Kuliah 6. Etika Dan Plagiarisme Dalam Pa. At10403.ppt

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AT10603 Etika Penulisan Akademik dan Plagiarisme/Ethics in Academic Writing and Plagiarism/道德观念(Dàodé guānniàn)和剽窃 (Piāoqiè)

1. Definisi Etika/ Defining ethic - DBP (1995) mendefinisikan etika sebagai sistem prinsip moral atau nilai/ Ethic is related to the principal of values and morals. - Boleh dianggap sebagai peraturan atau prinsip moral tentang perlakuan seseorang (Mohd Azhar Abdul Hamid et. al, 2001)/ - can be considered as rules or moral principles of a person. - Juga termasuk perlakuan sekelompok manusia berdasarkan pekerjaan, persatuan atau pertubuhan dan sebagainya/ - includes behavior of a group of people in society, organization etc

Moral - concerned with the principles of right and wrong behaviour and the goodness or badness of human character. 1) Kelakuan yang betul atau salah. 2) Baik atau buruknya perangai manusia.

Honesty, respect for others, loyalty, responsibility for personal actions, generosity and kindness are all examples of moral values.

Ethic - a set of moral principles, especially ones relating to or affirming a specified group, field, or form of conduct.

Integrity

Moral

Ethic

Integrity

• 2. Kod Etika Penulisan Ilmiah/Code of ethic in academic writing • - Wujudkah kod etika penulisan ilmiah di Malaysia?/ Is there any code of ethic for academic writing in Malaysia? • - Setakat ini, belum ada/ At present – no! • - Kod yang wujud adalah kod etika penulisan yang berkaitan dengan wartawan, iaitu;/ Code of ethic for journalism (press/news paper) – yes • - Kod Etika Wartawan Malaysia/Malaysia Journalism Code of Ethics • - Kod Perilaku Profesional Anggota Kesatuan Kebangsaan Wartawan (NUJ)/ National Union of Journalists (NUJ code of conduct)

• Adakah dengan ketiadaan kod etika penulisan ilmiah bermakna penulisan tidak perlu memikirkan dan mematuhi peraturan etika?/ Ask: Do we need to follow the code of ethic in academic writing? • - Kita masih terikat/ But we are bounded by; - Akta Percetakan (1984)/ Printing Acts 1984 • - Akta Keselamatan Dalam Negeri (1960)/ National Security Acts 1960 • - Akta Menghasut (1948) yang kemudiannya dipinda melalui Akta Pindaan Perlembagaan (1971)/ Seditious Act 1948 • - Akta Hak Cipta (1987)/ Malaysia Copyright Act 1987/ - Constitution Amendment Act 1987

• Bagaimanakah caranya kita memastikan etika dalam penulisan ilmiah dipatuhi? / How do we ensure that the code of ethics in academic writing be obeyed? • Dengan mengelakkan dan menjauhi sama sekali satu amalan kecurangan akademik yang dikenali sebagai plagiat atau plagiarisme./ Avoid academic cheating and plagiarism.

Plagiarisme/Plagiarism

• 3. Takrifan Plagiat/ Definition of plagiarism • Mengikut Redman (2001)/ According to Redman (2001) • “Plagiarism means using someone else’s work and passing it of as your own. • It refers to copying other people’s work “word for word”, or • making only minor changes to it with the intention of representing it as your own”

• 4. Bentuk-bentuk Plagiarisme/Forms of Plagiarism • Prof. Dr. Dugald McDonald (2002) - A Guide to Scholarly Writing and Publishing in English, terdapat lima bentuk plagiarisme./ There are 5 forms of plagiarism: • 4.1 Unwitting Plagiarism - penyunting atau pewasit mendapati penulis secara tidak sengaja mengambil hasil kerja orang lain tanpa meletakkan rujukan seperti sepatutnya./ A writer unintentionally - forget to quote the source

- Hal ini berlaku mungkin kerana penulis tidak mengetahui peraturan, kod atau pun memang tidak peka./ May be due to the ignorance of a writer.

• Ketidakpekaan kali pertama mungkin boleh dimaafkan/ First timer who is ignorance may be forgiven. • - apapun alasan, ini uma boleh digunakan sekali seumur hidup/ - only once in your life time. • - perlu diingat bahawa/ - remember that: “Ignorance of the law is no excuse”

• 4.2 Paraphrasing • - Menggunakan frasa atau ayat orang lain yang dipetik dari sumber seperti buku tetapi sumber itu tidak dinyatakan./ Use of phrases or sentences from other writers without stating the source like Robert (2010: 18) or Robert (2010) • - bertujuan memperlihatkan petikan daripada frasa atau ayat orang lain adalah hasil tulisan penulis (penciplak) / - aim to inform other readers that those phrases and sentences were written by others.

• 4.3 Re-jigging • - Idea orang lain digunakan dengan pengolahan semula dengan menggunakan ayat sendiri tanpa menyatakan sumber asal idea tersebut./Copying other’s ideas through re-processing and change of sentences without acknowledgement, like Robert (2010) or Robert (2010: 18) • - Penciplak memperlihatkan bahawa idea dan huraian idea tersebut adalah hasil buah fikirannya sendiri./ Plagiarist cheats the readers that those are his/her ideas.

• 4.4 Self-Plagiarism • - Menerbitkan semula artikel atau satu bentuk penulisan ilmiah yang lain secara keseluruhannya atau sebahagian besarnya tanpa membuat sebarang penambahan atau pemindahan./ Publish the same article or a big portion of the article twice without any changes and additional idea. • - Menerbitkan penulisan yang serupa sebanyak dua kali./ Publish the same article twice

4.5 ‘Ghost-Writing’

• 4.5 ‘Ghost-Writing’ • Tiga kategori/ Three categories: i. meniru hasil kerja orang lain dengan atau tanpa kebenaran dan menyatakan hasil kerja tersebut adalah hasil kerja asli penulis/penciplak/ - copy other’s writer piece of work without permission and pretend that such piece of work belong to the plagiarist. • ii. Mencuri atau mengambil sebarang bentuk tulisan yang tidak diterbitkan daripada laman web/ Take any form of writing from Internet that has not been published.

iii. Menyuruh atau memaksa atau mengupah orang lain menulis esei atau tugasan dan seterusnya menunjukkan esei atau tugasan tersebut sebagai hasil tulisan penciplak/ Hire someone else to write – essay, asignment etc. - Ada juga yang membeli ‘model esei’ atau/ buy ‘custom made essay’ from Internet

• 5. Bagaimana Menjauhkan Amalan Ini?/How to avoid plagiarism? • - Musrifah Sapardi Rustam: “Whatever you quote, you note”. • - Jelasnya, apa sahaja idea, ayat atau frasa orang lain, nyatakan sumbernya/ As long as the idea, sentence or phrase from other writer - state the source of your reference. • - Apa yang bukannya datang dari idea dan buah fikiran kita sendiri, nyatakan sumbernya/ Whatever idea or thinking not from you

• You must give credit whenever you use: • - another person’s idea, theory or opinion; • - any facts, statistic, graphs, drawings – any piece of information that are not common knowledge; or • - quotation of another person’s actual spoken or written words; or • - paraphrase of another person’s actual spoken or written words

6. Panduan Untuk Membuat Rujukan Rujukan perlu dibuat apabila anda melakukan satu atau lebih perkara-perkara di bawah/ You need to do referencing when you: i. memetik ayat atau idea yang diterbitkan dalam majalan, buku, akhbar, lirik lagu, rancangan tv, filem, laman web, komputer, surat, iklan dan medium-medium lain./ quote a sentence or idea from the published sources like magazine, books, news paper, lyrics of songs, television programes etc.

• ii. Apabila anda melakukan paraphrases - express the meaning of (the writer or speaker or something written or spoken) using different words, especially to achieve greater clarity. • iii. Mengambil jadual, carta, peta dan statistik dari sumber sekunder./ - use table, chart, map, statistic from second sources • iv. Memetik pernyataan atau perbualan orang lain atau responden./ Quote statement, conversation of others or informant.

An ethical writer always “acknowledges” the contributions of others and the source of his/her ideas. (https://ori.hhs.gov/images/ddbl ock/plagiarism.pdf)

• • • • • • • • •

Assignment/Tugasan: Literature Review: xxx/ Sorotan Literature: xxx Focus? Sabah’s Artists 1990 – 2000/ Pelukis-pelukis Sabah antara 1990- 2000 Folksong of the Indigenous Peoples of Sabah/ Lagulagu Rakyat Etnik Peribumi di Sabah The Poems of Usman Awang/ Puisi-puisi Usman Awang Traditional Dances of the Kadazan and Dusun/ Tarian-tarian Tradisional Kadazan dan Dusun The Independence of Myanmar 6- 10 published materials

• • • • • • •

Mid-term test? 17 April 2017, 2.00 pm 5 questions – answer 3 questions Lec 1 – 6 30 minutes Answers – 5 points for each question The most important of all -

Collapsing any nation does not require use of Atomic bombs or the use of long range missiles.  But it is requires lowering the quality of education, and  allowing cheating in the exams by the students. 

References: Internet sources Google images – accessed on 8 April 2017

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