Kartveluri Memkvidreoba I Buidze

dareJan buiZe h-ºs- prefiqsTa marTlwerisaTvis orpirian gardamaval zmnebSi

h- da s- prefiqsTa sakiTxi didi xania KuradGebas iqcevs qarTvel enaTmecnierTa Soris. msJelobas maTi funqciisa Tu daniSnulebisamebr gamoKenebis Taobaze ukve Zvel gramatikosebTan vxvdebiT, anton I-is gramatikidan moKolebuli, TiTqmis ar Seqmnila qarTuli enis gramatikisa Tu marTlweris sakiTxebisadmi miZGvnili arcerTi wigni, sadac garkveuli Tvalsazrisi ar iKos gamoTqmuli am prefiqsebis Sesaxeb. nawili Zveli gramatikosebisa maT xmarebas aucileblad Tvlida, nawili ki zedmetad miiCnevda, magram maT naazrevSi _ Tu ratom unda akrZaluliKo an dakanonebuliKo am prefiqsTa gamoKeneba, zogJer subieqturi Tvalsazrisi syarbobs obieqturs. es ganpirobebuli iKo imiT, rom Zveli gramatikosebisaTvis h-ºs- prefiqsebis funqcia garkveuli ar iKo. marTlweris wesebs isini aKalibebdnen pirTa raodenobisa da rogorobis gauTvaliswineblad, amis gareSe ki qarTuli zmnis piris niSnebze msJeloba damaJereblobas moklebulia. h-ºs- prefiqsebi mecnierulad Seiswavla ak.SaniZem. man istoriuli da dialeqtologiuri masalis SeJerebiT miGebuli daskvnebis safuZvelze SeimuSava am prefiqsTa marTlweris wesebi, romelic waredgina qarTuli orTografiis sadavo sakiTxebis mosawesrigeblad Seqmnil komisias 1921 wels. am proeqtis Tanaxmad, hae da sani gamoKenebuli unda KofiliKo mxolod rogorc meore subieqturi da mesame obieqturi piris niSani, Tu obieqti brunvaucvleli iKo (a.SaniZe, 1920, gv. 1-3). mkvlevaris azriT, radgan sakiTxi Seswavlili iKo, `davis gadawKveta sul advili~ iKo: unda momxdariKo orTografiaSi reforma, romelic safuZvlad aiGebda naSromSi gatarebul debulebebs (a.SaniZe, 1920, gv. 1-3). miuxedavad imisa, rom naSromis ZiriTadi debulebebi saeyvod ar gauxdiaT, proeqtma mainc didi kamaTi gamoiwvia. garda zemoTdasaxelebuli proeqtisa, ganixiles sami sxva proeqtic: 1. vuk. beriZisa da s. gorgaZisa, romlis mixedviTac h- da s- uarKofil unda KofiliKo rogorc subieqturi prefiqsi meore pirisa Kvelgan da datovebul unda KofiliKo rogorc obieqturi prefiqsi mesame pirisa imave safuZvlebze, rogorc pirveli da meore pirisaTvis m-ani da g-ani ixmareboda, e.i. Kvelgan da KovelTvis, roca obieqti mesame pirSi iKo, miuxedavad imisa, Tu romel brunvaSi iqneboda igi (salit. qarTulisTvis, gv. 27-28). 2. g.axvledianis proetis Tanaxmad, h- da s- unda gamoricxuliKo Kvelgan, sadac isini zmnis Zirs ar ekuTvnodnen. avtori Tavis mosazrebas imiT asabuTebda, rom raki enas axasiaTebs midrekileba am prefiqsTa dakargvisaken (rogorc es a.SaniZis gamokvlevidanac Canda), `azrovnebisaTvis formaTa mravalsaxianobis tvirTis Tavs moxvevas~ gamartiveba sJobda am prefiqsTa uarKofiT. misi azriT, `am simartives moiTxovs mozardis norCi goneba, romlisTvisac gramatikuli analizi oTxsarTuliani wesebisa yeSmariti tanJvaa; amas moiTxovs sxvadasxva dargis mweral-avtorTa interesebi, romelTaTvisac rTul gramatikul analizs savaldebulod ver gavxdiT ise, rogorc filologebisaTvis savaldebulo ar SeiZleba iKos sxva specialur dargTa movlenebis mecnieruli analizi~ (g.axvlediani, 1920, gv. 15-16). 3. k.kekeliZisa, romlis azriTac, h- da s- unda darCeniliKo rogorc mxolod obieqturi prefiqsebi mesame pirisa, roca obieqti (damateba) micemiT brunvaSi idga (saliteraturo qarTulisaTvis, gv. 28). konferenciis masalebSi miTiTebulia, rom komisiam winadadeba misca a.SaniZes, gaemartivebina marTlweris wesebi, magram radgan es ar moxerxda, komitetma ucvlelad datova a.SaniZis proeqti misi pirvandeli saxiT (saliteraturo qarTulisaTvis, gv. 28). dawKebuli aqedan dGemde qarTvel orTografTa damokidebuleba orpirian gardamaval zmnebSi h-ºs- prefiqsTa xmarebis Sesaxeb calsaxaa: es prefiqsebi ar unda ixmarebodes orpirian gardamaval zmnebTan dro-kiloTa arc pirvel da arc meore JgufSi. es wesi nawilobriv iqna gatarebuli 1946 da 1949 wlebSi Seqmnil orTografiul leqsikonebSi, xolo principulad gatarda qarTuli enis ganmartebiT leqsikonSi. arsebiTad imave xasiaTisaa `qarTuli saliteraturo enis normebSi~ dakanonebuli orTografiuli wesebic (normebi, gv. 193). amave wesebs imeorebs calkeul avtorTa mier Seqmnili orTografiuli xasiaTis naSromebi (v.Tofuria, gv. 18-19, g.SalamberiZe, gv. 62; n.basilaia, gv. 72; r.saGinaZe, gv. 46 da sxv.).

magram imave `qarTuli saliteraturo enis normebsa~ Tu marTlweris saxelmZGvaneloebSi aseve calsaxad da aSkarad Cans erTi faqti: miuxedavad mravalgzisi mcdelobisa, `Tanamedrove saliteraturo qarTulSi h- da s- prefiqsebis xmareba mainc mougvarebelia... istoriulad swori formebis xmarebas mainc SemTxveviTi xasiaTi aqvs~ (normebi, gv. 192), rom `Tanamedrove qarTul saliteraturo enaSi Kvelaze met arev-darevas swored am prefiqsebis xmarebaSi vxvdebiT~ (g.SalamebriZe, gv. 62). ZiriTad Secdomad miCneulia is, rom `h- da s- prefiqsebi ixmareba zogJer orpirian gardamaval zmnebTan, rogorc dro-kiloTa pirvel seriaSi, ise meore seriaSic (hklavs _ mohkla, hkrebs _ Sehkriba, sTqva, daswera)~ (normebi, gv. 192). Cveni mxridan davumatebdiT imas, rom es sakiTxi dGesac `aqilevsis qusls~ warmoadgens ara marto araspecialuri, aramed specialuri fakultetebis abiturientTaTvisac. aq bunebrivad wamoiyreba erTi kiTxva: radgan ena aris garkveuli kanonzomierebiT dakavSirebul enobriv elementTa sistema, ramdenad SeiZleba masSi `arev-darevis~ daSveba? enaSi momxdari nebismieri cvlileba (es exeba rogorc saliteraturo enas, ise dialeqtebsac) kanonzomier xasiaTs atarebs da enis Sinagani potenciidan gamomdinareobs. `arev-dareva~ SeiZleba ganxiluli iqnes `rogorc Semfaseblis pozicia gansaxilveli sakiTxis mimarT da ara obieqturi sinamdvile. is faqti, rom h- da sprefiqsebis sayiroebaze adreul gramatikebSive daisva sakiTxi, saqmis arss ver cvlis. am sakiTxis dasma ganapiroba, Cveni azriT, im faqtorebma, rom: es prefiqsebi gamoxatavdnen rogorc subieqtur, ise obieqtur pirebs, da amave dros adreve gauCndaT gaqrobis tendencia _ g a n s x v a v e b u l a d : poziciebis da piris rogorobis mixedviT (rogorc cnobilia, S2-is aGsaniSnavad am prefiqsebs ukve aGar vxmarobT, O3-is aGsaniSnavad ki Jerac gamoiKeneba). problema dadgeboda ara molaparake koleqtivisaTvis, aramed individisaTvis, romelic diaqroniul da sinqroniul planSi warmodgenili mravalferovani suraTis gamo gonebiT da ara qvecnobierad ecdeboda maT gamoKenebas, es ki met-naklebad gamoxatulebas hpovebda saliteraturo enaSi. magaliTisaTvis SeiZleba davasaxeloT erTi faqti: erTpiriani zmnebi, romlebic SeiZleba h-ºsprefiqsebiT iKvnen warmodgenili kaxeTidan gamosuli mwerlebis mxatvrul Tu publicistur nawerebSi, TviTon kaxurSi sruliad samarTlianad uamprefiqsebod ixmareba (ar.martirosovi, gv. 107). zemoT warmodgenili zogadi msJeloba emKareba qarTuli dialeqtebisa Tu samwerlobo enis monacemebs. dGes saeyvod aGar iTvleba is faqti, rom Zvel qarTulSi micemiT brunvaSi dasmuli obieqti gamoixateboda imave niSnebiT, riTac iribi obieqti. Tanamedrove qarTul dialeqtTa umravlesobaSic dadasturebulia es kanonzomiereba, magram xSir SemTxvevaSi isini miCneulia an rogorc iribi obieqtis analogiiT gaCenilad, an Secdomad (ix., magaliTad: gr.imnaiSvili, gv. 218; gr.beriZe, gv. 110 da sxv.). sinamdvileSi ki pirdapiri obieqti qarTulSi iseve aGiniSneboda da aGiniSneba niSniT, rogorc iribi obieqti. morfologiuri da fonologiuri modelebis urTierTobis Sedegad TandaTan moxda am prefiqsTa dakargva garkveul poziciebSi. qarTuli saliteraturo enisa da dialeqtTa mTliani korpusis warmodgenas am TvalsazrisiT statiis moculoba, ra Tqma unda, ver daitevs, magram ramdenime magaliTis moxmobiT vecdebiT vaCvenoT, rom iribi da pirdapiri obieqtebi rogorc dialeqtebSi, ise saliteraturo enaSi erTsa da imave morfofonematur kanonzomierebebs emorCilebian. am TvalsazrisiT ganvixilavT qarTlur da imerul dialeqtebs da ramdenime nimuSs qarTvel mweralTa Semoqmedebidan. qarTluri dialeqti h- ºs- prefiqsTa xmarebis TvalsazrisiT axlos dgas Zveli saliteraturo qarTulis monacemebTan. qarTlurSi micemiT brunvaSi dasmuli pirdapiri obieqti gamoxatulia niSniT rogorc zmniswinian, ise uzmniswino formebSi, Tumca am ukanasknelSi metia piris niSnis 0 alomorfiT warmodgenis SemTxvevebi; magaliTad: an m o h k l a m s da an zed Seakvdeba (dial., 299). g a s y r i a n delamas JoxiT (dial., 312). cxvari m o z Z o v s TavianT balaxsa (dial. 314). korpusSi warmodgenili masalis mixedviT, zmniswinian formebSi mesame piris pirdapiri obieqti niSniT warmodgenilia 38-Jer, niSnis gareSe ki mxolod 14-Jer. uzmniswino formebSi sxva suraTia: 25 SemTxvevaSi forma gamoxatulia niSniT, 41-Si ki _ ara. uzmniswino formebSi niSnis SenarCunebas xels uwKobs enklizia _ damarcvlis kanonzomierebis Tanaxmad, am dros prefiqsi misdevs wina sitKvis xmovans, ris Sedegadac misi SenarCuneba garkveulwilad SesaZlebeli xdeba: i s a  - c r i s (dial.,

274), a r a  - y a m s (dial., 275), cocxiviTa _ kramen (dial., 288) da sxv. qarTlur dialeqtSi h- prefiqsi ikargeba im SemTxvevaSic, roca is iribi obieqtis gamomxatvelia. zmniswinian formebSi iribi obieqti mesame pirSi, umetes SemTxvevaSi, niSniTaa warmodgenili (40-dan 34-Jer), magram gvxvdeba uniSno formebic: rasac S a x v d e b a , yams (dial., 272); miscems im fuls da d a r C e b a Sauri (dial., 297) da a.S. uzmniswino formebSi mesame piris iribi obieqti niSniT warmodgenilia 51-Jer, uniSnod _ 38-Jer. aqac piris niSnis SenarCunebas xSirad xels uwKobs erTi maxvilis qveS sitKvaTa gaerTianeba. guTni bude _ qvian (dial., 273) meti gza aGara _ qonda (dial., 279) Sen lentsa - gavda (dial., 283) da a.S. aranakleb xSirad ikargeba h-ºs- prefiqsebi sampirian zmnebSic. Cveni masalidan sampiriani zmnebi am prefiqsebiT warmodgenili iKo 32-Jer, prefiqsebi dakarguli iKo 27 SemTxvevaSi. warmodgenili masalis simwiris miuxedavad, cxadad Cans, rom qarTlurSi SeimCneva piris niSnebis dakargvis tendencia. am tendenciam dasrulebuli saxe miiGo imerul dialeqtSi, sadac dakargulia ara marto meore subieqturi pirisa da mesame pirdapiri obieqtis niSnebi, aramed mesame iribobieqturi piris niSanic. mTeli korpusidan am dialeqtSi Segvxvda sul 5-ode SemTxveva piris niSnis xmarebisa: g a h K v a marTlac da mivida (dial., 453) d a s w K e v l o s GmerTmao (dial., 453) m i s c a Samfuri (-`Searyo~) _ (dial., 447) d a s c a am biyis siaxloves (dial., 449) ucfaT e s c e m a da akocefs (dial., 454). dialeqtebSi mimdinare procesebi, rac enis globaluri sistemis Taviseburebebidan gamomdinareobs, bunebrivad aisaxeba saliteraturo enaSic. sailustraciod SevarCieT dasavleTisa da aGmosavleT saqarTveloSi dabadebuli ramdenime mwerlis ena, romelic, ra Tqma unda, srul suraTs ver iZleva, magram sakiTxis Sesaxeb garkveul warmodgenas mainc gvaZlevs (Sesaswavlad aGebul iqna arCeul mweralTa nawarmoebebidan nebismieri 30 gverdi). sicxadisTvis kvlevis Sedegebs sqemis saxiT warmovadgenT: d

O 3 piris asaxva qarTul mwerlobaSi

mwerlis

I seria

II seria

gvari niSniani

uniSno

niSniani

uniSno

i. yavyavaZe

11

3

24

14

a. wereTeli

21

17

21

26

m.

18

17

31

9

8

17

11

19

JavaxiSvili r. JafariZe

zemoTmoKvanili masalebis safuZvelze SegviZlia davaskvnaT, rom h-ºs- prefiqsebis akrZalvas mesame pirdapiri obieqtis aGsaniSnad mecnieruli safuZveli ar gaaCnia arc istoriulad (igulisxmeba Zveli qarTuli ena), arc dialeqtologiurad da arc Tanamedrove saliteraturo enis monacemebis mixedviT. mivmarToT TviT qarTuli saliteraturo enis normebis dadgenis saKrden principebs, romelTa mixedviTac xdeba sadavo fonetikur-orTografiuli, morfologiuri da sintaqsuri sakiTxebis gadayra: ori an meti mocile movlenis dros sakiTxi unda gadawKdes imis sasargeblod, romelic: a) ufro gavrcelebulia klasikosTa enaSi; b) gramatikulad kanonieria; g) sxva Tanabar pirobebSi warmoebis principis mixedviT ufro martivia

da mniSvnelobis mxriv _ ufro naTeli. daSvebulia paraleluri formebis xmarebac, Tu isini gramatikulad sistemis TvalsazrisiT Tanabrad kanonieria da xmarebis mixedviTac klasikosebis enaSi arcerTs ara aqvs upiratesoba (normebi, 1986, gv. 8). `qarTuli enis saliteraturo normebis~ principebisa da warmodgenili masalis SeJerebis safuZvelze saukeTeso gadawKvetad migvaCnia paraleluri formebis daSveba pirdapiri obieqtis niSanTan mimarTebaSi, ise rogorc es xdeba irib obieqtTan dakavSirebiT. amiT Tavidan iqneboda acilebuli Zaldataneba ama Tu im formis savaldebulod xmarebiT, rasac Sedegi sabolood mainc ar moaqvs. Sesasworebeli iqneba is debulebac, romelic exeba ramdenime zmnas, rogoricaa gastans, aswevs, gamoscems, gascems... am debulebis mixedviT, aseT zmnebSi piris niSani s- Sexorcebulia fuZesTan da amitom am formebSi s- unda darCes, miuxedavad imisa, rom is arakanonieria (normebi, gv. 202; g.SalamberiZe, gv. 64; r.saGinaZe, gv. 46...). Cveni azriT, am SemTxvevaSi saqme gvaqvs ara elementis fuZesTan SexorcebasTan, aramed morfemis gaqvavebasTan. Sexorceba gulisxmobs, rom esa Tu is morfema kargavs funqcias da fuZis kuTvnilebad iqceva (mag. subieqturi mesame piris -s niSani formebSi. Gir-s-i; mrwam-s-i), xolo gaqvavebis dros xdeba SenarCuneba rogorc Zveli funqciisa, ise Zveli formisa (rogorc, magaliTad, x-ar zmnaSi x- morfemisa). gaqvavebuli morfema Cveulebriv monacvleobs sxva morfemebTan. qarTulisTvis sruliad bunebrivia gavatane da ara gava-stane; sruliad bunebrivia rogorc av-s-wie, ise avwie, aseve: gamovs-cem _ gamovcem. zemoTdasaxelebul magaliTebSi saqme gvaqvs Zveli viTarebis gamovlinebasTan da, maSasadame, sruliad kanonier formebTan. gamoKenebuli literatura 1. g . a x v l e d i a n i , 1920 _ g.axvlediani, hae da sani qarTul zmnebSi (calke gadmonabeydi `ganaTlebis~ ##4-5-dan), Tbilisi, 1920. 2. g . a x v l e d i a n i , 1923 _ g.axvlediani, ori erTsaxe prefiqsi qarTul zmnaSi, `Cveni mecniereba~ #1, Tb. 1923, gv. 97-107. 3. n . b a s i l a i a , 1956 _ n.basilaia, qarTuli marTlweris ZiriTadi sakiTxebi, soxumi, 1956. 4. v . T o f u r i a , 1988 _ v.Tofuria, qarTuli ena da marTlweris zogierTi sakiTxi, II gamocema. Tb., 1988. 5. v . T o f u r i a , 1968 _ v.Tofuria da iv.gigineiSvili, qarTuli enis orTografiuli leqsikoni, Tb., 1968. 6. g r . i m n a i S v i l i , 1974 _ gr.imnaiSvili, qarTluri dialeqti, I, Tb., 1974. 7. a r . m a r t i r o s o v i 1956 _ ar.martirosovi, da gr.imnaiSvili, qarTuli enis kaxuri dialeqti, gamokvleva da teqsti leqsikoniTurT, Tb., 1956. 8. normebi, 1986 _ qarTuli saliteraturo enis normebi, pirveli krebuli, Tb., 1986. 9. saliteraturo qarTulisaTvis _ saliteraturo qarTulisaTvis, proeqti qarTuli orTografiis sadao sakiTxebis mosawesrigeblad, SemuSavebuli saorganizacio komisiisa da miGebuli saswavlo komitetis mier, tfilisi, 1921. 10. r . s a G i n a Z e _ r.saGinaZe, qarTuli marTlwerisa da swormetKvelebis sakiTxebi, quTaisi, 1995. 11. g . S a l a m b e r i Z e _ g.SalamberiZe, qarTuli marTlwera, Tb. 1965. 12. a . S a n i Z e _ a.SaniZe, proeqti orTografiis reformisaTvis (zmnis formebSi haesa da sanis xmarebis gamo) uGvlilebaTa nimuSebis darTviT. calke gadmonabeydi wignidan `subieqturi prefiqsi meore pirisa da obieqturi prefiqsi mesame pirisa qarTul zmnebSi~, Tb., 1920. damowmebuli literatura dial., _ i . g i g i n e i S v i l i , v . T o f u r i a , i . q a v T a r a Z e _ qarTuli dialeqtologia, naw. I, 1961. a. w e r e T e l i _ a.wereTeli, Cemi Tavgadasavali, Txz. sr.kreb. t. IV, 1948. i . y a v y a v a Z e _ i.yavyavaZe, glaxis naambobi, Txz. sr. kreb., t. II, 1950. m . J a v a x i S v i l i _ m.JavaxiSvili, KbaCam daigviana, Txz., t. II, 1970. r . J a f a r i Z e _ r. JafariZe, Jariskacis qvrivi, Tb., 1964.

D. Buidze Towards Orthography of the Prefixes h-║s- in Bipersonal Transitive Verbs Summary

The work discusses the problems of orthography of the prefixes h-║s- with the 3 rd direct objective person. Compared with the data of Old Georgian, the dialects and modern literary Georgian, the problem has been posed comparatively differently concerning the norms of the Modern Literary Georgian Language. Namely: the spelling of the direct object personal markers (h,s) should be regarded as standard and its use should not been prohibited by "The Norms of the Literary Georgian Language".