Kartveluri Memkvidreoba I Bregadze

neli bregaZe xorbleulis leqsika da kulturul-istoriuli sakiTxebi akademikosma ivane JavaxiSvilma umniSvnelovanes sakvlev problemad dasaxa kulturis istoria. am problemidan man pirvelxarisxovnad miiCnia mcenareebTan dakavSirebuli sakiTxebis Seswavla, maT Soris, enobrivi monacemebis ganxilva, maTi realuri mniSvnelobis dadgena [1]. akad. iv.JavaxiSvilis fasdaudebeli namoGvawari, gansakuTrebiT, kulturul mcenareTa sferoSi [2; 3], saKuradGeboa ara mxolod SedegebiT; xSir SemTxvevaSi, misi naazrevi aCens axal safiqrals da gvibiZgebs sakiTxTa Semdgomi, gaGrmavebuli kvlevisaken. aGniSnulis magaliTia mosazrebebi, romlebic terminebis _ ZvelTesli da axalTesli _ analizis Sedegad gamoTqva Tavad iv.JavaxiSvilma. man daaskvna, rom isini gamoxatavs, SesatKvisad, pureulis saSemodgomo da sagazafxulo naTesebs da mauwKebelia imisic, rom qarTvelTaTvis Semodgomis naTesi ufro Zveli wesi iKo, gazafxulisa ki _ axali, rom Tavdapirvelad qarTvel ersa da miwismoqmeds xorbleulisa da qrTileulis mxolod Semodgomis JiSebi hqonia da rom sagazafxulo pureuli saSemodgomosTan SedarebiTaa axali Tesli, Torem isic Zv.w. VII s. momdevno xanaSi unda iKos gamoKvanili [2 gv. 406, 408_411]. marTlac, damatebiTi lingvisturi masalis eTnografiulma Seswavlam da semantikurma analizma gamoavlina, rom saqarTveloSi damowmebulma pureulis uZvelesma saxelwodebebma _ Kana, ifqli, puri _ bolo dromde SeinarCuna Semodgomis naTesis mniSvnelobac [4_6]. es faqti adasturebs da ufro sarwmunos xdis akad. iv.JavaxiSvilis mier gamoTqmul mosazrebas, romlis arsi, vfiqrob, ar unda Semoifarglos martoden qarTvelTa meurneobaze msJelobiT da SesaZlebeli unda iKos misi ganzogadeba. aGniSnulis safuZvels iZleva sabunebismetKvelo da humanitarul mecnierebaTa disciplinebis monacemebi, dakavSirebuli ara mxolod saqarTvelosTan. mniSvnelovania, rom uZvelesi marcvleuli mcenareebi: kulturuli xorblis winapari, veluri erTmarcvala xorbali, veluridan kulturulisaken gardamavali anu inicialuri saxeobebi, qarTuli endemebi, maxa da Zvelkolxuri asli, agreTve spelta saSemodgomo pureulebia [7 gv. 28, 31, 93, 225]. xorblis moKvanasTan dakavSirebuli eTnografiuli masala agrobiologiis sferodan gvamcnobs, rom glexebi amJobinebdnen Semodgomaze Tesvas ara marto e.w. orTesla anu ganviTarebis saSemodgomo da sagazafxulo ciklebis mqone pureulis, aramed sagazafxulo JiSebisac ki [7 gv. 72]. kargi Sedegis mqone es xalxuri agroteqnikuri GonisZieba dadasturebas poulobs samecniero literaturaSi, saidanac Cans, rom sagazafxulo JiSebis Semodgomaze daTesvis Sedegad icvleba pureulis fiziologiuri Tvisebebi da morfologiuri niSnebi: izrdeba misi produqtuli dabuCqeba, TavTavis sigrZe, TavTunebis, marcvlisa da masSi Semavali cilebis odenoba, saTesle marcvlis gamosavali, marcvali msxvildeba [8 gv. 140, 141; 9 gv. 12], Cqardeba vegetacia; Kana 5_8 dGiT aswrebs Semosvlas Kvelaze adreul sagazafxulo naTessac ki, rasac mniSvneloba aqvs avadmKofobaTa da mavnebelTagan dasacavad [8 gv. 42; 10 gv. 14, 17]. es ki xels uwKobs maGalmosavlianobas. aseve, CveulebrivTan SedarebiT uxvmosavliania sagazafxulo JiSis Semodgomaze naTesi Kanisagan miGebuli, e.w. ganaxlebuli da kvlav gazafxulze daTesili marcvali [7 gv. 72], rasac mowmobs mecnierTa eqsperimentebic [10]. genetikos-seleqcionerTa cdebisave erTma rigma gamoavlina, rom ori sagazafxulo xorblisa Tu qeris hibridTa STamomavlobaSi miGebulia saSemodgomo formebi [11]. Tanac, sagazafxulo marcvlidan miGebuli saSemodgomo formebi iZleva memkvidrulad mdgrad STamomavlobas [12]. e.w. pureulis gadakeTebasTan dakavSirebulma sxva eqsperimentebma ki cxadKo, rom saSemodgomo marcvleulis sagazafxulod gadakeTeba SedarebiT rTuli da xangrZlivi, 4_5 wliani procesia [13], sagazafxulo JiSebi ki ukve 2 sezonis ganmavlobaSi iZens saSemodgomoobis Tvisebas [9]. Kovelive es unda migviTiTebdes imaze, rom Tavdapirvelad pureulis ganviTarebis cikli, marTlac, saSemodgomo iKo da, amdenad, am geneturi niSnis aGdgena misTvis SedarebiT advilia, vidre ucxo, meoradi Tvisebis _ sagazafxuloobis SeZena. am mosazrebas mxari dauyires genetikosebma [7 gv. 227]. mcenareTa biologiur niSan-TvisebaTa CamoKalibebaSi ganmsazGvrelia bunebrivi garemo. raze metKvelebs es ukanaskneli? pureulis kulturul formebs xom safuZvlad daedo veluri saxeobebi. bunebaSi ki veluri marcvleuli TviTCaTesviT mrav-

ldeboda. SemdegSi adamiansac, Tavdapirvelad bunebis mibaZviT, unda ecada marcvlis daTesva misi SemosvlisTanave. saqarTvelos pirobebSi pureuli (Tu mxedvelobaSi ar miviGebT qersa da maxas, romlebic 1_2 kviriT aswrebs Semosvlas sxva naTesebs) mkaTaTvisaTvis mwifdeba. amdenad, CvenTan verc bunebaSi TviTCaTesili da verc ukve adamianis mier daTesili pirveli pureuli ver iqneboda sagazafxulo. igive iTqmis zogadad pureulis winaaziuri gencentris Sesaxebac, sadac bunebrivi pirobebis SesatKvisad, samiwaTmoqmedo Kofis garijrajze _ rogorc amas gvauwKebs agroklimatologiis monacemebi [14; 15] da paleobotanikosTa daskvnebi [16 gv. 543, 547, 564; 17; 18; 19 gv. 44] _ pureulis moKvana SesaZlebeli iKo mxolod zamTris naleqebis wKalobiT. aGniSnulis dadasturebaa Sumeruli miTic, romlis mixedviT zafxulTan paeqrobaSi imarJvebs `GmerTebis erTguli miwismoqmedi~ zamTari [20]. amazeve metKvelebs Zveli samKaros pureulis GvTaebebis zamTarSi kvdoma da gazafxulze aGorZineba, rac migvaniSnebs zamTris Zilgamovlili naTesebis gazafxulze aGmocenebaze. saKuradGeboa tripoliebSi damowmebuli, xalxis xatovani azrovnebis nimuSebic _ saSemodgomo da sagazafxulo naTesebis gamomxatveli, qalTa ritualuri figurebi, romelTagan saSemodgomos SesatKvisi TariGdeba Zv.w. IV aTaswleuliT, sagazafxulosi ki ufro gviandeli, Zv. w. III aTaswleulisaa [21]. amasve gvauwKebs Zveli civilizaciis qveKnebis pirveli oficialuri kalendrebi (maT Soris, ZvelqarTuli warmarTuli kalendaric), romlebic daefuZna xalxur sameurneo kalendars da romelTa mixedviT Tavdapirvelad weliwadi iwKeboda mzis sazafxulo dadegidan (es TariGi amjamad, precesiebis Sedegad, ivnisSia; aTaswleulebs miGma, Tu Tanamedrove kalendaruli jamTaGricxviT gaviTvliT Tveebs, ivlisze, kidev ufro adre ki agvistoze modioda [7 gv. 167-169]). rac Seexeba aseve ZvelaGmosavlur kalendars, romliTac weliwadi iwKeboda mzis sagazafxulo buniaobidan da romlis SemoGeba (Zv.w. III aTasw.) ganapiroba SuamdinareTis meurneobaSi sagazafxulo pureulis danergvam, igi saSemodgomo kalendarTan SedarebiT, kulturis gviandeli monapovaria. Kovelive zemoaGniSnulis safuZvelze SesaZlebeli Cans akad. iv.JavaxiSvilis mier, lingvisturi masalis analizis Sedegad, gamoTqmuli mosazrebis ganzogadeba da ase CamoKalibeba: kulturul mcenareTa winaaziur gencentrSi, romelSic saqarTveloc Sedis, bunebrivi garemos SesatKvisad, veluri pureulis ganviTarebis cikli saSemodgomo iKo. misma kulturaSi SeKvanam mogvca pirveli da amdenadve, swored, saSemodgomo naTesebi. Tu naTqvami misaGebia, maSin es debuleba xels uwKobs kulturis istoriasTan dakavSirebuli sxva faqtebisa Tu sakiTxebis dazustebasa da garkvevas. saxeldobr: SesaZlebloba iqmneba kulturuli pureulis gencentrebSi mwarmoebluri meurneobis Casaxvis arealis gansazGvrisa vertikaluri zonalobis TvalTaxedviT. esaa saSemodgomo marcvleulis gavrcelebis olqebi, romlebic saqarTveloSi aGwevs zGvis donidan 1500 metramde, rac eTanxmeba kulturuli pureulis gencentrebis mTasa da mTis SuazolSi lokalizaciis Sesaxeb akad. n.vavilovis mier gamoTqmul mosazrebas [22]. es ukanaskneli dadasturebas poulobs agreTve axlo aGmosavleTis adresamiwaTmoqmedo kulturaTa Semswavleli arqeologebisa da paleobotanikosebis naSromebSi [16 gv. 543, 546, 561; 19 gv. 39; 23; 24; 25]. es erTi mxriv, meore mxriv ki, iZleva saSualebas am keraTa geografiuli arealis kidev ufro dazustebisa _ es unda iKos olqebi, sadac adgilobrivi garemos SesatKvisad uZvelesi pureuli (albaT saadreo, anu mokle savegetacio periodis mqone: veluri, maxas tipis, qeri) daaxloebiT mzis sazafxulo dadegisaTvis aswrebda Semosvlas [7 gv. 227]. SesaZlebelia agreTve sxvadasxva vertikalur zonaSi miwaTmoqmedebis etapobrivi gavrceleba-ganviTarebis suraTis dadgena. magaliTad, maGalmTianeTis samiwaTmoqmedod aTviseba SesaZlebeli iqneboda sameurneo Kofis ganviTarebis SedarebiT gvian safexurze _ mas Semdeg, rac gamoKvanili iqna pureulis sagazafxulo JiSebi. CvenSi aseTebia uZvelesi xorbleulis, aslisa da ifqlis, bazaze miGebuli sagazafxulo formebi, maT Soris, mkacrad sagazafxulo saxeoba xorblisa, endemuri dika [7 gv. 26, 52, 52-58]. gamodis, maGalmTianeTic, Tumc ki meoradi, magram mainc saxeobaTa da formaTwarmoqmnis uZvelesi keraa. es faqti ki, mTel rig sxva, maT Soris zemomotanil zogierT monacemTan erTad, safuZvels iZleva darwmunebiT Tqmisa, rom saqarTvelo mwarmoebluri meurneobis Casaxva-ganviTarebis erT-erTi uZvelesi da damoukidebeli keraa da rom am keraSi adgili hqonda saxeobaTa da formaTwarmoqmnis uwKvet process, raSic didi wvlili miuZGvis xalxur seleqcias [7 gv. 92, 238, 241].

debuleba saSemodgomo pureulis pirveladobis Sesaxeb SesaZlebels xdis saxeobaTa warmoqmnasTan dakavSirebuli zogierTi sakiTxis gadawKvetasac, rasac SemecnebiTTan erTad aqvs praqtikuli mniSvnelobac _ saxeobaTa warmoqmnis gzebisa da maTi ganviTarebis istoriis codna xels uwKobs praqtikuli biologiis ganviTarebas, mcenareTa Tanamedrove moTxovnaTa SesatKvisi, gaumJobesebuli saxeobebis gamoKvanas [26]. amJerad ki mxedvelobaSia mecnierTa wreSi kamaTis sagnad qceuli sakiTxi imis Taobaze Tu xorblis or saxeobas _ ifqlsa da dikas _ Soris romeli unda KofiliKo meorisaTvis advilfSvnadobis ganmapirobebeli Q faqtoris gadamcemi. mas Semdeg, rac gairkva, rom saSemodgomo pureulia istoriulad pirveladi, cxadi gaxda, rom sagazafxulo dika ver iqneboda donori saSemodgomo, isic uZvelesi saxeobisa _ ifqlis, romelsac, rogorc sxva monacemebiTac gairkva, Tavad unda mieGo monawileoba dikas CamoKalibebaSi [7 gv. 228_236]. da mainc, rodidan ivaraudeba pureulis sagazafxulo formebis gamoKvana? zemonaxseneb tripolies arqeologiur monapovrebSi damowmebuli sagazafxulo naTesis amsaxveli ritualuri plastikis nimuSebi Cndeba Zv.w. III aTaswleulSi. arqeologiurive masala adasturebs Zv.w. III aTaswleulisaTvis kavkasiaSi daGestnis maGalmTianeTis samiwaTmoqmedod aTvisebas [27]. Tu maGalmTianeTSi kavkasiis teniani hava SesaZlebels xdida sagazafxulo pureulis moKvanas, SuamdinareTSi igive saqmianoba SeuZlebeli Tu ara, ararentabeluri mainc iqneboda adgilobrivi bunebrivi pirobebis gamo (razec zemoT iKo saubari). gamodis, mxolod maGalganviTarebulma sairigacio sistemam SeuwKo xeli iq, swored, marcvleulis sagazafxulo JiSebze damKarebuli miwaTmoqmedebis aGmavlobas [7 gv. 195, 197, 221, 225, 241], rasac Sedegad mohKva ukve Zv.w. III aTaswleulSi axali, e.w. sagazafxulo kalendris SemoGeba. Kovelive es ki mauwKebelia imisa, rom am droisaTvis pureulis sagazafxulo saxeobebi karga xnis gamoKvanilica da KofaSic aTvisebul-damkvidrebuli Kofila. e.i., sagazafxulo pureuli, marTlac, mxolod saSemodgomosTan SedarebiT Kofila `axali Tesli~, Torem isic Soreuli warsulis monapovaria. da kidev erTi, aGniSnulTan dakavSirebuli niSandoblivi faqti _ amave xanisaTvis (Zv.w. III aTasw.) amier-kavkasiaSi ukve damowmebulia saialaGo meurneoba [28]. es ki migvaniSnebs imaze, rom maGalmTianeTis saialaGod da samiwaTmoqmedod aTviseba urTierTdakavSirebuli da sulac urTierTganmapirobebeli istoriuli movlenebia. anu mas Semdeg, rac xalxuri zooteqnikis gonivruli monapovris, dolis vadebis xelovnurad regulirebis, Sedegad SesaZlebeli gaxda mecxvareobis ganviTarebul, saialaGo formaze gadasvla [29], wamoiyreboda maGalmTianeTis samiwaTmoqmedodac aTvisebis aucilebloba, rac kidev erTxel adasturebs CvenSi odiTganve simbiozuri meurneobis arsebobas. aseTia, daaxloebiT, akad. iv.JavaxiSvilis mier xorbleulis saxelwodebebTan dakavSirebiT gamoTqmuli mosazrebis safuZvelze Catarebuli, Semdgomi, CaGrmavebuli kvlevis mokled gadmocemuli Sedegebi.

damowmebuli literatura: iv. J a v a x i S v i l i , Cveni amocanebi enaTmecnierebisa da kulturis istoriis sferoSi. `qarTuli enisa da mwerlobis istoriis sakiTxebi~, Tb., 1956. iv. J a v a x i S v i l i , saqarTvelos ekonomiuri istoria, w. I, tf., 1930. iv. J a v a x i S v i l i , saqarTvelos ekonomiuri istoria, w. II, tf., 1934. n. b r e g a Z e , xorblis leqsikasTan dakavSirebiT. III. `mse~, XX, Tb. 1979. n. b r e g a Z e , xorblis leqsikasTan dakavSirebiT. IV. `macne~, ist.s., #3, 1981. n. b r e g a Z e , sitKvis `Kana~ erTi mniSvnelobis Sesaxeb, `saq.mecn.akad. moambe~, t. 67, #1, 1972. m. `. a ! å ã = ä ƒ å , n÷å!*, C% =ã!%.2…%ã!=-,, c!3ƒ,,, ŠK., 1983. b. k. l å … = K ä å , oøå…,ö/ c!3ƒ,,, ŠK., 1948. b. m. p å ì å “ ë % , m=!C="ëå……%å ,ƒìå…å…,å !%"%L Cøå…,ö/ " %ƒ,ì3þ " öåë . “åëå*ö,,, näå““=, 1956. o. Š. j , K = “ % " , g…=÷å…,å %“å……åã% C!%!=“2=…, “åìå…, " C%ƒä…,. “åìå…å"%ä÷å“*,. C%“å"=. Cøå…,ö/ , ÷ìå… . `"2%!å-. *=…ä.ä,“., nì“*, 1953. Š. j. k å C , … , j ãå…å2,÷å“*%L C!,!%äå %ƒ,ì%“2, Cøå…,ö, `b%!C%“/ ."%ëþö,,, K,%ãå%ã!=-,,, ãå…å2,*, , “åëå*ö,,", l.-k., 1960, “. 149-152. b. o. k = “ * , … , lå2%ä Cå!åäåë*, !%"%L Cøå…,ö/ " %ƒ,ì3þ " “åëå*ö,, %ƒ,ì%L Cøå…,ö/ …= ~ã%-b%“2%*å. ` " 2%!å- .*=…ä.ä,“., q=!=2%", 1961, “. 14. h. t. k ? å … * % , n …=C!="ëå……%ì ,ƒìå…å…,, C!,!%ä/ Cøå…,ö , ÷ìå…åL, p%“2%" …/d., 1956, “.4. l,!%"%L =ã!%*ë,ì=2,÷å“*,L “C!=" %÷…,*, l.-k., 1937. ` ã!%*ë,ì=2,÷å“*,L =2ë=“ l,!=, l.-k., 1972. K. W. B u t z e r , Environment and Archaeology, London, 1972. Wan Z e i s t , The Domestication and Exploitation on Plants and Animals, “DEPA”, London, 1969, p. 45. J. O a t e s , Prehistoric Settlement Patterns in Mesopotamia, London, 1972, p. 299. H. H e l b a e k , Samarran Irrigation Agriculture at Choga Mami in Iraq. “Graq”, vol. XXXIV, part I. q. j ! = ì å ! , h“2%!, …=÷,…=å2“ " x3ìå!å, l ., 1965, “. 164-165. a . ` . p /K = * % " , “ƒ/÷å“2"% ä!å" …,. “ë=" …, l ., 1981, “. 179-180. m. h. b = " , ë % " , hƒK!=……/å 2!3ä/, 2.r, “. 118, 170. Ch. A. R e e d , The Patern of Animal Domestication on the PrehistoricNear East, “DEPA”, London, 1969, p. 361`. J. M e l l a a rt , The Neolithic of Near East, London, 1975, p. 27,30. b . l . l = ““% … , q!åä…= ` ƒ, , d !å"…,L b %“2%*, l ., 1964, “. 62, 69, III, 192. b . k . j % ì = ! % " , o!%,“.%›äå…,å *3ëü23!…/. !=“2å…,L, k ., 1938, “. 3. b . c. j % 2 % " , ÷ , o!%Këåì/ *3ëü23!…%-,“2%!,÷å“*%ã% , .%ƒ L“2"å……%ã% !=ƒ",2, …=“åëå…, ä!å"…åã% d =ãå“2=…=, l ., 1982, “. 150-151. j. u. j 3 ø … = ! å " = , Š.m.)3K,…,ø",ë,, d !å" …,å *3ëü23!/ ~›…%ã% j="*=ƒ=, k ., 1970, “.110. m. ` . a ! å ã = ä ƒ å , hƒ ,“2%!,, …=!%ä…%L ƒ%%2å.…,, "q%%K?å…, ` m c!3ƒ,,,", 2. 88, 12, 1 977.

N. Bregadze WHEAT-RELATED VOCABULARY AND CULTURAL AND HISTORIC PROBLEMS Summary On the basis of linguistic material Academician I. Dzhavakhishvili came to the conclusion that the Georgians primarily used to sow winter crops. Later on the data of humanitarian and natural sciences enabled the author of the present article to broaden the area of the research and to generalize I.

Dzhavakhishvili`s statements to the following: historically, within the limits of the whole South-West Asia genetic centre of cultural plants, wild grains and, accordingly, their cultured initial species were winter crops. Such a conclusion, in its turn, helps to specify and solve a number of problems of history and culture. For instance, it seems possible: 1. To determine the vertical provenance zones of primary cereals; 2. To link agricultural exploitation of highlands (1500-2300 m a. s. l.) with the raizing of spring crops; 3. To assume that in Georgia, one of the most ancient and independent gencentres of cereal crops, an endless process of species and shape formation took place; 4. To solve certain questions in respect of formation of wheat species; 5. To state that in ancient Mesopotamia the prosperity of agriculture, being based on spring sowing was only possible due to highly developed irrigative systems; 6. To identify the epoch of spring crops raizing and introduction into agriculture; 7. To judge on the development of uplands (15002300 m a. s. l.) for stock-raizing and agriculture as being historically interconnected and interstipulating processes, with due regard for longstanding symbiotic character of these branches in Georgian economy.