Muscular System

MUSCULAR SYSTEM RAY RISNER C. OBENZA, MD, FPCS

MUSCULAR SYSTEM ♦ Functions: 1. 2. 3.

Movement of body parts Provide form and shape Heat production

MUSCULAR SYSTEM ♦ General Classification Skeletal Muscle Cardiac Muscle Smooth Muscle

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striated, voluntary striated, involuntary non-striated, involuntary

SKELETAL MUSCLES

SKELETAL MUSCLES ♦ General Characteristics: I. Attachments Origin Insertion II. Structure Belly Tendon or Aponeurosis

SKELETAL MUSCLES ♦ Criteria for Nomenclature 1. Attachment ex) Sternocleidomastoid Temporalis 2. Function extensor or flexor abductor or adductor

SKELETAL MUSCLES ♦ Criteria for Nomenclature 3. Length longus or brevis 4. Relative Position lateral or medial superior or inferior internal or external

SKELETAL MUSCLES ♦ Criteria for Nomenclature 5. Size maximus or minimus major or minor

SKELETAL MUSCLES ♦ Criteria for Nomenclature 6. Orientation of Fibers rectus, oblique, or transverse parallel or fusiform convergent pennate (uni, bi, or multipennate) circular

SKELETAL MUSCLES ♦ Muscle Groupings Prime Movers/Agonists Antagonists Synergists Fixators Shunt Muscle – resists dislocation Spurt Muscle – rapid & effective

SKELETAL MUSCLES ♦ Associated Connective Tissues 1. Endomysium 2. Perimysium 3. Epimysium 3. Fascia – Superficial Deep

SKELETAL MUSCLES ♦ Innervation Muscle Fiber Motor Unit = Motor Neuron Muscle Fiber Coarse Movements Fine Movements Muscle Tone

SKELETAL MUSCLES ♦ Organization A. Muscles of the Axial Skeleton 1. Muscles of Head & Neck Facial Expression Mastication Extraocular Muscles Lingual Muscles Muscles of the Neck

SKELETAL MUSCLES ♦ Organization A. Muscles of the Axial Skeleton 2. Muscles of the Torso Respiratory Muscles Abdominal Wall Muscles Muscles of the Back Muscles of the Pelvic Floor

SKELETAL MUSCLES ♦ Organization B. Muscles of the Appendicular Skeleton 1. Muscles of the Pectoral Girdle 2. Muscles of the Upper Extremity 3. Muscles of the Buttocks 3. Muscles of the Lower Extremity

CARDIAC MUSCLES (MYOCARDIUM)

CARDIAC MUSCLES General Characteristics behaves as a single unit all-or-none contraction pacemaker stimulated under autonomic innervation possess intercalated discs

SMOOTH (VISCERAL) MUSCLES

SMOOTH MUSCLES ♦ Classification: A. Arrangement of Fibers 1. Circular 2. Longitudinal 3. Oblique

SMOOTH MUSCLES ♦ Classification: B. Function 1. Single-unit = myogenic electrical activity ex) Uterine Contractions Peristalsis of GIT & GUT

SMOOTH MUSCLES ♦ Classification: 2. Multi-unit = individual stimulation of muscle fibers ex) Arrector Pili Muscles

MUSCULAR SYSTEM ♦ Clinical Conditions A. Symptoms of Muscular Disorders 1. Weakness or Paresis 2. Muscle Pain 3. Loss of Muscle Mass

MUSCULAR SYSTEM ♦ Clinical Conditions B. Functional Muscular Conditions 1. Strain 2. Atrophy 3. Hypertrophy 4. Cramps

CIRCULATORY SYSTEM

CIRCULATORY SYSTEM ♦ Functions 1. Transport = Respiration Nutrition Excretion 2. Regulation 3. Protection

CIRCULATORY SYSTEM ♦ Components 1. Heart 2. Blood Vessels a) Arteries b) Capillaries c) Veins 3. Blood

CIRCULATORY SYSTEM Heart 2 Sides:

Right Side = Venous Blood Left Side = Arterial Blood

4 Chambers: 2 Atria 2 Ventricles 4 Valves: Tricuspid & Pulmonic Valves Mitral & Aortic Valves

CIRCULATORY SYSTEM Blood Vessels A. Layers 1. Tunica Externa/CT Layer 2. Tunica Media/Muscular Layer 3. Tunica Intima/Endothelial Layer

CIRCULATORY SYSTEM ♦ Arterial System

Characteristics: - carry blood from heart to tissues - divide into “branches” - arterioles - anastomosis

CIRCULATORY SYSTEM ♦ Arterial System Major Arteries: 1. Aorta = Arch, Thoracic & Abdominal 2. Arteries of Head & Neck 3. Arteries of the Upper Extremities 4. Arteries of the Pelvis & Lower Extremities

CIRCULATORY SYSTEM ♦ Arterial System Anatomical End Arteries - branches do not anastomose Functional End Arteries - branches anastomose but insufficient

CIRCULATORY SYSTEM ♦ Venous System Characteristics - convey blood to heart from tissues - possess valves - venules - formed by “tributaries” - “venous plexuses - vena comitantes

CIRCULATORY SYSTEM ♦ Venous Systems A. Systemic Venous System B. Portal Venous System - interposed between two capillary beds - sinusoids

CIRCULATORY SYSTEM ♦ Venous System Factors that assist blood flow: 1. Gravity 2. Muscular Contractions 3. Presence of Valves

CIRCULATORY SYSTEM ♦ Venous System Major Veins: A) Tributaries to Superior Vena Cava 1. Veins draining the Head & Neck 2. Veins of Upper Extremities 3. Veins of the Thorax

CIRCULATORY SYSTEM ♦ Venous System Major Veins: B) Tributaries to Inferior Vena Cava 1. Veins of the Abdominal Wall 2. Veins of the Kidneys 3. Veins of the Lower Extremities

CIRCULATORY SYSTEM ♦ Venous System Major Veins: C) Tributaries to the Portal Vein 1. Veins of the Gastrointestinal Tract 2. Veins of the Spleen & Pancreas

CIRCULATORY SYSTEM ♦ Capillaries Types: a) Continuous (muscles, lungs, fatty tissues) b) Fenestrated (kidneys, small intestines) c) Sinusoids (liver, spleen)

♦ Arteriovenous Anastomoses

LYMPHATIC SYSTEM

LYMPHATIC SYSTEM Functions: 1. Transport 2. Fat Absorption 3. Defense

LYMPHATIC SYSTEM ♦ Components 1. Lymph Capillaries 2. Lymph Ducts a) Thoracic Duct b) Right Lymphatic Duct

LYMPHATIC SYSTEM ♦ Components 3. Lymphatic Organs a) Lymph Nodes filters lymph produce lymphocytes b) Spleen c) Thymus