav;wuúov kd ?f atmufwb kd m ausmif;wvydwaf &; aqmif½u G af &;aumfrwD0if udrk if;vGif (armifom&)? rEÅav;wuúov kd f ausmif;om; or*¾ twGi;f a&;rSL; udo k mEd;k (armifomEdk;)? rEÅav;c½dik af usmif;om;or*¾ Ouú| udu k siaf t;? twGi;f a&;rSL; udb k ek ;f Edik f wdkYtm; rEÅav;&JtzGJUu zrf;qD;cJhonf/ atmufwdkbmv (3) &ufaeYwGif rEÅav;NrdKUü tdrfawmf&mbk&m; (14) cef;Z&yfwGif NrdKUrd? NrdKUz tpnf;ta0; vky\ f / tpnf;ta0;onf ausmif;om;rdb tpnf;ta0;[k trnfwyfxm;aomfvnf; zqyvvlBuD;rsm;ESihf zqyv u ac:,lxm;aom tvkyform;rsm;udk awGU&onf/ wuúodkvfausmif;om;rdbrsm; tpnf;ta0;[k zqyvwdkYu ZGwq f ikd ;f bkww f ifxm;aomfvnf; pufb;D wGif xrif;csKdirhf sm;csdwí f tusÐw;kH vH;k ESihf vmMuaom jrLeDpyD ,f tvkyo f rm; uyif zqyv\uvdrcf sKu H kd azmfjyaeonf/ rif;bl; OD;armifarmif? atmifO;D bcs?D a':MunfMunfponfh wynfzh qyv vlBuD;rsm; awGUMuonf/ þtpnf;ta0;wGif rEÅav;wuúov kd f ausmif;tkyBf uD; OD;udak v;tm; pum;ajymaponf/ tpnf;ta0;wGif oydwq f efYusifa&; tqdw k pfcu k kd wifoiG ;f í axmufco H nf/ tpnf;ta0;udk ½kyo f rd ;f rnfjyK&m ausmif;om;rdbwOD;u tpnf;ta0; tpOftvmt& uefYuGufol ½Sd? r½Sd ar;jref;zdkY oifhaMumif; tMuHay;pum;ajymMum;aepOf c½dkifzqyv vlBuD;rsm;onf rdrdwdkY*kPfodu©mudk raxmufxm;awmhbJ 'DaumifawG cs[? ½dkuf[[k ½dkif;jypGm atmf[pfMuojzifh tpnf;ta0;rSm ½kef;&if;qefcwfjzifh ysufp;D oGm;onf/ ausmif;om;rsm;tm; qlyo l rl sm;[kajymum ausmif;om;xkwu kd yf JG udk zsufcsifol c½dkifzqyv vlBuD;rif;rsm;onf rdrdwdkY tpnf;ta0;udkom zsufrd&ufom; MuHK&onf/ ausmif;om;xkBuD;u atmf[pfarmif;xkwo f jzifh zqyvvlBuD;rif;rsm;onf vsijf refpmG xGuaf jy;oGm;Muonf/ atmufwb kd m (8) &ufaeY tdrfawmf&mbk&m; (14) cef;Z&yfwGif rEÅav;c½dkifausmif;om;or*¾rS OD;pD;í vlxktpnf; ta0;BuD; wck jyKvkyfcJhonf/ ¤if;tpnf;ta0;wGif rEÅav;wuúodkvf ausmif;ol? ausmif;om;rsm;? rEÅav;c½dkif½Sd txufwef;ausmif;rsm;rS ausmif;ol? ausmif;om;rsm;? &[ef;oHCmrsm;? NrdKUrdNrdKUzrsm; pnfum;pGm wufa&mufMuonf/ þtpnf;ta0;BuD;rS &efukefESifh rEÅav;wuúodkvfausmif;rsm;rS zrf;qD;xm;olrsm;tm; tjrefqHk; jyefvTwf &efESifh ausmif;om;rsm;tm; n§Of;yef;? &ufpufrIrsm; &yfpJ&ef tqdkrsm; csrSwfcJhonf/ atmufwdkbm (16) &ufwGif zqyv vlBuD;rif;rsm;onf 'Dtufpftdk ausmif;om;wpktm; rEÅav;c½dkif ausmif;om;or*¾trIaqmiftzGJU[k emrnf wHqyd w f yfNyD; tpnf;ta0;wck ac:,lco hJ nf/ zqyvonf rdrw d Ykd qufo, G o f rQaom toif;tzGUJ rsm;udk tpnf;ta0; wufaponf/ awm½Gm½Sd Awvp v,form;BuD;rsm;tm; trawmfaMu;ay;rnf[k nmac:um armfawmfum;BuD;rsm;jzifh tpnf;ta0; usi;f y&m usKH;axmifh Zmwf½o kH kdY ta&mufyYkd ay;onf/ opfpufaygif;pHk tvkyform;rsm;? aq;vdyf½Hk trsKd;orD;rsm;? vGwfvyfa&; trsKd;orD; tzGJU0ifrsm;? zqyvESifh ruif;&mruif;aMumif; tm;vHk;wdkYtm; tpnf;ta0; wufaponf/ þtpnf;ta0;usif;yjcif;onf rdbjynfolrsm;ESifh om;orD;ausmif;om;wdkYtm; &efwdkufay;&efom jzpf onf/ v,form;rsm;tm; wHpOftpm; aoewfudkifí vnf;aumif;? aq;vdyf½Hk trsKd;orD;rsm;tm; uwfaMu;tpm; aoewfudkifí vnf;aumif;? tvkyform;rsm;tm; wltpm; aoewfudkifí vnf;aumif;? ausmif;om;rsm;udk wdkufcdkuf vmap&ef &efwdkufay;jcif; jzpfonf/ rEÅav;c½kdifausmif;om;or*¾rS *spfum;wpD;jzifh usHK;axmifheHab;rS aeí zqyvvkyf 'Dtufpftdku Auo tjzpf vdrí f ac:,ljcif; jzpfaMumif;udk ½Si;f jyavonf/ xdt k cg vlxBk uD;rSm ½Si;f jyae onfh *spu f m;em;wGif ysm;tHBk uD;vdk jzpfvmonf/ þwGif ykvdyft&m½SdtcsKdU a&mufvmNyD; toHcsJUpufvdkifpifESifh *spfum;vdkifpif odrf;,lMuonf/ usKH; axmifhrS taemufzufodkY a½TUoGm;&ef ajymonf/ ausmif;om;xku ae&ma½TUoGm;í vlxkBuD;uvnf; a½TUvdkufvmMu onf/ ½kwfw&uf vpftdkAm ykvdyfum;wpfpD; a&mufvmonf/ *spfum;udk 0dkif;NyD; ydwfxm;vdkufonf/ ]igwdkh olcdk;"g;jy r[kwfbl;} ]aoewf armif;rwifeJha[U} ]wdkhudk aoewfeJhcsdefzrf;zdkh rvdkbl;} tHwBudwBf udwf jzpfvmMuonf/ ausmif;om;awGukd u,fvMkd uonf/ aoewfawGu olwYkd a½SUwGif umqD; 407

jrefrmEdkifiHausmif;om;vIyf&Sm;rIordkif; - atmifxGef; aeonf/ ]vlxkBuD; cifAsm;} ]rw&m;zrf;wm MunfUraeMuygeJh} ]uRefawmfwdkh ausmif;om;vli,fawGudk rw&m;zrf;ukefygNyD} ]'Drdkua&pD r½Sdawmhyg} ]wdkhudkzrf;wm zufqpftpdk;&} ta½SUe,f&0J efaxmuf OD;oef;azESihf &Jt&m½Sd OD;armifuav;wdYk OD;pD;aomykvyd rf sm;onf ausmif;wvydwaf &; aumfrwD0if udkcifarmifOD;tm; ZGwfzrf;qD;Muonf/ udkcifarmifOD;tm; ykvdyfuwzuf ausmif;om;uwzuf ZGwfvk qGJMuonf/ udkcifarmifOD;ESifh ausmif;om;wcsKdU ygoGm;onf/ 1953 ck? Edk0ifbmv (27) &ufaehwGifvnf; rEåav;wuúodkvfausmif;tkyfcsKyfa&;tzGJYu atmufygausmif;om;^ol wdkhtm; aomif;usef;olwdkh\udk,fpm;vS,frsm;[k taMumif;jyum &moufyefausmif;xkwfvdkufMuonf/ (1) udkausmfOD; 0dZÆm u-ydkif; (2) rjrifhjrifhMunf 0dZÆm u-ydkif; (3) udkjrifhatmif Oypm c-ydkif; (4) udkndK Oypm c-ydkif; (5) udkausmfpdk; Oypm c-ydkif; (6) udkrif;rif; Oypm u-ydkif; (7) udkodef;vGif Oypm c-ydkif; (8) udkcifarmifOD; Oypm u-ydkif; (9) udo k mvS Oypm u-ydkif; (10) udkomEdk; OypmodyÜH c-ydkif; (11) udktkef;armif OypmodyÜH c-ydkif; (12) udktkef;az Oypm u-ydkif; (13) rararvIdif Oypm c-ydkif; (14) rwifwif&D Oypm u-ydkif;

Source: Oway Magazines

rEåav;ausmif;om;rsm;vnf; wcJeufqE´jyonf

408

Nidrf;csrf;a&; 'Drdkua&pDa&;BudK;yrf;rI - 1952 rS 1953 - 'Drdkua&pDa&; ausmif;om;xktcGifUta&;umuG,fa&; trsKd;om;a&;toGif (15) (16) (17) (18) (19)

udkaX; udkom'if udk0if;armif udkjrifhodef; udk0if;armifoef;

OypmodyÜH c-ydkif; Oypm c-ydkif; Oypm c-ydkif; Oypm u-ydkif; Oypm u-ydkif;

atmufygausmif;om;rsm;rSm wESpfxkwfy,fcH&onf/ (1) udknDnD OypmodyÜH c-ydkif; (2) udkat;aomif OypmodyÜH c-ydkif; (3) rcifoef;vIdif OypmodyÜH c-ydkif; (4) rwifyk OypmodyÜH c-ydkif; (5) rcifoef;0if; Oypm u-ydkif; (6) rcifcif&D Oypm u-ydkif; atmufygausmif;om;rsm; owday;cH&onf/ 1/ udkÓPfvIdif 2/ udk[defoif 3/ udkcifarmifodef; wdkYtm; txl;owday;NyD;? 1/ udkpdkif;bdkav; 2/ udkausmfjrifhvIdif 3/ udkoef;xGef; wdkYtm; owday;cH&onf/

(¡) atmufwb kd mom;orD;rsm; e,fcsJUt*Fvdyftpdk;&onfyifvQif Armausmif;om;ESpfOD; (udkEkESifh udkatmifqef;) udkom ausmif;xkwfcJhNyD; zqyvtpdk;&onf ausmif;om; (59) a,muftm; &moufyefausmif;xkwfí? (16) a,mufudk wESpfxkwfy,fvdkuf onf/ þodkY ausmif;xkwfjcif;onf ausmif;om;xktwGuf tcGifhta&;awmif;qdkrIrsm;wGif acgif;aqmifay;cJhMuol rsm;jzpfNyD; aemifwGif ausmif;om;ta&;udk awmif;qdk&Jolr½Sdatmif zdESdyfjcif;jzpfonf/ aomif;usef;oludk,fpm;vS,f[k pGyfpGJvdkufjcif;jzifh tpdk;&\ Oya'e,ferdwftwGif;ü rae&Jatmif awmodkYESifxkwfjcif; jzpfonf/ wenf;tm;jzifh 'Drdkua&pD pnf;0dkif;twGif;rS vkyfMuyg[k wzGzGatmfaeaom zqyvwdkYonf 'Drdkua&pDtm; ydwfyifjcif;? 'Dtufpftdk rsm;ESifh twdkuftcHvkyfolrsm;tm; n§Of;yef;jcif; jzpfonf/ vlqdkonfrSm rdrdudk,fudk wefzdk;txm;qHk;? rdrdtusKd;udk txdef;odrf;qHk; owå0gjzpfonf/ “SELF PRESERVATION IS THE MOST PRIMARY LAW OF NATURE”

rdrb d 0twGuf &ydik cf iG t hf cGit hf a&;rsm; zsuo f rd ;f cH&vQif vlwikd ;f awmif;qdk wku d yf 0JG ifrmS jzpfonf/ atmufwb kd m om;orD;rsm;rSm Adv k af tmifausmt f m; ½ku d o f wfcMhJ uaom t*Fvyd w f Ykdvykd if zqyv\ yk'rf (144)? a&ydu k ?f rsu&f nf,Akd ;kH ? aoewfusnfqefwdkYjzifh tMurf;zufrI cHMu&onf/ tzrf;cH&olrsm;wGif tcsKdUrSm wESpfajcmufvrQ zrf;qD;csKyfaESmif cH&onf/ zrf;qD;xm;aom tcsdefwGifvnf; q,f&uf? q,fhESpf&uf? qufwdkuf tcsKdUrSm wvcefY qufwdkufar;jref;cH&onf/ acG;ajccHkwGif xdkifcdkif;NyD; rtdyf&bJ ESpfq,fhav;em&D qufwdkufar;jcif;udk tcsKdUrSm oHk;&ufcefY? tcsKdUrSm q,fhoHk;&ufcefY qufwdkufar;jref; cH&onf/ tcsKdUrSm vQyfppfrD;a&mifuvGJí aea&mif? va&mifrjrif&aom ajcmufayywfvnf tcef;xJwGif wvcGJrQ avSmifxm; cH&onf/ tcsKdUrSm zrf;qD;pOfESifh zrf;tNyD;wGif ½dkufESufn§Of;qJcH&onf/ &moufyef ausmif;xkwcf &H aom ausmif;om; ESpOf ;D jzpfonfh udb k aumif;ESihf udv k 0S if;rSm 0&rf;xkwcf &H onf/ udkausmfpdk;rSm xyftzrf;cH&onf/ 409

jrefrmEdkifiHausmif;om;vIyf&Sm;rIordkif; - atmifxGef;

(P) trsK;d om;aehusi;f yjcif; xdEk pS w f iG f trsK;d om;aeYEiS hf ausmif;om;aeYukd atmifjrifpmG usi;f ycJo h nf/ *spu f m;rsm;ay:wGif zdEydS cf sKyfcs,frI o½kyfjyyGJrsm; jyKvkyfí NrdKUwGif;odkU pDwef;a
(w) w&m;½H;k wGi&f ifqikd af &;udpö 0efBuD;csKyfOD;Eku ta&;,lcJhjcif;udpEö Sifhywfoufí w&m;½Hk;wGif&ifqkdif&ef wkefYjyefcJhonf/ tpdk;&u a½SUae p&dwaf y;rnf[k aMunmcJo h nf/ ausmif;om;wdYk onf vlxv k yI ½f mS ;rI (Mass Movement) udo k m ,HMk unforl sm;jzpfí w&m;½H;k wGif Oya'aMumif;t& &ifqikd &f ef tm;ud;k ,HMk unfjcif;jzpfonf/ odYk aomf ig;Muif;qDjzifih g;Muif;om; jyefaMumf aomxHk;udk pOf;pm;cJhonf/ xdktcGifhta&;udk toHk;cs&ef tmPmydkifrsm;\ zdESdyfcsKyfcs,frIudk azmfxkwf&ef pOf;pm;cJMh u onf/ (Mass Action ESihf Legal Action) ESprf sKd;vH;k toH;k cs&ef &nf½, G jf cif;jzpfonf/ tpd;k &u a½SUaewOD;twGuf aiGusyf (500) om ay;ygonf/ ausmif;om;xkonf rdrw d YkdbufrS ulnv D o kd l w&m;cGiüf tpd;k &u NidKjiifru I kd raMumufol jynfoltrsm; pdwf0ifpm;onfh xif½Sm;aom yk*d¾Kvfrsm;&Edkif&ef BudK;pm;cJhonf/ a'gufwmbarmfudk csOf;uyftultnD awmif;aomfvnf; ratmifjrifcJhyg/

(x)

1952-53 wuo ESpyf wfvnftpD&ifcpH m

&efuek w f uúov kd af usmif;om;rsm;\ 1952-53 ckEpS t f wGuf trIaqmiftzGUJ zGUJ pnf;&ef yxrywf a½G;aumufyJG udk 1952 ck? Mo*kwfv (22) &ufaeYwGif usif;ycJhayonf/ xdka½G;aumufyGJrS Ouú|tjzpf udkudkBuD;? 'k-Ouú|tjzpf udkBudKifESifh aiGxdef;tjzpf udkpdefoif;wdkYtm; a½G;cs,fwifajr§muf cJhMuonf/ 'kwd,tBudrfajrmuf trIaqmif (6) OD; a½G;aumufyGJudk 1952 ck? pufwifbmv (4) &ufaeYü usif;y&m udkatmifbef;? udkMunfñGefY? udkausmf0if;? udk0if;armif? udkcifarmifjrifh? udkwifhvGifwdkYtm; ausmif;om;xkBuD;u a½G;aumuf wifajr§mufvdkufMuayonf/ 1952-53 ckESpftwGuf trIaqmiftzGJYudk atmufygtwdkif; wm0efcGJa0cJUMuayonf/ 1/ udkudkBuD; Ouú| 2/ udkBudKif 'k-Ouú| 3/ udkpdefoif; (bDat) aiGxdef; 4/ udkatmifbef; taxGaxGtwGif;a&;rSL; 5/ udkausmf0if; wGJbuftwGif;a&;rSL;ESifh owif;ESifh jyefMum;a&;wm0efcH 6/ udkMunfñGefY EdkifiHjcm; qufoG,fa&;wm0efcH 7/ udk0if;armif upm;ckefpm;a&;ESifh ,Ofaus;rI jr§ifhwifa&;wm0efcH 8/ udkcifarmifjrifh vlxkqufoG,fa&;ESifh aygif;oif;qufqHa&;wm0efcH 9/ udkwifhvGif ausmif;om;oufom acsmifcsda&;wm0efcH trIaqmiftzGUJ rS td;k a0r*¾Zif;wm0efct H ,f'w D mtjzpf udv k 0S if; (bDat) ESihf pmMunfw h u kd rf LS ;tjzpf udo k ef; armifwdkYtm; a½G;cs,fcefYtyf xm;cJhayonf/ tdk;a0r*¾Zif; wm0efcHt,f'Dwm udkvS0if; (bDat) rSm wm0ef,l aqmif½GufaepOf EdkifiHjcm;odkY oGm;a&mufae&ojzifh EkwfxGufpmwifcJh&m trIaqmiftzGJUu vufcHNyD;? tdk;a0r*¾Zif; wm0efcHt,f'Dwmtjzpf udkbaumif;tm; xyfrHa½G;cs,f cefYtyfcJhayonf/ 1952-53 ckESpf tdk;a0r*¾Zif; trIaqmiftzGJYudk atmufygtwdkif; zGJYpnf;cJUayonf/ 1/ udkbaumif; wm0efcHt,f'Dwm 2/ udkpdefoif; (bDat) aiGxdef; 410

Nidrf;csrf;a&; 'Drdkua&pDa&;BudK;yrf;rI - 1952 rS 1953 - 'Drdkua&pDa&; ausmif;om;xktcGifUta&;umuG,fa&; trsKd;om;a&;toGif 3/ udkausmfatmif twGif;a&;rSL; 4/ udkodef;atmif tvkyfwm0efcH 5/ udkausmfaX; trIaqmif 6/ udk,k trIaqmif 7/ oef;oef; trIaqmif &efukefwuúodkvf udk,fvufMuHUcdkifa&;aumifpDwGif 1952-53 ckESpftwGuf ausmif;om;udk,fpm;vnft jzpf aqmif½Guf&ef udk0if;armif? udkcsrf;om? udkwif&D? udkboGif? udkvSjrifhwdkYudk trIaqmiftzGJUrS a½G;cs,fcJhNyD;vQif wuopm&if;ppftjzpf udkoef;xG#ftm; cefYtyfcJhayonf/ &efukefwuúodkvfaumifpDwGif ausmif;om;ta&;ESifh ywf oufaom jyóemrsm;twGuf aqmif½Guf&ef wuo udk,fpm;vS,ftjzpf OD;armifarmifausmf (bDat) ESifh OD;vSwif (bDat? bDt,fvf) wdkYtm; a½G;cs,fcJhonf/ OD;armifarmifausmfrSm wuúodkvf&dyfomaumfrwDESifh ausmif;om;rsm; axmufyahH Mu; (pwdik yf if) aumfrwDwYkd wiG f yg0ifaqmif½u G &f í OD;vSwifrmS ausmif;aqmifaumfrwDEiS hf aq;½Hak umfrwD wGif yg0ifaqmif½Gufvsuf ½Sdayonf/ ausmif;aqmifaumfrwDwGif ausmif;om;udk,fpm;vS,ftjzpf udkudkBuD; (Ouú|) ESifh udkcifarmifjrifhwdkUtm; a½G;cs,fyg0ifapcJhonf/ trIaqmiftzGJY\ 0g' wuoOuú|opf usrf;opömusdefqdkyGJudk &efukefwuúodkvf ,k'oefcef;rü 20? 9? 52 &ufaeYu usif;y jyKvkyfcJhNyD;vQif 1952-53 ckESpf wuotrIaqmiftzGJU\ 0g'udk aMunmcJhayonf/ 1/ tqifhtwef;jrifhaom ynma&;ESifh ausmif;om;b0 om,majzmifhjzL;a&;? 2/ ausmif;om;nDñw G af &;ESihf w&m;rQwaom ausmif;om;jyóemwdik ;f wGif aqmif½u G v f akd om ausmif;om; tiftm;pkrsm;? ausmif;om;tzGJUtpnf;rsm;wdkYESifh yl;aygif;aqmif½Gufa&;? 3/ Nidrf;csrf;pGm ynmoifMum;a&;? ,Ofaus;rI jr§ifhwifa&;ESifh ausmif;om;tcsif;csif; &if;ESD;pGm aygif;oif; qufqHa&;wdkYyif jzpfayonf/ txufygvkyfief;rsm;;udk ausmif;om;? ausmif;olrsm;\ qE´ESifh nd§EIdif;NyD;vQif ausmif;om;tjrif? ausmif; om;t,ltq? ausmif;om;xifjrifcsurf sm;jzifh OD;vnfroHk aqmif½u G o f mG ;rnf[k aMunmcJah yonf/ xdak MunmcJah om tajccH0g' (3) &yfudk atmifjrifap&eftwGuf wuotrIaqmiftzGJUonf 1952-53 ckESpfwGif vkyaf qmifrnfh vkyf ief;pOf (10) csufuv kd nf; owfrw S x f m;cJu h m usrf;opömusdeq f ykd rJG mS yif xkwjf yefaMunmcJah yonf/ xdkYaMumifh wuo tvkyftrIaqmiftpnf;ta0;wGif 1952-53 ckESpf wuo tvkyftrIaqmiftzGJU\ vkyif ef;rsm; aqmif½u G cf sufrsm;udk wifjyrnfjzpfayonf/ xdo k Ykd wifjy&mwGif trIaqmiftzGUJ \ aMunmcJah om vkyif ef; pOf (10) csuf? rnfa½GUrnfrQ taumiftxnfazmfEdkifrnfudk qef;ppf wifjyrnfjzpfayonf/ ,ck tpD&ifcHpmrSm wuo\ wdak wmif;vSaom (6) vrQ umvMumonfh oufwrf;twGi;f aqmif½u G cf ahJ omvkyif ef;rsm;ukd tpD&ifcx H m; jcif;jzpf&m tajccH0g'ay:wGifrSDNyD; tydkif;BuD; (3) ydkif; cGJjcm;um tpD&ifcHoGm;rnf jzpfayonf/ tqifUtwef;jrifUaomynma&;ESifU ausmif;om;b0om,majzmifUjzL;a&; ,aeY &efukefwuúodkvf\ tajctaeudk wifjytpD&ifcHvdkygonf/ &efukefwuúodkvfwGif t&nftcsif; jynfh0aom q&mrsm;enf;yg;vsuf ½Sd\/ ausmif;oHk;ud&d,mrSmvnf; ausmif;om;OD;a&ESifh pmvQif vHk;0rvHkavmufbJ csKdUwJhvsuf½Sd\/ avmu"gwfqdkif&m ypönf;ud&d,mrsm;? "gwkaA'prf;oyf&ef tcef;rsm;rSm ,ck tcsdeftxd ravmuf riS jzpfíaeayonf/ ,ckuJhodkY rvHkravmuf t&m&mwGif csKdU,Gif;vsuf oifMum;ae&aom ausmif;om;ynm&yfrsm; rSm rnfuo hJ Ykd tqift h wef;½So d nfukd cefYreS ;f Edik af yonf/ ausmif;aqmifrsm;wGiv f nf; wcef;wGif (2) a,muf aecJah omf vnf;? wd;k wufrsm;jym;vmaom ausmif;om;OD;a&ESihf rvHrk avmuf jzpfcahJ yonf/ xdrk Qyifru ckwif? pm;yG?J pmtkypf if paom rvHrk avmufjzpfaeonfh jyóemrsm;ESihf ausmif;aqmifwikd ;f wGif &ifqidk v f suf ½SMd uayonf/ tpm;taomufwiG f vnf; nHzh sif;vsuf? rusef;rrmjyefvQifvnf; aq;0g;ukoa&;twGuf tcuftcJawGUí ae&ayonf/ ausmif;om;rsm; tzdkY ausmif;aq;½HkwGif wufa&mufukoEdkifaomfvnf; ausmif;olrsm;tzdkY ausmif;aqmifwGifyif aq;0g;ukoíae& ayao;onf/ usef;rma&; tajctaeqdk;½Gm;ojzifh &efukefaq;½HkBuD;odkY ydkYjyefvQifvnf; aq;odyÜH ausmif;om;r[kwfygu ausmif;om;twGuf oD;oefYxm;aomtcef;wGif wufa&mufukocGifhr&cJhay/ aq;uko&mwGifvnf; tcrJhaq;uko 411

jrefrmEdkifiHausmif;om;vIyf&Sm;rIordkif; - atmifxGef; jcif; rcH&bJ? aq;zdk;0g;c q&m0efcudkyg ay;aqmifae&onfudk awGU½Sd&ayonf/ xdYk aMumifh rdwuG?J zwuGJ w&yfae wajrjcm;odkY vma&muf qnf;yl;ae&aom ausmif;om;rsm;\ usef;rma&;ESifh ywfoufNyD; BudKwifumuG,frIrsm;rSm rsm;pGmrSyif nHhzsif;aeonfudk awGU½Sdae&ayonf/ ausmif;aqmifrsm;wGif½Sd a&csKd;cef;rsm;? tdrfomrsm;rSm npfywfvsuf aeayonf/ tpm;taomuf? taetxdkif? usef;rma&; csKdU,Gif;csufrsm;wGifomru ynmoifMum;a&;bufwGifvnf; rjynfhpHk? pmar;yGJpepfrSmvnf; wrsKd;NyD;wrsKd; ajymif;vJaeojzifh ausmif;om;rsm;rSm 'ku©trsKd;rsKd;ESifh &ifqdkifvsuf ½Sdayonf/ pD;yGm;a&; tcuftcJaMumifh ausmif;raeEdkifaom ausmif;om;rsm;twGuf axmufyHhaMu; ay;onfrSmvnf; (5) &mcdkifEIef;avmufom ay;aeonfhtwGuf rsm;pGmvdkvsuf ½Sdonfudk awGU½Sd&ayonf/ txufyg rjynfhrpHk rvHkavmufjcif;rsm;? ausmif;om;rsm;\ avmavmq,f vdktyfcsufrsm;udk aqmif½Guf ay;jcif;onfomvQif tqift h wef;jrifah om ynma&;ESihf ausmif;om;b0 om,majzmifjh zL;a&;twGuf tajccHtw k jf rpf csrSwEf ikd jf cif; jzpfayvdrrhf nf[k ,HMk unfayonf/ xdYk aMumifh wuotrIaqmiftzGUJ onf ausmif;om;rsm;\ epfemcsuf rsm;? qHk;½IH;aeaom tcGifhta&;rsm;udk azmfxkwfum awmif;qdk&eftwGuf wuúodkvfü½Sdaom bmom&yfqdkif&m toif; tzGUJ rsm;? o[m,ESihf pmzwftoif;rS ud, k pf m;vS,rf sm;udk zdwMf um;um aqG;aEG;yGrJ sm; vkycf MhJ uonf/ tMuHÓPfrsm;udk awmif;qdkcJhMuayonf/ xdktpnf;ta0;rsm;rS azmfxkwfcsufrsm;? tMuHÓPfrsm;udk,lum wuotrIaqmiftzGJUonf ausmif;om; rsm;\ vdv k m;csuf (22) csufukd azmfxw k u f m? 30? 9? 52 &ufaeYwiG f wuúov kd af umifpo D Ykd wifjyawmif;qdk cJhayonf/ þawmif;qdkcsufrsm;udk &efukefwuúodkvf o[m,ESifh pmzwftoif;rsm;tzGJUcsKyf 'kwd,ESpf0ufnDvmcHBuD;rS vnf; aumif;? waumif;ausmif;aqmif? jynfausmif;aqmif? oxHkausmif;aqmif? yJcl;ausmif;aqmif? ppfudkif;ausmif;aqmif? tif;vsm;ausmif;aqmif? oD&d (bifwef) ausmif;aqmif ausmif;om;xk pnf;a0;yGrJ sm;rS vnf;aumif;? &efuek w f uúov kd f tdE, d´ trsK;d om;ausmif;ol^om;rsm;toif;? &efuek w f uúov kd f ynmodyHÜ ausmif;ol^om;rsm;toif;rsm;rS vnf;aumif;? wuo awmif;qdkcsufrsm;udk axmufcHcJhMuayonf/ 'DZifbmv (20) &uf ausmif;om;aeYwGif usif;yaom ausmif;om;xkpnf;a0;yGJBuD;wGif awmif;qdkcsuf (22) csufudk wuoaiGxdef; udkpdefoif; udk,fwdkifwifoGif;um ausmif;om;xkBuD; w&yfvHk;u axmufcHcJhMuayonf/ xdkpnf;a0;yGJtNyD;wGif ausmif;om;xkBuD;onf t"dywdvrf;rBuD;rS &efukefwuúodkvf bGJUESif;obifcef;rBuD;odkY csDwufum qE´jyaxmufcHcJhMuayonf/ wuúodkvfaumifpDwGifyg0ifaom wuoudk,fpm;vS,f aumifpDvlBuD; (2) OD;uvnf; awmif;qdkcsufrsm;&½Sda&;? taumiftxnfazmfa&;twGuf wuúodkvfaumifpDwGif aqmif½GufcJhMuayonf/ ,ckuo hJ Ykd ausmif;om;xk\epfemcsufrsm;udk ta&;qd&k mwGif wuotrIaqmif\ rSeu f efaom acgif;aqmif rI? ausmif;om;xkBuD; w&yfvHk;u pnf;vHk;nDñGwfpGmESifh tifwdkuftm;wdkuf axmufcHrI? wuoudk,fpm;vS,f aumifpDvlBuD;wdkU\ BudK;yrf;rIaMumifh awmif;qdkcsufrsm;udk tm;vHk;vdkvdkyif &½SdcJhMuayonf/ þawmif;qdkcsufrsm;rSm wuotrIaqmiftzGJUESifh o[m,ESifh pmzwftoif;rsm;? bmom&yfqdkif&m toif;tzGJUrsm;\ aqG;aEG;csufrsm;ay:rS ay:xGufvmaom awmif;qdkcsuf (22) csufjzpfNyD; or*¾0if ausmif;ol? ausmif;om;rsm; odNyD;jzpfcJhayonf/ þawmif;qdkcsuf (22) csufrSm a½S;,cif wufa&mufcJhMuaom trIaqmiftzGJU wdkif;vdkyif awmif;qdkcJhMuaomfvnf;? taumiftxnf ay:aygufcsufrSm enf;yg;vSayonf/ ,ckESpf wufa&mufcJh aom trIaqmiftzGUJ onf r&rae tqifq h ifah omenf;rsm;jzifh BudK;yrf;rnf[k uwday;aMunmcJo h nft h wdik ;f &½Sad p&ef aqmif½GufcJhMuonf/ awmif;qdkcsufrsm;udk (1) ausmif;aqmifESifh ywfoufaom awmif;qdkcsuf? (2) pmar;yGJESifh ywfoufaom awmif;qdkcsuf? (3) taxGaxGawmif;qdkcsuf[lí a,bk,stm;jzifh cGJjcm;Edkifayonf/ txufyg awmif;qdkcsuf rsm;rSm trIaqmiftzGJUu csrSwfxm;aom tqifhtwef;jrifhaom ynma&;ESifh ausmif;om;b0 om,majzmifhjzL;a&; [laom 0g'ESifh udkufnD taxmuftuljyKaom awmif;qdkcsufrsm; jzpfayonf/ atmifjrifrIrsm; ausmif;aqmifESifh ywfoufí awmif;qdkcsufrsm;wGif ,ckjrifawGUaeonfhtwdkif;yif rdef;uav;rsm;twGuf ausmif;aqmifwaqmif? a,mufsm;av;rsm;twGuf ausmif;aqmif (4) aqmif aqmufvyk af e&m taumiftxnftjzpf ay:aygufcJhayonf/ wuúodkvfaumifpD\ jyefMum;csuft&rSm ZGefvausmif;zGifhtrD NyD;pD;rnf[líum; rcefYrSef; Edkifay/ 412

Nidrf;csrf;a&; 'Drdkua&pDa&;BudK;yrf;rI - 1952 rS 1953 - 'Drdkua&pDa&; ausmif;om;xktcGifUta&;umuG,fa&; trsKd;om;a&;toGif ynmodyÜHausmif;om;rsm;twGuf ausmif;taqmuftODudk azazmf0g&Dv tNyD;avmufwGif aqmufvkyfEkdif rnfjzpfí? aq;odyÜHausmif;om;rsm;twGuf ausmif;aqmifwaqmifudk rwfv 'kwd,ywftwGif; tkwfjrpfcsEdkifrnf[k uwd&½SdcJhayonf/ xdkYaemuf ausmif;aqmifwdkif;\ oD;jcm;vdkvm;csufjzpfaom trdk;rsm;jyifqif&efESifh oxHkESifh tif;0ausmif; aqmif pMuFefvrf;csif; qufpyfa&;twGuf awmif;qdkcsufrsm;udk aEG&moDwGiftNyD; aqmif½Gufay;rnf[k uwd&½SdcJhay onf/ o[m,ESifh pmzwftoif;wdkif;udkvnf; upm;aMu;aiG (200) usyfpD xkwfay;&ef awmif;qdk&mwGifvnf; &½SdcJhayonf/ ausmif;aqmifaumfrwDwGifvnf; ausmif;om;udk,fpm;vS,f (2) a,muf yg0ifaqmif½GufcGifhudkvnf; &½SdcJhayonf/ ausmif;aqmifwdkif;wGif a&vHkavmufpGm&½Sda&;twGuf t0DpdwGif; (8) wGif; wl;&ef awmif;qdkcJh&m tm;vHk;yif&½Sdí ,cktcsdefwGif wl;í NyD;pD;cJhayonf/ ausmif;aqmifcef;c (17) usyfrS (12) usyfodkY avQmhcsa&;wGif taumiftxnf ,cktcsdeftxd ray:ayguf ao;bJ aqmif½GufqJyif jzpfayonf/ þudpöudk aqmif½Guf&ef wuotrIaqmif (2) OD;ESifh wuoudk,fpm;vS,f vlBuD; (1) OD;onf ausmif;aqmifaumfrwDwGif enf;vrf;rsm;udk ½SmazGcJhMuayonf/ pm&if;rsm;udk ppfaq;cJhMuonf/ þuJhodkY ½SmazGppfaq;cJhojzifh (5) usyf ravQmhEdkifonfhwdkifatmif awmfawmfrsm;rsm; avQmhEdkifvdrfhrnf[k arQmfvifh &ayonf/ þawmif;qdkcsufudkrlum; ausmif;zGifhpupNyD; cHpm;&vdrfhrnf[k tpD&ifcHcJh vdkayonf/ pmar;yGJta&;rsm; pmar;yGJta&;ESifh ywfoufí trIaqmiftzGJUonf aqmif½GufEdkifcJhayonf/ vGefcJhaom 1951-52 ckESpf tydkif; (u) pmar;yGJwGif us½HI;aom ausmif;om;rsm;udk t&pfuspmar;yGJwGif 0ifa&mufajzqdck iG u hf kd Oypmwef;ausmif;om;rsm;ESihf 0dZmÆ wef;ausmif;om;rsm;twGuyf g &½Scd ahJ yonf/ t&pfuspmar;yGu J kd 1956 ckEpS t f xd wd;k csJUay;&ef awmif;qdck &hJ m atmifjrifcahJ yonf/ þuJo h Ykd t&pfuspmar;yGu J kd awmif;qdck Jh&mwGif ,ck vuf½dS ajzqdak eoltm;vH;k twGuu f o kd m awmif;qdck ahJ yonf/ ,ckuo hJ Ykd awmif;qd&k jcif;rSm pmar;yGJ (2) rsK;d r½Sad pvdo k nfh twGufaMumifhyif jzpfayonf/ rnfonfh wdkif;jynfwuúodkvfwGifrS pmar;yGJ (2) rsKd; r½Sdonfhtjyif ,ckuJhodkY pmar;yGJ (2) rsKd; usif;yay; jcif;tm;jzifh wuúov kd w f iG f txl;tvkyrf sm;jym;vmrnf jzpfayonf/ txl;ojzifh urÇmwGif pHwnfxm;aom wuúov kd f \ tqift h wef;udk rrD½rkH Qru? wuúov kd 'f *D &D\ wefz;kd udv k nf; usqif;oGm;ayrnf jzpfayonf/ wzef pmar;yGpJ epf (2) rsKd;teuf wrsKd;rsKd;udk jzKwfypf&ef twGufrSm ausmif;om;trsm;pku tydkif; (u) (c) pepfudk vufcHcJhaomaMumifh wpwp ½kyfodrf;ay;&ef awmif;qdkcJhjcif; jzpfygaMumif;/ tif*sifeD,moifwef;udk wufa&mufoifMum;vdkaom ausmif;om;rsm;twGuf ocsFmbmomwGif (50) &mcdkifEIef; r&aomfvnf; oifwef;udk wufa&mufEdkifcGifhESifh tydkif; (u) pmar;yGJus½HI;cJhaom ausmif;om;rsm;tzdkU tykdif; (u) pmar;yGJwGif xyfrHajzqdk&mü NyD;cJhaomESpfu oifMum;cJh&aom oifcef;pmrsm;udkom ar;jref;&ef awmif; qdkcJh&m &½SdcJhayonf/ pmar;yGaJ tmifpm&if;wGif tydik ;f cGjJ cm;um (Division) trSwpf Oftvdu k f xkwjf yefaMunmjcif; rjyK&ef awmif;qdk cJ&h m &½Scd ahJ yonf/ xdak wmif;qdck suft& (60) &mcdik Ef eI ;f &aom ausmif;om;rsm;tzdYk (Credit) qdak om *kPx f ;l 0daoo xnfhay;&efudkum; vufoifhcHcJhayonf/ tb,faMumifhqdkaomf xl;cRefaom ausmif;om;rsm;twGuf tm;ay;&rnf[k trIaqmiftzGJUu ,HkMunfvufcHaomaMumifh jzpfayonf/ ausmif;om;rsm;twGuf axmufyahH Mu;ay;&mwGif ,cifu (5) &mckid Ef eI ;f rQ ay;cJo h nft h wGuf (10) &mcdik Ef eI ;f xd wdk;jr§ifhay;&ef awmif;qdkcJh&m wuúodkvfaumifpDu vHk;0axmufcHNyD;vQif tpdk;&xHodkY wifjyawmif;qdk xm;cJhay onf/ taxGaxG awmif;qdkcsufrsm; taxGtaxGawmif;qdkcsufrsm;udk xkwfjyefaMunmcJhNyD; jzpfonfhtwdkif; od½SdNyD;jzpfvdrfhrnf[k ,HkMunfay onf/ þawmif;qdkcsufrsm;rSm tm;vHk;r&½Sdonfhwdkifatmif? auseyfvufcHavmufonftxd &½SdcJhygonf[k tpD&ifcHvdkayonf/ þodkY awmif;qdk&mwGif wuowOD;wnf;omru o[m,ESifh pmzwftoif;rsm;? bmom&yf 413

jrefrmEdkifiHausmif;om;vIyf&Sm;rIordkif; - atmifxGef; qdkif&m toif;tzGJUrsm;? vlrsKd;pktzGJUtpnf;rsm;? EdkifiHjcm;om;tzGJUtpnf;rsm;ESifh ausmif;om;? ausmif;olrsm; yl;aygif; aqmif½Gufcsufjzifh &½SdcJhayonf[k azmfjytpD&ifcHvdkayonf/ wuúodkvfaumifpDESifh wuoonf ausmif;om;rsm; ta&;ESihf wuúov kd \ f ta&;udk ESpzf uf pOf;pm;MuNyD;vQif em;vnfrI &½Scd , hJ rkH Qru ausmif;om;rsm;tusK;d ? wuúov kd \ f tusKd;udk o,fy;kd Murnf[al om &nf½, G cf sufjcif; wlncD MhJ uayonf/ odYk aMumifv h nf; awmif;qdck sufrsm; &½Scd MhJ uonf [k azmfjytpD&ifcHvdkygonf/ txufyg awmif;qdkcsufrsm;tjyif ta&;ay:awmif;qdkcsufrsm;jzpfaom atmufygtcsufrsm;udkvnf; awmif;qdk taumiftxnfazmf cJhavonf/ (u) pepfa[mif;t& usif;yjyKvkyfrnfh rwfvESifh ZGefv Oypmpmar;yGJwdkYwGif rdrdwdkY ajzqdk&ef usef½Sdonfh bmom&yfrsm;ESifhtwl (Eligible) rjzpfonfh bmom&yfrsm; (Oyrm- Biology) udkyg wygwnf; ajzqdkcGifh/ (c) ,ckrwfvwGif usif;yjyKvkyfrnfh OypmodyÜHtydkif; (c) pmar;yGJwGif "mwkaA'bmom&yfü ,cifESpfu ar;NyD;jzpfaom (Acid Radical) xnfo h iG ;f í ar;rnfqakd om tcsufukd y,fzsufay;&ef awmif;qdck &hJ m &½Scd ahJ yonf/ (8) bDtD;'D 'D*&D&½SdNyD;aom ausmif;om;ausmif;olrsm;udk ynma&;Xmeü rnfonfhwm0efudk xrf;aqmif &onfjzpfap bDpDtufpf txufwef; (Senior Branch) ay;yg&ef awmif;qdkcsufudk ynma&;0efBuD;xHodkY awmif;qdk xm;aMumif;/ (C) &efukefaq;½HkBuD;wGif wufa&mufukoaom ausmif;om;rsm;twGuf ae&m (8) ae&m ay;xm;aMumif; udk wuoawmif;qdkcsufrsm; awmif;qdkpOfu wuúodkvfaumifpDrS jyefMum;pmwGif yg½SdcJhaomfvnf; wu,fhvufawGU wGif wuúodkvfausmif;om;wdkif; oD;oefYcef;ü wufa&mufukocGifh r&½Sdonfudk uG,fvGefolausmif;om; udak pmMunf udpw ö iG f awGU½S&d ojzifh wuorS &efuek w f uúov kd af q;½Hrk S aq;½HBk uD;odYk yUkd aom ausmif;ol? ausmif;om;wdik ;f tm; ul;puf wwfaom a&m*grsm;rSwyg; ausmif;om;twGuf oD;oefYtcef; (Student Ward) wGif xm;ay;&ef/ uG,v f eG o f l Oypmodyt HÜ xufwef;ausmif;om; udak pmMunfukd (Student Ward) rS (Ward One and Two) odkY ajymif;a½TUonfh wm0efcHq&mrESifh udkapmMunfudk *½kwpdkufppfaq;Munfh½Ium aq;ay;jcif;? aq;0g;ukojcif; udk rjyKvkyfaom oufqdkif&mwm0efcH q&m0efukd tjrefqHk; ta&;,lay;yg&ef awmif;qdkcJh½HkrQru wuorSwqifh owif;axmufrsm;tm; ½Sif;vif;yGJjyKvkyfum jynfolxHodkY wifjycJhayonf/ (i) azazmf0g&DvESihf rwfvwGif usif;yrnfh pmar;yGJrsm;twGuf pmar;yGJ0ifaMu;udk Zefe0g&Dv (15) &uf aemufqHk;xm;í ay;oGif;&efudk y,fzsufí Zefe0g&Dv (27) &ufaeYtxd wdk;csJUay;&ef awmif;qdk&½Sdayonf/ (p) wuorS OD;pD;vsuf (3) vywf wuúodkvf0ifoifwef;udk Edk0ifbmv (26) &ufaeYrSpí or*¾ taqmuftODü pwifzGifhvSpfcJh&m ausmif;om;aygif; (120) ausmf wufa&mufcJhavonf/ (q) &efukefwuúodkvfaumifpDrSm tif*sifeD,maumvdyf? vQyfppftif*sifeD,m uxdu Mr. Ping Lee udk (3) v BudKwifowday;um rwfv (31) &ufaeYwiG f tvky&f yfp&J ef taMumif;Mum;cJah yonf/ Mr. Ping Lee rSm ausmif;om;rsm; em;vnfatmif oifjyEdkifaom uxduwOD; jzpf½HkrQru (2) ESpf pmcsKyfcsKyfqdkum vkyfudkifcJholjzpfay onf/ odkYaomf wuúodkvfaumifpDrS pmcsKyftwdkif; qufvufrcefYxm;bJ? t&nftcsif;½Sdol q&mwOD;tm; tvkyf&yf pJcJhjcif;rSm w&m;rrQwonfhtwGuf tvkyf&yfpJjcif;udk y,fzsufum pmcsKyftwkdif; qufvufcefYxm;&ef awmif;qdk cJhayonf/ tif*sifeD,mausmif;om;rsm;or*¾rS txufygawmif;qdkcsufudkvnf; wuorS axmufcHcJhayonf/ þ enf;jzifh ausmif;om;? ausmif;olrsm; tusKd;udkomru wuúodkvfq&m? q&mrwdkY\ w&m;rQwaom jyóemwdkif;udk wuorS aqmif½GufoGm;rnf jzpfayonf/ wuotrIaqmiftzGJUonf &efukefwuúodkvfausmif;ol? ausmif;om;rsm;\ vdkvm;csuf epfemcsufrsm;udk ajz½Si;f ay;½Hrk u pdu k yf sK;d a&;? 0dZmÆ ? odyaHÜ usmif;om;rsm;or*¾rsm;\ awmif;qdck surf sm;ESihf tpd;k &pufrv I ufrI tif*sief , D m twwfoifausmif; ausmif;om;or*¾rsm;\ awmif;qdkcsufrsm;udkvnf; axmufcH awmif;qdkcJhygaMumif;/ ausmif;om;nDñGwfa&;ESifh w&m;rQwaom ausmif;om;jyóemwdkif;wGif aqmif½Gufvdkaom ausmif;om; tiftm;pkrsm;? ausmif;om;tzGJUtpnf;rsm;ESifh yl;aygif;aqmif½Gufa&;/ ArmEdkifiH½Sd ausmif;om;tiftm;pkonf 1949 ckESpfrS pí trsKd;rsKd;uGJjym;um rnDrñGwf jzpfcJh&ayonf/ þodkY ausmif;om;xknDñGwfa&; NydKuGJcJhonfESifhtrQ ausmif;om;tcGifhta&;rsm;onf waeYwjcm;qHk;½IH;vsuf ½Sday onf/ rdrdwdkY\ tusKd;pD;yGm;udk rumuG,fEdkifcJhonfhtjyif w&m;rQwí rSefuefaom ausmif;om;xk\ vdkvm;csuf? awmif;qdkcsufrsm;udkvnf; taumiftxnf azmfxkwfjcif;iSm rpGrf;EdkifjzpfcJh&ayonf/ rdrdwdkY\ vdkvm;csufudk awmif; qdka&;? ausmif;om;tcGifhta&; umuG,fa&;? ynmoifMum;a&; aumif;rGefa&;ESifh ausmif;om;b0 om,majzmifhjzL; 414

Nidrf;csrf;a&; 'Drdkua&pDa&;BudK;yrf;rI - 1952 rS 1953 - 'Drdkua&pDa&; ausmif;om;xktcGifUta&;umuG,fa&; trsKd;om;a&;toGif a&;wdkYrSm nDñGwfa&;jzifhom aqmif½GufEdkifayonf/ nDñGwfa&;onfomvQif ausmif;om;xk\ txda&mufqHk;aom vufeufw&yf jzpfayonf/ ausmif;om;xkonf rnDrñGwfESifh rdrd\ tcGifhta&;twGuf udk,fwdkif BudK;pm;um wdkufyGJqifETJjcif; r½SdygvQif ausmif;om;\tcGifhta&;rsm;vnf; &½SdEdkifrnf r[kwfawmhay/ odkYtwGuf ,aeY ausmif; om;xk\ xrf;aqmif&rnfhwm0efrSm ausmif;om;nDñGwfa&;omvQif jzpfayonf/ xdknDñGwfa&;udk wnfaqmuf&mwGif ausmif;om;xkBuD;w&yfvHk;udk wnfaqmufEdkifrSomvQif wu,fh cdkifrmaom nDñGwfa&;? xm0pOfnDñGwfa&;udk &½SdEdkifrnfjzpfayonf/ nDñGwfa&;onf tvdktavsmuf jzpfay:í rvm? tay:,H qH;k jzwfcsufrsm;? a
jrefrmEdkifiHausmif;om;vIyf&Sm;rIordkif; - atmifxGef; 'kw, d urÇmppfBuD; twGi;f 0,f ausmif;om;vli,f? vl½, G f oef;aygif;rsm;pGmwdYk rmS ppf\ raumif;usKd;udk xrf;yd;k ozG,f ½ke;f cHcMhJ u&\/ ppfjzpfonfEiS hf wNydKifeuf trIxrf;&ef oifah vsmaf om ausmif;om;½G,v f il ,fwYkdrmS ppfxo J Ykd 0ifMu&\/ ppfrIxrf;Mu&\/ ausmif;oifcef;rsm;udk pGefYvTwfum ppfajrjyifodkY ydkYaqmifjcif;cH&ojzifh pmayoifMum;qnf;yl;rI t00rSm ysufpD;cJh&ayawmhonf/ at;csrf;om,mpGmESifh ynmoifMum;aejcif;udk ppfBuD;jzpfyGm;jcif;u zsufqD;í ypfvdkufjcif; jzpfayonf/ odYktwGuf aemufxyfppfBuD;wck xyfrjH zpfymG ;jcif;udk tvdrk ½S/d Nidr;f csr;f pGmynmoifMum;rIukd tvd½k adS yonf/ ppfBuD;wck xyfrjH zpfymG ;ap&ef vIYHaqmfjyifqifae&jcif;twGuf b@maiGrsm;udk ode;f oef;csu D m oH;k pG&J jyefojzifv h nf; ynma&;toH;k p&dwu f kd avQmhyg;vmcJah p\/ ausmif;om;epfemcsufwYkd onf qwufxrf;yd;k ay:xGuv f mcJ&h \/ xdkuJhodkY aMumuf½GHUzG,faumif;aom ppfBuD;'PfrS vGwfuif;apNyD;vQif vlrsKd;wdkif;\ toufjzpfaom trsKd;om;,Ofaus;rIudk aqmif½Gufjcif;onfomvQif vlYb0udk om,m0ajymaprnf jzpf\/ ,Ofaus;rIudk jr§ifhwif ay;jcif;tm;jzifhvnf; ppf\tarGtESpfrsm;udk ajymif;vJypfEdkifrnf jzpf\/ ppf\tEÅ&m,fudk wm;qD;jcif;jzifhomvQif Nidrf;csrf;pGmynmoifMum;a&;onf jzpfxGef;Edkifrnf jzpfayonf/ vlrsKd;tcsif;csif;? vli,fausmif;om;tcsif;csif; wOD;ESiw hf OD; rke;f wD;rIukd y,fzsufum bmoma&;,HMk unfrI? taoG;ta&mifcjJG cm;rI? Edik if aH &;t,ltq? pD;yGm;a&;tqift h wef; rcGjJ cm;bJ &if;ES;D pGm aygif;oif;qufqaH &;? cspfMunf a&;jzifhvnf; ppfBuD;w&yfudk wm;qD;EdkifNyD;vQif Nidrf;csrf;pGm ynmoifMum;a&;udk wnfaqmufEdkifrnf jzpfayonf/ odkhtwGuf wuotrIaqmiftzGJYonf(1) rEÅav;wuúodkvfausmif;om;rsm;or*¾ESifh &efukefwuúodkvfausmif;om;rsm;or*¾ qufoG,fa&;/ (2) rEÅav;wuúodkvfausmif;om;rsm;ESifh &efukefwuúodkvfausmif;om;rsm; &if;ESD;a&;? rdwfjzpfa&;/ (3) ausmif;om;rsm;\ upm;ckefpm;rItqifhtwef; jr§ifhwifa&;wdkYtwGuf &efukefwuúodkvf abmvHk; toif;udk rEÅav;wuúodkvfodkY apvTwfcJhayonf/ xdktzGJU\ acgif;aqmiftjzpf q&mOD;vSarmif? twGif;a&;rSL; udk0if;armif (wuo trIaqmif)? &efukef wuúov kd f abmvH;k toif; uyÜwed f udak ½SmMunf? ñTeMf um;ol udo k ef;0if;? udb k oGif (upm;ckepf m;a&; aumifpv D Bl uD;) ESifh udkatmifbef; (wuo twGif;a&;rSL;) wdkY yg0ifcJhMuayonf/ &efukefwuúodkvf abmvHk;toif;onf rEÅav; wuúodkvfausmif;om;rsm;ESifh vnf;aumif;? ppfudkif;c½dkif ausmif;om;rsm;ESifh vnf;aumif;? &if;ESD;rdwfaqGjzpfa&;udk aqmif½GufEdkifcJhygaMumif;/ wuo trIaqmiftzGUJ \ vkyif ef;pOf (10) csufwiG f wcsuf tygt0ifjzpfaom &efuek w f uúov kd f ausmif; om;yGJawmfudk Nidrf;csrf;a&;? trsKd;om;,Ofaus;rI xdef;odrf;jr§ifhwifa&;? ,Ofaus;rI vJvS,fa&;? ausmif;om;tcsif; tcsif; &if;ESD;rdwfjzpfa&;? ausmif;om; nDñGwfa&;[laom &nf½G,fcsuf (5) csufjzifh &efukefwuúodkvf o[m,ESifh pmzwftoif;rsm;? c½dkiftoif;rsm;? vlrsKd;pktzGJUtpnf;rsm;ESifh yl;aygif;um Zefe0g&Dv (10) &ufrS (13) &ufaeY txd usif;yjyKvkyfEdkifcJhayonf/

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Source: Oway Magazines

1953 ck? yxrtBurd f &efuek w f uúov kd f ausmif;om;yJaG wmfrck Of ;D

Nidrf;csrf;a&; 'Drdkua&pDa&;BudK;yrf;rI - 1952 rS 1953 - 'Drdkua&pDa&; ausmif;om;xktcGifUta&;umuG,fa&; trsKd;om;a&;toGif þwuúodkvf ausmif;om;yGJawmfwGif(u) "gwfyHk? yef;csD? umwGef; NydKifyGJjyyGJrsm; (c) *DwNydKifyGJ? tdk;pnfNydKifyGJ? 'dk;ywfNydKifyGJ (*) pmayNydKifyGJrsm; (C) upm;ckefpm;NydKifyGJrsm; (i) ,Ofaus;rI twD;trIwf tutckefwifjyyGJrsm; (p) tNidrfhjyyGJrsm; (q) ½kyf½SifjyyGJrsm;udk jyKvkyfEdkifcJhayonf/ wuúov kd af usmif;om;yGaJ wmf þuJo h Ykd usif;yjcif;onf &efuek w f uúov kd f &mZ0ifwiG f vnf;aumif;? &efuek f wuúodkvfausmif;om;or*¾ &mZ0ifwGif vnf;aumif; ray:aygufcJhbl;aMumif; tpD&ifcHvdkayonf/ þwuúodkvf ausmif;om;yGJawmfonf &efukefwuúodkvf&mZ0ifü yxrOD;qHk;tBudrf usif;yjyKvkyfcJhjcif; jzpfayonf/ usif;ycJhaom ausmif;om;yGJawmfwGif vlrsKd;pkausmif;om;rsm;? EdkifiHjcm;ausmif;om;rsm;ESifh ArmtrsK;d om; ausmif;om;rsm;onf Edik if aH &;t,ltq? bmoma&;,HMk unfr?I pD;yGm;a&;tajctae cGjJ cm;rIr½Sb d J yg0if qifETJcJhjcif;jzifh vnf;aumif;? wuúodkvfaumifpDESifh &efukefwuúodkvf½Sd q&m? q&mrrsm; ulnDtm;ay;rIjzifhvnf; aumif;? NrdKUrdNrdKUzrsm;\ ulnt D m;ay;rIjzifh vnf;aumif;? wuúov kd f ausmif;om;yGaJ wmfBuD;udk atmifjrifpmG usi;f y Edik cf ahJ yonf/ &efukefwuúodkvf armifr,fNydKifyGJ? avSNydKifyGJrsm;wGif qkrsm; csD;jr§ifhay;jcif;jzifhvnf; wuúodkvfausmif;ol? ausmif;om;rsm;\ upm;ckefpm;a&;udk tm;ay;cJhayonf/ jrefrmpmay jyefvnfazmfxkwf qef;opfjr§ifhwifa&;ESifh ausmif;ol? ausmif;om;rsm; A[kokwwdk;yGm;a&;udk &nf½G,fvsuf ]pmqdkawmfaeh} jzpfay:vmyHkESifh Armh,Ofaus;rI pmaytqDtESpfrsm;udk wifjyonfh a[majymyGJw&yf udkvnf; jyKvkyfcJh&m ArmEdkifiHpma&;q&mrsm;toif;rS OD;odef; (Z0e)? OD;xifzwf? udkwifaz (atmifvif;)? udknDnD (vif;,kefeD)? udkrsKd;jrifhwdkYu vma&muf a[majymcJhygonf/ qdkAD,uf,leD,H\ pufrIvkyfief;? pdkufysKd;a&;? pmayynma&;pepf? qdkAD,uf*DwESifh ,Ofaus;rItEkynm&yf rsm;ESifh ywfoufí vufawGUavhvmcsufrsm;udk qdkAD,uf-Arm ,Ofaus;rIvJvS,fa&;toif;rS q&mOD;atmifvSESifh OD;csif;pdef (a½Tnmarmif) wdYk u a[majymaom a[majymyGw J &yfuv kd nf; ausmif;ol? ausmif;om;rsm; A[kow k jzpfap&ef &nf½G,fí a[majymyGJwck usif;ycJhayonf/ taxGaxG wuo\ a
jrefrmEdkifiHausmif;om;vIyf&Sm;rIordkif; - atmifxGef; ausmif;om;nDñw G af &;ESihf ywfoufí uGjJ ym;aeaom ausmif;om;tzGUJ tpnf;rsm; wpkwpnf;wnf; jzpfay: &ef BudK;pm;rnf[k wxpfcs rSwfcJhaomfvnf; ,aeYtxd taumiftxnf razmfEdkifcJhay/ odkYaomf 'DZifbmv (21) &uf ausmif;om;aeYwGifrlum; yxrqHk;tBudrf yl;aygif;aqmif½GufEdkifcJhayonf/ wuúodkvfe,fajr½Sd ausmif;om;tzGJU tpnf;rsm;ESiv hf nf; vkyif ef;rSeo f rQvykd if yl;wGaJ qmif½u G Ef ikd cf ½hJ rkH Qru rEÅav;wuúov kd af usmif;om;rsm;or*¾EiS v hf nf; em;vnfcspfMunfrIrsm;udk &½Sdatmif jyKvkyfEdkifcJhayonf/ Nidr;f csr;f pGmynmoifMum;a&;? ,Ofaus;rIjr§iw hf ifa&;twGuf cspMf unfa&;? Nidr;f csr;f a&; ausmif;om;yGaJ wmfBuD; wckukd usi;f yEdik cf ahJ yonf/ xdyk aJG wmfBuD;wGif ArmEdik if t H wGi;f ½Sd vlrsK;d pktoD;oD;ESihf vnf;aumif;? Edik if jH cm;ausmif;om; rsm;ESifh vnf;aumif; ,Ofaus;rIrsm; vJvS,fEdkifcJhayonf/ cspfMunfrIrsm;udkvnf; jyKvkyfEdkifcJhayonf/ þuJo h Ykd wuúov kd &f mZ0ifwiG f r½Sb d ;l aom ausmif;om;yGaJ wmfBuD;wck usi;f yEdik cf jhJ cif;udrk u l m; wuotrIaqmiftzGUJ onf *kP, f l vdak yonf/ þuJo h Ykd *kP, f o l nft h jyif yGaJ wmfBuD; jzpfajrmufa&;twGuf tm;ay;ulnu D m vdt k yfaomtultnDrsm;udk ay;cJah om ygarmu©csKyfEiS hf wuúov kd t f yk cf sKyfa&;tzGUJ tm; vnf;aumif;? q&m? q&mrrsm;tm;vnf;aumif;? yGaJ wmfBuD; jzpfajrmufa&;twGuf wm0eftoD;oD;,lum yg0ifaqmif½GufMuaom &efukefwuúodkvf tdE´d,trsKd;om; ausmif;ol^ om;rsm;toif;ESihf &efuek w f uúov kd f w½kwt f rsKd;om; ausmif;ol^om;rsm;toif;udk vnf;aumif;? ,Ofaus;rIjyyGw J iG f yg0ifulnDMuaom &efukefwuúodkvf½Sd ½Srf;? u&if? ucsif? csif;? &cdkif? xm;0,f? u,m;? rGefausmif;ol? ausmif; om;rsm;udkvnf;aumif;? tif;vsm;? oD&d (bifwef)? wDwDpD ausmif;olrsm;ESifh wuúodkvfü½SdMuaom o[m,ESifh pmzwftoif;rsm;? &efukefwuúodkvf c½dkifausmif;ol^om;rsm;toif;rsm;udk vnf;aumif; aus;Zl;wif0rf;ajrmufonfh tjyif yGaJ wmfBuD;twGuf rkct f aqmuftODjzifh ulnaD om jynfaxmifpjk refrmEdik if aH wmf ukeo f nfBuD;rsm;toif;? 0g*Depf tzGJUBuD;? ulvGef; w½kwftrsKd;om;bifc&mtzGJUESifh apmif;OD;boef;? tvuFmausmfpGm a':apmjrat;MunfwdkYtm; wuúodkvfausmif;om;rsm;udk,fpm; trIaqmiftzGJUu aus;Zl;wifaMumif; rSwfwrf;wiftyfygonf/ ed*;kH csKyftaeESihf þtpD&ifcpH mwGif azmfjyvdo k nfrmS ,ckEpS f wufa&mufcahJ om trIaqmiftzGUJ \ aqmif½u G f cJ&h aom umvtydik ;f tjcm;rSm wdak wmif;cJo h jzifh aqmif½u G cf sufrsm;rSm pdwaf useyfavmufatmif rjzpfcahJ y/ ¤if;tjyif aqmif½u G &f mü wuo\pnf;rsOf;udk wwfEikd o f rQ trIaqmiftzGUJ onf vdu k ef mcJMh uayonf/ odYk aomf tcsKdU ae&mrsm; wGif wuopnf;rsOf;onf ppfrjzpfrDu a&;qGJxm;jcif;jzpfí ,cktcsdefwGif vufawGUusifhoHk;í r&cJhay/ odkYtwGuf wuopnf;rsOf;udk jyifqifEdkif&eftwGuf BudK;yrf;oifhaMumif; tMuHay;vdkygonf/ aemifESpf rsm;wGifvnf; ,ckESpfxufapmapm or*¾a½G;aumufyGJ usif;yEkdif&ef BudK;pm;ygrnf[k uwday;vdkaMumif;/

(yHk) udkBudKif 'k- Ouú| &efukefwuúodkvfausmif;om;rsm;or*¾ aehpGJ- 7? 2? 53

418

Nidrf;csrf;a&; 'Drdkua&pDa&;BudK;yrf;rI - 1952 rS 1953 - 'Drdkua&pDa&; ausmif;om;xktcGifUta&;umuG,fa&; trsKd;om;a&;toGif

OD;udu k Bkd u;D (1952-53) Source: Oway Magazines

jrpfBuD;em;NrKdUwGif arG;zGm;onf/ rHk½GmNrKdUü ynmoifMum;NyD; 1946 ckESpfwGif wuúodkvf0ifoifwef;udk atmifjrifonf/ &efuek w f uúov kd üf qufvuf ynmoifMum; qnf;yl;í 1945-50 ckEpS w f iG f wuo trIaqmif tzGJUü tdk;a0r*¾Zif; t,f'Dwmtjzpf wm0efay;tyfjcif; cH&onf/ 1952-53 ckESpfwGif wuoOuú|tjzpf a½G;aumufwifajr§mufjcif; cH&onf/ &efukefwuúodkvfwGif ausmif;om;OD;a& wdk;wufrsm;jym;vmojzifh ausmif;aqmif rvHkravmuf jzpfaeonf/ ausmif;aqmifopfrsm; wd;k csUJ aqmufvyk &f ef awmif;qdí k ausmif;aqmifopf (6) aqmif wd;k csUJ aqmufvyk af y;cJ&h onf/ yxrqH;k tBudrf ausmif;om;yGaJ wmfBuD;udk &efuek w f uúov kd f ,k'oefjrufcif;ü (3) &ufwikd w f ikd f usi;f y onf/ c½dik Nf rKdUe,fEiS hf vlrsKd;pkausmif;om;rsm; yl;aygif;yg0if vkyaf qmifMu&m yGaJ wmfBuD;rSm atmifjrifvo S nf/ OD;udu k Bkd uD;onf taxGaxG xGuu f ek ?f 0ifuek f ukeo f nfBuD;rsm;ESihf uefx½du k v f yk if ef;rsm;udk vkyaf qmifvsuf &efuek Nf rKdUwGif aexkid v f suf½o dS nf/

&efuek w f uúov kd af usmif;om;rsm;or*¾ - td;k a0r*¾Zif;aumfrwD (1952-1953)

Source: Oway Magazines

ud, k k (trIaqmif) udak usmaf tmif (twGi;f a&;rSL;) udb k aumif; (tdak 0wm0efct H ,f'w D m) udpk ed o f if;-bDat (aiGxed ;f ) roef;oef; (trIaqmif) udkausmfaX;(trIaqmif) udkodef;atmif(tvkyfwm0efcH) 419

udkwifhvGif

aemufwef; -

tdk;a0wm0efcH

udkBudKif

udk0if;armif

'k-Ouú|

upm;ckefpm;ESifh,Ofaus;rI jr§ifhwifa&;wm0efcH

udkbaumif;

vlxkqufoG,fa&;ESifh ausmif;om; aygif;oif;qufqHa&; oufomacsmifcsda&;

a½SUwef; - udkcifarmifjrifU

udkatmifbef; udkausmf0if;

udkoef;armif

aiGxdef;

udkpdefoif;-bDat

pmMunfhwdkufrSL;

taxGxGtwGif;a&;rSL;

wGJbuftwGif;a&;rSL;ESifh owif;ESifhjyefMum;a&;wm0efcH

Ouú|

udkudkBuD;

&efuek w f uúov kd af usmif;om;rsm;or*¾ trIaqmiftzGUJ (1952- 1953)

udkMunfñGefh EkdifiHjcm;qufoG,fa&;wm0ef

420

Source: Oway Magazines

jrefrmEdkifiHausmif;om;vIyf&Sm;rIordkif; - atmifxGef;

Nidrf;csrf;a&; 'Drdkua&pDa&;BudK;yrf;rI - 1952 rS 1953 - 'Drdkua&pDa&; ausmif;om;xktcGifUta&;umuG,fa&; trsKd;om;a&;toGif

wuúov kd af usmif;om;yGaJ wmfusi;f ya&;aumfrwD &efuek w f uúov kd f (1952-1953) a½Sw Y ef; - udck spNf rKid f udkwifUvGif udkudkBuD; rpöwmwDau'wÅm; udkbaumif; b@ma&; upm;ckefpm;NydKifyGJ Ouú| ,Ofaus;rIuyGJ tcrf;tem;jyifqifa&; qyfaumfrwDOuú| qyfaumfrwDOuú| qyfaumfrwDOuú| qyfaumfrwDOuú| aemufwef; - udkatmifrdk; udk0if;aqG udkatmifbef; rpöwmqm'g;qif; udkpdk;rif; b@ma&;qyfaumfrwD jyyGJNydKifyGJqyfaumfrwD taxGaxG ,Ofaus;rIuyGJqyfaumfrwD tcrf;tem;jyifqifa&; twGif;a&;rSL; twGif;a&;rSL; twGif;a&;rSL; twGif;a&;rSL; qyfaumfrwDtwGif;a&;rSL; rvma&mufolrsm;- udkodef;atmif (jyyGJNydKifyGJqyfaumfrwDOuú|)? udk0if;armif (upm;ckefpm;NydKifyGJqyfaumfrwDtwGif;a&;rSL;)

wuo\ aqmif½u G cf surf sm;

aqmufvyk q f aJ usmif;aqmifopfukd a½SrU jS rif&yHk

aqmufvyk pf jyKaeaomausmif;aqmif

t0Dpw d iG ;f (yk*aH usmif;aqmif;0if;twGi;f )

a&pif (yk*v H rf;bufrS jrif&yH)k

Source: Oway Magazines

421

jrefrmEdkifiHausmif;om;vIyf&Sm;rIordkif; - atmifxGef;

wuo\ aqmif½u G cf surf sm;

ausmif;aqmifuu kd r®n;f xd;k xm;yHk (oxHak qmif)

aqmufvyk q f t J rsK;d orD;ausmif;aqmifopf

Ny;D qD;vkjzpfaom q&mrsm;a*[m

wuúov kd o f r*¾taqmuftOD

oD&ad qmifausmif;olrsm;twGuf ,m,Dxrif;pm;cef;

trd;k opf (waumif;ausmif;aqmif)

pBueF v f rf;opf (oxHEk iS t Uf if;0tul;)

Source: Oway Magazines

aqmufvyk af eaomausmif;aqmifrsm;udk urm½GwXf mebufrjS rif&yHk

422

Nidrf;csrf;a&; 'Drdkua&pDa&;BudK;yrf;rI - 1952 rS 1953 - 'Drdkua&pDa&; ausmif;om;xktcGifUta&;umuG,fa&; trsKd;om;a&;toGif

Source: Oway Magazines

atmufwb kd mausmif;wvydwaf &;vIy½f mS ;rIwiG f jyif;xefpmG ESyd ef if;cH&yHu k kd oa&mfxm;onfU ausmif;om;yJaG wmf umwGe;f vuf&mwck

423

rMuif&D (oD&ad qmif)

rpef;vGif (tif;vsm;aqmif)

ausmif;om;yJaG wmfvyI &f mS ;rIrsm;

ppfuikd ;f ausmif;aqmif 'd;k ywftu

"gwfyHkNydKifyGJ yxrqk (vl½kyfyHk) ½kduful;ol- udkcifarmifaomif;

424

Source: Oway Magazines

jrefrmEdkifiHausmif;om;vIyf&Sm;rIordkif; - atmifxGef;

ausmif;om;yJaG wmfvyI &f mS ;rIrsm; Nidrf;csrf;a&; 'Drdkua&pDa&;BudK;yrf;rI - 1952 rS 1953 - 'Drdkua&pDa&; ausmif;om;xktcGifUta&;umuG,fa&; trsKd;om;a&;toGif

u,m;vlrsK;d pktu

csi;f trsK;d om;rsm;\ vlrsK;d pktu

u&ifausmif;olrsm; paum0dik ;f tu

½Sr;f udE&éd t D u

tdE, ´d ausmif;ol\tu

ucsiv f rl sK;d pktu

ynmodyaÜH usmif;olawG oDqakd eyHk

rvSoef;\ wyifwikd t f u

Source: Oway Magazines

425 tqdNk yKid yf 0GJ ifa&muf ,SONf yKid af eaom wuúov kd Mf unfrm

csi;f wGi;f c½dik af usmif;om;rsm;\ td;k pnftzJYG