Pharmacology Practical Manual - Student Copy2 (1).docx

FACULTY OF PHARMACY BPH 1204 PHARMACOLOGY I-General Pharmacology (CORE)

PRACTICAL MANUAL

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1.

Course code

: BPH 1204

2.

Course title

: PHARMACOLOGY 1

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Credit unit

:3

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Timing in Curriculum

: First Year, Second Semester

5.

Practical’s Title (According to subject): Pre- reading and preparation is required before the commencement of each practical. Students are expected to answer the questions given. 1. 2. 3.

6.

Animal Handling Routes of administration in experimental animals. (Oral, I.M., I.V. and SC etc.). Demonstration of synergism and antagonism.

Student learning time Face to face Not face to face Total

12 hours 12 hours 24 hours

7.

Assessment of the Learning outcomes Assessment will be achieved through lab reports and rubrics

8.

Report writing (a) Format The report should be written according to the following format (unless stated otherwise by the supervisor/lecturer) (1) Aims/Objectives (2) Introduction (3) Results (4) Discussion (5) Conclusions (6) Answers to exercise (7) References i. References may be obtained from books, journals or internet but they should (preferably) contain the latest/most updated information. ii. Arrange all references in Vancouver Format iii. A complete reference should contain  The author’s/authors’ name  Title of the article  Name of the journal, year, volume and page number (b) Submission Report to be submitted one week after the end of each practical session. Marks will be deducted for late submission and plagiarism.

OBSERVATION PRACTICAL 1 TITLE: ANIMAL HANDLING OBJECTIVE: To understand how to handle and use the laboratories animals like rats, mice and rabbits in the Pharmacological experiments. PRINCIPLE: The techniques used to handle small mammals vary slightly with each species, however many of the general principles are the same. When handling all small mammals, a firm but gentle approach is advisable. This practical will outline recommended techniques for handling rodents, rabbits and ferrets. The adoption of these techniques will help to minimise stress for the animals and help reduce the risk of bite injuries to the handler. It is important that animals are aware of the handler’s presence before attempting to restrain them, particularly if the animal is initially asleep. This will reduce stress for the animal and help to avoid bite injuries. REQUIREMENTS: Rabbits, rats, mice, gloves. PROCEDURE: A. Mouse i. Handling and Restraint 1. Mice are generally easy to restrain, but their small size makes them especially vulnerable to physical injury, not least by the handler inadvertently dropping them when bitten. Some mice are also very active and may attempt to jump away from the handler. 2.

The animal should be grasped by the tail, preferably the proximal third and lifted clear of its cage. It should then be placed on a surface such as a cage top. If gentle traction is maintained on the tail, the animal will grip the cage top and attempt to pull away.

3.

The scruff can be grasped between the thumb and forefinger whilst maintaining a grip on the tail. The animal is then secure and can be examined or injected safely.

OBSERVATION ii.

Handling for injection 1. Intraperitoneal injections can be made into the posterior quadrant of the abdomen.

2.

Subcutaneous injection can be made into the scruff of the neck. Care must be taken to direct the needle into the scruff and not into the handler’s finger or thumb.

3. Because the muscle masses of mice are so small, care must be taken to use a small needle and a small volume for injection. Intramuscular injections can be made into the quadriceps muscle groups on the anterior of the thigh. B.

Rat i.

Handling and Restraint 1. Rats are typically docile animals, particularly if they are routinely handled using appropriate techniques. Bites from rats are uncommon and will typically only occur if the animal is stressed or in pain. To initially restrain a rat, the handler should gently grasp it around the shoulders. 2.

ii.

C.

The handler’s thumb can then be placed under the rat’s mandible, to prevent bites, and the rat’s hindlimbs can be supported with the other hand. Restraint should be firm but not too tight as this will impede the animal’s respiration.

Handling for injection. 1. Intraperitoneal injections may be made into caudal half of the abdomen with the needle directed along the line of the hind limb.

Rabbit i. Handling and Restraint 1. Rabbits are especially susceptible to the effects of stress and should always be approached in a calm and confident manner. 2.

The handler is restraining the rabbit firmly by the scruff with the other hand ready to support the animal’s hindquarters.

3.

The rabbit should be held its head tucked under the handler’s arm and with the back and hindquarters supported by the handler’s forearms.

OBSERVATION ii.

Handling for injection. 1. Rabbits may also be restrained for injection by wrapping the animal in a drape or towel. If the rabbit is securely wrapped, it will not struggle. 2.

Intravenous injections into the rabbit’s marginal ear vein can be readily made if the rabbit is restrained with a drape.

DISCUSSION:

CONCLUSION:

REFERENCE:

QUESTIONS: 1. What are the rules and regulations to carry out the research in animals? 2.

Discuss the health and safety issue while handling the laboratory animals.

OBSERVATION PRACTICAL 2A TITLE:ROUTE OF ADMINISTRATION AND THE ACTION OF DRUGS OBJECTIVE: To demonstrate the modification of drug effects by various routes of administrations. PRINCIPLE: Route of administration is one of the factors that modify the action of drugs both quantitatively and qualitatively. Oral administration of pentobarbitone produces hypnotic effect with delayed onset; i.e. induction time is slow whereas IV administration of the same produces the same effect with quick onset and short duration (quantitative variation).Magnesium sulphate given orally produces purgative effect and it produces CNS depressant effect when given by intraperitoneal route (qualitative variation). REQUIREMENTS: 2 Rabbits, 2 albino rats, syringe & needle, 1% Magnesium sulphate solution and Pentobarbitone (100mg/ml) solution. PROCEDURE: 1. Take two rabbits, rabbit No1 and rabbit No2. With the help of a mouth gag and oral catheter tube, administer orally 1 ml of Pentobarbitone solution to rabbitNo1. 2. Take rabbit No2 and shave off the hairs of one of the earlobes so as to locate the marginal earlobe vein through which inject Pentobarbitone sodium (55mg/kg). 3. Note down the onset and duration of hypnotic effect in both these two rabbits and enter the results in the given tabular column. 4. Take 2 albino rats. With help of mouth gag and oral catheter tube meant for rats, administer orally to rat-1 one ml of 1% Magnesium sulphate solution. 5. 0.5 ml of 1% Magnesium sulphate is administered to rat-2 by intraperitoneal route and the difference in the pharmacological effect produced in these two rats is watched for. 6. Enter your results in the tabular column.

RESULTS: Table 1 Rabbit No

Drugs Administered

Dose &Route

1

Pentobarbitone

1 ml/oral

2

Pentobarbitone

0.5ml/IV

Onset of Action in Minutes

Sleeping Duration in Minutes

Table 2 Rat No 1

Drugs Given Magnesium Sulphate

Dose &Route 1 ml/oral

Effect Observed Purgative Effect

2

Magnesium Sulphate

0.5ml/IP

CNS depression

DISCUSSION:

CONCLUSION:

REFERENCE:

Inference

Inference

OBSERVATION

QUESTIONS: 1. Discuss why the same drug has different onset of action when given by different routes? 2.

What is the relation of weight of the animal and route of administration of a drug?