Kartveluri Memkvidreoba I Gagulashvili

ilia gagulaSvili Tqmuleba argonavtebis Sesaxeb ZiriTadi arsis swori gagebisaTvis

apolonios rodoselis `argonavtika~ didi xania sxvadasxva dargis mkvlevarTa KuradGebis centrSia moqceuli. swavlulebi aGiareben, rom Tqmuleba argonavtebis Sesaxeb miTs warmoadgens, magram Tavad ap. rodoselis `argonavtika~ am (da ara marto am) miTze agebuli miTologiur-mxatvruli nawarmoebia (9), romelic gaJerebulia mravali da gansakuTrebiT apolonios rodoselis epoqaSi arsebuli geografiul-eTnografiuli codniTa da warsuli istoriuli sinamdviliT. amjamad praqtikulad SeuZlebelia KovelTvis gaimiJnos es mxareebi nawarmoebSi. aseve SeuZlebelia aGdgenil iqnas `argonavtikis~ avtoris xelT arsebuli zepiri Tu werilobiTi wKaroebi uSualod argonavtebis miTis Sesaxeb. Cemi azriT, SesaZlebelia aGdgenil iqnas mxolod ZiriTadi konturebi am miTisa. dasaSvebad mimaCnia, rom Tqmulebis arqetipSi qveKana, sadac argonavtebi miemgzavrebodnen, ar KofiliKo saxeldebuli aiad (kolxeTad) da berZenTa kolxeTSi pirveli sazGvao kontaqtebis Sesabamisad mogvianebiT daukavSirda aia (6) am Tqmulebas. savaraudoa, rom es procesi ap. rodoselis droisTvis ukve momxdaria da Tavad mwerals ar unda ekuTvnodes aias (kolxeTis) argonavtebis mogzaurobasTan. TumcaGa arsebuli miTosuri masalis safuZvelze da kolxeTze maSin arsebuli geografiuleTnografiuli codnis Sesabamisad ambavTa gadmocemis aseTi Sinaarsi da Tanmimdevruloba, rogoric es `argonavtika~-Sia mocemuli, uSualod apolonios rodoselis Semoqmedebis naKofs warmoadgens. es miT ufro angariSgasawevia, rom Semdgomi drois avtorebi argonavtebis ambis gadmocemisas mas eKrdnobian da misgan amodian. aqedan is sirTule, rac argonavtebis miTis Seswavlisas dgeba mkvlevris winaSe, aGarafers vambob specialur literaturaSi arsebul TviT `argonavtikis~ saTanado adgilebis interpretaciis gansxvavebulobasa da misgan gamomdinare zogJer urTierTsapirispiro daskvnebze. savaraudoa, rom miTi argonavtebis Sesaxeb pirvelsaxiT arc apolonios rodoselis periodSi Kofila daculi (7) da safiqrebelia, rom igi am droisaTvis ukve Jadosnuri zGapris araerTi motiviT iqneboda gaJerebuli. gasaTvaliswinebelia, rom Jer kidev `homerosis epoqaSi argonavtTa Tqmulebis pirvandeli birTvi ukve mTlianad iKo epikurad damuSavebuli~ (1, gv. 15). argonavtTa eposi Jer kidev homerosis epoqaSia ZiriTadi saxiT CamoKalibebuli, romelic droTa ganmavlobaSi ivseboda sxvadasxva epizodebiTa da manamde gancalkevebulad arsebuli Tqmulebebis darTviT (1, gv. 18). amitomac ar gamovricxavT, rom ap. rodosels xelT hqonda ara uSualod miTi argonavtebze, rogorc aseTi, aramed misi epikurad damuSavebuli teqstebi, romlebic, cxadia, gacilebiT axlos idgnen pirvelwKarosTan, magram mainc mis gadamuSavebul literaturul versiebs warmoadgendnen da amas angariSi unda gaewios. safiqrebelia, ap. rodoselma SemoqmedebiTad aiTvisa Tqmulebis epikuri, gadamuSavebuli teqstebi (bunebrivia, epikuri tradicia eKrdnoboda argonavtebis Tqmulebis sxvadasxva versiebs, ris gamoc, unda vifiqroT, sakuTriv argonavtebis miTi an miTis esa Tu is motivi gansxvavebuli redaqciiT aisaxeboda epikur tradiciaSi) da ara uSualod Tavad Tqmuleba, romelic avtoris epoqisaTvis, savaraudoa, sxvadasxva versiebad zepiri tradiciiTac uTuod arsebobda xalxSi, magram Tavad zepiri tradicia ukve garkveulwilad davalebuli iKo Tqmulebis epikuri gadamuSavebis tradiciisagan, radganac es uTuod axdenda zegavlenas Tqmulebis xalxur tradiciaze. argonavtebis miTis zepir Tu werilobiT versiaTa simravlesa da gadamuSavebas ganapirobebda misi popularoba da savaraudoa, rom istoriul warsulSi mas sakraluri mniSvneloba hqonda misi Semqmneli koleqtivisaTvis ise, rogorc aseTi gaxldaT odesGac miTi kldeze miJayvuli gmiris Sesaxeb qarTul garemoSi. `argonavtebis Tqmulebis safuZvelze adreul xanebSi SeTxzuli nawarmoebebi SedarebiT axlos idgnen Tqmulebis pirvandel birTvTan, magram maTgan Zunwi fragmentebi da saTaurebiGa Semogvenaxa. argonavtTa Tqmulebis Tavdapirvel sicxades sakmaod ucvala saxe Jer antikurma tragediam, xolo Semdeg apolonios rodoselis saxelmoxveyilma mwignobrulma poemam _ `argonavtikam~, romelic gavrcelda, Tqmulebis siujetis gadmocemis TvalsazrisiT dakanonda da mermindeli miTografiis upiratesi dasaKrdeni gaxda.~ (1, gv. 14. xazgasma Cemia, i.g.).dasaxuli miznis SeZlebismierad daZlevisaTvis mTavaria is, rom `argonavtika~ ZiriTadad miToszea agebuli, xolo TviT es miTosuri masala berZnulia.

argonavtebis Tqmulebis arqetipSi mocemuli unda gvqonoda ambavi, romlis mixedviTac gmiri miemgzavreba zGvis iqiT mdebare qveKanaSi (es qveKana kunZulzea ganTavsebuli). gmiri am gzaze gadis mraval gansacdels (gamocdas), moipovebs oqros sawmiss (SesaZloa tKveobidan ixsnida mzeTunaxavsac) da brundeba ukan Tavis sacxovrisSi, sadac igi gaxelmwifdeba. aq aGvniSne mxolod is, rac, moGweuli masalis mixedviT, miTis arqetipSi, Cemi azriT, uciloblad iqneboda asaxuli. cxadia, sagulvebelia sxvadasxva motivebis Semcveli erT mTavar ideas (oqros sawmisis mopoveba) damorCilebuli ufro farTo Sinaarsis Semcveli ambis arseboba, magram, rogorc ukve vTqvi, misi aGdgena dGesdGeobiT praqtikulad SeuZlebelia. radganac es miTi baraqianobisa da keTildGeobis gamomxatvel oqros sawmisTan iKo dakavSirebuli. rogorc aGvniSne, mis Semqmnel koleqtivSi mas sakraluri daniSnuleba eqneboda. aqedan gamomdinare, is mkacri SezGudvebi, rac sazogadod aseTi teqstebis SesrulebasTan iKo tradiciulad dakavSirebuli warsulSi. gasagebia, rom gansakuTrebuli mniSvneloba argonavtebis miTs odiTganve hqonda da rogorc movlenaTa Semdgomma ganviTarebam cxadKo es, miTis popularoba kidev metad gaizarda momdevno xanebSi (amas Tavisi mizezebi da safuZvlebi hqonda, rac calke msJelobis sagans warmoadgens). igive bedi ewia kldeze miJayvuli gmiris miTs qarTul garemoSi. desakralizaciis Semdgom argonavtebis Tqmuleba ganicdis SedarebiT swraf cvalebadobas. es cvalebadoba gamoixata ara mxolod misi axali motivebiTa da personajebiT ganvrcobiT (mag., garesamKaros ukeT gacnobisa da codnis gaGrmavebis Sesabamisad gafarTovda moqmedebis gaSlis areali anu Tqmulebis geografia da sxv. ). vfiqrob, miTis arqetipSi argonavtebad ar unda KofiliKvnen dasaxelebulni dGes cnobili berZnuli miTosis personajebi da arc iasonisa da medeas saxelebi iqneboda moxseniebuli miTis pirvandel versiaSi. Kvelaferi es SedarebiT gviandeli SenaZeni unda iKos argonavtebis miTisaTvis. gamomdinare aGniSnulidan, imasac ar gamovricxav, rom miTisaTvis argonavtebis darqmevac meoreuli movlena iKos da es saxeldeba moxda ZiriTadad misi Semdgomi Sinaarsobrivi saxecvlilebis Sesabamisad. Cvenamde swored am saxecvlilma versiam moaGwia (isic sakmaod gadamuSavebuli saxiT), ris gamoc tradiciisamebr argonavtebis Tqmulebad aris igi cnobili da damkvidrebuli. niSandoblivia, rom aias homerosi kunZulis saxeliT moixseniebs, rac SesaZloa miTis im xsovnis anarekli iKos, romlis mixedviT argonavtebma zGvis iqiT kunZulze imogzaures oqros sawmisisaTvis, xolo aias dakavSireba am kunZulTan, rogorc SevniSne, mermindeli etapi Cans da berZnebis kolxeTTan pirveli sazGvao urTierTobebis asaxvas unda warmoadgendes miTSi (5). antikur wKaroebSi `kunZuli~ KovelTvis imas rodi aGniSnavs, rasac Cven dGes vgulisxmobT am sitKvaSi, aramed iseT mxares, romelic zGvasa da mdinareTa Sorisaa moqceuli da gasasvlelad xmeleTis viwro KeliGa aqvs~ (1, gv. 493). am ganmartebis avtori ak. uruSaZe gvarwmunebs, rom kunZulis saxeliT aias moxsenieba dabrkolebas ar qmnis aiaSi kolxeTi vigulisxmoT. asec iKos, argonavtebis TqmulebaSi aia (kolxeTi) `iqiTa~ samKaroa. cnobilia, rom iniciaciis adaTis miTosuri asaxvis tradiciisamebr, gmiri `iqiTa~ samKaroSi unda gadavides, saidanac maradiuli baraqisa da keTildGeobis momniyebeli sagani (oqros vaSli (10), oqros sawmisi, ukvdavebis wKali da sxva misT.) unda wamoiGos da ganaxlebuli saxiT dabrundes Tavis sacxovrisSi. zGapriseuli ganviTareba miTosis am ambisa gmiris gaxelmwifebiT mTavrdeba. gmiri `iqiTa~ qveKnidan mzeTunaxavsac daixsnis (moitacebs), daqorwildeba masze, xelmwifobasac izeimebs. ra Tqma unda, es tipuri qarga miTosuri motivisa `argonavtikaSi~ gadamuSavebuli da ganvrcobili saxiTaa asaxuli (sazogadod cnobilia, rom miTebs ar axasiaTebT didi moculoba). is garemoeba, rom nawarmoebSi dasaxelebulia (savaraudoa, ase iqneboda es ap. rodoselis periodis Tqmulebasa da mis safuZvelze Seqmnil epikur masalaSic, riTac sargeblobda igi) aia, kavkasiis qedze miJayvuli promeTe (8) da sxva. srulebiTac ar aris gasakviri: cnobilia, miTebs axasiaTebT `mkacri~ namdviloba da konkretuli eTnografiuli areali. amas Tuki imasac davumatebT, rom kompilatorma ap. rodoselma `argonavtikaSi~ erT droSi asaxa sul sxvadasxva epoqebSi momxdari ambebi da misi epoqisaTvis isedac saxecvlili miTi gaamdidra mis xelT arsebuli sxva miTebiTa da geografiul-eTnografiuli masaliTa da codniT, gasagebi iqneba amgvar pasajTa moxvedris gza da mizani nawarmoebSi. aravin xdis sadaos kolxeTSi oqros mopovebis ZirZvel tradicias da arc oqros mopovebaSi cxvris tKavis SesaZlo gamoKenebas. magram miTis oqros sawmisisa da cxvris tKavis oqros mopovebaSi gamoKenebis istoriul-eTnografiuli faqtis urTierTdakavSireba, vfiqrob, xelovnuria da masalaze azrobrivi Zaldatanebis naKofs

warmoadgens, rasac ZiriTadad safuZvlad udevs teqstis (oqros sawmisi _ nefeles oqros verZis tKavi _ kolxeTSi, aresis yalaSi xezea dakidebuli) araswori interpretacia. gasaTvaliswinebelia, rom aia (kolxeTi) berZnul miTSi zGviT daSorebuli `iqiTa~ samKaroa (qarTul miTosSi aseTad xan indoeTi (12), xan CeCneTi, xan kidev raa dasaxelebuli. es Cveulebrivi movlenaa miTosSi da mravali xalxis rwmena-warmodgenebSi vlindeba). swored `iqiTa~ qveKnidan moaqvs miTSi gmirs ukvdavebis wKali, oqros vaSli, uleveli puri da Gvino, oqros fanduri da Tasi, `iqiTa~ qveKnidan moasxams oqrosrqian xarebs da a.S. mudmivi baraqisa da keTildGeobis materialuri saxeba (simbolo) sxvadasxva dros sxvadasxva iKo sxvadasxva xalxSi. konkretul SemTxvevaSi berZnul miTSi argonavtebis Sesaxeb igi oqros sawmisis saxiT aris warmodgenili. miTSi asaxul motivebsa da realiebs paralelebi eZebnebaT ara mxolod qarTul da sazogadod, kavkasiur sinamdvileSi. TavisTavad uaGresad saintereso dakvirvebebi qarTul-kavkasiuri istoriul-eTnografiul sinamdvileze da paralelebis daZebna `argonavtikaSi~ asaxul motivebTan da realiebTan ver iqneba erTaderTi da udavo sabuTi imisa, rom berZnul miTSi qarTuli istoriuli warsulis realiebis asaxva Tu arekvla davinaxoT da vamtkicoT.rac Seexeba tim severinis mier ganxorcielebul cnobil mogzaurobas argonavtebis nakvalevze, umTavresad naTelKofaa imisa, rom gvianbrinJaos xanaSi agebuli xomaldiT SesaZlebeli iKo saberZneTidan sazGvao gziT kolxeTSi mogzauroba (11). gamomdinare zemoTqmulidan, vfiqrob, rom argonavtebi, rogorc aseTi, miTis naKofia da Sesabamisad, arc `argoTi~ mogzauroba Semdgara kolxeTSi.

SeniSvnebi: 1. akaki uruSaZe, Zveli kolxeTi argonavtebis TqmulebaSi, Tb., 1964. 2. apolonios rodoseli, argonavtika. Targmani da Sesavali werili akaki gelovanisa. redaqcia, narkvevi, SeniSvnebi da saZiebeli akaki uruSaZisa. Tb., 1975. 3. akaki gelovani, miTologiuri leqsikoni, Tb., 1983. 4. ilia gagulaSvili, qarTuli folkloris miTosuri saxeebi da ZiriTadi motivebi, Tb., 1990. 5. l, -, …=!%ä%" ì, !=. }…ö, *ë%Cåä, , 2. 1, l., 1987, 2. 11, l., 1988. 6. aia gulisxmobs kolxeTis qveKanas da ara qalaqs. es naTlad aris mocemuli `argonavtikaSi~ da damaJereblad garkveulia specialur literaturaSi (ix.: 1, 2, 3, 5 da sxv.). miuxedavad amisa, rig publikaciaSi adgili aqvs sitKva `aias~ qalaqad gaazrebasa da mis quTaisTan dakavSirebis ZaldatanebiT cdebs (ix.: rezo sirbilaZe, quTaisis uZvelesi saxelwodebis etimologiisaTvis. _ `ganTiadi~, 5-6, 1995, gv. 10-16; badri gvencaZe, quTaisis saxelwodebis warmomavlobisaTvis. _ `ganTiadi~, 5-6, 1996, gv. 172-176). savaraudoa, quTaisi momdinareobdes piris sakuTarisaxelidan quTa (es saxeli gvianobamde Kofila SemorCenili svanebsa da megrelTa Soris. bunebrivia, uZveles xanaSi aGniSnuli saxeli gansxvavebulad SeiZleba KofiliKo gamoTqmuli). am varauds qarTuli xalxuri zepirsitKvierebac mxars uyers. 70-ian wlebSi cnobili mxareTmcodne petre yabukianisagan Caviwere xalxuri Tqmuleba, romelic, Tavis mxriv, mTqmels, rogorc Tavad gviTxra, leCxumeli svanebisagan hqonda Turme ganagoni. am Tqmulebis mixedviT quTaisis damaarseblad gamoKvanilia svani, saxelad quTa. gamoricxuli araa, quTaisi niSnavdes `quTas samosaxlos~, `quTas samflobelos, sakuTrebas~. dasaxlebuli adgilisaTvis ama Tu im pirTa saxelis darqmevis tradicia ZvelisZvelia da mas icnobs praqtikulad mTeli kulturuli msoflio. cxadia, igi ucxo ar aris berZnuli miTosisaTvis da saistorio wKaroebisaTvis. 7. amas ufro safuZvlianad cxadKofs is garemoebac, rom miTi argonavtebis Sesaxeb, ise rogorc bevri sxva (maT Soris promeTes miTi) berZnuli Tqmuleba, romelTac didi roli Seasrules elinisturi xelovnebis ganviTarebis saqmeSi, pelasguri warmomavlobis aGmoCnda (, gv. 117-118). 8. `rogorc cnobilia, mosul indoevropelTa brZola winaberZnul mosaxleobasTan berZnul miTebSi GmerTebis banakTa Soris brZolaSia asaxuli. zevsi da misi banakis GvTaebebi a x a l i GmerTebia, romlebic upirispirdebian Z v e l GmerTebs (promeTes, hefestos, makriss)~ (1, gv. 141-142). vfiqrob, dadasturebuladaa miCneuli, rom promeTe winaberZnuli miTosuri saxea. masTan zevsis paeqroba da zevsisgan promeTes dasJa gacilebiT adre aisaxeboda berZnul miTosSi, vidre berZnebi sanaosno gziT aias (kolxeTs) gaicnobdnen da Sesabamisad argonavtebis miTis kolxeTTan dakav-

Sireba moxdeboda. amitom ibadeba azri, rom kavkasiis qedze promeTes miJayva gviandelia berZnul miTosSi da kerZod, argonavtTa TqmulebaSi. Tavad kldeze miJayva dasJilis `iqiTa~ samKaroSi (, …%L ì, !, C%äƒåì…%å ö=!“2"%) Kofnas gulisxmobs miTosSi. am SemTxvevaSi rogorc aia (kolxeTi), ise kavkasiis mTebi berZnebisaTvis `iqiTa~ samKaroa miTosur aspeqtSi. amiranis kldeze (sxva versiiT paloze) miJayva swored `iqiTa~ samKaroSi xorcieldeba qarTul TqmulebaSi (ix.: 4, gv. 46-52, 115-118). 9. ara Tu Cvens welTaGricxvamde III saukunis swavluli poeti apolonios rodoseli, SuasaukuneebSic ki miTologizebuli siujetiTa da motivebiT iwereba epikuri Txzulebebi. Cans, saukuneebis manZilze imdenad Zlieri Kofila uZvelesi tradiciis mqone movlenaTa asaxvis miTologizacia _ warsulSi normad miGebuli _ rom mas angariSs uwevs da xarks uxdis TviT SoTa rusTvelic _ genialuri `vefxistKaosnis~ avtori. 10. maradiuli axalgazrdobis momniyebeli oqros vaSlebi berZnuli miTis Tanaxmad xarobda hesperidebis baGSi (Sdr. bibliur samoTxes, qarTuli Jadosnuri zGapris miTiur baGs), romelic miTis Tanaxmad mdebareobda ukidures dasavleTSi mdinare okeanis napirebTan (hesiodes TqmiT, hesperidebis baGi okeanis miGmaa. zGvis gaGma kunZulze eguleba qarTvel mezGapresac idiliuri baGi). es vaSlebi heram saqorwilo saCuqris saxiT miiGo geasagan. maT Karaulobdnen hesperidebi. vaSlebs icavs urCxuli ladoni (qarTul zGaparSi Jadosnuri baGis mcvelad umTavresad devia gamoKvanili. Sdr. urCxuli icavs oqros sawmiss argonavtebis TqmulebaSi). 11. amasTan dakavSirebiT ix.: tim severini, oqros sawmisi (nawKvetebi axali wignidan `iasonis mogzauroba~). _ `ganTiadi~, 5, 1987, gv. 157-164. 12. ix. `indoeTi~ qarTul xalxur rwmena-warmodgenebSi (4, gv. 126-128). TviT SoTa rusTvelis `vefxistKaosanSic~ ki `indoeTi~ zGapruli qveKanaa, `romelic mkiTxvelis SemecnebaSi, rogorc geografiuli teritoria, droisa da sivrcis arakonkretul ganzomilebaSi rCeba~. _ nikoloz kenyoSvili, `indo~ sitKvis gagebisaTvis `vefxistKaosanSi~. _ `macne~, enisa da literaturis seria, 2, 1987, gv. 93 da Semdgomi. vfiqrob, `indoeTis~ aseTi gageba SoTa rusTvelTan garkveulwilad xalxuri rwmenawarmodgenebidan aris davalebuli.

I. Gagulashvili Towards the Correct Understanding of the Essence of the Myth about Argonauts Summary The myth about Argonauts has not reached our days, but I regard it possible to reconstruct the principle contours of this myth, according to which the character, before becoming a king, goes to the world "beyond", the country of Aeya, which has been ordinarily separated from the real world by the sea. On this way the character undergoes many trials. He gained the necessary symbol of well-being and sacralization – the Golden Fleece (maybe, in the old version of the myth he kidnapped the beauty \\ the bride from the country beyond), and after this he became a king. This is a typical pattern of the mythologized expression of the initiation custom. Thus, the ship "Argo", as such, and,correspondingly, its crew, Argonauts, existed only irreally.