ySR*h>0Dc;JG ,m uvkm'l.cG;J ,m'D; 'H>rd.jch.pH. u-wL>f(1)tbh.(3)vg,lvH;2008eH.
Volume(1) Issue(3) July, 2008
unDb.uD (50)bsJ.w>qSXql.u'guhR uFD.fwJ.f=uD>fy,DRuD>f q>w>fvD>fwwDRv> trh>frJ;&RrdR 'Ju0DRtHR zJvg,lRvH (17) oD*DR cDtq>uwD>f uFD.fwJ.fok;'D; ySR b.frlb.f'gwz.f qS>ql.fu'guhR ySRb.fuD(58)*R qlCd.fvdmfusd t0mfb ;cDunDuD>fpJ.fwuyReh.f vDR$ ySRb.fuo D .h w f z.ftRH [J Ch>fxD.f0J'.f qlwDtl˜ cs>.fvH>G fxl.f uD>f&h.fwuyR cDzsdv>(etz) tw>frRt>rRoD˜ rRoHrR0D o0Dzd oh.fwz.ftCd zJtylRuGHmf vgr; &S;'D; vgthjzh.ftwD>fylR [JwkR0J '.f qlrJ;&RrdR'Ju0DRt*h>f ySRv> ttd.f zJ'Ju0DRylRwz.f pH;0J'.feh.f vDR$ w>fw*DReh.f uFD.fwJ.f ok;td.fzJrk>f,lmfok;uh (105) w z.f [JwRk 0J'.f qlr;J &RrdR'Ju0DR0HR uhRqS>uhR0J ySRb.fuDwz.ftHR v>csH(3)bh.f'D; ySRb.fuDwz.ftHR tgwuh>f ymfCkmf0J ydmfrk.f˜ zd'Hzd o.foh.fwz.ft*h>f rJ;&RrdR 'Ju0DR zdw*RpH; 0J'.f'ftHRe‹.fvDR$ “yS R b.f u D o h . f w z.f tHR uJySRtoDtCd tcGJ;wtd.f
v>utd.fu'kb.f v>'Ju0DRylR b.f$ ub.fuhRtd.fuhRv> tu p>fw>fvD>f*D>f qS>ql.f0J'.feh.fvDR$ yChun; t0Joh.f(,dRok;)t uvkmfuvkmfoemfuh w'due.f 0Jb.f$ ySRv>tb.fw>fuhRqS>tDR wz.f[D.f0J,>R0J'.f'D; wtJ.f'd; uh R b.f $ cD z sd v >t'l o 0D y l R (etz)ok;wz.f [l;*JR0J'.ftCd uh R 0J ' .f w oh v h R wuh R b.f ” t*h>fe‹.fvDR$ zJwcsK;w>fuhRqS>tDR 'H;b.fe‹.f unDydmfrk.fu&> ymfzsg xD.f0J'.f vHmfqluFD.fwJ.fySRb.frl b.f'gtd.fb .fq.fw>fpH;q>w>frR xGJ wtd.feDwrHRb.f'D; uhRqS> ql.f0J'.f'ftHRtCd w>fb.f,dmf td.f0J'.f v>ySRb.fuDb.fcJwz.f tHRt*D>ft*h>f unDydmfrk.fu&> eJ.f &GRJ oCJReD>b f sLrhe;J Z.f pH;0J'.f't f RH e‹.fvDR$ “ySRv>tb.fw>fqS> tDRwz.f tgw uh>frh>fzdo.f'D; ydmf rk.w f z.fe.‹ v f RD $ 'D;weDRe‹.f w>ft.d f ql.ftd.fcs‹w*hRb.f$ b.fu'D; v> w>fplRcgtq>uwD>f'D; w>fvJR w>fuhRv> xHusJwuyRtHR uD
u&h.eH.ySRb.uDb.cJ (4000)bs.J b.Ch>td.clo.l vXyS>ylR
Photo-KWO
yS R b.f u D z d v>tb.f w >f q S > uh R tD R wz.f zJ t wk R vD R ql C d . f v d m f x H u >>f e H R tcg
cJ0J'.f'd.fr; v>t0Joh.ft*D>f'D; 'f eh.ftod; wkRrh>ftuhRqltw>f vD>f'D; t0Joh.ft*D>f w>fvDRb.f ,d.f'd.fr;” t*h>f pH;b.f0J'.f unD w>fupD.ftHRe‹.fvDR$ ySRb.fuDb.fcJoh.fw z.ftHR b.fw>fqS>u'guhRt0J oh.f qltH;wk;x.f'Ju0DR˜ td.f0J '.fv> Cd.fvdmfusdt0mfb;cD v> uD>fylRwuyR'D; ySR (20) C.fC.f tbl;twH>f ySRv>toh.fngw td.f'D; v>utd.fqd;tD.ftDt*D>f w>fvD>fw>fusJwtd.fb.ft*h>f ySR
v>tvJRxH.fb.f0Jw*R pH;b.f0J '.feh.fvDR$ p;xD.f(2006)eH.fvHR vHR urs>>fv>ttd.f zJunDuD>f pJ.f wDtluD>f&h.f˜ cs>.fvHG>fxl.fuD>f &h.fwz.f cDzsdv>(etz)ok;wz.f 'k;td.fxD.f0J'.f w>f'k;w>f,Rql.f 'd.rf ;tCd [JC>h x f .D t f .d u f 'k0'J .f qluD>fq>w>fvD>f'D; wkR0J'.f ql rJ;&RrdR'Ju0DR Ckmf'D;tH;wkx.f tl.f0Jx.f (td.fv>uD>fylRwuyR) unDb.fuDb.fcJeD.f*H>f ymfzSd.fcJ v>mf td.f0J(4000)bsJ.fe‹.fvDR$
Photo-KWO
ySRb.fuDzd v>tb.f w>f q S > uh R tD R wz.f zJ t wk R vD R ql C d . f v d m f xH u >>f e H R tcg
unDw>upD.w>y&X / vg,lRvH 2008 eH./ ubsH;yR = 1
u&h.feH.fuD>fylRySRb.f uDb.fcJ (4000) bsJ.f v>ttd.f zJu,guD>pf .J f zgqDu>D q f .fo.h w f z.f cDzsdb.fysHR ok;y,DRrDRpd&dRt w>frRt>rRoDtCd ymfwh>fuHGmf0J tw>ftd.fqd;vD>fusJoh.fwz.f0HR [;Ch>ftd.fclol.f0J'.f zJzgqD0h>f t uydmfuyR up>.fyS>fvmfusg t*h>f u&h.feH.fySRrRp>Rw>f'D; w>f'd.fxD.f vJ>fxD.fu&> v>ttd.fol.fvDR to; zJu>D u f .DF w f .J f pH;0J'.fe.h v f RD $ yS R b.f u D b .f c J w z.f tHR Ch>t f .d cf .l 0f J zJzgqD0>h v f > tpDR pkR'D; vGJ.fuD.f0h>fuvHRxH; (94) uHvdrHx>.f tuydmfuyRup>>f cd . f y S > f v mf u sgoh . f w z.f t usg tCd w>fb.f,dmftd.f0J v>t0J oh.f tw>ftd.fql.ftd.fcsht*D>f'D; zd o.foh.fwz.f tw>frRvdrR'd;w>f t*D>ft*h>f u&h.feH.f ySRrRp>Rw>f'D; w>f*kRxD.fyoDxD.fu&> ySRrRw>f zdw*R v>trh>f o&.fzgrl pH;b.f 0J'.funDw>fupD.ftHRe‹.fvDR$ “'kk.f'g[l;*JR0J'.fxDbd zJ o0Dv>tbl;'D; rD.fcFHoh.fwz.f e‹.fvDR$ [JEkmfvDR0J'.f v>o0DylR v>rk>fqgrh>f*hR˜ v>rk>feRrh>f*hR˜ w wJus>w>few D rHRb.f$ wbsDwcD.f uhRud;0J'.f o0Dzdwz.f v>ur> teJ.fusJJt*D>frh>f*hR˜ t&SJusJrh>f *hRe‹.v f RD $ wbsDwcD.f u&h.ef .H o f ;k wz.f rh>f[l;*JRxD.feh.f t0Joh.f (etz)uhRud;0J'.f o0Dzd 4=5 *R v>uuJe‹>f w>f'Do'>v>t0J oh.ft*D>fe.‹ fvDR$ cDzsdwHmfwmf o0D zdoh.fwz.f tw>fzH;w>frRtCd Ch>ftd.fclol.f0J'.fe.‹ fvDR$” “cJtRH t0Jo.h C f >h 0f RD zJ w>fvD>fe‹.f tuydmfuyR'D; Ch>f td.fclol.f0J'.f zJyS>fylR'D; ok;tvD>f tusJwwDR0HRwwDRtCd t0J oh.ft*D>f w>fb.f,dmftd.f0J'.f t uvkmfuvkmfe$.fvDR$ cDzsd td.fqd; vD>fusJwvDRwH>fb.ftCd zdvHR tw>ful.fb.ful.fohrh>f*hR˜ w>f td.fql.ftd.fcs‹rh>f*hR˜ w>fb.f,dmf td.f0J'.foyS>fuw>>fe‹.fvDR$ q> uwD>fcJtHR b.fzJw>fplRcgtCd
[>z>[;*DRw>fqgtg 0J'.f'd.fr; t*h>f” pH;u'D;0J'.fe‹.fvDR$ u&h.feH.fySRrRp>Rw>fzd oh.fwz.fph>fuD; ySRb.fuD v>uD>f ylRwz.f w>fqJ;usd; w>fvJRw>f uhRw*hRb.ftCd urRp>R0Jv> v>ySJRySJRwoh'D; ohwrHR xJ[h.f0J '.f phv>uyShRtD.f[k;o; v>t bl;uw>>f'D; t0Joh.f v>(3)vg t*D>fe‹.fvDR$ u&h.feH.f ySRb.fuDb.fcJ'J u0DRv> ttd.fol.fvDRto; zJ uDF.fwJ.f=uD>fy,DRuD>fq>˜ rJ;[D; pD;w>fvD>fv> 'Ju0DReD.f*H>f(1)'D; (2) tylR ySRb.fuDb.fcJ td.fqd;0J (20000)bs.J 'f ;D weH.t f RH twD>yf Rl ySRb.fuDv> t[JCh>fxD.f'D; w x>Ekmfb.f'H;trHRp&D td.f'H;0J'.f t*h>f u&h.ef .H yf RS b.fub D .fcJ 'Ju 0DR urH;wHmf eJ.f&.JG foCJR cl.fvhrD.f pH; 0J'.f'ftHRe‹.fvDR$ “weH.ftHR cDzsdv>uD>f uFD.fwJ.f tzDvpH.f CH;0J'D; uD>fylR ySRb.fuDb.fcJtoDv> u[JEkmf vDRtd.fv> 'Ju0DRylRwz.ft*D>f v>w>fuwl>fvdmftDR rh>fw>fuD w>fcJz;'d.fwrHRe‹.fvDR$ v>w>fe‹.f tCd yr> t0Joh.ftd.fu'kymfp>R 'H; v>uD>fylR'D; rh>fwohvhRwuhR v>Rb.fe.‹ f y0Jo.h w f z.f 'fo;d uD.F f wJ.f ySRb.frb l .f'gokwoh.n f gt *D>f yoGED mk v f RD tDRe‹.v f RD $ cDzsdwoh wb.fb.ftCd yb.fwl>fvdmftDR cJv>mf utd.fv>(300)bsJ.fvH t*h>f”cl.fvhrD.f pH;0J'.fe‹.fvDR$ weH.ftHRtwD>fylR u &h . f e H . f yS R pd m f p k u 0J R (KNPP) ˜ ytd.fw>fxl.fzsJ;ok;rk>f'd.f(PLO) tHR w>f'k;uJxD.f0J'.f'D; y,DRok; td.f0J(6)bsD0HR cDzsdv>w>f'k;tHR tCd etz ok;oh.fwz.f ok;ql.f 0J'.fo0Do .h w f z.f0RH zD.rf Rqg 0J'.f o0Dzdoh.fwz.ftCd [D.fu0DRylR urs>>fwz.f ymfw>h u f mHG 0f J t'lo0D 'D; b.fCh>ftd.fclol.f0J'.f 'fySRb.f uDb.fcJtod;t*h>feh.f“ cl.fvhrD.f pH;0J'.fe.‹ fvDR$
wDtx l .H b.w>uDoh cDzsb d pk mH wz.[;*DRtgtCd
unDw>rk.w>ck.uD;u;u&XtHR w>urRvDRr>uGmH tDRt*h> u&XySRb.rlb.'gw*RwJzsgxD. ch.ftJ.f,l.f ch.ftJ.fef tJvfth.f w>frk.fw>fck.fuD;u;u &>tHR b.fw>frR±SJuHmG ftDR w*R0HR w*Rt*h>f zJvg,lR(2)oDteHR w>fq;J us;d rl'gcd.f pDR*hR'lv> t[J uhRwkRu'guhR qlok;uh(7)[D.f u0DRylR tw>fymfzsge‹.fvDR$ “'fod;v>yw>fu&> u&dtylR w*R'D;w*R w>fxH.f uur.f'D; w>fwemfe>‹ fvdmfo;u td.fxD.ft*D>f etz ok;wz.f Ck usJ'D; [h.fw>fupD.fv>tur.f wz.f'D; w*R'D;w*R uJxD.fw>f th.fvdmfo;'D; ul.frRoHvdmfuhRt o; w*R0HRw*Re‹.fvDR$ b.fC; 'D;ok;cd.f v>>frloHt*h>ftHR cDzsdemf e‹>f0J w>fupD.fv> etz qS>e‹>ftDR tCd ok;&h.f(703)cd.fok;cd.f uFD.f th v>w-u>;oH b .f w *RtH R w>frRqgy,GJtDRwkR toH0J'.fw pke.‹ fvDR$” t0JpH;u'D;0J˜ wu; 'H;b.ftrJmfng etz qS>u'D; w>fupD.fv> ySRul.fxD.fw>fCkmf 'D;ok;cd.fuFD.fthtHR td.f'H;0Jv> ySR b.frlb.f'gwz.ftusgtCd ,J emfuh,td.f uhRwbl.fv>Rb.f'D; ,[JuhRxD.fu'guhRe‹.fvDR$
ok;cd.fpDR*hR'l(68)eH.f [JwkR0J'.fql w>fy>>fq>[D.fu0DR ylR zJ 1958 eH.f 'D; [H;e‹>rf 'l g'ftrh>f ok;'hyRS qJ;uds;w>f zJo;k &h.(f 101) ok;uh(7) [D.fu0DRylRtHRe‹.fvDR$ p;xD.fzJok;cd.fus>>f zk xh.frD.f wDcd.f&d.frJ0J unDw>frk.f w>fck.fu&>wzktHR xk;z;to; 'D;ch.t f .J , f .l 0f RH uhRrRoud;w>f';D etz tq>uwD>f t0JymfCkmf0J 'D;t[H.fzdCDzdcJv>mf'D; w>f[h.f tDRrl'g 'ftrh>f rJ;v;vD>fc>.fo; w>fqJ;usd;rl'gcd.fe‹.fvDR$ v>tw>f[JuhRxD.f wbsDtHR ok;&h.f(101) cd.f ok;cd.f 'd.*f >D *f >h f pDRzD'.d pf ;H 0J'.fv> “y0J ch.f tJ.f,l.fww>fu&>tHR yw>fymf o;v> unDw>frkmfw>fck.fuD; u;u&>tzDcd.f±SJ±SJvDR$ cDzsdv> w>fymfo; w>fx.H w f vDRyvdmb f .f tCd xk;z;to;0HR rk>fweHRzJt xH.fuhR w>frh>fw>fwDt*h>f'D; rh>f[J uhRu'guhRe‹.f ytd;xD.fusJv> t0Joh.ft*D>fxDbdvDR” t*h>f pH; b.funDw>fupD.ftHRe‹.fvDR$ unDw>frk.fw>fck.f uD;u;u&>tHR zJtuhRrRoud; w>f'D; etz tq>uwD>f pH;b.f
t0Joh.f v>u[h.frRp>RtDR pku 0JR*H>fbg(200)'D;cJtHR ,Hmf0J'.f weH.b f sJ.v f b H .fq.f wxH.t f [h.f rRp>R w>fpu k 0JReDwrHR'H;b.ft*h>f e‹.f ok;cd.f pDR*hR'l pH;0J'.fe.‹ fvDR$ etz [h.f0J'.fw>fcGJ; w>f,mfv> rRtgxD.fok;*H>fbg e‹>˜f pdmw f >fpu k 0JRe‹>t f Cd yoh.n f g b.fv>u&>tHRtylR td.f'D;u nD˜ y,DR˜ &c>.f'D; uvkmf'l.fzdt *Rwz.f eD.f*H>futd.fv>(800)*R C.fC.fe‹.fvDR$ 'fe‹.ftod; etz ok;*h>f0Dok;w>f bH.fw>fb>yh>fqSg cd.f ok;cd.'f .d pf d rF;xdt'l ;D ok;cd.'f .d f
*D>*f >h f rhc;HF tl rh>'f ;H 0JyRS wz.f v>t uG>fxGJok;cd.fus>>f zkxh.frD.ft*h>f ok;cd.fpDR*hR'l ymfzsgtgxD.fu'D;e‹.f vDR$ zkx.h rf .D t f RH b.fw>fu>G f xJt G DRv> etz tbl;uw>>f'D; b.fw>fuG>fxGJtDRrRe‹>ftDR tu vkmfuvkmf p;xD.fv>w>ftd.fql.f td.f cs‹wuyRe‹.v f RD $ b.f,.d 0f t J 'd.fuw>>fwrHR rh>f0Jrk>fweHR zJzk xh.frD.f rh>fwtd.fv>Rb.fe‹.f u&> zdoh.fwz.f u[JuhRxD.fu'guhR qlu&>rd>fyS>f(KNU) ttd.ft*h>f e‹.f pDR*hR'l ymfzsgxD.f0J'.fe.‹ fvDR$
“ 'fod;vXyw>u&Xu&dtylR w*R'D;w*Rw>xH.ur.'D; w>wemfeU>vdmo f ; utd.xD.t*D> etzok;wz. CkusJ'D; [h.w>upD. vXtur.wz.'D; w*R'D;w*R uJxD.w>th.vdmfo;'D; ul.rRoHvdmuhRto; w*R0HRw*ReY.vDRI”
Photo-KIC
ok;cd.f pDR*hR'l
0D>&DuD>q.ylRetz'D;ch.tJ.eftJvfth.w>'k;uJxD. 'lysmf,mfuD>f&h.f˜ 0h,h uD>fq.fylR˜ ed.fqleJ.f'D; CDusgo0D tb>.fp>R unD'Duvkmfw>fxl.f zsJ;ok;rk>f'd.f (ch.ftJ.ftJvfth.f) 'D; etz w>f'k;uJxD.f0J'.f'D; etz uyR oH0J'.f(5)*Rt*h>f ch.ftJ.fef tJvt f .h f bd;b.f&RvDR0J'.fe.‹ v f RD $ zJvg,lRtoD(10)t eHR etz cv& ok;&h.f(219)ok; usdR(1)wzktHR td.fv>ed.fqleJ.f o0D'D; zJ[JuhRv>usJtq>u wD>f b.fw>fcd;c;tDRv> ch.ftJ.fef tJvfth.f ok;&h.f (16) ok;'h (3) td.fclol.fv> wCmfvmftusg tCd b.foH0J'.ft*h>f uDR0hRvD usdR w>fqJ;usd;vD>fc>.fo; pH;b.f 0J'.f unDw>fupD.ftHRe‹.fvDR$ v>ySRoHtusgymfCkmf 0J'.f'D; ySReJ.fusJv>tb.fw>fr> tDRv> etz 'D;rh>f0J'.f CDusgo 0D o;yS>fw*Re‹.fvDR$ w>f'k;uJxD.f ub.fz*J RD cD(3;00)e.f&.H f 'D;rh>v f > w>fwuyDR*hR*hR'H;b.f 'D;uG>fySR unDzsg w&SJ*hR*hRb.ftCd c;u r.f b .f 0 J t *h > f w>f u pD . f [ J v > (KNLA)wuyR ymfzsg0J'.fe‹.f vDR$ etz ok;oHuGHmf0J'.f (5)*Rtusg ymfCkmf'D;ok;'hcd.f (1)*RvDR$ 0HR'D; b.f'd0J(3)*Rt usgymfCkmf'D; ok;usdRcd.f(1)*R
t*h>f (KNU)vD>cf >.fo;w>f&RvDR w>fupD.f0JRudsRcd.f pDRv;iG‹.f pH; b.funDw>fupD.ftHRe‹.fvDR$ t0JpH;0Jv>“w>ftHR rh>fw>fc;qd0J'.f 'k.f'gtHRe‹.fvDR$ cDzdsv>w>f'k;uJxD.ftCd 'k.f'goH uGmH 0f 'J .fe.‹ v f RD $ p;xD.v f >(2007) eH.fwkRcJtHR v>u'd.fpd0J v>w>f vD>ft0JtHRt*D>f etz'D; 'H.fch.f bH.t f .h yf mfz.dS rf Roud;w>f';D 'k;td.f xD.f0J'.f w>f'k;w>f,mf'D; v>(ch.f tJ.feftJvfth.f) wuyRph>fuD;uhR rRq>u'guhRtDRvDR$ wrHR*hRw rFd*hR ySRwzkw'l.fv> urs>>frh>ftd.f
q>x>.fv> ttd.fwuyReh.f u rRe>Rw>f'D; urs>>frh>fwtd.fv> ttd.fwuyRb.feh.f ub.f'db.f xH;0J'.ft*h>feh.fvDR$” ok;uh(6)w>fvD>fv> tb.fw>fy>tDRv> (ch.ftJ.f,l.f) tHR v>wvgtwD>fylR w>f'k;uJ xD.f'D; etz rh>f*hR˜ 'h.fch.fbH.fth.f rh>*f Rh ymfz.dS t f pSRuw>>futd.f (7) bsD'D; ttguw>>f wkRv>(26) bsDt*h>f ok;cd.f pDRv;iG.h f pH;0J'.fe.‹ f vDR$ zJr[gweHRvg,lRvH (9)oDteHR cdcDo0Do;yS>f'D; t
[H.fzdCDzdcJv>mf(3)*R v>cdcD o0D'D;uuhR qlyeDusJo0D zJusJ tq>uwD>f b.fw>fc;tDRv> e tz˜ cr& (344)ok;&h.f ok;udsR (1)tCd pD R zg*h R Ch t o;td . f (31)eH.ftHR usdb.ftDRwDwDtCd oHuHmG f0J'.fe.‹ fvDR$ zJtylRuGHmfvg,lRt oD(30)eHR'D; ,lRvH (1) oDteHR etz˜ cr& (401) cv&(284) 'D; 'h.fch.fbH.fth.f(907) ymfzSd.fxD.f o;'D; xD.'f ;k 0J'.fo;k uh(6) 0D>v f .h f cHw>fvD>f0HR b.f*kRuhR0J'.ftvD>f cHe.‹ fvDR$
ch . f t J . f e f t J v f t h . f o k ; zd w z.f
Photo-KIC unDw>upD.w>y&X/ vg,lRvH 2008 eH./ ubsH;yR = 2
rD.fe‹>fySR v>ttd.f0J'.f zJzs›q.fvmd u f 0DR˜xDwxl.u f >D q f .f˜ wDtluD>f&Œ.fylR cDzsdv> rlcd.fuvHR oD.f*DR'D;w>fzdC>fwz.f [h.fw>fuD w>fcJtCd bkpHmfwz.f [;*DRuHmG f0J tgr;tCdeH.f v>u[JuxH.fo *>>f'D; w>fuDw>fcJ 'd.f'd.frk>frk>foht *h>f urs>>fzJe‹.fw*R pH;0J'.fe‹.fvDR$ “zJweH.ftHR vgrhRt wD>fylR b.fw>fp;xD.fxd.fvDRqd bk e‹.v f RD $ xd.v f RD bk0RH cDzsd v>rlc.d f w plRb.ftCd bkv>t[JrJxD.fwz.f tHR w*hRb.f$ cDzsdv> bkcsHoh.fw z.f w>fx>zSd.fymfzSd.ftDR we‹>f'fod; v>ngb.ftCd bkcsHw[;xD.f b.f$ zJvg,lRtwD>fylR w>fxd.fvDR tDR toDwbsDu'D;e‹.fvDR$ cDzsd w uHR˜ w>>f'D; w>fzdC>ft*Rwz.f t w>frR[;*DRtCd bkx.l w f z.f w*hR b.f$ o0Dtzs>.f(10)C.fC.f b.f o*>>f'D; w>fuDw>fcJ'ftHR”t*h>f o0Dzpd RD tJ.0f g ymfzsgxD.0f 'J .fe.‹ v f RD $ cDzsdbkwz.f w*hRb.f tCd utD.fv>weH.ft*D>f b.fvJR CkyS‹RtD.f0J'.f v>w>fvD>ft*Rv> w>ftd.fo;tzDcd.fe‹.fvDR$ w>fb.f
,d.ftd.fxD.fv> eH.fv>tu[Jt*D>f vDR$ bkv>yrRe‹>f v>tylRuGHmfw eH.f yqd;ugtDRv>weH.ftHRt*D>f'D; bkv>yrRe‹>fv>weH.ftHRt*D>f yu qd;uguhRv> eH.fv>u[JweH.ft *D>f rh>fv>w>fzdC>foh.fwz.f rR[; *DRtCd b.fo*>>f'D; w>ftD.fw>ftD w>fuDw>fcJ'd.f'd.fuvJmft*h>f pH;u 'D;0J'.fe‹.fvDR$ zJtylRuHmG f 2007 vgrhR twD>fylR ub.fzJySRxd.fvDRbk t q>uwD>f rh>fv> etz (puc) eD.f *H>f (9)wz.f EkmfvDR'k;td.fxD.f w>f 'k;w>f,mftCd [D.fu0DRurs>>f zJ w>fvD>fwz.ftHR wrRb.fCk;*hR*hR b.ft*h>f pDRtJ.f0g wJzsgxD.f0J'.fe.‹ f vDR$ p;xD.f (2006)eH.fvHR vHR w>fvD>f'ftrh>f ys›qgvd.f˜ rFD;cFD˜ bh.fbJ;˜ u.fbJ;rFD.f'D;o0DcJv>mft zs>.f (10)C.fC.f td.fzJ xDwxl.f uD>fq.ftylR 'D;ySReD.f*H>fcJv>mf u td.f0J (2000)C.fC.f'D; t0Joh.f b.ftd.f'.fv> ok;tw>fy>ql.fy> pd;tzDvmfe‹.fvDR$
w>'k;uJx.D y,DRok;'D; 'H.ch.bH>th.b.*kRuhRtvD>cH etz'D; 'H.fch.fbH>fth.f ok;wz.fymfzSd.fxD.fo;'D; xD.f'k;0J ch . f t J . f , l . f vD > f c >.f o ;ok ; &h . f (201)0DRvh>fcHw>fvD>f b.f*kRuhR tvD>fcHzJ vg,lR (1)oD rk>feRt q>uwD>f ch.ftJ.f,l.f ymfzsg0J'.f e‹.fvDR$ etz ok;wuyR ok;cd.f'd.f xJud.f!l; wDcd.f&d.frJ0J cr&(401)˜ cv&(284)'D; v> 'H.cf .h b f >H t f .h f wuyR ok;cd.u f bR 'hR wDc.d &f .d rf 0J J ok;&h.f (907)ymfz.dS f xD.fo; EkmfvDR'k;0J ch.ftJ.f,l.f ok; &‹.f(201)v> tySR*H>fbg utd.f (120)*Re‹.fvDR$ zJvg,lRtoD (30)*DR cDtq>uwD>f 'k.'f gwz.f [JEmk 'f ;D c; vDR0Jusdzd˜ usdz;'d.f0HRv> ch.f tJeftJvfth.fwuyRph>fuD; cD'k; q>u'guhRtCd 'k.f'gwz.f b.f *kRuhRtvD>fcHt*h>f ch.ftJ.f,l.f &R vDRw>fupD.f0JRusdRcd.f pDRv.fiG‹.f pH;0J'.fe.‹ fvDR$ “etz ok;ySReD.f*H>f u td.f(80)'D; 'H.fch.fbH>fth.f tySReD.f *H>f utd.f(40)tHR EkmfvDR'k;0J y ok;&h.f(201) 0DRvh.fcHw>fvD>ftHR [Jw&H;0JusJv> ,dRuD>fwuyR weDR'D; [J0Jv> w>fvD>fcHweDRt Cd ch.ftJeftJvfth.ftok;tHR td.f 0Jv> w>fb>.fp>Re‹.fvDR$ tcD.fxH; w>f'k;tHR ,Hmf0JtrH;eH; (20)bsJ.f e‹.fvDR$ ,HmfxD.f'D; uJuhR'fw>f'k;
pJ;jyJ;cDyRcDyR0HR etz 'D;'H.cf .h b f >H f th.ftok;wz.f *kRuhRto;t *h>f”pH;u'D;0J'.f'fe.‹ fvDR$ 0DRvh.fcHw>fvD>ftHR td.f ol.fvDRto;zJ ok;uh(6) w>fvD>f wwDR'D; w>fvD>ftHRrh>fw>fvD>fv> oh.0f .ftg0JtCd y,DRok;'D; 'H.cf .h f bH>fth.fok;wz.f CkusJ'fod;ueD zsd;uGHmf0J ch.ftJ.f,l.f'D; urRoh.f t*D>ftCd 'k;td.fxD.f0J'.f w>f'k; tHRe‹.fvDR$ b.fq.fv> ch.ftJ.f,l.f wuyRcD 'k;q>u'guhR t0Joh.f tCd zJvg,lRvH (1)oDeHR rk>feRcD (8;30) e.f&H.ftq>uwD>f *kRuhR to;t*h>f ch.t f eJ t f v J t f .h f ok;*h>f 0Dcd.f ok;cd.fus>>f yH.fv.fph.f pH;0J'.f e‹.fvDR$ “ywvJ R 'k ; qd t 0J oh.fb.f$ b.fq.f cDzsdt0Joh.f [J 'k;qdyw>fvD>ftCd y'k;q>u'g uhRt0Jo.h 'f ;D yw>fv>D ˜f v>tcD.f xH;xD.f'k;e‹>f0JtHR y'k;u'guhR wkRye‹>fuhR e‹.fvDRt*h>f” ok;cd.f us>>f yH.fv.fph.f pH;u'D;0Je‹.fvDR$ w>f'k;tHR ,Hmf0J (2)oD C.fC.f'D; v>ch.ftJeftJvfth.fw uyR oH0J (1)*R˜ b.f'd (4)*R'D; v>'k.f'gwuyR b.f'd(7)*R˜ oH 0J (2)*R ymfCmk 'f ;D ok;&h.cf .d w f *R˜ v>ch.t f .J , f .l w f uyR w>fpu k 0JR˜ w>fzdw>fvHR w>fvDRr>f wtd.feDrHR b.f”t*h>f ok;cd.fus>>f yH.fv.fph.f
cDzsd 'H>ch.bH>th.ok;tCd o0Dzw d z. td.'D;w>ysRH w>zk; uD;u&H;uD>fq.f t.f uD.fo0D unDbl;'; ok;u&> ('H>f ch.fbH>fth.f) ySRcd;w>fzd (*dwfrSL;)w *R rRysHRrRzk;0J'.f o0Dzdv> ySRv> 'Dbl;'DwH>f qJ;usd;'D;unD'Duvkmf p>zS.d u f &> (ch.t f .J , f .l )f wz.f uzD.f 0J'.ftCd o0Dzdoh.fwz.f b.ftd.f 'D; w>fb.f,dmfb.fbD˜ w>fysHRw>fzk; tylR'D; weDRCh>ftd.fclol.fto; t *h>f t.fuD.fo0Dzdv> wymfzsgtrHR w*R pH;0J'.fe.fvDR$ 'H > f c h . f b H > f t h . f ok ; &h . f (907) tySRtd.cf ;d }wJR (*dwrf LS ;)rg uFD.fnL; to;td.f (65)eH.fw*R tHR rh>f0J'.f t.fuD.fo0Dzd'D; weH.f tHRtwD>fylR zJvgthjzhR(22)oDrk>feR tq>uwD>f ySRzD.pf u k 0JRwzk [Jz.D f e‹>ftDR'D; b.fw>fuhRud;tDR0HR zJvg
,lR(4)oDteHR [JuhRu'guhRql o0D'D; ymfCkmf'D; udstzk.fwcd.f ySR uwdRw>fv'D > (puf)wzs>.f0RH td; xD.f0J'.f ySRcd;csHt}wJR'D; uJ0J'.fySR cd;}wJRtcd.f(*dwfrSL;)eh.fvDR$ rguFD.f!l;tHR b.fw>f uhRzD.ftDRv> ok;&h.f(907)0HR w>f uhRzD.f'k;Cmf'D; ymftDRv>&RrwH (jr0wD)ok;cd.f rD-oL;[H.f0HR b.f w>fqS>tDRql 'H>fch.fbH>fth.f vD>fc>.f o; rJF.fuFHil.f(òrdif}uD;il)0HR w>fr>t uJok;0HR 'k;tdtDR (opPma&)t*h>f ySRv>tvlRCkoh.f nguhRtDR zJt vD>fr>ftq>uwD>fw*R ymfzsg0J'.f qlunDw>ffupD.fe‹.fvDR$ t0J pH;0Jv> “rguFD.f nL;tHR b.fw>foHu>G forHord;tDR v> ok;&h.fcd.f rD-oL;eh.fvDR$ w>foH
uG>ftDRb.fC;'D; ch.ftJ.f,l.f t*h>f tudsRcJv>mfvDR$ v>cH t0Jrh>fySR qJ;usd;'D; ch.ftJ.f,l.f 'D;rh>fph>fuD; u&>zdw*RtCd ySR[h.ftDRw>fu r.fv> ub.fuRw>fbD(oDcg)vDR$ rh>fwtJ.f'd;uR w>fbDb.fe‹.f u b.fuJok;tCd t0JEkmfvDR0J'.fql 'H>fch.fbh>fth.f ok;tusgeh.fvDR$” zJtylRuGHmf vgrhRtq> uwD>f t.fuD.fo0Do;yS>fvD>fvHR b.fw>fuhRzD.ftDRv> 'H>fch.fbH>fth.f ok;&h.f(907)'D;pH;0Jv> tymfclol.f ch.ftJ.f,l.f usdt*h>f o0Dzdv> w tJ.f'd;ymfzsgtrHRw*R ymfzsgxD.f0J '.feh.fvDR$ “uhRud;0J'.f o0Do; yS>v f >D v f RH tHRwkRql rH;zgn.f 'k;Cmf 0J0HR˜ oHuG>ftDRv> eymfclol.fudszJ
vJ.ft*h>f 'D;o;yS.fvD>fvHR pH;u'g uhR 0Jv> usdwtd.fb.f$ ,wymfcl ol.fusdb.ft*h>f'D; ySRxdySRxltDR˜ ,D>ftDRv>ok;cD.fzH;eh.fvDR$ cDzsdv> ySRrRtDR'ftRH tCd t*k>C f u H >fcb H .h f 'D;t[>z>ytl;tCd b.fzSL0J'D; uoH.f˜ tDxHtlwkRcJtHRt*h>f” pH; b.f0J qlunDw>fupD.ftHRe‹.fvDR$ 'H>fch.fbH>fth.f ok;wz.f tHR tw>frR'ftrh>f o0Dzdv>wemf e‹>f0Jwz.f zD.foHu>G foH'd;0J˜ 'd0JwD>f 0J'ftHR rh>fv>t0Joh.f bd;b.f&RvDR wh.f0J˜ 2008eH.f twD>fylR v>tu 'k;vDRyS.D u f mHG 0f J ch.t f .J , f .l f ok;uh(6) [D.fu0DRtHR wkRtyDst±SJtCd rh>f w>fv>'k;td.fzsgxD.f0J trd>fvH.frd>f yS>ft*h>f 'D.fyv.fo0Do;yS>fvD>fvHR yJmfxHeDRz;0J'D; pH;0J'.fe‹.fvDR$
y'd.rg&S.w>ul.tXrRoHtDRt*h> -bh;wh.y.vH.r.(60)qJ;pkrk>usX>ChxD.vXw>uCkrRzsgxD.tDR unD'Duvkmfp>zSd.fu &> (ch.ftJ.f,l.f) eJ.f&JG.fcd.fus>>f y'd.f rg&S.fvgzg w>ful.ft>rRoHtDRt *h>ftHR w>fuCkxH.frRzsgxD.fuhRtDR t*D>f -bh;wh.fbsD.f'd.fc>.fp;t*R (60)qJ;pkr>k u f s>>f';D wD.zf sgxD.0f 'J .f w>f*h>fwcgtHR ql-bh;wh.fy'd.fyyS>f td.ft*h>f -bh;wh.f ySR[l;*JRw>fv> uD>fy,DR*h>f0Dcd.f pH;b.f0J'.fe‹.fvDR$ y'd.frg&S.fvgzgtHR rh>f0J '.f unD'Duvkmfp>zSd.fu&> teJ.f &GJ.fcd.fus>>ftrJmfng rh>fph>fuD;ySR [l;*JRw>fv> uD>fy,DRue‹>fw>f obs‹'D; ySR*h>f0DcGJ;,mfw*RtCd
b.fC;'D; w>ful.ft>rRoHtDRw>f *h>ftHR w>fuCkxH.frRzsgxD.fuhR tDRt*D>f -bh;wh.fy'd.fyyS>foh.fwz.f qJ;pkrk>fus>>f ChxD.f0J'.f zJvg,lR (14)oDteHReh.fvDR$ bgrgcJ . f z h = ,l . f c h . f u &> ySR[l;*JRw>fv>xH*kRuD>f*Rrl 'gcd.f (bm;rm;uJefydef;-,lau Edik if w H umpnf;±H;k vH@_ aqmfa&; wm 0efcH) egpd.f,.fZg v>trh>f0J'.fy 'd.frg&S.ftzdrk.f pH;0J'.fv> “b.f C;'D; w>ful.ft>rR[;*DR ,yg w>f*h>ftHR ,td.fcd;o*>>f0J'.f -bh; wh.fbsD.f'd.fc>.fp;wz.f tw>fCh
tHRe‹.fvDR$ b.frEkRtCdvJ.feh.f ,ygtHR rh>fcd.fe>fw*Rv> tEkmfrR w>f'k; 'fod;uD>fy,DRue‹>f w>frk.f w>fck.f˜ w>fobs‹t*D>f'D; wu;'H; b.ftrJmfng rh>fcd.fe>fw*Rv>t b.fw>foh.fngtDR v>uD>fylRuD>fcs> xH*kRuD>f*Roh.fwz.fe‹.fvDR”t*h>f pH;b.f0J unDw>fupD.ftHRe‹.fvDR$ pH;tgxD.f0J'.fv> b.f C;'D; -bh;wh.fbsD.f'd.fc>.fp;˜ y'd.fy yS>w f z.f tw>fCx h .D t f RH uwkRxD.f xD.fb;qH;tgvJ.fwcD ,wJwb.f b.f$ 'fvJ.f*hR ,emf'D; ,rk>fv>fv> t0Joh.f urR0J'.ft*hRuw>>fe‹.f
vDR$ zJ(2008)eH.fvgzhR-bLR tg&HR(14)oDteHR ySRpdmpf k u0JRv> w>fwoh.fngtrHRb.f (2)*R [J'D; ul.ft>rRoH0J'.f unD'Duvkmfp> zSd.fu&> (ch.ftJ.fef,l.f) eJ.f&GJ.fcd.f us>>fy'd.frg&S.fvgzg zJttd.f[H.f w>fvD>f v>0h>frJ;qD;tylRe‹.fvDR$ b.fxGJ'D; w>ful.ft>rR oH y'd.frg&S.fvgzgw>f*h>ftHR xH*kR uD>f*Rt'l.fzdx>zdwz.f ChxD.f 0J '.fv> w>fuCkoh.fng'D;rRzsgxD.f w>f*h>fwcgtHR rh>fw>ftcD.fxH;u w>>f wbsDe‹.fvDR$
rJ;v;b.uDCx h .D 0J'.vXw> uymyeD.tDR'fyRS b.uDb.cJ zJvg,lRtoD (30)t eHR ySRuD>yf ,DRzdcv J >mf (20)bs.J v f > t[JEkmfvDRtd.fu'kv> rJ;v;'Ju 0DRylRwz.f [Jud;o}wD'D; ChxD.f0J '.f ql,l.ftJefth;pfpH.ft.f&ft±l (UNHCR) 'fo;d w>fuymfyeD.t f RD v> ySRb.fuDb.f cJtp&DylR 'fod; ue‹>fb.fw>ftD.fw>ftD˜ w>ftd.fw>f qd;'D; utd.fu'kb.f0Jt*D>fe.‹ fvDR$ zJySRud;o}wDw>ftusg ud.frF;xdpH;0J “yvd.fb.fe‹.f rh>f0J'f od;w>fuymfyeD.fySR b.fuDb.fcJt od; w>fcGJ;w>f,mf 'fySR*Re‹>fb.ft od; yvd.fb.fe.‹ fvDR$ w>fcJ;G w>f,mf 'ftrh>fw>ftD.fw>ftD˜ w>ftd.fql.f td.fcs›'D; w>fbH.fw>fb>cJv>mfvDR$ cDzsdv>w>fwymfyeD.fySR 'fySRb.fuD b.f'D; yrHRp&Dwtd.f'H;b.ftCd y b.fvJRuhRzH;rRv> twzd;oJp; b.ftod;e‹.fvDR$ rJ;v; 'Ju0DRylR tHRySRv> twe‹>w f >ft.D w f >ftD td.f 0Jtgr;vDR$ ywD.zf sgxD.v f > 'Ju0DR ySRb.frlb.f'gtd.foemfuh pH;b.f uhRySRv> trR&SJ0Jwe‹>fb.ft*h>f vDR$ ySRud;o}wDw>fzdwz.f td.f'D;vHmftk.fo;v> tb.fw>frR e‹>ftDRymfyeD.ftDR v>,ll.ftJefth;pf pH.ft.f&fv> ttd.fqDvDRto;zJ
tHR ,l.ftJefth;pf pH.ft.f&f'D; unD b.fuDb.fcJ'Ju 0DR urH;wHmfu &J.fusJR0J'fvJ.fe‹.f w>fwoh.n f gvDR wH>f'H;b.f$ySRv> twe‹>'f ;H w>ft.D f w>ftDwz.f rh>f0J ,l.ftJefth;pf pH.f t.f&f trlt'g vDR$ yurRv>y eD.fup>fe‹.f wrh>f uwkRxD.x f .D b f ; b.ft*h>f b.fuD Photo-KIC b.fc'J u J 0DRylR ySR rJ > f v ;b.f u D z d w z.f zJ t [J ud ; o}wD w >f uwdRw>fy>w*R zJ r J ; qD ; ,l . f t J . f e f t h . f c sf p H . f t .f 0J R '>;trJ m f n gtcg pH;0J'.fe‹.fvDR$ bDu;D tylRzJ (2004=2005)eH.f t w>ftD'H;b.f$ y*kmfusJ;p>; CkusJ rJ;v;'Ju0DRtHR td.f q>uwD>fe.‹ fvDR$ ySRoh.fwz.ftHR cD tbdbd'fod;yue‹>fb.f w>ftD.f ol.fvDRto; zJuD>fq>w>fvD>fw zsdv> ,dRy>RuD>f zD.ft0Joh.f'D; uhR w>ftDt*D>fvDR$ b.fq.fwe‹>f'H; wDRv> tpDRpkR'D; rJ;qD; uvHRpd; uhRqlu>D yf ,DRylR wbl.v f >Rb.ft b.f$ tcD.fxH; yyS‹RtD.fyS‹RtDv> y (64)uHved .‹ v f RD $ cDzsdv> uD>yf ,DR Cd zJ(2007)eH.t f q>uwD>f Ekmv f RD up>fe‹>f0Jb.fq.f ,HmfxD.f'D; cDzsd xH±l>fuD>foJ;tw>fqD.f wH>frRe>R'D; td.fu'k zJrJ;v; 'Ju0DRylRe‹.fvDR$ v>w>fuDw>fcJ tuvkmfuvkmft rk>fusdR0JRuG>ftw>f CH.fw>fphRtCd “cDzsd ,dRy>RuD>foh.fw Cd yyS‹RtD.fyS‹RtDuhR we>hfv>Rb.f zJ(2005)eH.f ,l.ftJefth;pfpH.ft.f&f z.f zD.fySR'D; yuhRu'guhRqluD>fy tCdy[JChxD.f w>frRp>Rv> ,l.f x>uhRySRb.fuDb.fcJtp&D0HRt f ph pf .H t f .f&t f ±lvRD ”e‹.f ud.rf ;F vD>fcH˜ 'Ju0DRylR ySRb.fuDb.fcJeD.f ,DRylR wbl.fv>Rb.ftCd y[JEkmf tJet vDRtd.fu'k v>rJ;v;'Ju0DRylRe‹>f xd pH;0J'.fe‹.fvDR$ *H>ftgxD.f0J weHRb.fweHRuG‹>fuG‹>f 0J'.fweH.fbsJ.fvH˜ ywe‹>f'H;w>ftD.f b.fC;'D; w>f*h>fwcg e‹.fvDR$ unDw>upD.w>y&X/ vg,lRvH 2008 eH./ ubsH;yR = 3
rJ;&RrdR'Ju0DR u0DR'hwbh. ub.w>ok;uGmH tDR
Photo-KIC
rJ;&RrdR 'Ju0DR u0DR'h (7) uD>fuFD.fwJ.fylR rJ;[D.fpD; uD>f&h.fwuyR rJ;&RrdR'Ju0DRylR u0DR'h(7=B)tHR w,Hmfv>Rb.f tq>uwD>f ub.fw>fok;uGHmftDR v>uDF.fwJ.fySRb.frlb.f'gwz.f'D; pH;0Jv>uuJxD.f w>fb.f'db.fxH; v>oh.fyS>ft*h>f ch.ft.f&fpH.f ySRb.frl b.f'g v>w>fvD>fwwDRtHRwuyR pDRwlwl pH;0J'.fe‹.fvDR$ “rJ;&RrdR'Ju0DRtHR td.f ol.fvDRto; zJrJ;[D.fpD;[D.fu0DR ylRoemfuh u0DR'h(7) td.f0J'.fv> w; (TAK)t[D.fu0DR'D; rh>fw>f vD>f v>ttd.f'D; ySRrRoh.ftw>fzH; w>frRtd.f0JtvD>fvDR$ y0J'Ju0DRzd wz.f wrRoh.fb.fq.f td.f'D;w>f vh>fvdRvh>fxD.fv> ySRrRtD.foh.fw z.ftvD>fCd ,qdurd.fv> ur> ok;uGHmf0Jw>fvD>f”t*h>f pH;u'D;0J '.fe‹.fvDR$ u0DR'hv> ttd.fv> rJ; p&H,gtxHusd0>fb;cDwuyR u b.fw>fok;uGHmftDR qH;,HmfvJ.fe‹.f w>foh.fng vDRwH>fvDRqJ;'H;b.f oemfuh yoh.fngb.fv> uDF.fwJ.f tySRb.frlb.f'gv> [D.fu0DRtHR tylRwz.f q>wJmf0JvHv> uok; uGHmf0JoyS>fuw>>fe‹.fvDR$ v>w>furRvJ>fxD.f 'Ju0DR tHRt*D>f w>fvD>fvDR[drh>fwtd.fb.f q.f˜ uDF.fwJ.fySRb.frlb.f'gwz.f pH;0J'.fv> 'Ju0DRwbh.fe‹.f ub.f td.f'.fv> [D.fu0DRwbh.fCDtylR vDR$ b.fC;'D; [D.fcd.fw>fvD>fw>f usJt*h>f uq>wJm0f 'J .f'v f .J ef .‹ w f >f woh.fngb.f t*h>ftusdReDwrHR'H; b.ft*h>f pDRwlwl pH;0J'.fe‹.fvDR$
ySRb.fuDv> ttd.fzJ u0DR'h (7)wz.f ub.fw>fo;k uGmH f tDR'D; w>fuvJRymft0Joh.fv> u 0DR'ht*R'D; rh>fb.fok;vD>foyS>fu w>>fe‹.f [H.fv>td.fqd;0JcJtHR u b.f[dvDRuGHmftDR'D; ub.fol.fxD.f u'D;0JtoD˜ [H.fCD w>fvD>fph>fuD; uwH;'D; w>fol.fw>fzs;tvD>fph>f uD; uuD0t J *h>f u0DR'hzw d *R pH;0J '.f'ftHRvDR$ “ye>f[l ySRuvJRok;ySR qlu0DR'ht*R'D; u0DR'hwbh.fe‹.f uymf0J [H.fcd.ftzs>.f 40=50 zs>.f e‹.fvDR$ rh>fr>f yok;yvD>foyS>fu w>>fvHe.‹ f yuxH.fb.f w>fuDw>fcJ 'd.f'd.ftgtg'D; w>f&lw>fvDRr>f u td.f0J'.ftgr; cDzsd[H.fv> ,td.fcJ tHR ,ol.fxD.ftDRtoD'D; w>fol.f zs;tD.ftvD>f v>y0J[H.fzdCDzd u tD.fb.ft*D>f” t*h>fe‹.fvDR$ w>fvD>fv> ub.fvJR ok;td.f0JtvD>fe‹.f ub.fvJRwhqd ymfp>R[H.ftCd b.fC;'D; w>ftd.f ql.ftd.fcsŒwuyR w>f*h>fuDwtd.f b.foemfuh˜ 'fod; okwb.fok; vD>fok;usJw*hRt*D>f ,l.ftJefthpf pH.ft.f&f wuyR rh>f*kmfusJ;p>;&J.f usJR wJoud;w>f'D; uDF.fwJ.ftySR b.frlb.f'gwz.fe‹.f u*hR0Jv> 'J u0DRzdwz.ft*D>f z;'d.ft*h>f ch.f t.f&fpH.f tySRb.frlb.f'gv>uvHR pd;wuyR ymfzsgxD.f0J'.f tw>f xH.fe‹.fvDR$ rJ ; &Rrd R 'J u 0D R tH R p; xD.ftd.fxD.f0J'.f zJ 1995 eH.f rRe>R ysD v D R 0H R tvD > f c H ' D ; yS R eD . f * H > f (17˜000)bsJ.C f .fC.f td.q f ;d 0J '.f zJe‹>fe‹.fvDR$
unDzdwz.urRvdw>t*D>uDcJ wDtluD>f&h.f˜ xDwxl.f uD>q f .ftylRzvh&.S v f Rd o0D(wdryf )k tHR cDzsdv>uFo d &.fqgS 0J';D rdygoh.f wz.ftD.ftDtd.fqd;vD>f usJw>fuD w>fcJtCd2008=2009eH.f w>frR vdtuwD>f uFdb.fw>fu;wHmfCmf tDRt*h>f ySR[D.fu0DRzdw*R pH;0J'.f e‹.fvDR$ “zJtylRuGHmfeH.f zs›q.f vdmfo0DtHR w>frRvduFdtd.f0J'.fw zs>.fe‹.f'D; uFdzdeD.f*H>f td.f0J(100) bsJ.f 'D;uFo d &.fo.d v f w d >f td.0f (J 3) *Reh.v f RD $ weH.t f RH cDzsdv> usd.pf 'h ;D w>fvRJ w>fuRh uDcrJ >h *f Rh ˜ rd>yf >fwz.f tw>f[JEkmfwtd.ftCdrh>f*hR˜ 'D;
uFdo&.fo&.frk.fwz.f b.f*kmfusJ; p>;v>[H.fzdCDzd*D>ftCd [h.fw>f q>uwD > f v >uod . f v d w >f w e‹ > f b.ftCd td;xD.fuFdwohb.f” t *h>f ySR[D.fu0DRzd o&.fpDRtJ.f0g pH; 0J'.fe‹.fvDR$ w>f v D > f t 0J t H R b.f w>fy>tDRv> etzok;'D; b.fC; 'D;zdo.foh.fwz.f tw>ful.fb.f ul.foht*D>f w&J.fusJRrR0JeDwrHR b.ftrJmfng y>ql.fy>qd;0J'.f˜ r> ql.rf >qd;0J'.f ySRo0Dzw d z.f ud;eHR 'J;t*h>f b.fw>foh.fngtDRe‹.fvDR$ 'f e h . f t od ; wD t l u D > f uG > f q l u bsH ; yR=4
rkm}wDRuD>&h.[D.u0DR w>qguqDc.D fuJx.D w f >b.,dm xX.0HcsXu&X td.'D;w>&J.w>usRJ vXw>u}wDqXuGmH xHzduD>fzdurs>>fv>t td.f zJunDu>D pf .J rf mk }f wDRuD>&f .h f vD>f u0DRo>wDRtHR urs>>fcJv>mfu td.f (6000)C.fC.fv> (6)eH.f t wD>fylRtd.f'D; w>fwdmfymf&J.fusJRymf vDRv> w>fu'Do'>-wDq>uHGmf w>fqg uqDcD.f(qifajcaxmuf a&m*g)t*h > f x>.f 0 H c s>u&> (BPHWT) pH;0J'.fe‹.fvDR$ urs>>fv>ttd.f zJrkmf }wDRuD>&f .h 'f .JG v f u d >D q f .f vhc.D x f ;H 'D; rJ;0h>fo0Dwz.ftHR w>forHord; uG>f'D; xH.fb.fv> w>fqguqDcD.f tHR uJxD.fw>fb.f,d.f w>fvDRysHR tCd cgqlngw>f&.J u f sJR ymfvRD v> w>f'Do'>uGHmfw>fqgtHR urR0J wkR tuJxD.fvd.fxD.ft*h>f x>.f0H cs>u&>v> t[;rRp>Rw>f zJrk>f }wDRuD>f&h.fySR[h.f w>fod.fvdb.fC; w>f'Do'> w>fqgrl'gcd.f o&.fpDRzd th pH;b.f0J'.f unDw>fupD.fe‹.f vDR$ “tcD.fxH;yrRuG>fySRt *Rwu,RvDR$ zJe‹.fyxH.fb.fv> ySR (70)*Rtusg w>fqguqDcD.f (qifajcaxmufa&m*g) tyeD.fzsg 0JtCd w>fb.f,d.ftd.f0J'.fe‹.fvDR$ w>fqguqDcD.f (qifajcaxmuf) tHR yxH.fb.fv> ttd.ftguw>>f zJ[D.fu0DRv>urs>>f (6000)tHR tCd yub.f ulqg,gbsgqdtDR e‹.fvDR$ b.fq.fv>tusgrd v>t 'k;tDtzdEk>frd>fv> ttd.f'D;t[k; to;'D; ySRv>ttd.f'D; w>fqgt *Roh.fwz.ft*D>f wymfb.f$” t*h>f pH;0J'.fe‹.fvDR$ urs>>fzJ[D.fu0DRwz.f tHR yu[h.f'k;tDtDR uoH.fweH.f
wbsD ud;q>uwD>f'J;'D; ub.ftD rRtDR'D; urRtDR 'fx*H Rk uD>*f RtusJ ,Hmfv>Rb.ftq>uwD>f urRqd 0J'.fwbsDCD ud;*R'J;wu;'H;b.f oEltod;'D; ySRw*Rv>fv>f w>frh>f tDRxJ o0DcHzs>.ft*h>fe‹.fvDR$ w>f yurRuG>f ySRteD.f*H>f(600)*R ud; xH.fe‹.ftDRv> ttd.f'D;w>fqgt vD>ft*Roh.fwz.f tvD>frh>ftd.fv> w>fub.frRtDRe‹.f (BPHWT) wuyRph>fuD; td.f'D;tw>f&J.fw>f usJRv> urRvJ>x f .D t f w>fz;H w>frR tudsRtusJe‹.fvDR$ w>fqguqDcD.ftHR b.f ulb.f*mfvdmfto;oh cDzsdypdRe‹.f vDR$ w>fqgC>ftHR b.fulb.f*mf vdmfto;oh cDzsdteD;zH;vH; ypdR v> t[;pdmfw>fn.f*d>fw>fqge‹.f vDR$ wu'H;b.f ydmfcGg'H.fvDRw>f qgt*h>ftHR b.fxGJvdmfto;'D; w>fqguqDcD.f (qifajcaxmuf yS R v>twl > f a&m*g)tHRe‹.fvDR$ 'D;wkRt'd.fxD.f nd;xD.f 'fuqDcD.ftod;vHe‹.f w>f b.f w >f q g uqDc.d w f *R˜ qgtywD>f wkRv>te;uw>>fw ywD>fvHe‹.fvDR$ v>unD zJ 2008eH.f vg,lRt [D . f u 0D R yl R Photo-BPHWT cD.x f ;H wEGH (BPHWT) tw>frReD.f eHR'J;t*h>f o&.fpDRzdth pH;u'D;0J'.f yeD.fe‹.f ySRurs>>f v>ttd.fzJ [D.f tylR yoh.fngb.fv> w>fxH.fe‹>f e‹.fvDR$ (BPHWT) u&>pDR0huFD.f u0DRtHRwz.f u'k;tDtDRuoH.f w>fqgtyeD.f zJcs>.fvGH>fxl.fuD>f&h.f v>b.frlb.f'gv> rkmf}wDRuD>f&h.f o0D'Dwzs>.f weH.fwbsD'D; urR tylR ySReD.f*H>f (100)*Rtusg (17) pH;0J'.fv> “wkRyrRuG>f'D; w>fvD>f eD.rf RCg ySReD.*f >H 'f ;D rRuG>t f RD vDRwH>f *R 'D;'loxl.fuD>f&h.fwuyR ySRt zJbHvhtcd.ftC>RwuyR w>fvD>f vDRqJ;t*h>fe‹.f pDR0huFD.fpH;zsgxDD.f0J *R(100)*Rtusg (43)*R b.f0J'.f v> ttd.fqJ;to;'D; cs>.fvGH>f '.fe‹.fvDR$ w>fqguqDcD.ftHR e‹.fvDR$ xl.f'D; rkmf}wDRuD>f&h.fwz.f w>fqg 'fypH;w>ftod; w>fbH.f zJtylRuHGmf 1997eH.ft uqDcD.ftHR uJxD.f0J'.ftgr;'D; zJy w>fb>v> [D.fu0DRtHRt*D>f etz cd.ftC>R w>f'k;uJxD.f0J'.f zJ[D.f x>uhRp&Dtq>uwD>f yxH.fb.f 'D; DKBA ok;oh.fwz.f rh>f[J'k; u0DRoh.fwz.ftHRtCd urs>>foh.f v> w>fqgtyeD.ftHR teD.f*H>ftg td.fxD.fb.fzk; w>f'k;w>f,Re‹.f y wz.f [JCh>fxD.f EkmfvDRtd.fu'k0J xD.f0J'.fe.‹ fvDR$ w>fvD>ft*Roh.fw w>fzH;w>frR yw>f&J.fw>fusJRtHR w '.f zJ'Ju0DRylRv> ttd.fqDvDRt z.f w>fqgtHR yxH.fb.foemfuh vJRto; bs›bs›qSDqSDv>Rb.ft*h>f o; zJuD>fuFD.fwJ.f=uD>fy,DRuD>fq> wtg'fod;'D; w>fvD>fzJtHRb.ft*h>f e‹.fvDR$ w>fvD>fwz.f yoh.fngb.fv> wkR e‹.fvDR$” zJrkmf}wDRuD>f&h.f˜ vlRoD rh>fvJRrRuG>ftoGH.f'D; 40 rs;u,R 2008eH.f vg,lRcHEw HG EGH uD>fq.f˜ 'GJ.foduD>fq.f 'D;blod.fuD>f wkRv> 60 rs;u,RtHRe‹.f w>fxH.f tylRv> w>f'Do'>uGHmfw>fqgu q.f uD>fq.f(3)bh.ftHRtylR o0DcJ e‹>f w>fqguqDcD.fw>fqg tyeD.f qDcD.f w>f&J.fw>f usJRtHR up;xD.f v>mfymfzSd.f td.fxD.f(6)zs>.ftHR w e‹.fvDR$
ubsH ; yR=3 tw>f y d R xG J &h . f ' D ; rk m f } wD R uD > f & h . f t b>.f p >R o0Doh.fwz.f cDzsdv>(etz) [J Ekm[ f ;l *JR0JtCd uFt d *Roh.w f z.f wxD.fb.f0J*hR*hRb.f$ b.fod.f vd0J'.f v>w>fuDw>fcJtgrHRtylR t*h>f pDRtJ.0f g pH;b.f0'J .funDw>f upD.ftHReh.fvDR$ t0J p H ; u'D ; 0J ˜ vJ c H o0D v>ttd.fzJ[D.fu0DRtHR t ylRuGHmf uFdtd.fwkR (6)wDR'D;weH.f tHR td.fwkR'.fxJ(2)wDR{dReh.fvDR$ ,lRcdx.f˜ xHvDRcH'hwz.f wxD.f b.fuFdrkmfrkmfb.f˜ 'l.fzdx>zdv> ttd.fzSd.fwwDRCDoh.fwz.f rdyg wz.f ud;zSd.f0J'.fzdvHRoh.fwz.f 'D;od.fvd0J'.f v>teD>fup>feh.f vDR$ o0Dzdoh.fwz.f cDzsdv>b.f td.fclol.f0J'.f'ftHRtCd vJR0J'.f ,Hm, f mH w f ohb.f$ (etz)ok;oh.f wz.f rh>f[J[l;*JRql.fxD.fu'D;e‹.f zdo.fo.h w f z.f tw>fu.l f b.fu.l f ohtHR td.f0Jv>w>fwvDRwH>fvDR qJ;tylReh.fvDR$ zdo.foh.fwz.f tw>f ul.b f .fu.l o f h u*hRxD.t f *D>f y*kmf
usJ;p>;rRoemfuh (etz)ok; oh . f w z.f [l ; *J R 'k ; td . f x D . f 0 J w>f'k;w>f,RtCd o0Doh.fwz.f w*>>fwus>Rb.f'D; w>fuDw>fcJ td.0f 'J .f tgrHRt*h>f unDuo dF &.f ySRrRw>fzd (KTWG)o&.frk.f eD>f &lRo; pH;0J'.fe‹.fvDR$ “p;xD.fweH.ftHRv> y0JwuyRph>fuD; yrRoud;w>f 'D;unDul.fohqJ;vR0JRusdR'D; v>uD>f&h.foh.fwz.f tw>fvd.f b.ftzDcd.f wohzJtohyrRp>R tDRe‹.fvDR$ b.fq.f wDtluD>f&h.f tHR uDcJ'd.fr;v>yurRp>RtDRt *D>fe‹.fvDR$ cDzsd[D.fu0DRoh.fwz.f tHR wrkmfwck.fb.f'D; y*kmfusJ; p>;rRxJvJ.foemfuh weh>fb.f” t*h>f pH;0J'.feh.fvDR$ (KTWG) tw>f r R eD.frRCgtzDcd.f t0Joh.frRoud; w>f'D; unDul.fohqJ;vR0JRusdR (KED) 'D;EkmfvDRrRp>Rb.f0J xH vD>fuD>fylR uFdcJv>mfymfzSd.ftd.f0J (949)zs>.f'D; uFdzdeD.f*H>ftd.f0J (65210)*Re‹.fvDR$
w>oguvHRudsRw>qg uJx.D o;tgvXcsX.vG>H xl.uD>&h. q>uwD>fcJtHR cs>.fvHG>f xl.fuD>f&h.fw>fvD>ftgwDR b.fuG>f q>.frJmfb.f'D; w>foguvHRusdR w>fqgtg'd.fr;t*h>f ql.fcs›rRp>R x>.f0Hcs>u&> ySRb.frlb.f'g zJ cs>.fvHG>fxl.fuD>f&h.f eD>fq.frk>feR pH; b.f0J'.f qlunDw>fupD.ftHRe‹.f vDR$ w>fvD>fzJtHR tylRuGHmf y oh.fngb.fv> w>fn.f*d>fw>fqg tg0J'.f'd.fr;b.fq.f q>uwD>fcJ tHR w>foguvHRusdRw>fqgtHR tg 0J'.ft*h>f eD>fq.frk>feR pH;0J'.f 'ftHR e‹.fvDR$ “eH . f v >tyl R uG H m f o h . f wz.f w>fn.f*d>fw>fqgtHR tg0J'.f
[D.u f 0DRzJtRH td.pf >h u f ;D 'D;y'd.fw>f[h.fuoH.ftvD>fb.fq.f uoH.fwz.f wulwv>wv>ySJR b.ftrJmfng w>fv>mfbl.fv>mfphR tg0J'.f 'd.fr;tCd urs>>foh.fw z.f ymf*H>fymfbg0J'.f ql.fchsrRp>R x>.f0Hcs>v> u,gbsgto;t*D>f e‹.fvDR$ “w>f [ h . f u oH . f v D > f td.f˜ ySR'k;td.fzsJ.fzdo.fo&.ftd.f (t&Hom;zGm;)˜ (a±S;OD;olemðy) oh.fwz.f td.f0J'.fe‹.fvDR$ r>yvJR xD.frRvd ql0h>fylR0HR uoH.fv>t [h.frRp>RySRwcD wv>wvD>fb.f tCd yrRe‹>ft0Joh.fwe‹>f woheD wrHRb.f$ urs>>foh.f wz.f pH;0J '.f
w>oguvHRusdRw>qgtHRyxH.'D;oh.ngb.vX uvHRoD.*DRw>qDwvJ<w>*d>cgbl;xD.uvXm'D;w>plRcg p;xD.tqXuwD>w>qgtHRuJx.D o;ttguwX>'D; zdo.oh.wz.'d;M>b.w>oguvHRusRd w>qgtHR tgM>'H;o;yS>t*h>M.vDRI 'd.fr;vDR$ v>weH.ftwD>fylR wkRy rR (6)vgwbsD w>ftd.fzSd.f'D; yymf zSd.fuhRySRv> yulpg,gbsg ySRqg tp&D'D; yxH.fb.fv> w>fogu vHRusdRw>fqgtHR ttguw>>fe‹.f vDR$” t0JpH;u'D;0J “cDzsdv> uvHRoD.f*DR tw>fqDwvJwcD{g rhwrh>f w>fqg[Jv>uvHRusgv> uvHR[Jpdmf0JwcD{g e‹.fywoh.f ngb.f$ v>uFdwzs>.f*hRwzs>.f*hR˜ [H.fwzs>.f*hR wzs>.f*hR zdo.fw*R rh>ful; w>fud>fxD.furDvDRvHe‹.f b.f*mfvdmfto;w*R0HR w*Roh t*h>feh.fvDR$”
v>rh>f vJRrRuG>f to;e‹.f w>fv>mf bll.fv>mfphRtg0J”t*h>f eD>fq.frk>feR pH;0Jeh.fvDR$ w>fvD>fzJtHR w>fogu vHRusdRw>fqgtHR yxH.f'D;oh.fng b.fv> uvHRoD.f*DRw>fqDwvJ˜ w>f*d>fcgbl;xD.fuv>mf 'D;w>fplRcg p;xD.ftq>uwD>f w>fqgtHR uJ xD.fo;ttguw>>f'D; zdo.foh.f wz.f 'd;eh>fb.f w>foguvHRusdR w>fqgtHR tgeh>f'H;o;yS>ft*h>feh.f vDR$ weH.ftHRtwD>fylR zdo.f(5)eH.f qltzDvmf b.foHuGHmf0J'.f(4)*R cDzsdv> w>fqgtHRtCde‹.fvDR$
w>'k;td.xD.ul.ohyn D gudv F XySRuD>y,DRzdwz.t*D> od; oh0Jt*h>f o&.ftl tD.u f .FD pf d pH;b.f0J unD w>fupD.fe‹.fvDR$ wu;b.f w J z sg u'D;0Jv> vHmfwbh.f tzDcd.f urRvdb.f0J (3) vg0HR˜ uuG>f0Jv> uFdzdtw>f'd;pJ;twDRy wD>f0HR vHmfwbh.ftzD cd.f ueDRz;vDR0J vGH>fy wD>f0HR td.f'D; &J.fusJRymf 0J v>ub.fuhRod.fvd p>RuhRw>fe‹.fvDR$ Photo-KIC pH;u'D;0Jv> “yw>frR tcD.fxH; yuvJR'f w>f w>f ' k ; td . f x D . f u l . f o h y D n gud F v > yS R uD > f y ,D R zd w z.f t *D > f ul.fb.ful.foh tusJo uFdtHR od.fvd0J b.fC; Eltod;e‹.fvDR$ v>xH&l>fuD>foJ;t oDcgoh.fwz.f ymfzSd.f f ;J uvH;˜ y,DR˜ w>ftd.fo; uqDwvJo;t*D>f rh>f xD.fo;'D; x>0Jw>frRbl.f tw>fy 'D;cD.zf LF x>.f˜ vHmt f .f0eJ .‹ f y0JwcD yu*kmu f sJ;p>; nd.f rh>f'fod; u'k;td.fxD.f0J ul.foh ,dR˜ 'D;w>f'hoh.fwz.fe‹.fvDR$ uFd vd.b f .D ef >‹ f uFzd w d z.fe.‹ f yDngudF (Knowledge Zone)v> tHR wymft'k.ftq>v> uvkmf˜ rRwkR'k;td.f zsJ.x ySRuD>fy,DRzdv> t[Jtd.fu'kzJ rJ; w>fbl.fw>fbgb.f$ w>fcJG;w>f,mf vDR$ yrRcJtHR wb.fC;'D; xH&l>f qD;w>fvD>f[D.fu0DRoh.fwz.ft*D>f td.fv> ySRv>to;td.frRvdw>fw uD>foJ;b.f$ b.fq.fyrR'fjz.fph.f e‹.fvDR$ uFdtHR b.fw>fp;xD.ftDR zJ z.ftzDcd.f ud;*R'J;'D; ySRv>to; w>fy>>fq>tod;e‹.fvDR$ jz.fph.fw>f f z.f';D t0J y>>fq>tHR tcD.fxH; p;xD.fto; tylRuGHmf vg,lRvH (10)oDteHR td.f (7)eH.f wkR(40)eH.w oh.f Ckx>rRvd0J 'ftw>fo;pJt v>w>ful.fb.ful.fohtCd y0Jph>f e‹.fvDR$
unDw>fupD.w>y&X/vg,lRvH2008eH./ubsH;yR=4
uD; yp;xD.frRtDRv> w>ful.fb.f ul.fohtusJt*h>fe‹.fvDR$” ytd.f'D; w>f&J.fw>fusJR v> uFdzdv> tzsdpd;wz.f yuqS> t0Joh.fv> uvJRrRvdb.fw>fv> xH*kRuD>f*R'ftrh>f ,y.f'D; uD>ftJ; uvH;t*h>f0HR yuvJR'fuFdtywD>f 0HR wkRtuJxD.fzF.fpdrdRuFdt*D>f y td.f'D; w>f&J.fw>fusJRt*h>f udFurH; wHmfw*R pH;0J'.fe‹.fvDR$ uFdtHR yoh.fngb.fv> uFdzdv>t[JxD.fuFdwz.f w>fymfy eD.ftDRv> ub.f[h.f0JvHmfwbh.f tzDcd.f cD.fzFL.fx>.f (300)b;˜ v> u'hvdw>ft*D>f (100)b;˜ vHmft *Rwz.fwbh.f (250)b; pkmfpkmft *h>fe‹.fvDR$ uFdtHR td.fol.fvDRto; zJrJ;qD;w>fvD>f (62) (&J;cFx>.frf 'rfrvH;) TOT vDwJpdusJ'D; ySR v>to;td.f rRvdwz.fqJ;usd;e‹>f ohzJvD'>eD.f*H>f=083 951 8041 085 402 3514˜ 080 688 3699 'D; 089 267 3330 oh.fwz.fe‹.fvDR$