Journalist Killings 81-2008 | Fmm Publication
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woyia >d;kfha f.dÿre ^>d;khg ,la jQ udOHfõ§ka" udOH fiajlhska iy l,d ixialD;sl lsh % dldÍka&
1981 - 2008 iema;eïn¾
m%ldYkh - ksoyia udOH jHdmdrh
ye¢kaùu
wkq msd;khg ,la jQ udOHfõ§ka" udOH fiajlhska iy l,d ixialD;sl ls%hdldÍkaf.a kï ,ehsia;=j 3' Tjqka ms<sn| flá úia;rhla ) m% O dk fldgig wh;a mq o a . ,hka ms < s n | f;dr;=re ) uQ,dY% tllska muKla wkdjrKh jQ lsysm fofkl=f.a f;dr;=re ) udOH" l,d lghq;=j,g odhl jQ wka;¾ úYaj úoHd, YsIH n, uKav,fha YsIH foaYmd,k ls%hdldÍka ) yÈis wk;=re yd w;=reoykaùï lsym s hlg wod, f;dr;=re ) fjk;a isoaëka lsysmhla 4' >d;khka isÿ ù we;s wdldrh ms<sn| ksÍCIK lsysmhla ^m%Odk ,ehsi; a j = g wod, wh muKla .Kkh i|yd f.k we;'& ) ck jd¾.sl jYfhka >d;k isÿ ù we;s wdldrh ) fCIa;% wkqj >d;k isÿ ù we;s wdldrh ) md;k isÿ ù we;s wdldrh ) m%Odk fya;= wkqj >d;k isÿ ù we;s wdldrh 5' fmdÿ ks.uk lsysmhla
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>d;khg ,la jQ udOHfõ§ka" udOH fiajlhska iy l,d ixialD;sl ls%hdldÍka hkqfjka woyia jkafka ia;S% mqreI fomd¾Yajhu nj uq,skau wjOdrKh l< hq;=h' thg fya;=j" tu jpk ;=< fomd¾Yajhu wka;¾.; jqj;a iudch yd fCIa;%h ;=< meje;s yd mj;sk wdl,amuh wêm;s;ajh ;=< mqreI md¾Yajh muKla isyh s g kef.k NdIduh wêm;s;j a hla mj;sk neúks' >d;khg ,la jQ udOHfõ§ka" udOH fiajlhska yd l,d ixialD;sl ls%hdldÍka .ek f;dr;=re tl;=jla lsÍfï wruqK" woyia ±Ífï" woyia m%ldY lsÍfï yd f;dr;=re ikaksfõokh lsÍfï ksoyi wysñ ùfuka wfma b;sydih ;=< Ôú;fhka jkaÈ f.jkakg isÿ jQjka ms<sn| fidhd ne,Su tl w;lska jeo.;a ksidh' wfkla w;ska" ksoyia woyia ±Íu" m%ldY lsÍu yd udOH yryd ikaksfõokh lsÍfï ksoyi W,a,x>Kh lsÍug fya;= ù we;s ft;sydisl idOl ljrdldr±hs y÷kd .ekSug tu f;dr;=re jeo.;a jk ksidh' tfukau iuyreka >d;kh jQfha udOH Ndú;h ksidu fkdjk kuq;a" Ôj;aj isáhd kï Tjqkg l< yelsj ;snQ ld¾hNdrhg jákdlula §ugo fuuÕska yels jk ksidh' woyia >d;kfha yd udOH u¾okfha oreKq;u wmrdOh mq o a . , >d;khhs ' mq o a . , >d;khka yd ta j dfha wdldrhka fidhd ne,Sfuka" woyia ±Íu" m%ldY lsÍu yd f;dr;=re ikaksfõokh j
jQ iudc foaYmd,k ;;a;ajhka jgyd .ekSugo th bjy,a fjhs' fuu f;dr;=re ix.%yh th ksÍCIKh lsÍug udj;la újD; lrkq we;' thg myiqjla f,i fuys f;dr;=re fm< .iajd we;af;a wod, fCIa;%fha m%ùK;d" fcHIaG;d fyda ckms%h;d jeks ldrKd wkqj fkdj >d;kh jQ j¾I wkq ms<sfj, wkqjh' 1992 jif¾ ksoyia udOH jHdmdrfha wdrïNh;a iuÕ udOH ksoyig t,a, jQ ;¾ck yd udOHfõ§ >d;kj,g tfrysj keÕ+ y~ iy wfkl=;a ls%hdldrlï iuÕ m%n, f,i udOH ksoyi ms<sn| l;sldjla iudch ;=< f.dv ke.=Ks' idys;H" l,d ixialD;sl whs;Ska yd ksoyi fjkqfjkao fmkS isàu tu ksoyia udOH wr.,fhau fldgila f,i f.k lghq;= lr we;' ta wruq K q Tia f ia hñka fuu f;dr;= r e tl;= j g udOHfõ§ka" udOH fiajlhska muKla fkdj l,d ixialD;sl lsh % dldrlïj,g odhl jQ whf.a f;dr;=reo tl;= fldg we;' fï whf.ka iuyre jD;a ; S h udOHfõ§ka" udOH fiajlhska yd l,d ixialD;sl ls%hdldÍka jQy' iuyre fjk;a jD;a;Ska fyda fjk;a foaYmd,k jHdmdrhka iuÕ lghq;= lrñka udOH l,d lghq;=j, fhÿkq wh fj;s' úfYaIfhka W;=re kef.kysr fou< foaYmd,k jHdmdr$lKavdhï ;=< fukau jdudxYsl foaYmd,k jHdmdr ;=< mQ¾K ld,Sk foaYmd,k ls%hdldÍkaf.ka iuyre tajd u.ska m%ldYs; mqj;am;a yd m%ldYkj, mQ¾K ld,Sk udOHfõ§ka yd udOH jD;a;l s hka f,io lghq;= lr we;' ;j;a iuyre iudc idOdrK;ajh yd iduh" iyÔjkh Wfoid lghq;= l< m%.;sYS,S jHdmdr yd iïnkaOj tu woyia iudchg f.k hEfï ks¾udK ld¾hhka yd tald;añlj lghq;= l< wh fj;s' tod fukau wo;a m%dfoaYSh udOHfõ§ka$fõÈkshka" ksoyia udOHfõ§ka$fõÈkshka nyq;rh udOH lghq;=j, fhfokafka fjk;a jD;a;Ska 3
fyda jHdmdrj, fyda fhfoñka h ' W;= f ¾ udOH ixialD;sh fldd;k jed;khg fya;=jk foaYmd,khlg tfrysj" woyia m%ldY lsÍfï whs;sh fjkqfjka fmkS isá" >d;khg tfrysj iduh yd m%cd;ka;%jdoh fjkqfjka fmkS isá" ta fjkqfjka ks¾udK lghq;=j, fhÿkq yd m%isoaO udOH lghq;=j, fhÿkq wh fj;s' ikakoaO foaYmd,k jHdmdrhl YsIH wxYh ksfhdackh lrñka" tu YsIH m%ldYk yd fjk;a 4
ryis.; m%ldYkj,g muKla odhl jQjka neúka ol=fKa isiqka ;sfokd fjku i|yka lr we;' Ôj;aj isáhdkï fCIa;%hg úYd, fiajhla lsÍug yelshdj fmkajQ ;j;a lsysm fofkl=f.a yÈis urK .ek igyklao zyÈis wk;= r e yd w;= r eoyka ù ï lsysmhlg wod, f;dr;=reZ hk ud;Dldj hgf;a igyka fjhs' fjk;a isoaëka lsysmhla f,i i|yka lr we;s fofofkl= iuyr ;efkl udOHfõ§ka yd udOH fiajlhska f,i i|yka ù we;s w;r f;dr;=re fidhd ne,Sfï§ wjika ld,fha Tjqka udOH lghq;j = , kshef,ñka isg ke;' >d;khg fya;=j udOHh fyda woyia m%ldY lsÍfï ksoyi fkdj fjk;au ldrKd nj fy<sfõ' tla yuqod ks,Odßhl= .ek f;dr;=rla fuu fldgigu we;= < ;a lr we;a f ;a udOH wdh;khlg t,a, l< m%ydrhl§ tys wdrCIl lghq;= ksid ñh .sh ksidfjks' uQ , dY% tlls k a muKla wkdjrKh jQ ls y s m fofkl=f.a f;dr;=re hgf;a i|yka jk kï lsysmh m%Odk fldgig we;=<;a lsÍu wmyiq ù we;af;a ms<. s ; yels fojeks f;dr;=re ud¾.hlska tu >d;k ms<sn| ikd: lr .ekSug fkdyels ksidh' tys i|yka lsysm fofkla wkdjrKh ù we;af;a tla ,sÅ; f;dr;=re ud¾.hlska muKs' fou< udOHfõ§ka fofofkla y÷kd f.k we;af;a mqoa., f;dr;=rej,ska muKh' flfia jqj;a ^m%Odk ,ehsi; a j = g we;=<;a& ish¿ fokdf.a Ôú; wysñ ùu idudkH Ôú; iajNdjh wkqj isÿ jQ tajd fkdfõ' fkdje<elaúh yels wk;=re ksid isÿ jQ tajdo fkdfõ' ta ish,a," >d;lhka ljqreka jqjo" Tjqka fkdleue;s fjk;a u;hla orE ksidfjka fyda 5
>d;lhka fkdleue;s woyia m%ldY l< ksidfjka fyda >d;lhka wkdjrKh jk ikakf s õokhl fhÿkq ksidfjka fyda ck;djg hym;a ikakf s õokhl fhÿkq ksidfjka fyda úixuq;shg" úixjdohg iudch ;=< bvlv wysñ lsÍu ksidfjka fyda isÿ jQ >d;khkah' n, wr.,h ksid isÿ jQ >d;khkah' úpdrh fjkqjg wúpdrh iudch fjd;khkah' wysxidjdoh fjkqjg ;%ia;jdoh iudch ;=< Tvq ÿjd hEfuka isÿ jQ >d;khkah' m%;s ;%i; a jdoh" rdcH ;% i a ; jdoh ks i dfjka we;s jQ >d;khka h ' foaYmd,lhkaf.a jxpd" ¥IK" wlghq;=lï fy<sorõ ùug tfrys foaYmd,k l=uka;%Khka ksid isÿ jQ >d;khkah' rfÜ nyq úO;ajh fkd;elSfuka we;s jQ hqoO a h yd hqo jd;djrKh ksid isÿjQ >d;khkah' hqoO a h yd ta wYs%; wlghq;=lï fy<sorõ ùu je<elaùu i|yd isÿ jQ >d;khkah' tys woyi fuu iuyr >d;k udOH yd l,d ixialD;sl Ndú;djka ksidu isÿ jQ tajd fkdjk kuq;a fjk;a u;hla" foaYmd,k woyila ±Íu" ;udg md,kh l< fkdyels hqoaOhg f.dÿre ùu jeks fya;= ksid o isÿ ù we;s njhs' rgl ck;djg jk úm;a iïnka O fhka m% O dk j.lsjhq;a;d rgla md,kh lrk rch jk kuq;a" >d;khka isÿ ù we;s wdldrh" m%foaY yd ld, jljdkq wkqj by; i|yka l< ish¿ wdldrfha >d;k my; i|yka mßÈ fldgia ;=klg j¾. l< yelsh' 1' ckjd¾.sl m%Yk a h$hqoO a h yd ta wdY%; s >d;k ^fou< ikakoaO lKavdhï ìys ùu" wNHka;r >d;k yd lKavdhï w;r >d;k wdÈho we;=<;a& 2' ck;d úuqla;s fmruqK úiska we;s l< NSIKh yd rdcH m%;s NSIKh ksid isÿjQ >d;k 6
3' foaYmd,lhkaf.a l=uka;%K ksid isÿ l< >d;k fï iïnkaO igykla iy md;khka isÿ ù we;s wdldrhka ms<sn| igykla >d;khka isÿ ù we;s wdldrh ms<sn| ksÍCIK z>d;khka lsysmhlaZ hk f;audj hgf;a lD;sfha wjika fldgfia i|yka lr we;' fuu >d;kj,s k a jeäu fldgi is ÿ ù we;a f ;a zckjd¾.sl m%Yakh$hqoaOh yd ta wdY%s; >d;kZ f,ih' m% O dk ,ehs i a ; = j g we;= , ;a >d;kh jQ j ka 109 fokdf.ka 77 lau >d;kh ù we;af;a tu f;audj hgf;ah' NSIK iufha§ ck;d úuqla;s fmruqK úiska >d;kh l< jdudxYslhkaf.ka nyq;rh bkaÿ ,xld idu .súiqug mCI ùu yd ta yryd we;sjQ md;kh jQ jdudxYslhska tla ld;kh ù we;s nyq;rh fou< cd;slhkah' th 109 fokdf.ka 57 fofkls' flfia jqj;a fou< ñksiqkaf.a f;dr;=re ±k .ekSfï" woyia ±Ífï" m%ldY lsÍfï ksoyig ;¾ck t,a, jQ b;sydih b;d lgqlh' ksoyfika miq YS% ,dxlsl b;sydifha oreKq;u woyia u¾okh m%ldYhg m;a jkafka fou< ck;djg tfrysj Tjqkaf.a yoj; n÷ jQ hdmkh mqia;ld,h .sks ;eîfuks' th wyUq isÿ ùula fkdj is;d u;d ie,iqï l< l=uka;%Khla f,i Èh;a l< úkdYhls ' fou< ck;djf.a yoj;;a fud,h;a n÷ jQ tu mqia;ld,fha b;d jákd fmd;a 97000la muK .sksn;a jQ nj jd¾;d úh' 1981 cQks 01 jeksod rd;s%fha isÿ l< tu idyisl wmrdOfhka miq fou< ck;dj b;d fõokdjg;a lïmdjg;a m;a jQy' 7
tmuKla fkdj wdishdfõ jákd;u mqia;ld,hla jQ hdmkh mqia;ld,h .sks ;eîfï isoaêfhka ixfõ§ f,dalhu lïmd úh' mqia;ld,hg .sks ;nd kslïu m,d .shd fkdj fld<ôka .sh foaYmd,k{hskaf.a uerhska tys fldgiska fldgig f.dia fmÜgr,a oud .sks ;enQ wdldrh jd¾;d úh' 1981 jif¾ cQks 04 jeksod hdmkfha meje;aùug kshñ;j ;snQ ixj¾Ok iNd Pkaoh uxfld,a, lEfï wruqfKka uehs 31 jeksod isg ol=fKka .sh ixúOdkd;aul foaYmd,k uer l,a,s fhdod hdmkh .sks ;eîfï ls%hdj,sh Èh;a ù we;' cQks 01 jeksod rd;s%fha mqia;ld,h .sks .kakd wdrxÑh ±k .;a fudfydf;a wyig k.sk .sks ±,a ÿgq fâúâ msh;=ud by,g .;a yqiau iuÕ t;eku weo jeà ñh f.dia we;' t;=ud mqia;dld,h ks;r mßyrKh l< ksrela;sjdÈhl= jQ w;r ta jk úg m¾fhaIKd;aul lD;shla ,shñka isg we;' mqia;ld,fhka Wmßu m%fhdack .;a tys ld¾hd, ld¾h iydhl mÜl=kï kdgH rplhl= yd rx. Ys,amshl= f,io lghq;= l< wfhls' mqia;dld,h .sks ;nkq ÿgq Tyq Wu;= frda.shl= njg m;a jQ nj jd¾;d fõ' fou< ñksidf.a wd;auhu ;=jd, lrñka u¾okh tf,i wuq wuqfõ wdrïN jkafka 1981 isgh' fou< ;reK foaYmd,k lKavdhïj, ke.sàu isÿ jkafka;a tu jljdkqfõh' thska miq jljdkqj fou< ck;djf.a wysñ whs;sjdislï Èkd .ekSfï igk mfil ;sìh§ lKavdhï w;r n, fmdrhla we;s jk ld,hla njg m;a fjhs ' lKa v dhï ;= < m% c d;ka ; % j doh m% Y a k lrkakka urd ±óu" tajdg tlÕ fkdù yer hkakka urd ±óu j¾Okh fjhs' lKavdhï w;r urd .ekSï j¾Okh fjhs' wjidkfha wfkl=;a lKavdhï u¾okh lrñka t,a à àBh n,j;a fjhs ' tfyhs k a uE; 8
b;sydifha oreKq;u woyia u¾okh hdmkfhka wdrïN jQ 1981 jif¾ isg >d;kh jQ mqoa.,hkaf.a f;dr;=re fuu lD;shg we;=<;a fjhs' 1981 jif¾ isg 2008 jif¾ iema;eïn¾ ui olajd >d;k f;dr;=re fidhd .; yels wdldrhg fuys igyka fjhs' YS% ,xldfõ woyia u¾ok b;sydih ft;sydisl rdcH md,k iuhka olajd wE;g úysfokakls' wd.u weoySfï ksoyi yd ta wdYs%; .%ka: ^;,am;aj, ,shQ& mßyrK whs;sh W,a,x>Kh lrñka we;s jk tu u¾okhka fjdaydßl ;siai rc iuh ^ls%'j' 214 - 236& lrd Èfjhs' th we;s jkafka uyd úydrh iy wNh.sßh w;r we;s jk f:rjd§ nqÿ oyu iy uydhdk nqÿ oyu ms<sn| jdoh ksidh' f.daGdNh rc iufha§ uydhdk u; orE NsCIQka yeg kulf.a fjr ,l=Kq ;nd ráka msgqjy,a l< nj;a fmd;a m;a .sks ;enQ nj;a jd¾;d fõ' uyd jxYhg wkqj fï wd.ï weoySfï jdoh ksid ;j;a oreKq Ydia;% yd Ys,am úkdYhlg ,la jkafka uyfika rcq iufha§h' fjr ,l=Kq ;nd ráka msgqjy,a l< NsCIQka ÿgq ix>ñ;% kï uydhdk NsCIqj YS% ,xldjg meñKs uyfika rcq uydhdk oyug keUqre lrjd f.k l< l=uka;%Khlg wkqj tu úkdYh isÿ jk nj b;sydifha lshefõ' ta wkqj uyd úydr jdiS NsCs IQkg a oka fok rg jeishkag ov kshu lrkq ,eìK' ix>ñ;% ysñf.a ñ;% fidaK keue;s weue;sjrhdo yjq,a lrf.k uyd úydrh yd wkqnoaO úydr úkdY lrùug lghq;= l< njo jd¾;d fõ' miqj rcqf.a ñ;% fï>j¾KdNh weue;sf.a uÕ fmkaùfuka rcq kej; uyd úydrh f.dv kexùug lghq;= l< njo rcqf.a tla ìijla uyd úydrh úkdY lrjQ iÕñ;a ysñ iy fidaK weue;s jvqjl= ,jd uerjq njo uyd jxYfha i|yka fõ' miq ld,Skj we;s jQ ld,sx. ud> wdl%uKj,§o fn!oaO 9
.%ka: /ila úkdY l< nj yd fjfyr úydr úkdY l< nj jd¾;d fõ' flfia jqj;a ft;sydisl idOl j, isg woyia u¾okfha uq, rdcH md,lhka wkqkaf.a nyg /jàu" wkau; fkdbjiSu" úixuq;shg bv fkd;eîu jeks ldrKd fukau isú,a yd ndysr wdl%uK njg idCIs we;' l=uka;%Kj,g tys§ uq,a ;ek ,eî we;' m%cd;ka;%jdoh .re lrk úYaj .ïudkhla njg m;ajQ YsIaG iïmkak hehs iïu; f,dalhl l=vd rgla jQ YS% ,xldj ;=< tu YsIaG;ajh wNsnjd jev jiï u¾okhla ;j ÿrg;a j¾Okh ùu lK.dgq odhlh' YsIaG iïmkak rglg fi!Nd.H f.k tkafka ksoyia woyia ñi f.da;j % d§" hqojd§ wúkS;lï fkdfõ' Wodjk iQ ¾ hhd ynr, fld
lsÍug WmldÍ úh' fldd;kh jQjkaf.a f;dr;=re we;=<;a lD;s fukau úúO lD;s /ila f;dr;=re .fõIKhg bjy,a úh' jir oyhl hqla;sh mqj;am;a" m%Odk Odrdfõ udOH wdh;k lsym s hl mqi; a ld," cd;sl mqi; a ld, m%f,aLK fia j d uKa v ,fha mq i a ; ld,h" fou< foa Y md,k mCIj, f;dr;=re ud¾." jdudxYsl foaYmd,k mCI f;dr;=re ud¾. iy fjí wvú /ila f;dr;=re fidhd hEfï§ iydh úh' ta is h ¿ fokdg iy is h ¿ wdh;kj,g wmf.aa f.!rjh iy ia;=;sh ysñfõ' ilia l< fuu ,ehs i a ; = j mßmQ ¾ K tlla úh fkdyelsh' idudkHfhka b;sydih ,shefjkafka y`~la ;snQ" n,hla ;snQ whg jdis iy.; f,i ùu i;Hhls' wjjrm%idÈ; wh" wêm;s u;jdoh ;=< ia;S%ka tu b;sydih ;=< Ôj;a jkafka ke;' ke;skï wvqfjks' fuu fCIa;%h ;=
11
The List of Journalists, Media Workers and Cultural Activists
>d;khg ,lajQ udOHfõ§ka" udOH fiajlhska iy l,d ixialD;sl lsh % dldßkaf.a kï ,ehsi; a j = ^>d;kh jQ j¾Ih wkqj fm< .iajd we;'&
x x
kjr;akï - PdhdrEm Ys,amS - cQks 03 úu,a tia iqf¾kaø - PdhdrEm Ys,amS -Tlaf;dan¾ 26
1981
x
i;disjï YsjYkauq.uQ¾;s ; ^iqkaorï& - udOHfõ§ ckjdß 02
x
rdcr;akï fchpkaøka ^md¾;ka&- udOHfõ§ - cQkswf.daia;= w;r
x
ldjƾ tia' fc.kdoka - f,aLl
x
ks,ka; .=Kj¾Ok - wdf,allrK Ys,m a S -rEmjdyskS - Tlaf;dan¾ 05 f¾Kql w;a;kdhl bxðfkare - rEmjdyskS Tlaf;dan¾ 5 .dñKS chka; - ld¾ñl ks,OdÍ - rEmjdyskS Tlaf;dan¾ 05 jhs' lreKdmd, - ßhÿre - rEmjdysk-S Tlaf;dan¾ 05
1982 1984 1986 1987
x x x
12
x x x x x x
1988
x x x x x x x x x x x
1989
x x x x
l=urhshd lu,odia - uqøKd, fiajl - Tlaf;dan¾ 13 wreK ly|.uf.a - lúfhls Tlaf;dan¾ 19 kkaok udrisxy - l,dlre - fkdjeïn¾ 29 i;Hmd, jkaks.u -f,aLl - fkdjeïn¾ 18 meyer .ekSu fla' tï jdiy¾ - udOHfõ§ tia' kvrdcd - udOHfõ§ úch l=udrK;=x. - l,dlre - fmnrjdß 16 pkaøisß ùrúl%u isxyfiak - wf<ú ksfhdað; uehs 17 Ô' î' .=Kodi - wf<ú iylre - uehs 17 lkaohshd lkaoidñ - udOH wdh;k whs;slre - cQks$cQ,s fykaß muqKqj - udOH fiajl - Tlaf;dan¾ 02 à'î' úfÊiQßh - ixialD;sl ls%hdOr Tlaf;dan¾ 03 fÊ'B' .=Kfialr - f,aLl$mßj¾;l Tlaf;dan¾ 19 ã' tï' ã' pkaøúu, - udOHfõ§ - fkdjeïn¾ 17 tÉ'B' ohdkkao - f,aLl - foieïn¾ 02 tka' iS' tï' biaudhs,a - udOHfõ§ - foieïn¾ tia' fi,ajrdcd - udOHfõ§ ã'tka' tia' m;srK - udOHfõ§ - ckjdß 24 wdkkao kjr;ak - f,aLl - ckjdß 25 î'tï' ùrfldaka nKavdr -ixialD;sl ls%hdOr fmnrjdß 09 tka'Ô fma%ur;ak ^Wmd,s& - ùÈ kdgH rx. Ys,amS fmnrjdß 11 13
x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x
ir;a fifkúr;ak - ùÈ kdgH rx. Ys,amS fmnrjdß 11 fÊ' ta' ffu;S%md, chùr ^f,dl= whshd& - ùÈ kdgH rx. Ys,amS - fmnrjdß 11 .dñKS fiakl nKavdr ^id.r& f,aLl - ud¾;= 06 fla' ;knd,isxyï - f,aLl - ud¾;= 24 iqks,a kjr;ak - udOHfõ§ - ud¾;= à uy,sx.ï - udOHfõ§ - uehs 11 mS'ã' úu,fiak - uqøKd, l
1990
1991
x x x x x
fõ¨ms,af,a wdkkaoka - f,aLl - fmnrjdß 21 fidaims,aff, fkdanÜ fyj;a fvdñksla - f,aLl - uehs 17 fi,aúks;s ;Hd.rdcd -ksoyia x udOHfõÈks$ixialD;sl ls%hdOr - wf.daia;= 26 a = tia' ;s,f a f,kdoka - ixialD;sl lsh % dOr - wf.dai; 26 fla ufkdayrka - ixialD;sl ls%hdOr - wf.daia;= 26
x x
x
1993 1994
x
wekagkS laúkagia m%kdkaÿ - udOHfõ§ - 1993 uehs 02
x x
ta' iNd,sx.ï - f,aLl - uehs 1 lklr;a k ï YS % i a l ka o rdcd ^fla ' tia ' rdc& udOHfõ§ - foieïn¾ 03
1995
x x x x
lreKdr;ak imq;ka;S% -udOHfõ§ - wfma%,a 29 lsru mshfidau - udOHfõ§ - wfma%,a 29 täúka ùrisxy - PdhdrEm uOHfõ§ - wfma%,a 29 tia' tia' .fkaIms,af,a ^jrKshqrka& - .=jkaúÿ,s Ys,amS - wf.daia;= 30
1996 1997 1998
x x
iq§m mQ¾Kð;a - udOHfõ§ - cQ,s 28 lkaohshd .fÊkaøka - udOHfõ§ - Tlaf;dan¾ 27
x
;s r eKdjq l riq ;¾u,s x .ï -mq j ;a m ;a wf<ú ksfhdað; - Tlaf;dan¾ 02
x
IeYS ls%IaKl=ud¾ - ksoyia udOHfõ§ - iema;eïn¾ 29
15
x x x
x x
x x x
x x x x x x
frdayK l=udr - udOHfõ§ - iema;eïn¾ 07 woa n q o rdcd kvrdcd ^rfïIa & - udOHfõ§ fkdjeïn¾ 02 wkqr ms%hka; l=f¾ - wdf,dallrK Ys,amS -whsàtka - foieïn¾ 18 bkaÈl m;a;sksjiï - leurd iydhl - isri foieïn¾ 18 neiaáhka wekagkS ußhodia - .=jkaúÿ,s Ys,amS foieïn¾ 31
1999
fia,shka fmßïnkdh.ï - udOHfõ§$f,aLl iema;eïn¾ 10 ta' tï kshu;=,a,d - udOHfõ§ - iema;eïn¾ 16 uhs,ajdykï ksu,rdcka -udOHfõ§ - Tlaf;dan¾ 19
2000
whshd;=f¾ Ô kfâika - udOHfõ§ - uehs 31 lkaoidñ whsh¾ nd,kvrdÊ - f,aLl - wf.daia;= 16 ,xld chiqkaor - PdhdrEm udOHfõ§ - foieïn¾ 11
2004
O¾ur;akï isjrdï - udOHfõ§ - wfma%,a 28 lkakuq;a;= w¾il=ud¾ - udOH fiajl - cQks 29 f¾,ka.S fi,ajrdcd - udOHfõÈkS - wf.daia;= 12 ã' fi,ajr;akï - - wdrCIl ks,OdÍ - wf.daia;= 29 ta't,a'tï *,S,a ^keÜmsÜáuqfkhs *,S,a& - f,aLl - foieïn¾ 02 fla' kjr;akï - udOH fiajl - foieïn¾ 22
2005
16
2006
x x x x x x x x x x
2007
x x x x x x x x x x x
iqn%ukshï iq.S¾ordcka - udOHfõ§ - ckjdß 24 tia'à .kkdoka -fou< m%jD;a;s iy f;dr;=re uOHia:dkh -fldgialre - fmnrjdß 1 neiaáhka fcda¾Ê iqf¾Ya - udOH fiajl - uehs 03 rdcr;akï rxð;a l=ud¾ - udOH fiajl - uehs 03 ksyd,a ä is,ajd - f,aLl - uehs 27 iïm;a ,laud,a o is,ajd - udOHfõ§ - cQ,s 02 ußhodia ufkdackardÊ - udOH fiajl - wf.daia;= 01 m;a u kdoka ùYdukka o ka - .dhl$ix.S ; { wf.daia;= 02 i;disjï ndialrka - udOH fiajl - wf.daia;= 15 iskak;ïì isjuyrdcd - udOH ysñlre - wf.daia;= 20
x x
mrKsrEmisxyï foajl=ud¾^34& - udOHfõ§ - uehs 28 fudyuâ uyre*a rYañ^31& - udOHfõ§ - Tlaf;dan¾ 06
tia rùkaøka - udOH fiajl - fmnrjdß 12 iqn%ukshï rdupkaøka - udOHfõ§ - fmnrjdß 15 iqYdIa pkaøfndaia - udOHfõ§ - wfma%,a 16 fi,ajrdid rÔõj¾uka -udOHfõ§ - wfma%,a 29 iydfoajka ks,CIka -udOHfõ§$udOH YsIH wf.daia;= 01 weka;kSms,af,a fIÍka is;a;srxcka- udOH fiajl - fkdjeïn¾ 05 jäfõ,a ksu,rdcd ^31&- udOH fiajl - fkdjeïn¾ 17 bidhs ú is fiïms h dka ^iq N dðkS & fldá y~ udOHfõÈkS - fkdjeïn¾ 27 iqf¾Ya ,sïìfhda - fldá y~ - udOH fiajl fkdjeïn¾ 27 à ;¾u,sx.ï - fldá y~ - udOH fiajl fkdjeïn¾ 27 ví,sõ' .=Kisxy - udOHfõ§ - foieïn¾ 05 17
18
2008
uQ,dY% tllska muKla wkdjrKh jQ lsym s fofkla x
fla' tia' r;akisxyï - udOHfõ§ - uvl,mqj 1986
x
à' ohdkkaoka - udOHfõ§ - ;ñì¨ú,a " wïmdr 1985
udOH" l,d lghq;j = ,g odhl jQ wka;¾ úYaj úoHd, YsIH n, uKav,fha YsIH foaYmd,k lsh % dldÍka x x x
moauisß ;S%udú;dk - ks¾udK lrefjls -1988 Tlaf;dan¾ 22 Wmd,s .uf.a - fjä y~ ixialdrl - 1990 ckjdß w;=, fiakdr;ak - fjo isiq y~ ixialdrl - 1990 iema;eïn¾ 17
x
trdjq¾ >d;kfha§ ñh .sh lúhd - 1990 wf.daia;= 11
x
kd.,sx.ï ;Hd.rdcd - udOHfõ§ - uvl,mqj
yÈis wk;=re yd w;=reoykaùï lsym s hlg wod, f;dr;=re
x
fla' mS' Wmfiak - mqj;am;a wf<ú ksfhdað; 1988 uehs 16
x
x
hQ'iS' lreKd;s,l - ydßiam;a;=j - PdhdrEm Ys,amS - 1988 cQ,s 09
x
fk,aika lreKdr;ak -udOHfõ§ - .f,afj, 1988 fkdjeïn¾ 23
x
úfÊisß kdkdhlaldr - udOHfõ§ - u;=.u - 1989 wfma%,a 22
x
ðkfiak lia;=ß wdrÉÑ - udOHfõ§ - ;x.,a, 1989 wf.daia;= 21
x x x x
fjk;a isoaëka lsysmhla x
x
whs ' is ' m% k dka ÿ - mq j ;a m ;a fnod yeÍu ueKslayskak - NSIK iuh ;=<
19
,Skd whsßka ymq;ka;S% - f,aÅld$lsú¢h - 1987 uehs 18 pkaøl=udr úl%ur;ak - lúfhls - 1991 ka miq w;=reoyka l=,isxy - udOHfõ§fla' kkao l=ud¾ - udOH fiajl - 2001 uehs 06 relaIsld m%idÈkS - udOHfõÈkS - 2006 foieïn¾ 19
x x
-1984 fldamar,a fiamd, .=K;s,l - hqo yuqodj-1984 fkdjeïn¾ 03 wdkkao fukaäia - óáhdf.dv jd¾;dlre - 1988 wfma%,a 17 rK;=x. - msgq ie,iqï Ys,amS - NSIK iuh
20
>d;khg ,lajQ udOHfõ§ka" udOH fiajlhska iy l,d ixialD;sl lsh % dldßkaf.a f;dr;=re ^>d;kh jQ j¾Ih wkqj fm< .iajd we;'&
1981 kjr;akï - PdhdrEm udOHfõ§ >d;khg ,lajQ Èkh - 1981 cQks 03 fidhd .; yels jd¾;d wkq j >d;khg ,la j Q ckudOHg iïnkaO;djla ;snQ m%:u mqo. a ,hd" PdhdrEm Ys,amshl= jQ kjr;akïh' 1981 cQks 03 jeksod hdmkfha pqkakdlï m%foaYfha§ fmd,sia fjä ;eîulska Tyq >d;khg ,la fldg we;' cQks 04 jeksod hdmkfha meje;aùug kshñ;j ;snQ Èia;%sla ixj¾Ok iNd ue;sjrKh uxfld,a, lEfï woyiska tjlg n,fha isá rcfha m%n,hskaf.a fufyhùfuka 1981 uehs 31 jeksod rd;s%fha wdrïN l< hdmkh .sks ;eîfï ls%hdj,sh Èk 3la muK ls%hd;aul úh' meje;s m%pKav ls%hdj, W.%u M,h" cQks 01 jeksod rd;s%fha wdishdfõ úYd,;u mqia;ld,h jQ hdmkfha mqia;ld,h .sks ;eîuhs' fou< ck;djf.a yoj;g;a fud
jeä ÿr f;dr;=re ,nd .ekSug tl, tu mqj;amf;a fiajh l< lsisfjla fidhd .ekSu ÿIalrh' tl, ld¾h uKav, PdhdrEm Ys,amSka fkdisá nj jd¾;d jk w;r wju myiqlï hgf;a ,sf;da uqo%K l%uhg mqj;am;a m< fldg we;' .sks ;eîï isÿ jQ tu Èk lsysmh ;=< hdmkh Èia;s%lalfha fmd,sia we¢ß kS;sho ls % h d;a u l ù we;s w;r" PdhdrEm .; ls Í ul§ kjr;akï PdhdrEm Ys,amshd >d;kh jkakg we;ehs woyia fõ' jhi wjqreÿ 40;a 45;a w;r mqoa.,hl= nj lshefõ' Tyqf.a fjk;a f;dr;=rla fidhd .ekSug idCIs ke;'
úu,a tia iqf¾kaø - PdhdrEm udOHfõ§ >d;khg ,lajQ Èkh - 1981 Tlaf;dan¾ 26 >d;kh l< njg iel lrk fojeks PdhdrEm udOH fõÈhd f,i jd¾;d jk úu,a tia iqf¾kaø" ^fidaur;ak úu,a iqf¾kaø& YS% ,xldfõ m%Odk Odrdfõ udOH ;=< fiajh lrñka isáh§ fldd;khg ,lajQ m%:u udOHfõÈhdh' Tyq Èjhsk mqj;amf;a PdhdrEm Ys,amshl= jQ w;r oji" isß,l" ckÈk iy we;a; hk mqj;am;aj,o fiajh fldg we;' fnd/ ,af,a ls%Idka; kï iagQäfhda tl mj;ajd f.k .sh Tyq ;j;a udOHfõ§ ñ;=rka lsysm fofkl= iuÕ tys ldurhl k;r ù isáfhah' 1981 Tlaf;dan¾ ui 26 jeksod tjlg rcfha m%n, wud;Hjrfhl= jQ fcdaka wur;=x. uy;df.a l|dfka msyá s ksji wi, uy mdf¾È Tyq >d;khg ,la úh' yÈis wk;= r la f,i fmkajkakg W;aidy .;a tu >d;kh iel iys; úh' h;=re meÈhlska .uka lrñka isá úu,a tia iqf¾kaø ßh wk;=rlg ,laù we;s nj m%ldY l
fldd;kh isoq jQ iji úu,a l|dkg f.dia we;af;a wod, wud;Hjrhdf.a ìß|f.a {d;s fidfydhqßhl iuÕ újdy ù isá wud;Hjrhdf.a m%n, wdOdrlrejl= jQ Tyq f .a ñ;= r l= f .a wdrdOkdjla ms g Tyq uq K .efikakgh' >d;k ie,iqu tys isg ls%hd;aul ù we;s w;r" wdrCIdj m;d Èj .sh weue;sjrhdf.a ksjfia ñÿf,a§ oreKq m%ydrhlg ,laù weo jegqKq Tyq ll=,a foflka weof.k f.dia mdrg oud we;' fmd,Sish meh 4 la muK Tyq frday,lg fyda /f.k f.dia ke;s nj;a ñh hkakg wdikakfha f.k f.dia we;s nj;a rdjh mq j ;a m ; ta iïnka O fhka l< .fõIKd;aul jd¾;djl i|yka fõ'
23
1982 i;disjï isjYkauq.uQ¾;s ^iqkaorï& - l¾;D" mqÈh mdfohs >d;khg ,la jq Èkh - 1982 ckjdß 02 i;disjï ^iodisjï& isjYkauq.uQ¾;s kï jQ Tyq m%isoaO jQfha ziqkaorïZ hk kñkah' b;sydih ;=< Tyqf.a ku igyka jkafka" mSã; ck;djf.a whs;sjdislï Èkd .ekSfï foaYmd,khla lsÍug lem jQ foaYmd,k ls%hdOrhl= f,i fukau" foaYmd,ksl mqj;am;la wdrïN lr tys l;Dlu orE ksidh' fou< m%cdjf.a whs;sjdislï fjkqfjka igka lsÍu i|yd t,aààB ixúOdkhg tlaù ls%hd l< Tyq" flá l,lskau tys foaYmd,k .uka uÕ .ek ld;kh lr we;' t,aààB kdhl m%Ndlrkau meñK Tyq >d;kh l< nj maf,dÜ wdrxÑ ud¾. m%ldY lrhs'
24
1984
1986
rdcr;akï fchpkaøka ^md¾;ka& - udOHfõ§ >d;khg ,la jq Èkh - 1984 cQks wf.daia;= w;r Èfkl
ldj¨¾ tia' fc.kdoka - f,aLl >d;khg ,la jq Èkh 1986
;S%l=Kdu,fha mkal=,ï .fï jeishl= jQ rdcr;akï fchpkaøka m%isoaêhg m;a jQfha Tyqf.a ienE kñka fkdj zmd¾;ka Z ^Parthen) hk kñka h ' ma f ,dÜ foaYmd,k wxYfha ls%hdldßlhl= jQ Tyqf.a foaYmd,k ku md¾;ka jQ w;r udOHfõÈhl= f,io Tyq Ndú;d lr we;af;a tu kuh' maf,dÜ ixúOdkfha ^;ñ,a B,dï ck;d úuql; a s fmruqfKa foaYmd,k wxYh ^;ñ,a B,dï úvq o f,hs l,yï& u.s k a wdrïN l< zúvq o f,hs Z mqj;amf;a l¾;Djrhd jQfha md¾;kah' uvl,mqfõ isg tu mqj;am; m%ldYhg m;a lr we;' fidhd .; yels maf,dÜ wdrxÑ ud¾.j,g wkqj 1984 cQks wf.daia;= w;r Èfkl uvl,mq f õ l,jxÑl= ä m% f oa Y fha § fmd,Sish u.ska w;a wvx.=jg .;a md¾;ka >d;kh lr we;'
25
fou< idys ; H fCIa ; % f ha W;= r e" kef.kys r yd úfoaY.; idys;Hlrejkaf.a idCIs wkqj ldj¨¾ tia' fc.kdoka m%lg flá l;d lrefjls' Tyq ;ñ,akdvqfõ§ fjä ;nd >d;kh l< mqj; ish¿ fokd ±k isáh;a ksje/È Èkhla .ek lsisfjl=g isys lr .; fkdyel' jir 1986 úh yels njg wkqudk flf¾' fmardfoksh úYaj úoHd,fha ridhkd.dr iydhlhl= f,i fiajh l< Tyq tl, ksjdvqjg ks;r hdmfka hñka Wkkaÿfjka idys;H jev igyka ixúOdkh lsÍfï lghq;= l< nj jd¾;d fjhs' bkaÈhdfõ isg f,a L lhs k a f.ka j d l< idys ; H iïNdIKj,o mqfrda.dñhl= f,i Tyq lghq;= lr we;' tu f,aLl iïnkaO;d yryd Tyq tl, hdmkfha lkalika;=f¾ isg bkaÈhdfõ kd.mÜgkï olajd meh ;=fkka hEug ls%hd;aul jQ fndaÜgqj, ke.S ks;r ;ñ,akdvqjg f.dia idys;H in|;d mj;ajd we;' idys;Hlrejka hdmkhg f.kajd we;' miqj mjqf,a wh;a iuÕ bkaÈhdjg f.dia we;s Tyq tl, tys isg ls%hd;aul jQ fou< igka lKavdhula iuÕ iïnkaO;d mj;ajd we;s njgo jd¾;d fjhs' th Bfrdaia ixúOdkh nj iuyrekaf.a woyi jk w;r tys wNHka;r >d;khla f,i ldj¨¾ tia' fc.kdoka fjä ;nd >d;kh lr we;s nj tla u;hls' hdmkfha lhsÜia ¥mf;a Wmka Tyq miqj
26
wk,;sjq ¥mf;a mÈxÑlrejl= f,i Ôj;a ù we;af;a újdyfhka miq ìß|f.a .fï mÈxÑ ùu ksidh' zldj¨¾Z hkq lhsÜia ¥m;g fouf
1987 ks,ka; .=Kj¾Ok - wdf,dallrK Ys,amS f¾Kql w;a;kdhl - bxðfkare .dñKS chka; - ld¾ñl ks,OdÍ jhs' lreKdmd, - ßhÿre >d;khg ,lajQ Èkh - 1987 Tlaf;dan¾ 05 cd;sl rEmjdyskS ixia:dfõ fiajlhska jQ fuu isõ fokd >d;kh jQfha tlu Èkfha tlgh' cd;sl rEmjdyskS ixia:dj hdmkfha m
27
28
fufia >d;kh jQ ks,ka; .=Kj¾Ok wdf,dallrK Ys,amshl= f,i 1985 È rEmjdyskshg tlajQ ;reKfhls' fldd;khg ,la jQ Èk WoEik úldYk ueÈßfha isg .;a PdhdrEmhls' PdhdrEmfha jfï isg f¾Kql w;a;kdhl" ks,ka; .=Kj¾Ok iy jhs' lreKdmd, isgf.k isák w;r jdäù isákafka .dñKS chka;h'
l=urhshd lu,odia - uqøK hka;% ls%hdlre >d;khg ,la jQ Èkh - 1987 10 13 hdmkfha Wohka mqj;amf;a uqøK wxYfha fiajlhl= jQ l=urhshd lu,odia >d;khg ,la jQfha fI,a m%ydrhlg f.dÿre ùu ksidh' ckjd¾.sl m%Yakhg úi÷ula f,i 1987 cQ,s ui w;aika l< bkaÿ ,xld idu .súiqu W,a,x>Kh lsÍu iema;eïn¾ udifha isgu wdrïN úh' t,aààBh bkaÈhka idu idOl yuqodjg tfrysj fkdfhl=;a ls%hdud¾. .;a w;r Tlaf;dan¾ udih jk úg myr §ug blauka jkafka ljqrekao hk m%Yakh muKla b;sß jk wdldrhg ;;a;ajh j¾Okh ù ;snqKs' Tlaf;dan¾ 10 jeksod m%ydr t,a, jQ w;r ck;dj lsifia;a fkdis;+ wdldrhg ysá yeáfhau fI,a fjä m;s; úh' Tlaf;dan¾ 13 jeksod Wohka mqj;amf;a uqøK hka;% ls%hdldre lu,odia >d;kh jQfha tjeks fI,a m%ydrhlg ,la ùu ksidh' 29
wreK ly|.uf.a ^35&- lúfhls >d;khg ,la jQ Èkh - 1987 Tlaf;dan¾ 19 m%ùK f,aLlhl= jQ mshfiak ly|.uf.af.a ifydaorhd jQ wreK ly|.uf.a o lúhl= úh' úúO mqj;am;aj,g lú ,shQ Tyq rdcH fkdjk ixúOdkhla uÕska m%ldYhg m;a l< zñIkZa kï mqj;am;l o lghq;= lr we;' fldñhqksiaÜ mCIfha idudðlhl= jQ Tyq hqo úfrdaë jdudxYslhl= jQ w;r W.% Okm;s úfrdaOhl= f,i mSä; ck;djf.a me;a; f.k whqla;shg widOdrKhg tfrysj lghq;= lsÍu ksid m%foaYjdiSka w;r ckms%hj isá nj lshefõ' .d,a," wïn,kaf.dv" jErxlegf.dv .fï Wmka Tyq ta jkúg mÈxÑj isáfha wïmdf¾ Wyk m%foaYfhah' mÈxÑ ia : dkfhka ÿr neyer fmdf,dka k rej" msUqr;a;dj m%foaYfha rdcH fkdjk wdh;khl iudc ixj¾Ok ks,Odrshl= f,i lghq;= lrñka isáfhah' wdh;kfhka ,eî ;snQ h;=re meÈfhka l,lg miq f.or weú;a isá Tyq 1987 Tlaf;dan¾ ui 19 jeksod ñ;=rl= yuqùu i|yd msg;a ù we;' wïmdr uykqjr m%Odk ud¾.fha wrka;,dj m%foaYfha 29 jeks ie;mqï lKqj wi,§ yuqod we÷ïj,g iudk we÷ñka ieriqKq lsysm fofkl= úiska Tyq kj;d .kakd wdldrh Tyqf.a h;=remeÈh msgqmiska meñKs ,x.u nia r:fha ßhÿre ±l we;' tu ßhÿreo m%foaYfha ckms%h mqoa.,hl= jQ Tyq .ek ±k isá wfhls' wreK ly|.uf.a kï tu ixfõ§ lúhd fjä ;nd >d;kh lr we;af;a tys§h' t,aààB úiska NsCIQka jykafia,d 31 fofkl= lmd fldgd >d;kh lrk ,oafoa o tu m%foaYfha§ jk w;r th isÿ jQfha cQks ui 02 jeksodh' tfyhska fuu >d;kh t,aààBh úiska lrk ,o >d;khla f,i mss<s.ekSug ,la úh' tfy;a" Tyq b;d <Õska weiqre 30
l<" uykqjr ðj;ajk fcHIaG ksoyia udOHfõ§ ñ;=rl=f.a fukau ;j;a whf.a ielhg wkqj th foaYmd,k >d;khla úh yels nj lshefõ' u.Ska 35 fofkla muK isá nia r:hg myr §ug ;snQ wjia:dj uÕ yer tl ñksil= w,a,d .ekSug t,aààBh lghq;= lrhso hkak tu ielh ;yjqre lsÍug .kakd tla ;¾lhhs'
kkaok udrisxy ^37& - l,dlre 1987 fkdjeïn¾ 29 lúhl=" .S; rplhl= fukau l,d jHdmdr f.dv ke.+ ixfõÈ ñksil= jQ kkaok udrisxy wkqrdOmqrfha bmso wkqrdOmqr uOH uyd úoHd,fhka wOHdmkh ,nd we;' ,dnd, ;reK úfha§u ck;d úuqla;s fmruqfKa foa Y md,khg tla ù tys kdhl úfÊùrf.a lsÜgqjka;hl= ù lghq;= lf
flakaøh wdrïN lfd;k foaYmd,kh úfõpkh lsÍu fukau tys ysgmq kdhlhl= jq Tyqf.a udkjjdÈ foaYmd,kh fkdbjiQ ck;d úuql; a s fmruqfKa >d;k ,ehsi; a j = g Tyqf.a kuo we;=<;a úh' orejka fofokd;a ìß|;a iuÕ Ôj;a ùu i|yd Tyq lfd;lhka fofokd .,algia ;=jlal=jlska fjä ;nd Tyqj >d;kh lr m
i;Hmd, jkaks.u - f,aLl meyer.;a Èkh - 1987 fkdjeïn¾ 18 >d;khg ,la jQ Èkh 1988 ckjdß w. 1987 fkdjeïn¾ 18 jeksod ñoafoksh fmd,Sish u.ska w;awvx.=jg .;a i;Hmd, jkaks.u 1988 ckjdß w. Nd.fha >d;kh l< nj jd¾;d fõ' tu Èkj, ;x.,a, jeáh m%foaYfha mq¿iaid oud ;snQ isrer Tyqf.a njg jd¾;d úh reyqKq úYaj úoHd,fha udkj Ydia;% iy iudc úoHd mSGfha lÓldpd¾hjrhl= jQ Tyq f,aLlhl= f,i m%lg úh' l=, mSvkh ks¾oh f,i úfõpkh lrñka Tyq ;ekQ fõÈld kdgHh z.skafkka Wmka ñksiaiqZ kï úh' Èjhsk mqj;amf;a wgfjks msgqjg ziqks,a úl%uZ kñka úfYaIdx. ,sms ,shk ,oafoa Tyq úisks' yïnkaf;dg ldßhuä;a; .fïÈ 1950 ud¾;= ui Wmka Tyq l,la uyKj isg fmardfoksh úYaj úoHd,fhka o¾Ykh ms<sn| f.!rj Wmdêhla Èkd 32
WmeúÈ úh' ck;d úuqla;s fmruqfKa ys;jdÈhl= f,i m%lg úh' w;a wvx.=jg .;a isiqka ksoyia lrk f,i Woaf>daIKh lrñka mdi,a isiqkao iïnkaO lrf.k reyqKq úYaj úoHd,fha isg ud;r olajd .uka .;a ck;d úuq l a ; s fmruq K fufyhjQ fm<md,s h wjidkfha th wu;d l;d l< m%Odk foaYlhd jQfha Tyqh'
fidhd .ekSu wmyiq kuq;a tl, fou< fiajfha fcHIaG udOHfõ§kaf.a u;lh wkqj bkaÈhdkq idu idOl yuqod iy t,aààB h w;r uq,skau igka werUqkq jljdkqfõ >d;khg ,la ù we;' tfia >d;kh ù we;af;a m%foaYhg jegqkq fI,a m%ydrhlg f.dÿre ùfuks'
1987 fkdjeïn¾ 18 jeksod ksjfia isg úYaj úoHd,hg hEug msg;a ù isáh§ ñoafoksh fmd,Sish uÕska w;a wvx.=jg f.k we;' Tyq ksoyia lrk f,i b,a,d 1988 ckjdß 22 jeksod ish¿ iriúj, wdpd¾hjre tla Èk ixfla; jev j¾ckhlao ld;kh lr mq¨iaid oud ;snQ nj jd¾;d úh'
tia' kvrdcd - udOHfõ§ >d;khg ,la jQ Èkh - 1987
fla' tï jdiy¾ - udOHfõ§ >d;khg ,la jQ Èkh - 1987 1968 § YS% ,xld .=jka úÿ,s ixia:dfõ fiajhg tlaù we;s fla' tï' jdiy¾ cd;sl fou< .=jka úÿ,s fiajfha oCI jev igyka ksYamdolhl= iy Ys,amsfhl= f,i lghq;= lr we;' 1983 cQ,s ui fou< ck;djg tfrysj we;s jQ flda,dy,fha§ Èú fírd .;a Tyq" fldd;khg ,la ù we;' iaÓr jYfhka udih yd Èkh 33
1951 jif¾ isg ^YS% ,xld .=jka úÿ,s ixia:dj fldd;khg ,la úh' th" 1987 jif¾ w;aika l< bkaÿ ,xld idu .súiqu;a iuÕ ,xldjg meñKs bkaÈhdkq idu idOl yuqod hdmkfha wdrCIdj Ndrj isá ld,h jk w;r tu jif¾u Tlaf;dan¾ ui 10 jeksod isg fI,a m%ydr iuÕ .egqï wdrïN úh'
34
1988 úch l=udr;=x. ^43& rx. Ys,amS 1988 fmnrjdß 16 >d;khg ,la jk úg úch l=udrK;=x. YS% ,xldfõ ckms%hu k¿jd fukau ckms%hu jdujd§ keUqrejla iys; foaYmd,k{hdo úh' Ñ;%mg /ilg rx.kfhka odhl ù isá Tyq ck;djf.a ;srfha ùrhd úh' .ehQ .S ; ls y s m fhka u .dhlhl= f,io ;u m% ; s N dj fmkaùug Tyq iu;a úh' tfukau Tyq cd;sjdoh biau;= jQ iudc foa Y md,k jd;djrKhla ;= < wNS ; j ks¾jHdcj ckjd¾.sl iduh iy ckjd¾.sl m%Yakhg foaYmd,k úi÷ula fjkqfjka fmkS isá kdhlhl= o úh' ñks i a iudcfha hq l a ; s h " idOdrK;a j h yd iudk;ajh fjkqfjka l;d l< Tyq m%.;sYs,S ck wr., fjkqfjka ls%hdYS,Sj odhl úh' YS% ,xld uyck mCIfha kdhlhd jQ Tyq ck;djf.a whs;j s dislï Èkd .ekSfï foaYmd,k lsh % doduhla i|yd fndfyda fokdf.a tl;= ùfï Yla;sh úYajdi lrñka tlai;a iudcjd§ fmruqK f.dv k.kakg fmruqK .;af;ah' ±jeka;u ck iyNd.s;ajh iys; Tyqf.a wju.=,a lghq;= isÿ jQfha tu fmruqK ks, jYfhka m%ldYhg m;afldg tys kdhl;ajh Ndr .kakg Tyq iQ±kñka isá fmnrjdß 21 jeksodh' 1988 fmnrjdß 16 jeks o d Wofha " fldd;kh lrkq ,enqfõ ck;d úuqla;s fmruqfKa >d;lhka úisks'
35
újdy ù isáfha miqj rfÜ ckdêm;skh njg m;ajQ pka ø S l d nKa v drkdhl l= u drK;= x . iuÕh' ÈhKshlf.a iy mqf;l=f.a msfhls'
pkaøisß ùrúl%u isxyfiak ^24& - mqj;am;a wf<ú ksfhdað; Ô'î' .=Kodi - wf<ú iylre >d;khg ,la jQ Èkh - 1988 uehs 17 mqj;am;a wf<ú ksfhdað; wdh;khla f,io lghq;= l< je,suv úfÊúl%u fmd;a idmamqfõ mqj;am;a wf<ú lsÍu isÿ l< neúka NSIK iufha >d;k ,ehsia;=jg tho we;=<;a úh' 1988 uehs ui 17 fyda Bg wdikak Èfkl tys lvd jeÿkq ;=jlal=lrejka fmd;a y,g .sks ;nd tys whs;l s rejkaf.a mjqf,a orejl= jQ pkaøisß ùrúl%u isxyfiak ;reKhd iy iydhg isá Ô'î' .=Kodi hk whg fjä ;nd >d;kh lr we;'
lkaohshd lkaoidñ - mqj;am;a whs;slrefjls >d;khg ,lajQ Èkh - 1988 cQks$cQ,s hdmkfha m<jQ m%n,u udkj ysñlï mqj;am; jQ iegfâ ßùõ mqj;am; uqo,a fhdod wdrïN lf
wka ish,a, m< lrkq ,nkafka ol=fKa fld
fykaß muqKqj - udOH fiajl rel="nofollow">d;khg ,lajQ Èkh - 1988 Tlaf;dan¾ 02
;u ck;djf.a mqkre;a:dmk lghq;= i|yd Tyq mj;ajdf.k .sh wruqo,ska fldgila Tjqka w;g .kakg Bfrdaia ixúOdkh W;aidy lr we;' thg tlÕ fkdjQ ksid tu ixúOdkh 1988 cQ,s ui Èfkl kS;s{ lkaohshd lkaoidñ meyer f.k f.dia urd ouk ,o nj jd¾;dfõ'
à' î' úfÊiQßh - ixialD;sl ls%hdOrfhls >d;khg ,lajQ Èkh - 1988 Tlaf;dan¾ 03
iegfâ ßùõ mq j ;a m ; jdrKhg ,la j Q wjia : d ls y s h l§u miq j th h<s wdrïN ls Í ug Tyq f .a odhl;a j h ,eìK' tfy;a wjika j rg jdrKhg ,laùu;a iuÕ Tyqf.a >d;kh;a isÿùu ksid th h<s wdrïN jQfha ke;'
37
jD;a;f s hka we;a; mqj;amf;a uqøKd,fha wl=re weñKqï wxYfha ^composing& m%Odkshd jQ fykaß muqKqj udOHfõÈhl= f,io mqj;am;g ,sms ,sõfõh' tfukau we;a; mqj;am; uqøKh l< YS% ,xldfõ fldñhqksiaÜ mCIfha flda Ü fÜ Èid iNdfõ kdhlhl= f,i jdudxYsl foaYmd,kfha kshe¨kq Tyq m%:u md;kh lrk ,oafoa ìß| iy orejka bÈßmsg§h'
l=reKE., Èia;s%lalfha fmd,ams;s.u Wm Èidm;s fldÜGdYfha fodrfõrej .fï Wmka à'î úfÊiQßh l,dlrejl=" m%.;sYS,S jHdmdrhkayS ls%hdlrejl=" jdujd§ foaYmd,k kdhlhl= úh' ck;d úuqla;s fmruqK úiska >d;kh lrk ,oafoa 1988 Tlaf;dan¾ 03 jeksod WoEik 10'00 g muKh' 1971 ck;d úuqla;s fmruqfKa foaYmd,kh i|yd ish Wiia wOHdmkho lem l< Tyq l,la is r .; ù is g meñK tu foaYmd,kh w;yer ck;d fiajh i|yd úYd, iudc jHdmdr /ilg uq,a jQ flfkla úh' >d;kh jk úg Tyq YS% ,xld uyck mCIfha l=reKE., Èia;%sla kdhlhl= jQ w;r m
wd§ ck;d wr., /ilg odhl fjñka hqla;s.rel iudchla fjkqfjka fmkS isá Tyq l,djg ,eÈ yd l,dj uÕska ck;dj ±kqj;a l< yels nj úYajdi l< flfkla úh' ta i|yd Tyq zùr mqrkawmamqZ ùÈ kdgH lKavdhu wdrïN lrkakg mqfrda.dó úh' iudc idOdrK;ajh i|yd f.k hk igfka§ m%foaYfha ck;djf.a ±kqfï ksïj,¨ mq¨,a lsÍfï wjYH;dj jgyd .;a Tyq .eñhkaf.au W;aidyfhka zf.daa¾ls mqia;ld,hZ wdrïN lrkakg mqfrda.dó úh' rÕmEu fukau fmdaiag¾ we£fï yelshdjo fmkakqï l< Tyq ta ish,a,gu ck;dj ixúOdkh lrñka ls%hdldÍj odhl úh' fuu .uka uÕ fkdbjiQ ck;d úuqla;s fmruqfKa >d;k ,ehsia;=jg Tyqo we;=<;a úh' bvï ke;s wysxil mjq,a tlish .Kklg bvï fnod §fï wjia:djlg iyNd.S ù tñka isáh§ uv.,a, m%foaYfha jk frdol ieÕù isá ;=jlal=lrejka Tyq iy Tyqf.a ñ;=rka ;sfofkl= tlgu fjä ;nd >d;kh lrk ,§'
fÊ'B .= K fia l r ^75& - idys ; HfõÈfhls " mßj¾;lfhls' >d;khg ,la jQ Èkh - 1988 Tlaf;dan¾ 19 hq o a O hg yd hg;a úð;lrKhg tfrys iQ ß hu,a jHdmdrh yryd YS% ,xldfõ fldñhqksiaÜ mCIfha ls % h dldßlhl= jQ fÊ'B .= K fia l r ck;dj w;r m%isoaêhg m;ajQfha Tyqf.a idys;H ks¾udK ksidh' úfYaIfhka
jD;a;sfhka .=rejrhl= jqj;a l;d lsÍfï§ f.d;hla ;snQ neúka Tyq thska bj;a ù mQ¾Kld,Skj .; lfd;kh jk úg ynrlv YS% ,xld fldñhqksiaÜ mCI YdLdfõ f,alïjrhd jYfhka lghq;= lrñka isáfhah' rg mqrd ls%hdldÍ jdudxYslhka iy hqo úfrdaë idu ,eÈ m%.;sYS,Ska >d;kh jQ NSIK iufha" tkï" 1988 Tlaf;dan¾ ui 19 jeksod ;udfoa ksji ;=<§u Tyq ks¾oh ;=jlal=lrejkaf.a b,lalhg f.dÿre úh'
ã' tï' ã' pkaøúu, ^42&- udOHfõ§ >d;khg ,la jQ Èkh - 1988 fkdjeïn¾ 17 jdudxYslhl= jQ mshdf.a wä mdf¾ hñka ,xld iuiudc mCI foaYmd,kh iuÕ ã'tï'ã pkaøúu, ish ;reK Ôú;h wdrïN lr we;' jD;a;sfhka ,xld .ukd .uk uKav,fha fiajlhl= jQ Tyq iuia; ,xld fudag¾ ld¾ñl jD;a;Sh iñ;sfha ls%hdldßlhl= f,io lghq;= lfd;kh jk ld,h jk úg Tyq kj iudc mCIfha foaYmd,k uKav, iNslfhl= f,i mQ¾K ld,Skj lghq;= lrñka isáfhah' tu mCIh uÕska m%ldYhg m;a lrk yrh mqj;amf;a foaYmd,k ,shqïlrejl= f,i fukau wfkl=;a udOH lghq;=j,g odhl ùuo tu mQ¾K ld,Sk foaYmd,k Ôú;hg we;= < ;a úh' fld
m%foaYhhs' 1988 fkdjeïn¾ 17 jeksod" fldd;khg ,la úh' ta jk úg Tyq foore msfhla úh'
tÉ'B' ohdkkao - f,aLl >d;khg ,lajQ Èkh -1988 foieïn¾ 02 ,xld nexl=fõ ks,Odßhl= jQ tÉ' B' ohdkkao udOH l,d CIa;%h w;r m%lg jQfha Èjhsk mqj;am;g Tyq ,shQ ,sms ksidh' Èjhsk Èkm;d mqj;am;g Tyq zjfï l;djZ kñka bÈßm;a l< ,sms ud,dj m%isoaêhg m;a úh' tfukau iqks,a udOj udOHfõÈhd ixialrKh l< ckm%sh zwgfjks msgqjgZ ks¾udKd;aul ,sms iemhQfõh' f,aLlhl= jq Tyq fudksld rejkam;srK lsú¢hf.a kdhl;ajfhka werUqKq iajdëk f,aLl fmruq f Ka iu f,a l ï jrhdo úh' ohdkka o f.a >d;kh;a iuÕ tu f,aLl fmruqK wlS%h úh' ish ìß|g l=¿÷,a orejd ,enqKq wdrxÑh iuÕ ksji n,d hñka isáh§ fldïm[a[ ùÈfha bkaok msßjqïy, bÈßmsg§ fjä ;nd >d;kh lrk ,§' bkaÿ ,xld .súiqï úfrdaë YsIH ixúOdk uÕska úYaj úoHd, ;=< mj;ajk ,o foaYk ud,dj, m%Odk foaYlfhla f,i Tyq lghq;= lrñka isáfhah' ud;r Wmka Tyq orejka mia fofkl=f.ka hq;a mjq,l jeäu,d úh'
41
tka' iS' tï' biaudhs,a ^46& - m%dfoaYSh udOHfõ§ jd,ÉfÉk >d;kh jQ oskh 1988 foieïn¾ ùrflaiÍ iy ;sklrka mqj;am;aj,g jd¾;d iemhQ m%dfoaYSh udOHfõÈhl= jQ tka'iS'tï' biaudhs,a YS% ,xldfõ kef.kysr md;khg ,la úh'
tia ' fi,ajrdcd - udOHfõ§ >d;kh jQ oskh 1988 hdmkfha lkalika;=f¾ m%foaYfha uhs,âä .fï jeis h l= jQ tia ' fi,a j rdcd fldd;kh l< nj jd¾;d fõ' bkaÈhka idu idOl yuqod hdmkfha isá ld,fha Tyq >d;kh l< nj ±k isá wh fj;;a iaÓr jYfhka ld,h .ek f;dr;=re fidhd .; fkdyel' 42
1989 ã' tka' tia' m;srK - udOH fiajl >d;kh jQ oskh 1989 ckjdß 24 jD;a;sfhka yrh mqj;a mf;a fidaÿm;a lshjkafkl= jQ ã' tka' tia' m;srK mqj;amf;a ixialrK lghq;= j,go yjq,a ù we;' tfukau yrh mqj;a m; m%ldYhg m;a lrk kj iudc mCIfha mQ¾K ld,Sk foaYmd,k ls%hdldßlhl= úh' YsIH Ôú;h ;=< úoHd,xldr msßfjfKa YsIH kdhlhl= f,io lghq;= lr we;s Tyq ck;d úuql; a s fmruqfKa ;j;a jdudxYsl ovhula f,i 1989 ckjdß 24 jeks o d >d;khg ,la ù we;' ÈhKshlf.a iy mqf;l=f.a msfhla jQ Tyq fldd;kfhka miq mjqf,a wh ìß|f.a foudmshka fjfik fudKrd., m%foaYhg f.dia we;' Tyq fokshdh m%foaYfha Wmka mqoa.,fhls'
wdkkao kjr;ak - udOHfõ§$f,aLl >d;kh jQ oskh 1989 ckjdß 25 uykqjr k.rfha Wmka wdkkao kjr;ak" kj iudc mCIfha mQ¾K ld,Sk foaYmd,k ls%hdldßlfhla f,i lghq;= lrk w;r tu mCIh u.ska m%ldYs; yrh mqj;amf;a l¾;D uKav, idudðlhl= f,i udOH lghq ; = j , ks h e,S we;' tfuka u lúfhla " l,d úpdrlfhla f,i fukau úfYaIfhka ckjd¾.sl m%Yk a h iïnkaOfhka ixfõ§ f,aLlhl= f,i fndfyda ,sms f,aLk ,shd we;' Tyq úiska ,shk ,o fmd;la 43
cd;sl m%Yakh kñka m< lr we;' fldd;khg ,la jQfha 1989 ckjdß 25 jeksod kqjr ksjig f.dia isáh§h' ksjig meñKs ck;d úuqla;s fmruqfKa ;=jlal=lrejka" kj iudc mCIfha ls%hdldÍ jdudxYslhka jQ wdkkaof.a mshd" ifydaorhska ;sfofkla iy Tyq we;=¿ mia fofkla tlu wjia:dfõ fjä ;nd >d;kh fldg we;' ta jk úg Tyq ;reK újdylfhla úh'
î' tï' ùrfldaka nKavdr ^50& - ixialD;sl ls%hdOrfhls' >d;khg ,lajQ Èkh - 1989 fmnrjdß 09 ùrfldaka uy;a;hd kñka m%lg ùrfldaka nKavdr mCI fNaohlska f;drj .fï m%.;sYS,Ska iuÕ tlaj iudc ixj¾Okh b,lal lr .;a iuc iy fmdÿ jevj,g ls%hdldÍj odhl jQ flfkls' ta ta wjia:dfõ yeáhg úúO foaYmd,k mCI iuÕ iïnkaOj lghq;= l< Tyq yeu úgu ÿmam;a ck;djf.a me;a; f.k lghq;= l< flfkla f,i m%lg úh' lDIsl¾u fomd¾;fïka;=fõ úIhdkqnoaO ks,Odrhl= f,i lghq;= lfd;kh lf
tka' cS' fma%ur;ak ^Wmd,s& - ùÈ kdgH rx. Ys,amS rel="nofollow">d;kh jQ oskh - 1989 fmnrjdrs 11 Wmd,s kñka ljqre;a y÷kd.;a Tyq oCI ùÈ kdgH Ys,amshl= úh' à' î' úfÊiQßh wdrïN l< ;ïnqj ùr mqrka wmamq f.dúmfd;khg ,la úh' Tjqkf a .a kdgH ks¾udK yryd ck;dj w;rg f.k .sh cd;sjdohg tfrys u;jdoh" udkjjd§ yd iudcjd§ wdl,am >d;lhkaf.a úfrdaOhg fya;= ù ;sìK' Tyq foore msfhla úh'
ir;a fifkúr;ak - ùÈ kdgH rx. Ys,amS >d;khg ,la jQ Èkh - 1989 fmnrjdß 11 wújdyl ;reKhl= jQ Tyqf.a m%Odku ld¾hh jQfha ùr mqrkawmamq ùÈ kdgH lKavdhfï kdgH ks¾udK lghq;=j, fh§uhs' ùÈ kdgH lKavdhu fjkqfjka úfYaI jYfhka Tyq lem úh' foaYmd,k mCI iuÕ >Dcq iïnkaOhla fkdue;sj isá Tyq m%.;sYS,S nyqck jHdmdrj, fmdÿ lghq ; = j ,g odhl úh' Tyq f .a >d;khg o fya;=j ùÈ kdgH uÕska ck;dj ±kqj;a lsÍfï fufyjrg odhl ùu nj lshefõ' Tyqo Tyq iuÕ tlu Èkfha >d;khg ,lajQ wfkla kdgH 45
i.hska fofokd fuka udt<sfha lgq.ïfmd< ckmofha Ôj;a jQ flfkla úh'
fÊ' ta' ffu;S%md, chùr - ùÈ kdgH rx. Ys,amS >d;kh jQ Èkh - 1989 fmnrjdß 11 zf,dl= whshdZ hkqfjka m%foaYjdiSka w;r m%isoaêhg m;a orejka y;r fofkl=f.a ;reK msfhla jQ ffu;S%md, chùr o lgq.ïfmd< ckmofha jdih lfd;kh jk úg YS% ,xld uyck mCIfha .%dóh YdLdfõ iNdm;s f,io lghq;= lfd;kh l< Èkfha tu rd;s%fhau ck;d úuqla;s fmruqfKa ;=jlal=lrejka úiska >d;kh lrk ,§'
.dñKS fiakl nKavdr - ixialD;sl lsh % dOrfhls >d;khg ,lajQ Èkh - 1989 ud¾;= 06 È.= l,la ;siafia jdudxYsl foaYmd,kfha kshe¨Kq Tyq tu foaYmd,k m%jdy ;=< m%ldYkj,g ,sùfuka odhl ù we;' 1970 .Kka j , meje;s ryis . ; úma,jjd§ foaYmd,k lKavdhul z.sksmqmqrZ kï mqj;amf;a lghq;= lr we;' Tyq f,aLkfha§ Ndú;d lr we;af;a zid.rZ hk kuhs' l÷lrfha bvï m%Yakh jgd f.dv ke.=Kq zkscìfï .sks ±,aZ fõÈld kdgHhl ùr mqrka wmamqf.a pß;h r.mdñka m%dfoaYSh fõÈldjg msúi we;' >d;k foaYmd,khg ±ä fia úreoaOj y~ wjÈ l< Tyq >d;kh jk úg YS% ,xld uyck mCIfha 46
;reK ixúOdkfha ls%hdldßlfhla úh' ;,aj;a; fyÜáf.or .dñKS fiakl nKavdr jQ Tyq fla' î' by,.u kñka o m%lg úh' 1989 ud¾;= 06 jeks Èk ish ìß|f.a ksjfia isáh§ ck;d úuqla;s fmruqfKa ;=jlal=lrejka w;ska >d;khg ,la úh'
fla' ;knd,isxyï -f,aLl >d;khg ,la jQ Èkh - 1989 ud¾;= 24 l=ud¾ ;knd,a kñka f,aLlfhl= f,i m%ios ê a hg m;ajQ fla' ;knd,isxyï ^ Okmd,isxyï& fjä ;nd >d;kh lrk ,oafoa hdmkfha k,aƾ ure;ä mdf¾§h' tfia Tyq >d;kh jQ nj hdmkfha Wohka mqj;amf;a jd¾;d ù ;snqKo fjk;a lsisÿ úia;rhla fidhd .ekSug iïnkaO;d fidhd .; fkdyel'
iqks,a kjr;ak ^30&- udOHfõ§ >d;khg ,la jQ Èkh - 1989 ud¾;= 1985 - 1990 ld,h ;=< i;sm;d mqj;am;la f,i m%ldYhg m;a jQ yrh mqj;a mf;a uiafl,sh jd¾;dlre f,i lghq;= lr we;s iqks,a kjr;ak kj iudc mCIfha mQ¾K ld,Sk foaYmd,k ls%hdldßlhl= o úh' 1988 isg rg mqrd w;=reoyka ùï jd¾;d jQ w;r kj iudc mCIh tu f;dr;=re tla /ia lsÍfï lghq;= i|yd ish mQ¾K ld,sk ls%hdldÍka fhdojd ;sìK' iqks,a kjr;ako ud;r m%foaYfha w;=reoyka jQjka ms<sn| f;dr;=re fidhd tys lghq;= lrñka isáh§ 1989 ud¾;= ui" rcfha yuqod úiska fjä ;nd >d;kh lr we;s nj jd¾;d fõ' 47
ù' uy,sx.ï - m%dfoaYSh udOHfõ§ >d;khg ,la jQ Èkh - 1989 uehs 11 úY%dñl .=rejrhl= jQ Tyq kS;s{hl= o úh' >d;khg ,la jk úg jhi wjreÿ 62 la muK úh' fldd;kh jk úg whs,kaâ mqj;amf;a fmaÿre;=vqj jd¾;dlre f,i lghq;= lrñka isáfhah' jvudrÉÑ fldÜGdYfha lrjâä m%foaYfha fk,a,swä .fï Ôj;a jQ Tyq orejka ;sfofkl=f.a msfhla úh' fk,a,swä msysá Tyqf.a ksjig meñKs t,aààB ;=jlal=lrejka fjä ;nd Tyqj >d;kh l< nj jd¾;dfõ' >d;kfhka miq mjqf,a wh rg yer f.dia we;'
mS' ã' úu,fiak ^49& - uqøKd, ld;khg ,lajQ Èkh - 1989 uehs 27 1958 § rcfha uqøKd,fha fiajlhl= f,i Ôú;h werUQ mS' ã' úu,fiak" ,xld iuiudc mCIfha jD;a;h S iñ;s ls%hdldßlhl= úh' 1963 § uqøKlrejkaf.a ix.ufha m%Odk f,alï f,i m;ajQ Tyq 1966 § tys iNdm;s;j a hg m;aúh' >d;khg ,lajk ;=re tu ix.ufha iNdm;s ;k;=r ±rE Tyq ,xld iudiudc mCIfha jD;a;Sh iñ;s fmvf¾IKfha f,alï f,io lghq;= lf
merKs hka;% iQ;%j,ska tjeks úYd, lghq;a;la l< fkdyels nj m%ldY lr we;' tjlg jD;a;Sh iñ;sfha f,alï jQ úu,fiak uy;d ifydaor fiajlhka iuÕ idlÉPd fldg ;ukag tu j.lSu Ndr .; yels nj okajd j.lSu Ndrf.k fiajlhka iuÕ Y%udodkhlska hka;% iQ;% o yels uÜgñka w¿;a jeähd fldg fmd;a uqøKh wrUd we;' uq,skau Y; úis mylg fydaä fmd; ,enqfKa tf,ih' miqj tu wvq ñ,g mdi,a fmd;a ,nd §u fkdñ,fha fmd;a ,nd §u olajd jHdma; úh' rel="nofollow">d;kh jk wjia:dj jk úg Tyq fiajh lrñka is á fha iuiudc mCIfha uq ø Kd,h jQ zia g d¾ uqøKd,fhaZ ld;kh lrk ,§' 1940 § ul=¿¥fõ Wmka Tyq >d;kh jk úg jhi 49 la úh'
whsjka chfialr - m%dfoaYSh udOHfõ§ >d;khg ,lajQ Èkh - 1989 cQks 04 YS% ,xld uyck mCIfha wdrïNl idudðlhl= jQ whsjka chfialr uyr.u wdikfha ixúOdhljrhdo úh' idu ,eÈ" jdu jd§ udkj ys;jdÈhl= jQ Tyq fkdfhl=;a foaYmd,k m%ldYkj,g ;u woyka ,shd we;s w;r" zuyr.uZ kñka ;uka úis k a u ixia l rKh l< mqj;am;lao m%ldYhg m;a lrñka isáfhah' tjeks u;OdÍkag tfrys n,fõ. ls%hd;aul jQ wúpdr iuhla jQ jljdkqjl" tkï 1989 cQks ui 04 jeksod ieÕù isá ;=jlal=lrejkaf.a fjä WKavj,ska Tyq >d;khg ,la úh'
49
f;añia .=ref.a ^66& - .=jka úÿ,s iy rEmjdyskS udOHfõ§ >d;khg ,lajQ Èkh - 1989 cQ,s 23 1949 jif¾§ .=jka úÿ,s ixia:dfõ fojeks ksfõolhd f,i thg neÿKq f;añia .=ref.a 1983 § thska úY%du .sfha tys wOHCI ckrd,ajrhd jYfhks' rEmjdysksh fkdue;s tu ld,fha uy ck;djg ióm m%n,;u udOHh jQ .=jka úÿ,shg lïlrejkaf.a y~ f.k wd zlïlre mehZ jev igyk jev lrk ck;dj w;r ckms%h jQ Tyqf.a jev igykls'd;lhska ;enQ fjä WKav mylska Tyq Ôú;CIhg m;a úh' th ck;d úuqla;s fmruqfKa >d;khla f,i ms<s.ekqkq w;r miq ld,Skj fjk;a iel ixldo we;s ù ;sfí'
50
fma%ulS¾;s o w,aúia ^42& - udOHfõÈ iy .S; rpl >d;khg ,lajQ Èkh - 1989 cQ,s 31 1947 cQks ui 3 jeksod fldd;khg ,lajk úg m%DjD;a;s yd ld,Sk jev igyka iïmdoljrfhl= f,i lghq;= lrñka isáfhah' 1989 cQ,s ui 31 jeksod we¢ß kS;sh n,meje;ajqKq we¢ß rd;s%fha wú w;g .;a ;reKhska msßila meñK n,y;aldrfhka ksjiska ?f.k .sh Tyqf.a ksi, foayh miqod WoEik ksjig kqÿre fojela wi,§ yuq úh' fjä myr ;=klska ta jk úg isg ckms%hu úoaHq;a udOHfõÈhl= jQ Tyqf.a uqLß uqj" ioygu ksy~ lr ;snK q 's >d;kfhys j.lSu" foaYfm%ñ a ck;d jHdmdrh uÕska Ndr .kakd nj okajk fmdaig a ¾ lsym s hla fydaud.u m%foaYfha w,jd ;sìK' foore mshl= jQ Tyq ñh hk úg mÈxÑj isáfha fydaud.u" lgqjdk mdf¾ l=vd l=,S ksjilh' nexl= .sKf q uys b;sßj ;snf q Ka remsh,a 1717 Y; 14 la nj jd¾;d úh' wdkkao úoHd,fha iÕrd ixialrKfhka udOHfhys w;afmd;a ;enQfõh' 1961 §
51
.=jka úÿ,shg iïnkaO ù lghq;= l< jir 25 ;=< fm!oa.,sl Ôú;h Tiafia;"a foaYmd,k fmr<s Tiafia;a fkdfhl=;a ÿlaL fodaukiaihkago Tyq uqyK q ÿkafkah' 1969 isg 1977 ld,h ;=< Tyq fodfKh jQ ck;d úuqla;s fmruqfKa NSIK iufha urK ;¾ck fkd;ld ish udOH rdcldßfha kshe¨Kq Tyq NSIKfha f.dÿrla njg m;a úh'
l=,isß wur;=x. - udOHfõ§ >d;khg ,lajQ Èkh - 1989 wf.daia;= 11 YS% ,xld .=jka úÿ,s ixia:dfõ È.= l,la fiajh l< udOHfõÈhl= l=,isß wur;=x. l,la ráka msgj udOH lghq ; = j , ks h e,S wdmiq meñK YS % ,xld cd;s l rEmjdyskS ixia:dfõ WmfoaYl m%jD;a;s ixialdrl OQrh Ndr f.k we;af;a iNdm;sjrhdf.a wdrdOkdjla wkqjh' isxy, iy bx.S%is NdId foflkau udOH yeisrùfï oCIhl= jQ Tyq 1988 - 1989 NSIK ld,fha rEmjdyskS m%jD;a;s úldYh úkdä lsysmhlg fyda mj;ajdf.k hEug W;aidy l< flfkla f,i jd¾;d fõ' rdcH udOH ;=< fiajh lsÍu" m%jD;a;s lshùu 52
ck;d úuqla;s fmruqfKa urK o~qju ,eîug fya;= jQ tu Èkj, ckms % h udOHfõ§ka ls y s m fofkl= u >d;khg ,la ù isáhy' rEmjdyskS ixia:dfõ iy .=jka úÿ,s ixia:dfõ fiajhlhka jevg tkakg ìh ù isáhy' rEmjdysksfha fmkS isákakg úfYaIfhka ìh jQy' tl, m%jD;a;s wxYfha j.lSï ±rE Tyq m%jD;a;s úldYh mj;ajd f.k hkakg ±ä W;aidyhla .;a nj iuld,Skfhda mji;s' fld
id.ßld f.dauia ^28& - udOHfõÈkS" .dhk iy rx. Ys,amskS >d;khg ,lajQ Èkh - 1989 iema;eïn¾ 18 1961 Tlaf;dan¾ 19 jeksod fld
YS% ,xld .=jka úÿ,s ixia:dfõd;kh ck;d úuqla;s fmruqK úiska isÿ lrkakg we;s njg iel l< w;r l=,S uer msßila úiska lrkakg we;s njg m%n, ielhlao we;s úh'
54
rdðKS rdcisxyï ;srdK.u ^35& - f,aÅld iy ksoyia udOHfõÈkS >d;khg ,lajQ Èkh - 1989 iema;eïn¾ 21 >d;k foaYmd,hg tfrysj wNS;j ;u woyia m< l< rdðKS rdcisxyï ;srdK.u úúO m%ldYkj,g ;u woyia ,shQ f,aÅldjls' hdmkh úYaj úoHd,fha udkj ysñlï ms<sn| wdpd¾hjrekaf.a ix.uh iïmdokh l< ì÷Kq ;,a rel lD;sfha iu l¾;Djßho fjhs' tys bÈß fm< ls%hdldßkshl jQ weh ;u ck;djf.a úuql; a h s fjkqjg woyia m< l< fkdyels" úiïuq;h s g" úúO;ajh bv ke;s >d;k foaYmd,k ixialD;shg tfrys jQjdh' wehf.a Wmka .u jQ hdmkfha muKla fkdj ol=fKa udkj ysñlï yd ia;S% whs;sjdislï ls % h dldÍka w;r fuka u ixia l D;s l fCIa ; % f ha m% . ;s Y S , S k a w;ro m% l gj is á hdh' jD;a ; s f hka ffjoHjßhl jQ weh hdmkh úYaj úoHd,fha ldh jHjÉfþo wxYfha m%Odkshd f,i lghq;= ld;kh jQ miq isiqka ks¾udKh l< fmdaiagrhl i|yka jQfha zwms Tn j< ±uqfõ ke;" jemsrefjuqZ hkqfjks' ol=fKa jdudxYl foaYmd,k ls%hdldßlhl= yd úYaj úoHd, wdpd¾hjrhl= jQ ohdmd, ;srdK.u iuÕ újdy ù isá weh W;=r;a ol+K;a w;r md,ula fjñka ;u l=vd ÈhKshka fofokd iuÕ hdmkfha Ôj;a jQjdh' wehf.a woyia" f,aLK yd ls%hdlß;ajhka ksid Ôú;h wk;=f¾ nj o;a fld
.;a wehg tysu k;r jkakg yelshdj ;sìh§ Wmka.u f;dard .;a;dh' 1989 iema;eïn¾ ui 21 jeksod hdmkh úYaj úoHd,fha ldh jHjÉfþo wxYfha mÍCIKhla wjika lr iji 5'00 g muK ;u md meÈfha ke.S ksji n,d toa§ >d;lfhda wehj fjä ;nd >d;kh ld;kh bkaÈhka idu idOl yuqodj l< nj úYajdi lrkq ,enqj;a miqj th t,aààh úiska l< >d;khla f,i m%ldYhg m;a úh' wehf.a urKhg 60 Èkla msfrK od hdmkh úYaj úoHd,h ixúOdkh l< W;aijhg fld<ôka iy úfoia rgj,ska ls%hdldÍka ls%hdldßkshka úYd, m%udKhla iyNd.S jQ w;r ish¿ ;ykï yd wdhqO ikakoaO lKavdhï fkd;ld hdmkfha meje;ajQ ±jeka;u fm<md,sh rdðKS >d;khg tfrysj k.rh mqrd .uka lfd;kfhka miq wehf.a ÈhKshla fofokd iy ieñhd rg yer .sh w;r mjqf,a who .u yer .shy'
whs Ikauq.,sx.ï - udOHfõ§ >d;khg ,lajQ Èkh - 1989 fkdjeïn¾ 06 B,kdvq mqj;amf;a ld¾h uKav,fha udOHfõÈhl= jQ whs Ikau. q ,sx.ï >d;kh jk úg fiajh lrñka isáfha zúvqof,hssZ kï mqj;amf;ah' bkaÈhka idu idOl yuqodj úiska B,kdvq" uqrfida,s iy B,uqriq mqj;am;a ld¾hd, jid ±uqjdg miq tu uqøK hka;% w,a,d .;a B mS wd¾ t,a t*a ixúOdkh úvqof,hs mqj;am; wdrïN lr we;' tys udOHfõÈhl= f,i lghq;= wdrïN l< Tyq ta fya;=fldg f.k t,aààB h úiska fjä ;nd 56
>d;kh lrk úg jhi 45 la muK jQ újdylfhls' wßhdf,a m%foaYfha Ôj;a jQ Tyq >d;kh lrk ,oafoa 1989 fkdjeïn¾ ui 06 jeksodh'
tï wñ¾;,sx.ï - mqj;am;a ysñlre$geñ,a g%iÜ a *kaâ ks¾ud;D >d;khg ,lajQ Èkh - 1989 hdmkfha m<jQ uq r fida , s mq j ;a m f;a whs ; s l re ^ld;kh lr we;s w;r th t,aààB >d;khla f,i m%lg úh' t,aààB ys;jd§ f,i fmkqk mqj;am;la jQ th ta jk úg udkj ysñlï W,a,x>Khka .ek ixfõ§ njla fmka ù u;a Tyq tla i ;a cd;s l mCIfha ls%hdldßlfhl= ùu;a >d;khg fya;= jkakg we;s njg iel flf¾'
wd¾' ã' msgfj, - k¾;k Ys,amS >d;khg ,lajQ Èkh - 1989 k¾;kh ms<sn| ,,s; l,d Wmdê Odrhl= jQ wd¾'ã' msgfj, jD;a;sfhka k¾;k .=rejrhl= f,i Ôú;h wdrïN lf
bÈßm;a lsÍug fndfyda ÿr f.jd .sfhah' ta w;r cd;s jdohg úreoaO" idujdÈhl= fukau wdKavq úfrdaêhl= f,i m% f oa Y fha wkkH jQ mq o a . ,hl= o úh' tu u;jdohka /.;a úma,jjd§ fldñhqksiaÜ ,S.fha m%dfoaYSh f,alïjrhd jYfhkao lghq;= lrñka tu ixúOdkfha lïlre udj; mqj;am; f.hska f.g hñka wf<ú lsÍuo lfd;kh úh'
ir;a pkaør;ak - ix.S; Ys,amS$ .dhl >d;khg ,lajQ Èkh - 1989 m%foaYfha YS% ,xld uyck mCIfha ls%hdldÍkaf.a ys;j;l= fukau" jdudxYsl woyia ±rEjl= jQ ir;a pkaør;ak m%ios O a jQfha uy;=ka u,a,S kñkah' m%foaYfha ckms%h .dhlhl= fukau ix.S;{hl= o jQ Tyq ckms%h mqoa.,hl= úh' Ôj;a ùu i|yd Tyq hdmyqj udt<sh rfò uxikaÈfha fjfd;kh lr m
tï' kjr;akï - udOHfõ§ >d;khg ,lajQ Èkh - 1989 hdmkfha m< jQ B,uqriq yd uqrfida,s mqj;am;aj, jd¾;dlrejl= f,i lghq ; = l< tï kjr;a k ï 58
jD;a;sfhka .=rejrfhla úh' B,uqriq mqj;am; t,aààB mqj;am;la f,i m%lg úh' uqrfida,s t,aààB ys;jd§ tlla f,i ye¢kaúK' hdmkfha wdrCIdj i|yd hehs bkaÈhka idu idOl yuqodj meñK isá jljdkqfõ tkï" 1989 jif¾ Èkl tï kjr;akï fjä ;nd >d;kh lr we;' th bkaÈhka yuqodj iuÕ lsÜgqfjka lghq ; = l< BmS w d¾t,a t *a ixúOdkh úis k a l< >d;khla f,i fCIa;%h ;=< ms<s.ekSug ,la ù we;' Tyq f;,smamff," w¾,df,hs m%foaYfha Ôj;a jQ wfhls'
1990 ,CIauka fmf¾rd - kdgH ksYamdol >d;khg ,lajQ Èkh - 1990 ckjdrs 27 udOHfõ§ ßpâ o fidhsid iuÕ iïnkaOhla ;sîu;a" Tyq úiska ksYamdokh lrñka isá zfï ljqo fudkjo lrkafkaZ kï fõÈld kdgHh;a Tyqf.a meyer .ekSu yd >d;khg fya;= jkakg we;ehs iel flf¾' zfï ljqo fudkjo lrkafka hk igka mdGh tjlg ckdêm;sj isá rKisxy fma%uodi uy;df.a ue;sjrK m%pdrl jHdmdrfha ^1989& m%Odk igka mdGhla úh' tkñka ßpâ o fidhsid ,shk ,o kdgHhla ,CIauka fmf¾rd ksYamdokh lrñka isàu .ek fCIa;%fha fndfyda fokdf.a l;d njg ,la úh' Tyq w;=reoyka jQfha tu kdgHh fõÈld .; lsÍug fmr Èkh' tu w;= r eoyka ùu iïnka O fhka rcfha m% n ,u foaYmd,k{hl=g fpdaokd t,a, úh' foysj, .,alsiai k.r iNdfõ kd.ßl uka;S%jrhl= f,i lghq;= l< Tyq 1990 ckjdß 27 jeks Èk meyer f.k f.dia w;=reoyka lr we;' Ôj;a jQfha fld
59
60
rspâ o fidhsid ^31& - udOHfõ§ iy rx. Ys,amS >d;khg ,lajQ Èkh - 1990 fmnrjdß 18 ckms%h rEmjdyskS ksfõolhl= fukau Ñ;%mg yd fg,s kdgH rx. Ys,amshl=o jQ ßpâ o fidhsid bkag¾ fm%ia mqj;a fiajhg furg udkj ysñlï W,a,x>Khka iïnkaOfhka m%jD;a;s iemhQ flfkla f,io m%lg úh' tu mqj;a fiajh iuÕ fiajh lsÍu i|yd rg yer hEug Èk lsysmhla ;sìh§ Tyqf.a >d;kh isÿ úh' Tyq úis k a tla /ia lr .;a udkj ys ñ lï W,a,x>Khla ms<sn| f;dr;=re /ila ráka msgùu je<elaùu >d;khg wdikak;u fya;j úh yels nj l;d nyg ,la úh' 1990 fmnrjdß ui 17 jeksod rd;s%fha ks, we÷fuka ksjig meñKs yh fofkl=f.ka iukaú; fmd,sia ks,OdÍka lKavdhula ßpâ o fidhsid nf,ka meyer f.k f.dia ;sìKs' jo § úlD;s lr" >d;kh lrk ,o Tyqf.a isrer fmnrjdß 18 jeksod w¿hu fldd;khg tfrysj mek ke.=Kq uõjrekaf.a fmruqfKa kdhsldjla f,i fmruqK f.k lghq;= ld;lhkag o~qjï ,nd §u i|yd kS;suh lghq;= lsÍug .; yels ish¿ fjr ±rejdh' 61
miqj 1993 uehs 01 od urdf.k uefrk fndaïnhlg f.dÿrej >d;khg ,lajQ tl, ckdêm;s rKisxy fm% a u odi uy;d iuÕ m% O dk iellre jQ frdkS .=Kisxyo >d;khg ,la úh' woyia m%ldY lsÍfï ksoyi ms<sn| m%n, l;sldjla fCIa;%h ;=< f.dv kef.kafkao Tyqf.a >d;kh;a iuÕh' 1994 fmnrjdß ui 21 jeksod woyia m%ldY lsÍu yd udOH u¾okhg tfrys tf;la b;sydifha meje;s ±jeka;u Woaf>daIKd;;aul jev igyk mj;ajkq ,enQfha ßpâ o fidhsid iy hdmkfha § >d;kh jQ rdðKS ;srdK.u iurñks' th ixúOdkh lrkq ,enQfha zhqla;shZ mqj;am; úisks'
l=udr.=re l=yuQ¾;s ^40& -udOH fiajl$ udkj ysñlï jd¾;dlre >d;khg ,lajQ Èkh - 1990 iema;eïn¾ 06 YS % ,xld .= j ka úÿ,s ixia : dfõ fou< wxYfha ,smslrefjl= f,i fiajh l< l=udr.=re l=yuQ¾;s udkj ysñlï ls%hdldßlhl=o úh' cd;Ska w;r hqla;sh yd iudk;ajh i|yd jHdmdrfha idudcslhl= f,io ls%hd lfKhka iïnkaOfhka jd¾;d lf
fmd,Sish uÕska w;a wvx.=jg .kq ,enQjo meñK isá whf.a ueÈy;a ùu ksid fírd .kakg yels úh' 1990 iema;eïn¾ ui 06 jeksod Tyq jev wjikaj .=jka úÿ,s ixia:dfõ isg h;=re meÈfhka ;u kjd;ek lrd .uka lrñka isáh§ cdj;a; mdf¾§ jEka tllska meñKs msßila Tyqj meyer f.k f.dia we;' Tyq rel="nofollow">d;kh lr ñksho w;=reoyka lr we;s nj úYajdi flf¾' rch fyda rcfha wkq.%yh ,nk ikakoaO lKavdhula úiska >d;kh isÿ lr we;s njg úYajdi flf¾' ta jkúg Tyqf.a ìß| m
fidakd m;aukdoka - udOH fiajl >d;khg ,la jQ Èkh - 1990 iema;eïn¾ 27 fidakd m;aukdoka Wohka mqj;amf;a fnod yeÍï wxYfha fiajlhl= úh' 1990 iema;eïn¾ ui 27 jeksod hdmkfha k,aƾ m%foaYfha ;snQ Wohka mqj;am;a ld¾hd,hg t,a , jQ fI,a m% y drfhka fida k d m;aukdoka >d;khg ,la úh' f.dvke.s,a,g úYd, f,i ydks jQ w;r mßmd,k wxYfha jhs fc.kdokaf.a iy uqøK hka;% ld¾ñlhl= jQ ta iqkao¾ rdcdf.a w;la ne.ska wysñ úh' wdrCIl wxYfha ù lkaomamq nrm;, ;=jd, ,enQ w;r ld¾hd,hg msg;ska meñKs mqoa.,hl= o tu m%ydrfhka nrm;, ;=jd, ,nd we;'
hQ t,a odjqoa ^50& - f,aLl >d;khg ,la jQ Èkh -1990 kef.kysr md;khg ,lajk úg w,sld¾ uqia,sï uyd 63
úoHd,fha úÿy,am;s f,i lghq;= lfd;kh fldg we;s nj jd¾;d fõ'
wyuâ f,ífí ^45& - f,aLl >d;khg ,lajQ Èkh - 1990 foieïn¾ 26 1978 § rdcH idys;H iïudkh ÈkQ f,aLlfhls' .= r ejrhl= f,i jD;a ; S h Ôú;h mgka .;a Tyq " úÿy,am;s" wOHdmk wOHCI ;k;=re olajd byd;khg ,lajk úg uvl,mqj w;sf¾l Èidm;s f,i byd;kfhka miq Tyqf.a ñ;=frda tl;=j Tyqf.a flá l;d tl;= fldg zuq l a l dvq Z kñka flá l;d ix.%yhlao t<s oelajQy' zjd,ÉfÉk jr,dreZ kñka jd,ÉfÉfka b;sydih ,shd lD;shla f,i Tyq úiska m< fldg ;snqKs' jd,ÉfÉk fmdf,dkakrej mdf¾§ 1990 foieïn¾ 26 jeksod ìï fndaïnlg yiq ù Tyq >d;kh jk úg orejka 5 fofkl=f.a msfhla úh' uqia,sï m%cdjf.a woyi th Tyqgu b,lal fldg ;enQ fndaïnhla njhs' ta jk úg w;sf¾l Èidm;s jQ Tyq uvl,mqfõ Èidm;s ùu je<elaùug ie,iqï iy.;j" t,aààB h tu >d;kh l< nj ms<s.ekSug ,la ù we;' 64
1991 fõ¨ms,af,a wdkkaoka ^46&- f,aLl >d;khg ,la jQ Èkh - 1991 fmnrjdß 21 1949 wfma%,a 08 jeksod uvl,mqfõ§ Wmka fõ¨ms,af,a wdkkaoka m%lg fou< idys;Hlrefjla úh' /lshdj f,i wïmdr Èia;s%lalhg wh;a iïuka;=f¾ m%foaYfha ;eme,a ld¾hd,fha ,smslrefjla f,i fiajh l< Tyq idys;H lghq;j = ,g wu;rj mqj;am;aj,g idys;H l,d úpdr ,shQ úpdrlfhlao úh' u,hd, ni o;a Tyq u,hd, niska fou< nig flá l;d 30 la muK mßj¾;kh lr we;' lú ishhla muK ,shd ;snqKs' 1995 foieïn¾ ui 05 jeksod uvl,mqfõ isÿjQ fou< ñksiqka >d;kfha f.dÿrla njg m;aù wdkkaoka f,aLlhdo idys;H f,dalhg wysñ úh' iïuka;=f¾ isg Tyqf.a ksji msysá uvl,mqj n,d hñka isá Tyq .uka .;a jEka r:h mqÿl=äbß,a¨ .fï§ m%ydrhg ,la úh' jd¾;d ù we;s wdldrhg m%ydrh isÿ ù we;af;a óg¾ 200 la muK ÿßka we;s yuqod uqr fmd< fmfkk udkfha§h' 1990 w. Nd.fha isg 1991 uq,a ld,h olajd kef.kysr md;kh lr ;snqKs' wdkkaoka f,aLlhd we;=¿ fou< uÕSka f.ka hq;a jEka r:h 1991 fmnrjdß 21 jeksod tu ia:dkhg <Õdj;au m%:u fjä,a, ßhÿref.a uqyqKg je§ we;s w;r mdfrka bj;g .sh jEka tl úÿ,s lKqjl yemS k;r ù we;' cfka,fhka mek .;a tla 65
mqoa.,fhla l<mqj foig Èj hoa§ ;enQ fjä,a,lska Tyq fíÍ we;af;a ;K m÷re w;r jegqKq Tyqf.a ysig Wäka fjä WKavh .sh ksidh' jEka r:hg .sks ;nd ;snQ w;r fjä je§ ñh .sh yd ;=jd, jQ uÕSka úis fofkl= muK tu .skafka ±ù w¿ ù .sh nj m%ldY fõ' wdkkaoka lúhdo fï l=ßre brKug f.dÿre jQ flfkla úh' 2000 jif¾§ Tyqf.a ñ;=rka tlaj" Tyqf.a lú tl;= fldg zwdkkaoka lúoy,aZ ^wdkkaokaf.a lú& kñka ldjH tl;=jla m%ldYhg m;a lrñka Tyqg Wmydr olajd we;'
fidaims,aff, fkdanÜ fyj;a fvdñksla - f,aLl >d;khg ,lajQ Èkh - 1991 uehs 17 1948 uehs ui 2 jeksod ;S%l=Kdu,fha md,hÜgq .fï bmso" tys Ydka; fcdaYma úoHd,fhka wOHdmkh ,enQ Tyq fld
f.daúkaoka kñkah' úreoaO u;hlg lsisÿ bvla ke;s fou< ;reK foa Y md,k ixúOdk ;= < mj;s k wNHka;r NSIKh fy,sorõ lrk tu kj l;dfjka maf,dÜ ixúOdkfha tl, meje;s wNHka;r NSIKh wkdjrKh fldg we;s nj lshefõ' ixúOdkh ;=< we;s m%cd;ka;% úfrdaë njg yd NSIKhg tfrys fjñka 1985 bka bj;a ù Ôú;h /l .ekSu i|yd 1991 olajd bkaÈhdfõ ieÕù isáh§ Tyq fmd; ,shd we;' bkaÈhdfõ§ fmd; m< l< Tyq" 1991 uehs ui uq, hdmkhg meñK ma f ,dÜ ixúOdkfhka bj;a jQ m%cd;ka;%jd§ woyia ork ;reK lKavdhula iuÕ z;sfmdaßZ ^.sks mqmqr& kï l=vd foaYmd,k lKavdhu msysgqjd .;af;ah' th msysgqjd Èk lsysmhla we;=<; fjk;a lKavdhïj,g yd woyiaj,g bv fkdfok t,aààB h úiska úYaj úoHd, YsIHhska 4la iy ;j;a msßila iuÕ fvdñksla w;a wvx.=jg .;af;ah' tf,i w;a wvx.=jg .kq ,enqfõ 1991 uehs ui 17 jeksodh' hdmkfha fldl=ú,a mQ%foaYfha Tyq isá ksjfia§ w;a wvx.=jg m;a úh' ksoyia jQ flfkl=f.a wdrxÑ ud¾. wkqj 1994 cQks ui Tyq >d;kh l< nj i|yka fjhs'
fi,aúks;s ;Hd.rdcd- udOHfõÈkS iy kdgH ksYamdÈld >d;khg ,lajQ Èkh -1991 wf.daia;= 26 fi,aúks;s ;Hd.drdcd fyj;a fi,aú hkqfjka m%lg weh hdmkh úYaj úoHd,fha ,,s; l,d wxYdfha wjika jif¾ YsIHdjla jQjdh' f;da,s kï ia;S%jd§ iÕrdfõ ixialdßldj jQ weh hqoaOfhka úm;g m;a ia;S%ka fjkqfjka jQ Wvqú,a yS mQrKS ia;S% uOHia:dkfha ls%hdldßkshl f,io lghq;= l
ksYamdÈldjla fukau úpdßldjla jQjdh' t,aààBh úiska úYaj úoHd,hg meñK fmkajQ kdgHhl je/È foaYmd,k u; .ek m%isoaêfha úfõpkh lsÍu wehf.a urKh blauka lr .ekSug fya;=jla ù we;' wehg zlg jeähs jy.kakZ lshd wjjdo lr we;' ksjy,a tä;r udkjjd§ u;jdÈkshl jQ wehf.a woyia k;r lsÍug tu wjjdoj,g fkdyels úh' weh w;a wvx.=jg .kakd úgd;kh lr fuf,dúka ;= r ka lr we;a f ;a 1993 fmnrjdß udifha § h' w;awvx.=jg .kakd úg weh we| isá we÷ï wehf.a ksjig hjd wehg urK o~qju ÿka nj t,aààBh okajd we;' International Pen kï cd;Hka;r udOH jHdmdrh m%ldYkfha ksoyi fjkqfjka Èú mrÿjg ;enQjka fjkqfjka msßkuk iïudkh 1992 jif¾ msßkukq ,enqfõ wehgh' iïudkh .ekSug meñKSu i|yd weh ksoyia lrk f,i fyda Tjqkg weh isák ;ekg 68
meñK th msßkukakg wjir fok f,i fyda lrk ,o b,a,Sug t,aààBh lsisÿ m%;spdrhla fkdolajd weh >d;kh lr we;'
tia' ;s,aff,kdoka - ixialD;sl ls%hdOrfhls' >d;khg ,lajQ Èkh -1991 wf.daia;= 26 oCI ùÈ kdgHlrefjla iy rx. Ys,amsfhla jQ Tyq jD;a;sfhka .=rejrfhla úh' ifydaoßhka 3la iy ifydaorhka 3 la iys; mjq,l jeäu,d jQ Tyq mjq, kv;a;= lrkakdo úh' hdmkfha k.rfha mÈxÑj isá w;r" md;kh rc jQ ;u iudcfha ck;dj fjkqfjka lrk ls%hdldÍ lghq;=j,ska yd tu iïnkaO;dj,ska wE;aj iïu; újdy Ôú;hla .; lrkakg wef.a uj l< n,mEfuka .e,ù .; fkdyS weh ish Èú kid f.k ;snqKdh' ;u fmïj;sh fukau ish iudcfha udkj whs;Ska fjkqfjka lghq;= lrkakg isá fyfh<shlo wysñ ùfï fõokdfjka isá kuq;a ;s,f a f,hs wf.dai; a = mdi,a ksjdvq ld,h iïmQ¾Kfhka fhdojd ;snqfKa fi,aú" ufkdayrka wd§ ñ;=re ñ;=ßhka tlaj ksYamdokh lrñka isá kdgHfha lghq;= i|ydh' t,aààB h úfõpkh lsÍfï fya;=fjka Tyqg urK jfrka;=jo ksl=;a lr ;sìK' fi,aú iy ufkdayrka w;a wvx.=jg 69
.;a 1991 wf.daia;= 26 jeksod hdmkfha msysá ;u ksjfia§ Tyq o t,aààB w;a wvx.=jg m;a úh' ,eî we;s wdrxÑ wkqj ;=kqlaldhs t,aààB jo l|jqrg f.k .sh Tyqg jo § >d;kh lr we;' 1993 uehs ui Èfkl Tyqf.a ksjig .sh t,aààBh Tyqf.a we÷ï Ndr § >d;kh l< nj okajd we;'
fla ufkdayrka - ixialD;sl ls%hdOrfhls >d;khg ,lajQ Èkh - 1991 wf.daia;= 26 hdmkh úYaj úoHd,fha fN!;sl úoHd wxYfha wjika jif¾ YsIHhl= jQ fla' ufkdayrka w;a wvx.=jg .kq ,enqfõo fi,aú iy ;s,aff,hskdoka w;a wvx.=jg .;a Èk rd;s%fha§uh' hdmkfha b,jdf,hs .fï Ôj;a jQ Tyqg isáfha uj muKh' b;d ÿIalr Ôú;hla f.jQ Tyq tu wNsfhda. ueo wOHdmkfha byKhka .ek hdmkh úYaj úoHd,fha wdpd¾hjrekaf.a ix.uhg f;dr;=re ,nd §u ksid m%Odk jYfhka ufkdayrka t,aààB fødayS ,ehsia;=jg jeà ;sìK' 1991 wf.daia;= 26 jeksod hdmkfha wßhdf,hs msysá fndaäfï§ w;a wvx.=jg .;a Tyqo ;=kqlaldhs jo l|jqrg f.k f.dia jo § urd ±uQ nj miqj ksoyia jQjkaf.a wdrxÑj,ska ±k .kakg ,eî we;' b;d ÿlanr Ôú;hla f.jQ Tyqf.a ujg miqj l=ula isÿ jQfha±hs okakd flfkla ke;s nj jd¾;d fjhs' 70
1993
1994
weka g kS la ú ka g ia m% k dka ÿ ^28& - m% d foa Y S h jd¾;dlre >d;khg ,lajQ Èkh - 1993 uehs 02
ta iNd,sx.ï - f,aLl$ksoyia udOHfõ§ >d;khg ,lajQ Èkh 1994 uehs 01
wekagkS laúkagia m%kdkaÿ uQ,sl jYfhka lf;da,sl wd.ñl mqj;am;la jQ {dKd¾: m%§mh mqj;amf;a .d,a, óiu Ndr jd¾;dlre f,i l,la ;siafia fiajh lr we;' YS% ,xldfõ merKsu mqj;am; jQ th 1866 cQks 9 jeksod isg m%ldYkg m;a jk w;r j¾;udkfha tys jd¾;dlrejka$ldßkshka y÷kajkafka tla tla óiug wod, ziaj fiajd jd¾;dlrejkaZ f,ih' TjqyQ wh lsÍulska f;drj jd¾;d lsÍï lr;s' ifydaor ifydaoßhka 7 fofkl=f.ka hq;a mjq,l yh jekakd f,i .d,af,a bmÿkq Tyq b;d ÿIalr Ôú;hla f.jQ wfhla f,i jd¾;d fjhs' 1990 § wNHdi,dNS .=re m;aùula ,nd ;ud uQ,sl wOHdmkh ,enQ .d,af,a YS% y¾oh nd,sld úÿyf,au b.ekaùu wdrïN lfd;khg i;s lsysmhlg fmr f,aLKhg Wkkaÿ Tyq úiska orejka ishhla muK iyNd.S lrjd f.k d;kh l<" urdf.k uefrk fnda ï nhg yiq ù ^fld
71
fou< wr.,h f,aLK.; lsÍug mshjr .;a nqoê a u;=ka w;r tla wfhla jk ta' iNd,sx.ï m%ùK f,aLlfhls' 1994 uehs ui 1 jeksod Tyq >d;kh lrkq ,enqfõ meÍisfha§h' Ôú;drCIdj m;d YS% ,xldfjka md;khg tfrysj ,kavka kqjr meje;s Woa f >da I Khg tla ù is á fha iudc ls % h dldÍka " nqoaêu;=ka" udOHfõ§ka yd f,aLl f,aÅldjkah' TjQyq >d;kh iïnkaOfhka t,aààB hg fpdaokd lrñka >d;lhka fidhd o~qjï lrk f,i b,a,d isáhy' lekvdfõ m< fjk ;Hdh.ï iÕrdjg Tyq ,shQ ,sms >d;khg fya;= jkakg we;s njg u; m< úh' Tyq ,shd we;s wjika ,smsfha B,dï jHdmdrfha uq,a wjÈh .ek iy m%Ndlrkaf.a N+ñldj .ek ;shK q q m%Yk a folla u;= lr ;snQ nj lshefõ' ;Hdh.ï iÕrdj t,aààBh ;Èka úfõpkh l< iÕrdjls' tfyhska wjia:d lsysmhl§u thgo ;¾ck t,a, ù we;' 1973 § furgqj lgqneoao úYaj úoHd,fha bxðfkare YsIHl=j isáh§ w;a wvx.=jg m;a jQ Tyq wkqrdOmqr iy fnda.ïnr isr f.j,aj, isr .;j isg we;' fnda.ïnr isr f.or§ tys fojeks ;Ügqfjka ìug jeà Tyqf.a jï w; wysñ úh' b,[a[¾ fmarfjhs kï jQ" TULF ;reK foaYmd,k wxYfha ls%hdldßlhl= f,i foaYmd,kh wdrïN lr we;' t,aààBh wfkla ixúOdk u¾okh l< miq fou< wr.,h ;= < 72
m%pKav;ajh j¾Okh jQ wdldrh .ek Tyq wjika ld,fha fmd;la ,shñka isg we;' iaúiag¾,ka;fha iy YS % ,xldfõ t,a à àB ls % h dldßka fofofkla wd.ka;=lhska f,iska Tyqf.a ksjig meñK Tyqf.ka f;a meka ix.%yhlao N=la;s ú| ìß| iy orejka fofokd bÈßmsg§ Tyqg fjä ;nd mek f.dia we;'
lghq ; = lr ke;s nj jd¾;d fõ' ula l ,a l = r ,a ^ck;djf.a y~& kï ixjdod;aul jev igyk bÈßm;a lsÍug odhl jQ nj jd¾;d jk w;r th BmSãmS ixúOdkfha wkq.%yh hgf;a úldYkh jQjla nj lshefõ' lhsÜiaj, msysá lfrhsk.¾ ys Wmka Tyq mÈxÑj isáfha ìß| yd orejka iuÕ fld
fla'tia'rdcd ^40& - .=jkaúÿ,s ksfõol$ksYm a dol >d;khg ,lajQ Èkh - 1994 foieïn¾ 03
1994 foieïn¾ 03 jeksod >d;kh lr oud .sh Tyqf.a isrer fld
lklr;akï YS%ialkaordcd fyaj;a fla' tia rdcd fmardfoaksh úYaj úoHd,hg f;aÍ isáho .=jka úÿ,sfha fiajh lsÍug we;s wdYdj ksid úYaj úoHd,h w;a yer YS% ,xld .=jka úÿ,s ixia:dfõ fou< cd;sl fia j fha ks f õolhl= jQ flfkls ' tys iyk ksfõolhl= jQ Tyq fou< fjf<| fiajfha iaÓr ksfõolhl= f,i m;aùï ,enqfõh' ta jk úg fou< wxYfha wxl tfla jev igyka ks¾udKh lrkakd f,i m%ios ê a hg m;a uhs,j a dkïf.a jd¾;dj lvk ,oafoa Tyq úiska nj m%lgh' jev igyka ks¾udKfha§ úYd, ckms%h;ajhla ,nd isá Tyq miqj iyk ksfõolhl= f,i jev lrñka cd;sl Ñ;%mg ixia:dfõ m%pdrl ks,OdÍ ;k;=r Ndr f.k we;' /lshdfjka bj;a fkdù yÈisfha bkaÈhdjg .sh Tyq tjlg bkaÈhdfõ isá YS% ,dxlsl fou< foaYmd,k lKavdhïj, fõÈldj, ksfõok lghq;= l< nj o iuld,Sk ñ;=rkaf.ka ±k .kakg we;' kej; ,xldjg meñKs Tyq" fla'tia rdcd kñka m%lg ks¾udKd;aul .=jka úÿ,s jev igyka bÈßm;a lrkakd f,i .=jka úÿ,shg iïnkaO jqjo t;rï Wkkaÿjlska 73
74
1995 lreKdr;ak imq;ka;%S ^52& - udOHfõ§ lsru mshfidau ^41& udOHfõ§ tâúka ùrisxy ^45& PdhdrEm udOHfõ§ >d;khg ,la jQ Èkh -1995 wfma%,a 29 is¿ñK bßod mqj;amf;a iu l¾;D lreKdr;ak imq;ka;S%" tu mqj;amf;a ksfhdacH m%jD;a;s l¾;D lsru mshfidau iy PdhdrEm Ys,amS tâúka ùrisxy hk ;sfokd 1995 wfma%,a ui 29 jeksod tlgu >d;khg ,la jQfha t,aààB h t,a, l< ñihs, m%ydrhlska Tjqka ;sfokd .uka .;a weõfrda .=jka hdkh úkdY ù w¨ù hEu;a iuÕh' Tjqka ;sfokd hdmkh n,d hk udOH ixpdrhg tlaù ;snqfKa Bg fmr hdmkfha§ úkdY ù .sh md;kh jk úg l=vd orejka fofofkl=f.a msfhla úh' tâúka ùrisxy PdhdrEm udOHfõÈhdgo orejka fofofkl= isáfhah'
>d;khg ,la jQ Èkh - 1995 wf.daia;= 30 tia' tia' .fkaIms,aff, fou< .=jka úÿ,s Y%djl m%cdj w;r ckms%h udOHfõÈhl= njg m;a jQfha zjrKs hqrdkaZkñkah' Tyq .=jka úÿ,s Ys,amshl= muKla fkdj oCI msgm;a rplfhl= o úh' ydiH kdgHj, oCI Ys,amsfhl= jQ ydiHh m%uqL lr.;a ffY,sshlska iudch ;=< whqla;sh widOdrKh yd je/È ls%hd" l=, fNaoh' oEjeÈ m%Yak" bvï m%Yakh yd m%foaYjdoh jeks oE .ek úfõpkhg ,la l< wfhls'd;kh l< w;r th t,aààBh úiska l< tlla njg jd¾;d úh' YS% ,xld .=jka úÿ,s ixia:dfõ fou< .=jka úÿ,s fiajdj uÕska t,aààBh úfõpkh lrñka l< jev igyka thg fya;= jkakg we;s njg woyia m< úh' ìß| iy tla ÈhKshla fld
tia' tia .fkaIms,aff, - .=jka úÿ,s udOHfõ§
75
76
1996 iq§m mQ¾Kð;a ^30&- msgq ie,iqï Ys,m a S iy ldgQka Ys,amS >d;khg ,la jQ Èkh - 1996 cQ,s 28 f,alayjqia mqj;am;a wdh;kfha kjhq.h mqj;amf;a msgq ie,iqï" Ñ;% iy ldgQka Ys,amshl= f,i fiajh l< iq§m mQ¾Kð;a ;reK wújdylhl= úh' mdkÿr k.rdikakfha Ôj;a jQ Tyq Èkm;d jevg hk tk ÿïßh ;=< mqmqrd .sh fndaïnhlska >d;khg ,la úh' 1996 cQ,s ui 28 jeksodo iqmqreÿ f,i fiajh wjika lr fld
lkaohshd .fÊkaøka ^30&- udOHfõ§ >d;khg ,la jQ Èkh -1996 Tlaf;dan¾ 26
;sreKdjqlriq ;¾u,sx.ï - mqj;am;a wf<ú ksfhdað; >d;khg ,la jQ Èkh - 1997 Tlaf;dan¾ 03 fmd;a idmamq ysñfhla jQ ;sreKdjqlriq ;¾u,sx.ï ^O¾u,sx.ï& mqj;am;a wf<ú ksfhdað;jrfhlao úh' idu úksiqrejrhl= jQ w;r hdmkfha YS% ,xld ksoyia mCI ixúOdhlfhlao úh' 1997 iema;eïn¾ 03 jeksod rd;S% 8'30 g muK l=mams ,dïmq t<sfhka rd;S% lEu lñka isá Tyq fj; cfka,fhka fjä myla t,a, fldg >d;lfhda md;kh yuqodj iuÕ isák fou< lKavdhula úiska lrkakg we;s ngj yuqodjo iel lr we;;a" miqj th t,aààB >d;khla nj fmd,sia mÍCIKj,ska wkdjrKh lr .;a nj jd¾;d úh' tu jd¾;dj,g wkqj n,y;aldrfhka fhdojd .;a fndaÜgqjl ke.S fldf
z.ckaZ kñka m%lg lkaohshd .fÊkaøka meÍisfha§ m< jk B,uqriq i;s wka; mqj;a mf;a l¾;Djrhd f,i lghq;= lrñka isáfhah' th t,aààB ys;jd§ mqj;am;la f,i ie,fla' meÍisfha W;=re md;kh lr we;' tu wjia:dfõ t,aààBfha cd;Hka;r wruqo,a wxYfha iNdm;s jQ lkakohshd fmßïnkdoka o Tyq iuÕ isá nj jd¾;d jk w;r fofokdu >d;khg ,la ù we;' t,aààB úfrdaë lKavdhula úiska >d;kh lrkakg we;s njg iel flßK' 77
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1998 iYS ls%IaKl=ud¾ - ksoyia udOHfõ§ >d;khg ,la jQ Èkh - 1998 iema;eïn¾ 29
oyj,a 1'40 g muK mqmrd hEu;a iuÕ Tyqo ±ù w¿ ù .sfhah' tys isá ld¾h uKav,fha ;sfokd yer Tyq we;=¿ wfkla 49 fokdu idudkH fou< isú,a jeishka jQy' t,aààB h brKuvq m%foaYfha isg t,a, lrk ,o ñihs, m%ydrhlska tu úkdYh isÿ úh'
fmardfoksh úYaj úoHd,fha WmdêOdrhl= jQ iYS ls % I a K l= u d¾ hdmkfha ;,a ixj¾Ok uKa v ,fha ks,Odrshl= f,i lghq;= lrk w;f¾ mqj;am;a iÕrd /ilg ksoyia udOHfõÈhl= f,i ,sms ,shd we;' B,kdvq" ùrflaiÍ" ;sklrka jeks mqj;am;a ta w;r m%Odkh' Ñ;%mg yd fjk;a l,d ks¾udK ms<sn| úpdr ,sùu Tyq jeä jYfhka ms%h l< w;r hdmkfha isÿjk udkj ysñlï W,a,x>Khka ms<sn| wod, wxY fj; f;dr;=re ,nd §uo Tyq úiska lr we;' hqla;sh mq j ;a m f;a m<jQ wi,a j eis h df.a Èkfmd; i|yd hdmkfha ck Ôú;hg is ÿ jk úkdYhka ms < s n | f;dr;=re iemhQ m%n, ryis.; f;dr;=re uQ,dY%hla jQfhao Tyqh' Ñ;%mg .ek úfYaI Wkkaÿjla ±lajQ Tyq hdmkh úYaj úoHd,fha Ñ;%mg wOHhk ljh msysgq jkakg mqfrda.dó úh' f,aiag¾ fÊïia mSßia" jika; Tfífialr" O¾ufiak m;srdcd jeks YS% ,xldfõ m%uqL fmf
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1999
l= u dr rel="nofollow">d;kfha ryio je<,S .s f ha h ' ;reK újdylfhla jQ Tyqf.a ìß|g Tyqf.a >d;kfhka miq urK ;¾ck t,a, ùu ksid rg yer hkakg isÿ úh'
frdayK l=udr - udOHfõ§ >d;khg ,la jQ Èkh - 1999 iema;eïn¾ 07
woanqordcd kvrdcd ^rfïIa& ^38&- udOHfõ§ >d;khg ,la jQ Èkh - 1999 fkdjeïn¾ 02
háhkaf;dg m%foaYfha .fkam,a, .fï Wmka frdayK l=udr uq,ska l,djg ,eÈ mqoa.,fhla úh' zird.S isyskhZ kñka fõÈld kdgHhla .fï ñ;=rka iuÕ tl;=j ks¾udKh l< Tyqg wd¾Ól wmyiqlï ksid l,dj w; yer fldd;lhska fjä ;nd Tyqj >d;kh lfd;lhska meñK we;' >d;kh l< nj miqj ms<. s ;a ;dr wð;a keue;a;d w;awvx.=jg .kakd úg isáfha ckdêm;s wdrCIl wxYfha fiajh l< neoao.dfka ixÔj keue;a;df.a neoao.fka ¥j mdf¾ ksjfiah' ;dr wð;a iy miqj neoao.dfka ixÔj o >d;khg ,la ùfuka frdayK
Bd;kh lrk ,§' ;skuqriq mqj;am; ;ukag n,j;a ;¾ckhla f,i ie,l+ t,aààBh rfïIaf.a >d;kh l< njg m%p,s; úh' tfy;a oyj,a tu >d;kh isÿ lr we;s wdldrh .ek fkdfhl=;a iel u;= úh' ;skuqriq mqj;am; ta jk úg BmSãmS ixúOdkfha jqjukdjka fkdi,ld lghq;= lsÍu .ek mCI kdhl;ajh yd l¾;Djrhd w;r wNHka;r u; .egqula ;snQ njgo wkdjrKh úh' tfyhska fuh wNHka;r >d;khla úh yels njgo iel flßK' Tyqf.a .u hdmkhhs'
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wkqr ms%hka; l=f¾ - wdf,dallrK Ys,amS >d;khg ,la jQ Èkh - 1999 foieïn¾ 18 fld
wdf,dalrK Ys,m a f s hl= f,i lghq;= l< Tyq >d;khg ,la jQfha 1999 foieïn¾ 18 jeks Èk fld
bkaÈl m;a;sksjiï - leurd iydhl >d;khg ,la jQ Èkh - 1999 foieïn¾ 18 isri udOH cd,fha leurd iydhlhl= f,i fiajh l< ;reK bkaaÈl m;a;sksjiï >d;khg ,la jQfhao 1999 foieïn¾ 18 Èk ckdêm;sjrK wjika m%pdrl /<sfha§ ^ta jk úg n,fha isá fmdÿ ck tlai;a fmruqfKa& mqmqrd .sh urdf.k uefrk fndaïnhg f.dÿre ùfukah' fldd;khg ,la jk úg tla mqf;l=f.a ;reK msfhl= úh'
neiaáhka wekagkS ußhodia - .=jka úÿ,s Ys,amS >d;khg ,la jQ Èkh - 1999 foieïn¾ 31
jõkshdj ld¾hd,fha ndysr Ys,amsfhl= f,i neiaáhka wekagkS ußhodia lghq;= lrñka isáfhah' jõkshdfõ ;reKhl= jQ Tyq tys lf;da,sl m,a,shl ls%hdldÍ ;reKhl= úh' 2000 jir ms<s.ekSu i|yd uq¿ rgu ieriqk 1999 foieïn¾ 31 jeksod rd;s%fha jdkïmdä .=jka úÿ,sho iÔú úldYhla iQodkï lr ;snqKs' ta i|yd f;dardf.k ;snf q Ka jõkshdfõ Ydka; wkaf;daks foajia:dkhhs' ixúOdk lghq;= Ndrj isáfha ußhodiah' jd,ïmdä fou< .=jka úÿ,s fiajfha md,l f,i fldd;kh lfd;khla f,i ms<s.ekSug ,la úh' >d;kh lrkakg wruqK lrkakg we;af;a fld<ôka meñKs ks,Odßhd úh yels njg woyilao m< úh flfia jqj;a >d;khg ,la jQfha udOH i|yd fiajhla lsÍug isá oCIlï we;s ;j;a ;reKfhls'
ßú/i fufyhqfuka miq hdmkh w¾Ooaùmh rcfha md,kh hg;g .ekSfuka miq Y%S ,xld .=jka úÿ,s ixia:dj wdrïN l< jdkïmdä .=jka úÿ,s úldYkfha 83
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2000 fi,shka fmaßkankdh.ï - f,aLl >d;khg ,lajQ Èkh - 2000 iema;eïn¾ 10 uvl,mqj l,jxÑl=ä .fï jeishl= jQ fia,shka fmßïnkdh.ï f,a l a y jq i a wdh;kfha ;s k lrka mqj;amf;a ixialdrl uKav,fha udOHfõÈhl= f,i l,la lghq;= lr we;' f,aLlfhls' 1994 jif¾ Tyq bka bj;aj" fgf,da ixúOdkfhka md;kh lr we;af;a tÈk tys§h' ñ;=rd jQ tia ufkdayrkams,af,ao Tyq iuÕ >d;khg ,la úh' th t,aààBh úiska l< >d;khla f,i ms<s.ekqKs' k.rdêm;s f,i lghq;= l< ld,fhka miq l%udkql, + j fkdjqK;a" fmßïnkdh.ï yels úg iy YS% ,xld .=jka úÿ,s ixia : djg jd¾;d iemhS u l< m% d foa Y S h udOHfõÈfhla f,i i|yka fõ' kef.kysr ,xld ckudOH ix.ufha ^ East Lanka Journalists Association& iNdm;s f,io lghq;= lr we;' Tyq wLKavj wkkH ù we;af;a f,aLlfhka f,ih' 1983 kef.kysr m
ta' tï ksyu;=,a,d - udOHfõ§ >d;khg ,lajQ Èkh - 2000 iema;eïn¾ 16 l,auqfKa m%dfoaYSh f,alï fldÜGdYfha urouqK 3 .%dufha mÈxÑj isá ta' tï ksyu;=,a,d ;sklrka mqj;amf;a l,auqfKa jd¾;dlre f,i lghq;= lr we;' >d;kh ùug jir follg fmr isg Tyq wud;H ta' tÉ' tï' wIafrd*a wud;Hjrhdf.a udOH f,alï ;k;=f¾ lghq;= lrñka isáfhah' tu ld,h ;=d;kh lrñka úkdYhg m;a jQ fy,s f ldma g ¾ hdkfha ks h u;= , a , d udOH f,alï$udOHfõÈhdo .uka lr we;' tfia >d;khg ,la jk úg jhi 40 l muK jQ újdylfhla jQ Tyq ÈhKshka fofofkl=f.a msfhla úh'
uhs,ajdykï ksu,rdcka ^39&- udOHfõ§ >d;khg ,lajQ Èkh - 2000 Tlaf;dan¾ 19 hdmkfha Wmka uhs,j a dykï ksu,rdcka ol=fKa isxy, NdId udOHfõ§ka iuÕ b;d lsÜgq iïnkaO;d f.dv k.d f.k lghq;= l< udOHfõÈhls' ol=fKa udOH ñ;=rka Tyq ye¢kajQfha zksuf,aZ hk kñkah' isxy, fou< NdId foflkau udOH lghq;= lf
tfukau" hdmkfha isÿ jk foa t;rï l%udkql+,j f,djg fy<s l< ks¾NS; udOHfõÈhd Tyq f,i ie,ls K ' È.= ld,S k hq o a O hls k a mS v d ú¢ fou< ck;djf.a .eg¿ fukau hqoaOfha ieÕjqKq ryia o fy<sorõ lrkakg Tyq ks¾NS; úh' W;=f¾ ckudOHfõ§kaf.a ix.ufha f,alï jQ Tyq ksfj;d" ksYdka;s" ks,d hk orejka ;sfokdf.a mshd úh' 2000 jif¾ Tlaf;dan¾ ui 19 jeksod rd;s%fha ;u ksjfia ldurhl fïihla bÈßmsg m%jD;a;shla ,shñka isáh§ meñKs rel="nofollow">d;lhka cfka,fhka Tyqg fjä ;nd ks j ig fnda ï nhla oud .id md;kh iy fndaïn m%ydrh .ek fpdaokdj t,a, jQfha rchgh' rcfha yuqod iuÕ lghq;= lrk BmSãmS ixúOdkhg tu fpdaokdj iDcqju b,lal úh' BmSãmS kdhl v.a,ia foajdkkao >d;kh idOdrKSlrKh lrkakg W;aidh .;af;ah' rcfha udOH yrydo ksu,rdcka fldá T;a;=lrejl= f,i y÷kajkakg lghq;= lfd;kfhka miq ìß| orejka rg yer f.dia we;'
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2004 whshd;=f¾ Ô kfâika ^49&- udOHfõ§ >d;khg ,la jQ Èkh - 2004 uehs 31 hdmkfha lrfjâä .fï Wmka whshd;=f¾ kfâika újdyfhka miq ìß|f.a .u jQ uvl,mqfõ mÈxÑhg meñK we;' uvl,mqj f,ala mdf¾ Tyqf.a ksji msysgd ;snqKs' cd;sl mqj;am;la jQ ùrflaiÍ mqj;amf;a uvl,mqj jd¾;dlre f,i lghq;= l< Tyq m%jD;a;s muKla fkdj foa Y md,k ú.% y hka o ,s h Q m% ù K udOHfõÈfhls' udOHlrejl= f,i Tyq Ndú;d lfd;lhka Tyqg fjä ;nd >d;kh fldg m
lkaoidñ whsh¾ nd, kvrdÊ ^48&- f,aLl rel="nofollow">d;khg ,la jQ Èkh - 2004 wf.daia;= 16
,xld chiqko a r - PdhdrEm udOHfõ§ >d;khg ,la jQ Èkh - 2004 foieïn¾ 11
znd,dZ kñka m%lg lkaoidñ whsh¾ nd, kvrdÊ flá l;d fmd;a lsym s hla m< l< ks¾udKd;aul f,aLlhl= fukau ksoyia udOHfõÈhl= o úh' Tyq mqj;am;a j,g ,shkakg mgka f.k we;af;a t,aààB mqj;am;la jQ úvqof,hs mq,sy,a mqj;am;g ,sùfuks' hdmkfha Wmka Tyq Wreïmsrdhs yskaÿ úoHd,fha YsIHfhlaj isáh§ Bfrdaia ixúOdkhg ne£ miqj t,aààB idudðlfhla f,i lghq;= lr we;' hdmkfha n%dyauK mjq,l Wmka Tyq yskaÿ mQcl jrhl= ùug ;snQ wjia:dj uÕ yer ish iudcfha wysñ whs;sjdislï fjkqfjka foaYmd,k ls%hdldßlhl= fjñka ta i|yd iqÿiq ;eka fidhd .sh .ufka tla mshjrla f,i t,aààBhg ne£ we;' jdudxYsl keUqrejlska is;+ Tyqg flá l,lskau bka bj;a jkakg isÿ úh' tfia bj;aj Ôú;h /l .ekSu ÿIalr neúka Tyqg b;d ryis.;j" fndfyda l,la ÿIalr Ôú;hla f.jkakg isÿ ù we;' 2000 jif¾§ fld
úch mqj;am;a iuQyfha ,xld§m" úch" isßl; iy ;reKhd mqj;am;am, PdhdrEm udOHfõÈhl= f,i lghq;= l< ;reKhl= jQ ,xld chiqkaor rel="nofollow">d;khg ,la jQfha fld
2004 wf.daia;= 16 jeksod WoEik BmSãmS ld¾hd,hg hEu i|yd ksjiska msg;aj hk úg je,a,j;af;a§ h;=re meÈhlska meñKs rel="nofollow">d;lhska fofofkla fjä ;nd Tyqj >d;lh lr md;khla f,i ms<s.ekSug ,la úh' 89
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2005 O¾ur;akï isjrdï - udOHfõ§ >d;khg ,la jQ Èkh - 2005 wfma%,a 28 udOHfõÈhl= f,i bx.S%is iy fou< NdId foflkau tlfia oCI f,i lghq;= l< O¾ur;akï isjrdï ish udOH lghq;= i|yd Ndú;d lfd;khg ,la jk úg lghq;= lrñka isáfha fâ,s ñr¾ mqj;amf;a foaYmd,k ;Sre ,sms rplhl= f,ihs' tfukau ùrflaiÍ jeks fou< udOH mqj;am;aj,go ,shQ Tyq" 1998 wdrïN l< geñ,a fkÜ fjí wvúfha l¾;Djrhd f,i lghq;= lrñka isáfhah' wú.;a lKavdhula n,y;aldrfhka Tjqka meñKs jdykhg weo oud f.k Tyqj f.k hkq ,enqfõ" 2005 wfma%,a ui 27 jeksod rd;s% 10'30 g muK fldd;kh lr ;snQ Tyqf.a isrer wê wdrCIl ld;kh ms<sn| j.lSu rch fj; mejreK w;r th rcfha wdrCIdj ,nk fou< foa Y dmd,k lKavdhula fj; t,a, úh' 91
kef.kysr md;kfhka miq rg yer .shdh' l< udOH fufyjr ksid i.hskaf.a;a ck;dj w;r;a f.!rjhg m;a jQ udOHfõÈhdg msßkuk úfYaI iïudkh 2006 jir i|yd úYsIaGhka we.ehSfï l¾;D ixio iïudk Wfd;kh jQ isjrdï fjkqfjka msßkeñK'
lkakuq;a;= wril=ud¾ ^36&- udOH fiajl >d;khg ,la jQ Èkh - 2005 cQks 29 fndî kñka m%foaYjdiSka w;r m%lg lkakuq;a;= w¾il=ud¾ mqj;am;a wf<ú ksfhdað;jrfhla f,i lghq;= l< wfhls' ta jk úg t,aààB md,k m%foaYhla jQ uvl,mq j " fldla l äfpda f ,hs is g wïmdr Èia;s%lalfha wlalfrhsm;a;= m%foaYh olajd mqj;am;a fnod fnod yeÍu lrk ,oafoao Tyq úisks' Tyq lghq;= l< mqj;am; jQfha uvl,mqfõ isg m%ldYhg m;a l< t,a à àB h mq j ;a m ;la jQ B,kdoï mq j ;a m ;hs ' uvl,mqfõ§ tu mqj;am; m%ldYhg m;a lsÍu wdrïN lrk ,oafoa 2002 fmnrjdß ui tjlg meje;s rch yd t,aààBh w;r wjfndaO;d .súiqu w;aika l< miqjh' Èklg mqj;am;a 5000 la muK wf<ú jQ nj jd¾;d úh' 2005 cQks ui 29 jeksod iqmqreÿ mßÈ mdkaor h;=re meÈfhka f.dia mqj;am; fnod yer wlalfrhsm;a;= 92
m%foaYfha isg wdmiq tkúg WoEik 8'40 g muK l,auf q Ka ugqfmd< m%foaYfha§ ^wïmdr Èia;l %s l a h& Tyqg fjä ;nd >d;kh lr we;' fndî fyj;a lkakuq;a;= w¾il=ud¾ uvl,mqj fldlalläfjdaf,hs m%foaYfha úfõldkkao mqrïyS ;=kajeks yria ùÈfha mÈxÑj isá ;sore msfhls'
f¾,ka.S fi,ajrdcd ^45& - udOHfõÈkS >d;khg ,la jQ Èkh - 2005 wf.daia;= 12 f¾,ka.S fi,ajrdcd hdmkfha bm§ l,dj yd udOH i|yd we;s ,eÈhdj fukau yelshdj ksid YS% ,xldfõ m%Odk;u yd merKs;u rdcH udOH wdh;khla jQ YS% ,xld .=jkaúÿ,s ixia:dfõ udOHfõÈkshla f,i È.= l,la lghq;= l
jeksod oyj,a 1'00 g muK wehj fjä ;nd rel="nofollow">d;kh lrk ,§' msiaf;da,lrejka úiska l< tu >d;kfha§ weh iuÕ wehf.a ieñhd jQ tia' fi,ajrdcd o >d;kh lrk ,§' fuu >d;kh t,aààBh úiska l< >d;khla f,i ie,lSug idCIs f,i" weh úiska bÈßm;a l< .=jka úÿ,s iy rEmjdyskS jev igyka .ek i|yka úh' >d;lhska Tjqka fofokd y÷kk wh úh yels neúka fofokdj tlg >d;kh lrkakg we;s njg ielhlao u;= úh' tfukau" wehf.a ieñhd maf,dÜ idudðlfhla ùu >d;khg fya;=jla úh yels njgo ielhla fjhs'
ã fi,ajr;akï ^60&- udOH fiajl >d;khg ,la jQ Èkh - 2005 wf.daia;= 29 fâúâ fi,ajr;akï iqvfrda,s mqj;am;a ld¾hd,fha wdrCIl ks,Odßhl= f,i fiajh l< wfhls' 2005 wf.daia;= ui 26 jeksod iji 6' 10 g muK ld¾hd, fj; oud .eiQ w;a fndaïn m%ydrhlska Tyq >d;khg ,la úh' fld
weh iy wef.a ieñhd úiska mj;ajd f.k .sh fld
94
ta' t,a' tï' *,S,a ^keÜmsÜáuqfkhs *,S,a& ^40&f,aLl >d;khg ,la jQ Èkh - 2005 foieïn¾ 02 rcfha mßmd,k ks,Odrshl= f,i ta ' t,a' tï' *,S,a jQ Tyq idys;H yd udOH fCIa;%h ;=< m%lg jQfha zkeÜmsÜáuqfkhs *,S,aZ hk kfuks' jD;a;sfhka uvl,mqj ld;a;kalä = m%foaYfha m%dfoaYh S f,alïjrhd jQ Tyq f,aLlhl= f,i kjl;d" flá l;d" lú iy wOHdmksl fmd;am;a 20 la muK m%ldYhg m;a fldg we;' ta w;ßka m%Odk jkafka wOHdmksl fmd; m;h' ùrflaiÍ" ;sklal=r,a" ;sklrka jeks m%Odk fou< udOH mqj;am;aj,g ,shQ ,sms w;ro jeä wjOdkh fhduq ù we;af;a wOHdmkh iïnkaOfhks' .=re jD;a;sfhka ðú;h wrUd >d;kh jk úg Èia;s%la f,alïjrhl= f,i lghq;= l< Tyq uqia,sï ck;djf.a bvï whs;sh fjkqfjka fmkS isá ks,Odßfhls' ta iïnkaOfhka Tyqg t,aààBh wk;=re wÕjd ;sî we;' 2005 foieïn¾ ui 02 od isl=rdod Èkhla úh' ldka;kal=ä m%foaYSh f,alï ld¾hd,fha isg oyj,a hd{dj i|yd msg;a ùug iQodkï jQ Tyqg fjä ;enQ t,aààB ;=jlall = rejka Tjqka meñKs h;=re meÈfhka m
fla kjr;akï ^45& - udOH fiajl >d;khg ,la jQ Èkh - 2005 foieïn¾ 23 hdmkfha hd,a ;sklal=r,a mqj;am; wf<ú lrkafkla jQ ^fla& ls%IaKka kjr;akï 2005 foieïn¾ 23 jeksod mdkaor 5'30g muK >d;khg ,la jQfha mqj;am;a / f.k hEug tk úg mqj;am;a ld¾hd,h bÈßmsg§h' Tyq ksjdi ixj¾Ok wêldßfha fiajlhl= jQ w;r 1996 § hdmkfhka wj;ekaj jkakshg f.dia jir lsysmhla Ôj;a jkakg isÿ ùu ksid /lshdj wysñ ù we;' 2002 jif¾ wdmiq hdmkhg meñKs Tyq mqj;am;a wf<úh mgka f.k we;' hdmkfha mQnd,isxyï fmd;a idmamqfõ ;nd f.k Tyq mqj;am;a wf<ú lsÍu lr we;' fjä ;nd >d;kh l< Tyq mia ore msfhla úh' Tyqf.a >d;kfhka uilg miq Tyqf.a ìß|o ñh f.dia we;'
1965 jif¾ § l,auqfKa m%foaYfha keÜmsÜáuqfKhs .fï Wmka Tyq >d;kh jk úg l= v d orejka fofofkl=f.a msfhls'
95
96
2006 iqn%ukshï iq.S¾ordcka ^35&- udOHfõ§ >d;khg ,la jQ Èkh - 2006 ckjdß 24 ;Sl % K = du,fha jrdh wêldßfha ,sml s rejl= jQ iqnu % kshï iq.S¾ordcka iqvfrda,s mqj;amf;a ;S%l=Kdu, jd¾;dlre f,i o lghq;= lfd;kh isÿ ù we;' >d;kh isÿ jQfha wê wdrCIl ld;kh l< YsIHhska 5 fokd fjä je§fuka ñh f.dia we;s nj jd¾;d lrk ,oafoa Tyq úisks' rch md¾Yajfhka th Bg fmr jd¾;d lfd;khg ,la jQ ;%ia;jd§kajd§ka msßila f,igh' l,auqfKa mdKaäßmamq m%foaYfha Wmka iq.S¾ordcka i¥ika iy ú¥¾Id kï mqf;l= iy ÈhKshlf.a msfhla úh'
tia' à' .kkdoka ^64& udOH w¾:m;s >d;khg ,la jQ Èkh - 2006 fmnrjdß 01
l< tia' à .kkdoka fjä ;nd >d;kh fldg we;af;a hdmkfha wßhdf,a m%foaYfha udïm,ï ykaÈfha§h' wßhdf,a yuqod l|jqr wdikakfha§ >d;kh isÿ ù we;' Tyq hdmkh úúO fiajd iuQmdldr iñ;sfha iNdm;sjrhd f,io lghq;= l< w;r 64 jeks úfha miqúh'
neiaáhka fcda¾Ê iqf¾Ya ^35&- udOH fiajl >d;khg ,la jQ Èkh - 2006 uehs 03 neiaáhka fcda¾Ê iqf¾Ya fiajh lfd;khg ,la úh' ;j;a udOH fiajlhl= jQ rxð;a l=ud¾ >d;khg ,la jQ w;r tys udOH fiajlhska 3 fofkla ;=jd, ,enQy' wf<ú wxYfha Woh l=ud¾ ^48&" ohd.rka ^31& iy iÈia ^24& hk wh tfia ;=jd, ,enQy' mqj;am;a wdh;kfha mß>Kl wxYh iïmQ¾Kfhka úkdY l< w;r uqøK hka;%j,go ydks lrkq ,eìK' rcfha md,kh hgf;a mj;sk hdmkfha wê wdrCIs; l
fou< m%jD;a;s iy f;dr;=re uOHia:dkfha ^fm!oa.,sl wdh;khla& w¾:m;sfhl= ^wkq.%dylhl&= f,i lghq;= 97
98
rdcr;akï rxð;a l=ud¾ ^28& - udOH fiajl >d;khg ,la jQ Èkh - 2006 uehs 03 cd;Hka;r ckudOH Èkh YS% ,xldfõ meje;ajQ 2006 uehs ui 03 jeksod Wohka mqj;am;g t,a, jQ m%ydrfha§ neiaáhka fcda¾Ê iqf¾Ya iuÕ rdcr;akï rxð;a l=ud¾ o fjä m%ydrfhka >d;khg ,la úh' Tyq hdmkfha lhs;ä m%foaYfha kdjÜl=,s ykaÈfha wxl 14$5 ksjfia Ôj;a jQ ;reK újdylfhla úh'
ksyd,a ä is,ajd ^64& - f,aLl >d;khg ,la jQ Èkh - 2006 uehs 27 m%lg bx.S%is udOH idys;Hlrejl= jQ ksyd,a ä is,ajd úys¿ ;y¿fjka Ôú;h f.jQ ñ;=rka w;r ckms%h mq o a . ,hl= úh' jD;a ; s f hka jHdmdßlhl= jQ Tyq idys;Hlrejl= jQjd muKla fkdj bx.Si % s udOH idys;H iudch ;=< ls%hdldÍ idudðlhl= f,i idys;H iïNdIKj, ks;r olskakg ,enqKq mqoa.,hl= úh' Tyqf.a Road from Elephentpass lD;shg 2003 jif¾ f.a%Ika ;Hd.h fukau rdcH idys;H iïudkho ysñ ù we;' .s,s/,a, fldkaiamsris ^Giniralla Conspiracy& kï lD;sfhka Tyq úYaj úoHd, ;=< ck;d úuqla;s fmruqfKa foaYmd,kh úiska lrk úkdYhka jeks ldrKd idlÉPdjg ,la lrhs' wd¾;s kñka ;j;a kjl;djla ,shñka isá Tyq 2006 uehs ui ;j;a ñ;=rka 5 fofkl= iuÕ ú,am;a;= cd;sl jfkdaoHdkfha ixpdrhlg f.dia isáh§ ìï fndaïnhlg yiqù >d;khg ,la úh' wd¾;s kjl;dj wjika lrkakg fkdyels jQ w;r ñ;=rka mia fokd;a" uÕ fmkajkakd;a iuÕ Tyq .uka .;a Ôma r:h ìï fndaïnhg yiq 99
ùfuka ish¿ fokd >d;khg ,la jQy' .d,af,a Wmka Tyq fld
iïm;a ,laud,a o is,ajd - udOHfõ§ >d;khg ,la jQ Èkh - 2006 cQ,s 02 ksoyia udOHfõÈhl= f,i lghq;= l< iïm;a ,laud,a o is,ajd meyer f.k f.dia we;af;a 2006 cQ,s ui 02 jeksod mdkaor 5'00 g muK fldd;kh fldg uy mdf¾ oud f.dia ;snQ Tyqf.a isrerh' ksjfia isg lsf,daóg¾ 3 la muK wE;ska Tyqf.a isrer oud f.dia ;sìK' Tyq ish uj iuÕ ðj;a jQ wújdyl ;reKfhls'
ußhodia ufkdackardÊ ^24& - udOH fiajl >d;khg ,la jQ Èkh - 2006 cQ,s 27 hdmkh wÉpqfõ,s m%foaYfha ix.dfkhs ùÈfha Ôj;a jQ ußhodia ufkdackardÊ >d;kh jQfha 2006 cQ,s ui 27 jeksod mdkaorh' /lshdj jYfhka hd,a ;sklal=r,a mqj;am; wf<ú lsÍu l< ;reKhl= jQ Tyq tÈk mdkaor 3'45 g muK ish h;=re meÈfhka mqj;am;a f.k hEu i|yd hd,a ;sklal=r,a ld¾hd,hg hk úg yuqodfõ mÍCIdjgo ,la ù we;' Tyq mqj;am;a /f.k kej; tu ud¾.fhau tk úg wÉpqfõ,s" kj.sß kï ia:dkfha 100
iuQmdldr ix.uh bÈßmsg§ laf,dafuda fndaïnhlg yiq ùfuka >d;khg ,la úh' msg rglg hEug iQodkñka isá fuu ;reKhd >d;kh jQ tu fndaïnh ÿr isg ls%hd;aul l< tlla nj lshefõ' 25 úhe;s ifydaorhl= iy 21 úhe;s ifydaorhlf.ka hq;a mjq,l fojeks msßñ orejd Tyq úh'
f.dia we;' mqj;am; fnod yer wdmiq tk úg oyj,a 11'30 g muK fmaÿre ;=vqj mdf¾" wÉpqfõ,s m%foaYfha mq;a;+¾ ykaÈfha§ Tyqg fjä ;nd >d;kh fldg we;' Wohka mqj;amf;a ,dxPkho jdykfha meyeÈ,sj uqøKh lr ;sî we;' fjä m%ydrfhka jdykhgo ydks isÿ ù we;' Tyq isõore msfhla úh'
moaukdoka ùYdukkaoka ^29&- ix.S;{ >d;khg ,la jQ Èkh - 2006 wf.daia;= 02
iskak;ïì isjuy rdcd ^68& - mqj;am;a ysñlre >d;khg ,la jQ Èkh - 2006 wf.daia;= 20
rcfha md,kh hgf;a mj;sk hdmkh kdj,¾ mdf¾ wê wdrCIl ld;kh lr we;' Tyq hdmkh fmreud,a fldaú,a,ä m%foaYfha ;reKhl= jQ w;r zweka.rkaZ ^.Km;s& kï ix.S; lKavdhfï wdrïNlhd fukau m%Odkshdh' ix.S;{hl= iy .dhlhl= jQ Tyq fõÈld m%ix. ksfõolhl= f,io lghq;= lrñka isá wfhls'
hdmkfha Èkm;d mqj;am;la jQ kuÈ B,kdvq mqj;amf;a ld;kh lr ;snQ Tyqf.a isrer Tjqkg olskakg ,eî we;' Tyqf.a >d;kh;a iuÕ kuÈ B,kdvq mqj;am; uqøKh o kj;d oukakg isÿ ù we;' Tyq wújdylfhla úh'
i;disjï ndialrka ^44& - udOH fiajl >d;khg ,la jQ Èkh - 2006 wf.daia;= 15 hdmkfha Wohka mqj;am;a ld¾hd,fha ßhÿrl= f,i fiajh l< i;disjï ndialrka 2006 wf.dai; a = 15 jeksod mqj;am;a wf<ú i,a fj; mqj;am;a ñá fnod yer wdmiq tñka isáh§ fjä ;nd >d;kh lr we;' we¢ß kS;sh ls%hd;aul jQ hdmkfha Wfoa 10'00 isg oyj,a 1'00 olajd we¢ß kS;sh ,sys,a l< wjia:dfõ tÈk mqj;am; fnod yeÍug ßhÿre ndialrka m;a;r ñá ^md¾i,a& /f.k 101
102
2007 tia' rúkaøka ^38& - udOH fiajl >d;khg ,la jQ Èkh - 2007 fmnrjdß 12 kuÈ B,kdvq mqj;amf;a rd;S% uqøK hka;% ld;kh lrk ,oafoa Tyq f .a ks j ig meñKs ;= j la l = l rejka f .a fjä m%ydrhlsks' >d;khg ,la jQfha 2006 fmnrjdß 12 jeksodh' hdmkfha fldamdhs m%foaYfha fldamdhs W;=re uOHu fldÜGdYfha Ôj;a jQ újdylfhla jQ Tyq tla ore msfhla úh'
iqn%ukshï rdupkaÈrka ^37& - udOHfõ§ >d;khg ,la jQ Èkh - 2007 fmnrjdß 15 hdmkfha m<jk hd,a ;s k la l = r ,a iy jd,ïmQ ß mqj;am;aj, jd¾;dlrejl= f,i lghq;= l< iqnu % kshï rdupkaÈrka wriä" lrfjâä iy jvudrÉÑ m%foaYj, ndysr wOHdmk wdh;kj, b.ekajQ .=rejrfhla úh' 2007 fmnrjdß 15 jeksod;a fm!oa.,sl mka;s wjika lr nhs i s l ,fhka tk úg jvudrÉÑ m% f oa Y fha lrfjâä m% f oa Y fha l,s f yhs yka È fha § kdÿkk lKavdhula úiska meyer f.k we;' yuqod wdrCIdj iys; tu m%foaYfha§ meyer .;a Tyq .ek lsisÿ wdrxÑhla fkd,eî we;s w;r >d;kh lrkakg we;s nj úYajdi flf¾' Tyq ore fofofkl=f.a msfhla úh'
103
iqNdIa pkaøfndaia ^32& - udOHfõ§ >d;khg ,la jQ Èkh - 2007 wfma%,a 16 fou< NdIdfjka m< jQ kS,d ^N+ñh& kï idys;H iÕrdfõ l¾;Djrhd jQ iqNdYa pkaøfndaia úiskau tu iÕrdj m% l dYhg m;a lr we;' jjqkshdfõ ;sreKdjlal=,ï .fï Ôj;a jQ Tyq i;=j uqøKd,hla o ;sìK' ,kavkfha isg m< flfrk geñ,a j¾,aâ kï iÕrdj iuÕo Tyq ksoyia udOHfõÈhl= f,i lghq;= lfd;kh lrk ,oafoa 2007 wfma%,a ui 16 jeksod rd;S% 7'30 g muK ksjig meñKs ;=jlal=lrejka úiska' fjä ;nd >d;lhka md;kh jk wjia:dfõ orejd Tyq wi, isá w;r Tyq m%ldY l< mßÈ >d;lhka isxy, yd fou< NdIdj,ska l;d fldg we;'
fi,ajrdid rÔõj¾uka ^25& - udOHfõ§ >d;khg ,la jQ Èkh - 2007 wfma%,a 29 1982 jif¾ Wmka 25 úhe;s ;reK udOHfõÈhl= jQ fi,ajrdid rÔõj¾uka hdmkfha m< jk Wohka mqj;amf;a ld¾h uKav,fha udOHfõ§hl= f,i fiajh l< w;r Tyq úfYaIfhka wmrdO jd¾;dlrKh lf
ld¾hd,fhka msg ù hk úg h;=re meÈhlska meñKs rel="nofollow">d;lfhda Tyqg fjä ;nd >d;kh lr md;kh isÿ ù we;af;a Wohka ld¾hd,hg kqÿßka kdj,¾ mdf¾ ridúkaf;daâvï ùÈh iy iageka,s udj; yuqjk ykaÈfhaÈh' yuqod uqr lfmd¨ we;s wê wdrCIl ld;khka >d;kh isÿ fldg wdrCIs;j m
iyfoajka ks,CIka ^25&- udOH YsIH >d;khg ,la jQ Èkh - 2007 wf.daia;= 01 hdmkfha udOH m¾fhaIK iy f;dr;=re wdh;kfha YsIHhl= f,i ckudOH mdGud,djla yodrd wjika l< iyfoajka ks,CIka fldd;lhska m%Yak lsÍug lshd Tyq ksjiska msg;g le|jd we;' rdcH yuqod wdrCIdj iys ; hdmkfha fldl= ú ,a m% f oa Y fha wdähdmdoï ùÈfha msysá Tyqf.a ksjig we¢ß kS;sho n,meje;ajqKq w¿hu myiqfjka meñKs >d;lfhda Tyqg fjä ;nd md;kfhka miq Tyq f .a tlu 105
ifydaorhdo wdrCIdj m;d úfoaY.; lsÍug foudmshka lghq;= lr we;'
weka;kSms,af,a fIÍka is;a;srxcka ^36& - udOH fiajl >d;khg ,la jQ Èkh - 2007 fkdjeïn¾ 05 hdmkfha hd,a ;sklal=r,a mqj;amf;a fnod yeÍfï ld¾h uKav,fha lghq;= l< weka;kSms,af,a fIÍka is;a;srxcka 2007 fkdjeïn¾ ui 05 jeksod isg w;=reoyka ù we;' tÈk mqj;am; fnod yrñka isáh§ WoEik 6'00 g muK ±ä yuqod wdrCIdj iys; m,d,s mdf¾ Bidf,hs m%foaYfha§ w;=reoyka ù we;' hd,a ;sklal=r,a mqj;am;g fmr Tyq fiajh lr we;af;a kuÈ B,kdvq mqj;amf;ah' Tyq >d;kh lrkakg we;s nj úYa j di flf¾' wdfkhs f lda Ü fÜ Whrma m q , ï m%foaYfha mÈxÑlrejl= jQ Tyq újdyl tla ore msfhla úh'
jäfõ,a ksu,rdcd ^31& - udOH fiajl >d;khg ,la jQ Èkh - 2007 fkdjeïn¾ 17 hdmkfha Wohka mqj;amf;a rd;S% fidaÿm;a lshjkakd jQ jäfõ,a ksu,rdcd tys jir ;=kla muK fiajh fldg we;' rd;S% fiajh wjikaj 2007 fkdjeïn¾ ui 17 jeksod ish mdmeÈfhka ksjig hñka isáh§ WoEik 7'30 g muK Wohka ld¾hd,hg wdikak kdj,¾ mdf¾ ÿïßh yria u. § kdÿkk msßila úiska Tyq meyer f.k f.dia we;' hdmkh k.rfha lÉfÉß k,aƾ mdf¾ ks l ,ia udjf;a Ôj;a jQ Tyq wújdyl ;reKfhls' 106
bidhsúis fiïmshdka - ksfõÈld iqf¾Ya ,sïìfhda - ld¾ñl wxYfha fiajl à' ;¾u,sx.ï - bxðfkare >d;khg ,la jQ Èkh - 2007 fkdjeïn¾ 27
nia r:h leì;s f .d,a , Ej wNs u dka m q r § mS v k fndaïnhlg yiqù mqmqrd hEfuka Tyqf.a >d;kh isÿ úh' leì;sf.d,a,Ej m%foaYfha tu jif¾ isÿjQ fojeks nia fndaïn m%ydrh jQ thska isú,a jeisfhda 16 fofkla >d;kh jQy' udOHfõ§ .=Kisxy foore msfhla úh'
fldá y~ .= j ka úÿ,s f ha fia j h l<" bidhs ú is fiïms h dka " iq f ¾Ya ,s ï ìfhda iy à' ;¾u,s x .ï ^O¾u,sx.ï& >d;khg ,la jQfha 2007 fkdjeïn¾ ui 27 jeksod iji 4'30 g muK tlguh' YS% ,xld .=jka yuqodj úiska fy,k ,o .=jka fndaïn m%ydrj,ska ls,f s kdÉÑ m%foaYfha fldl=ú,ays msyá s fldá y~ .=jka úÿ,sh we;=¿ f.dvke.s,s /ila úkdY jQ w;r 11 fofkla >d;kh jQy' thska ;sfofkla jQ fldá y~ .=jka úÿ,sfha fuu fiajlhska ;sfokdf.ka bidhsúis fiïmshdka ths ksfõÈldjl jQ w;r weh ;sore ujla jQjdh' weh m%lg jQfha iqNdðkS hk wkaj¾: kñkah' iqf¾Ya ,sïìfhda ld¾ñl wxYfha fiajlfhla jQ w;r tla ore msfhla úh' à' ;¾u,sx.ï bxðfkarejrfhla f,i lghq;= lr we;' fuu .=jka fndaïn m%ydrfhka fldá y~ .=jka úÿ,sfha ;j;a fiajlhska y;r fofkl= ;=jd, ,nd we;'
ví,sõ' .=Kisxy ^62& - udOHfõ§ >d;khg ,la jQ Èkh - 2007 foieïn¾ 05 wkq r dOmq r Èia ; s % l a l fha leì;s f .d,a , Ej l
108
2008 mrrdcisxyï foajl=ud¾ ^34& - udOHfõ§ >d;khg ,la jQ Èkh - 2008 uehs 28 mrrdcisxyï foajl=ud¾ ^f;ajl=ud¾& fldd;kh lr we;' Tyq iuÕ .uka .;a Tyqf.a ñ;=rl= jQ ufyakaøka jroka o lmd fldgd oud ;snQ w;r frday,a .; lsÍfuka wk;=rej Tyqo ñh f.dia we;' ldl;sõ mdf¾ .uka lrñka isáh§ l,a¨kaodhs kï ia:dkfhaÈ >d;kh isÿ ù we;' miqj ,enqK wdrxÑ ud¾.j,g wkqj Tyqf.a >d;kh t,aààBh úiska lr we;s njg iel u;= ù we;' rcfha ueÈy;a ùfuka hdmkfha issÿ flfrk lghq;= .eko Tyq jd¾;d lsÍu t,aààBfha úfrdaOhg fya;= ù we;s nj lshefõ' Tyq iuÕ isá ñ;=re BmSãmS ixúOdkfha ys;j;l= njo jd¾;d fõ' Tyq újdy ù we;af;a >d;khg udi lsysmhlg fmr§h'
109
fudyuâ uyre*a rYañ ^31& - udOHfõ§ >d;khg ,la jQ Èkh - 2008 Tlaf;dan¾ 06 rYañ uyre*a kñka udOH fCIa;%h y÷kd.;a fudyuâ uyre*a rYañ fldd;kh lrñka mqmqrd .sh urdf.k uefrk fndaïnhg f.dÿre ùfuka rYañ uyre*a >d;khg ,la úh' msmsÍu isÿ jQfha 2008 Tlaf;dan¾ ui 06 jeksod fmrjre 8'40 g muK wkqrdOmqr mrK nia kej;=ï fmd< wdikakfha msysá md;khg ,la úh' Tyq Ôj;a jQfha wkqrdOmqr O¾umd, udjf;a msysá ksjilh'
110
uQ,dY% tllska muKla wkdjrKh jQ lsym s fofkl=f.a f;dr;=re 1' fla' tia' r;akisxyï - udOHfõ§ - uvl,mqj 1986 uvl,mqj Èia;l %s l a fha jõk;sõ lkakkalv = d m%foaYfha Ôj;a jQ fla' tia' r;akisxyï ùrflaiÍ mqj;amf;a jd¾;dlrejl= f,i lghq;= lrñka isáh§ 1986 jif¾ Èfkl fjä ;nd >d;kh l< nj úYajdi lghq;\ mqoa., uQ,dY%j,ska wkdjrKh ù we;;a wod, mqj;am; weiqßka fyda ;yjqre lr .ekSug wmyiq ù we;' u;lfhka jir i|yka jqjo th fjkia úugo bv we;' Tyq tla ore msfhla njo i|yka fjhs'
2' à' ohdkkaoka - udOHfõ§ - ;ñì¨ú,a " wïmdr 1985 wïmdr Èia;s%lalfha kskaojQ¾ m%foaYfha ;ïì,sjq,a .ïudkfha mÈxÑ lrejl= jQ à' ohdkkaoka 1985 jif¾È fjä ;nd >d;kh l< nj mqoa., uQ,dY%hlska jd¾;d fõ' Tyqo ùrflaiÍ mqj;amf;a jd¾;dlrejl= f,i lghq;= nj m%ldY jqj;a th ;yjqre lr .ekSug yelshdjla ,eî ke;'
3' trdjq¾ >d;kfha§ ñh .sh lúhd >d;khg ,la jQ Èkh - 1990 wf.daia;= 11 1990 jif¾ wf.daia;= 11 jeksod rd;s%fha isg 12 jeksod mdka o r jkf;la kef.kys r m
m%foaYfha trdjq¾yS uqia,sï cd;slhka 121 fofkl= t,aààBh úiska >d;kh l< wdldrh jd¾;d lrk z;,a wrU hgZ lD;sfha" tla uqia,sï mjq,l {d;shl= jQ fou< lúhl= >d;kh jQ njla i|yka lrhs' fjä y~ weiS wdrCIdj i|yd wf.daia;= 11 rd;s%fha fou< lúhdf.a ksjig wi,ajeis {d;Ska lsysm fofkl=u meñK we;' Ôú;h fírd f.k mek .;a tla mqo. a ,hl= tu lD;shg m%ldY lr we;s mßÈ tu ksjfia§ w; orejkao we;=¿ 13 fofkla >d;kh fldg we;' ish¿ fokd >d;kh lrkakg t,aààBh iQodkï jk nj f;areï .;a tu lúhd okska jeà tfia fkdlrK f,i b,a,d isg we;' okska jeà hd{d lrñka isáh§u Tyqg fjä ;enQ nj tys jd¾;d fõ' kula i|yka fkdjk tu lúhd .ek kef.kysr m
4' kd.,sx.ï ;Hd.rdcd - udOHfõ§ - uvl,mqj kd.,sx.ï ;Hd.rdcd udOHfõÈhl= f,i lghq;= l< njg yd >d;kh l< njg i|ykla fjhs' Èkhla .ek i|yka fkdfjhs'
5' fla' mS Wmfiak - mqj;am;a wf<ú ksfhdað; >d;khg ,la jQ Èkh - 1988 uehs 16 mqj;am;a wf<ú lsÍu yd fn± yeÍu fya;=fjka fla'mS Wmfiak >d;khg ,la jQ nj i|yka fjhs' m%foaYh i|yka fkdfjhs'
112
6' hQ' iS lreKd;s,l - PdhdrEm Ys,amS >d;khg ,la jQ Èkh - 1988 cQ,s 09 Èjhsk mqj;amf;a ydßiam;a;=j jd¾;dlre ^ PdhdrEm udOHfõÈhl=& f,i lghq;= l< hQ' is lreKd;s,l 1988 cQ,s 09 >d;kh lrk ,o nj m%ldY fjhs'
7' fk,aika lreKdr;ak - udOHfõ§ >d;khg ,la jQ Èkh - 1988 fkdjeïn¾ 23 .f,afj, m%foaYfha jd¾;dlre f,i lghq;= l< fk,aika lreKdr;ak 1988 fkejeïn¾ ui 23 jeksod >d;kh jQ nj i|yka fjhs'
10' whs' iS' m%kdkaÿ - mqj;am;a fnod yeÍu >d;khg ,la jQ Èkh - NSIK iuh ;=< uykqjr Èia;s%lalfha ueKsla yskak m%foaYfha mqj;am;a fnod yeÍï l< mqoa.,hl= f,i i|yka fõ' >d;khg ,lajQ Èkhla" ia:dkhla we;=¿ lsisÿ úia;rhla i|yka fkdfjhs' by; i|yka wxl 4 isg 10 olajd mqoa.,hka .ek i|yka ù we;af;a rð;a lS¾;s f;kakfldakaf.a zjdrK mqrdKhZ lD;sfhah' l;=jrhd i;=jo fjk;a úia;rhla fkdue;s w;r fjk;a mqoa., fyda ,sÅ; uQ,dY%hlska fuu mqoa.,hka iïnkaOfhka ;yjqre lr .ekSug l< W;aidyhkao wid¾:l úh'
8' úfÊisß kdkdhlaldr - udOHfõ§ >d;khg ,la jQ Èkh - 1989 wfma%,a 22 u;=.u jd¾;dlre f,i lghq;= l< njg jd¾;d jk úfÊisß kdkdhlaldr 1989 wfma%,a ui 22 jeksod >d;kh jQ nj i|yka fjhs'
9' ðkfiak lia;=ß wdrÉÑ - udOHfõ§ >d;khg ,la jQ Èkh - 1989 wf.daia;= 21 fâ,s ksjqia mqj;amf;a ;x.,a, jd¾;dlre f,i fiajh l< ðkfiak lia;=ß wdrÉÑ 1989 wf.daia;= 21 jeksod >d;kh l< nj jd¾;d fõ'
113
114
udOH iy l,d lghq;=j, kshe¨kq" wka;r úYaj úoHd, YsIH n, uKav,fha YsIH foaYmd,k lsh % dldßka
;SrK .kakd y;a fokdf.a f,alï uKav,hgo wh;a jQ Tyq fldd;kh fldg we;'
moauisß ;S%udú;dk - ks¾udK lrefjls >d;khg ,la jQ Èkh - 1988 Tlaf;dan¾ 22
w;=, fiakdr;ak - fjo isiq y~ ixialdrl >d;khg ,la jQ Èkh - 1990 iema;eïn¾ 17
wxl=r lúfhla" Ñ;% Ys,amsfhla fukau zfjo isiqy~Z iÕrdjg ,shQ f,aLlfhla jQ moauisß ;S%udú;dk isiqjd fldd;khg ,la úh' ysig mrd, weK .id jo § fuu isiqjd >d;kh lr ;snQ wdldrh .ek tl, úYd, lïmdjla iudch ;=< we;s úh'
ck;d úuqla;s fmruqfKa úYaj úoHd, YsIH ix.ïj, tl;=j jQ wka;¾ úYaj úoHd, YsIH n, uKav,fha ls%hdldß;ajh 1987 - 1990 NSIKfhka wvmK ù f.dia ;snqKs' NSIKh ;rula wvq ù hEu;a iuÕ th kej; mK .kajd YsIH jHdmdrh h<s talrdYS lsÍug W;aidy .;a mqoa.,hd jQfha w;=, fiakdr;akh' 1990 ud¾;= ui w;a wvx.=jg m;a jQ Tyq wfm%a,a ui m
Wmd,s .uf.a - fjä y~ ixialdrl >d;khg ,la jQ Èkh - 1990 ckjdß uydkdu f,iska ye¢kajQ Wmd,s .uf.a mQ¾Kld,Skj wka;¾ úYaj úoHd, YsIH n, uKav,fha m%Odk YsIH ix.uhla jQ iudcjd§ YsIH ix.ufha ls%hdldßlhl= úh' fma%udkkao kñka uyKj isá Tyq WmeúÈ ù mQ¾K ld,Skj YsIH ix.ï lghq;= i|yd fhduq úh' ckudOH lñgqfõ f,alï jYfhkao lghq;= lr we;s Tyq zfjä y~Z kï ^md;d,& ryis.; mqj;am; fukau ;j;a tjeks mqj;am;a lsysmhl l;=jrhd f,i lghq;= lr we;' YsIH igka uOHia:dkfha cd;sl lñgqfõ wjidk 115
1990 iema;eïn¾ ui 17 jeksod kej; w;awvx.=jg m;a jQ Tyq >d;khg ,la ù we;'
116
yÈis wk;=re yd fjk;a fya;= u; wysñ jQ lsym s fofkla ,Skd whsßka ymq;ka;S% - f,aÅld$lsú¢h wk;=rg ,la jQ Èkh - 1987 uehs 18 Ôj;a j isáhdkï ks¾udK fCIa;%fha m%n,u ia;S% f,aÅldj jkjdg iel ke;s m%;sNdjla fmkajQ ,Skd whsßka ymq;ka;S% ñh .sfha wld,fhah' 1971 le/,af,a ú;a;sldßhlaj jir 4 la isr.;j .; l< weh isrf.hska ksoyia jQ miqj;a ck;d úuqla;s fmruqK iuÕ lghq;= lr we;' tfy;a ck;d úuql; a s fmruqfKa fojeks le/,a,g uq, mqrK ld,h jk úg weh tu foaYmd,k .uka uÕ .ek l,lsÍ th úfõpkh lr bka bj;a ù isáhdh' jdudxYsl foaYmd,k u;hla ±rE weh úfYaIfhka ia;S% mSvkh .ek ixfõ§ ia;S%jdÈkshl jQjdh' 1980 oYlfha ks¾udK úu¾Ykh lrkafkl=g wef.a tu jdujd§ ia;S%jd§ yd iudc ixfõ§ cj iïmkak ks¾udK Yla;sh y÷kd.; yels jkq we;' lú" flá l;d" fukau ks¾udKd;aul rpkd l< weh udOH yryd iudc foaYmd,k jdo újdoj,g tla ù isáhdh' úpdr ,sms ,sõjdh' weh ck;d úuq l a ; s fmruq f Kka bj;a ùu;a " ls%hdldßkshl yd ks¾udKldßkshl f,i m< l< wehf.a kj foaYmd,k .uka uÕ;a ksid ck;d úuql; a s fmruqfKa ;¾ckh weh fj; we;s njg iel lrñka wehg Ôj;a jkakg isÿ úh' 1986 foieïn¾ ui 15 jeksod ohd m;srK YsIHhd >d;kh;a iuÕ ck;d úuqla;s fmruqK úfõpkh lr bj;a jQjkag ielfhka Ôj;a jkakg isÿ jQjd fiau" ,Skd whsßka Ôj;a jQfhao 117
ielfhks' tfyhska 1987 uehs ui 11 jeksod yÈis ßh wk;=rlg weh ,la jQ wjia:dfõ wehf.a ñ;=re ñ;=ßhka th ie,iqï iy.; tlla ±hs uq,§ iel ld;khla f,i ms<s.ekSug isÿ úh' fydrK" oUr m%foaYfha ish uj iy mq;=ka fofokd iuÕ Ôj;a jQ weh ßh wk;= r g ,la jQ f ha fld
pkaøl=udr úl%ur;ak - lúfhls wjika jrg ÿgq Èkh - 1991 pkaøl=udr úl%ur;ak fyj;a ñ;=rkag pkaof¾ jQ Tyq >d;kh l<do ish Èú kid .;a;do hk ielh ñ;=rka w;r ;ju;a úi|D .; fkdyels .eg¿jla ù we;' b;du m%n, ks¾udK Yla;h s lska fyì lúhl= jQ Tyqf.a ks¾udK wu;l l< fkdyels ñ;=rka ;ju;a Tyq .ek ;efj;s' ck;d úuql; a s fmruqfKa lsh % dldßhlhl= f,i iuyre ±k y÷kd f.k isá Tyq iaÓr ksjykla fkdue;sj ;ekska ;ek Ôj;a jQfjls' Tyq l,ska l,g tfia Ôj;a ù we;af;a tl, iy wo olajd;a ks¾udK fCIa;%fha kshef,k ñ;=rkaf.a weiqf¾h' 88$90 m%n, NSIK iuh ^ck;d úuqla;s fmruqfKa NSIKh yd thg tfrysj Èh;a jQ rdcH NSIKh& olajd Tyq Ôj;a ù we;' 118
wjika jrg Tyq ±l we;s ñ;=rkag wkqj Tyq" uykqjr isg fld
fõÈldfõ fldKalS%Ü neïfï je§ thska Tyq t;eku Ôú;CIhg m;a ù we;'
fla' kkaol=ud¾ - udOH fiajl wk;=rg ,la jQ Èkh - 2001 uehs 06 Wohka mqj;amf;a l
relaIsld m%idÈkS ^21&- udOHfõÈkS wk;=rg ,la jQ Èkh - 2006 foieïn¾ 19 l=,isxy - udOHfõ§ wk;=rg ,la jQ Èkh fld
ù t*a tï .=jka úÿ,s fiajfha ksfõÈldjl iy jd¾;dldßks h l f,i lghq ; = l< ;reKs h l jQ relaIsld m%idÈkS ßh wk;=rlg ,laj urKhg m;a jQfha 2006 foieïn¾ ui 19 jeksodh' Bg Èk 12lg fmr weh ßh wk;=rlg ,la jQfha mqj;am;a idlÉPdjla jd¾;d lsÍu i|yd wdh;kfha jdykhlska .uka lrñka isáh§h' fld
wk;=re tallfha m%;sldr ,nñka isg urKhg m;a jQ weh fjkqfjka idOdrKhla bgq lr .ekSug l< W;aidyhka rdcH ;dka;s%l nj ksid hgm;a jQ nj jd¾;d fõ' udOH Ôú;hg msúi udi lsym s hlska wNd.H iïmkak f,i wef.a .uk fl<jr úh'
fjk;a fldamar,a fiamd, .=K;s,l udOHfõÈhl=" l,dlrejl= fyda udOH fiajlhl= fkdjk kuq;a fldamar,a fiamd, .=K;s,l >d;khg ,la ù we;a f ;a YS % ,xld rEmjdys k S ixia : dfõ msÿre;,d., iïfma%IK l=¿Kg t,a, l< m%ydrhla ksidh' 1984 fkdjeïn¾ ui 03 jeksod rEmjdyskS l=¿fKa wdrCIl fiajh Ndrj isáfha fldamr a ,a fiamd, .=K;s,lh' l÷ uqÿfKa le,Ej ueo msyá s l=¿Kg tÈk rd;s%fha m%ydrhla t,a, úh' m%ydrlhka md;khg ,la jQ w;r wfkl=;a fin¿kaf.a m%ydr ksid m%ydrlhska lKavdhu miq nei f.dia we;' l=¿fKa mdou jgd mqmqrK øjH ne| msmsrùug iQodkï lr ;snK q ;a fc,s.k a hsÜ iys; fiajd kQ, o,ajd .ekSug fkdyels ùfuka l=¿K úkdYfhka fíreKs' tys fiajfha fh§ isá rEmjdyskS fiajlhkag o lsisÿ wk;=rla fkdjqKs' m%ydrhg meñK we;af;a fgf,da ixúOdkfha m%ydrl lKavdhula njg jd¾;d úh'
ls%hdldßhlfhla f,i lghq;= lr we;s nj fy<sorõ ù we;af;a Tyqf.a >d;kh;a iuÕh' Tyq ta jk úg fiajhg meñK ke;s w;r 1989 jif¾ isÿ jQ Tyqf.a >d;kho tu foaYmd,kg wod, isÿùula ksid jQjla nj jd¾;d fõ' wdkkao fukaäia >d;kh jQ óáhdf.dv m%foaYfha jd¾;dlre f,i wdkkao fukaäiaf.a ku óg fmr lD;shl i|ykaj we;' Tyq m%dfoaYSh jd¾;dlrejl= f,i lghq;= lr we;s kuq;a" >d;kh ùug jir .Kkdjlg fmr isg udOH lghq;= w;yer fjk;a lghq;j,= fh§ we;s nj fidhd .;a iuld,Sk udOHfõ§ idCIs wkqj ;yjqre fjhs' 1988 wfma%,a 17 jeksod oyj,a fjä ;nd isÿ ù we;s Tyqf.a >d;kho tu fjk;a fya;= u; isÿ jQjla nj jd¾;d fjhs'
rK;=x. mqoa., uQ,dY% /ilska ;yjqre jQ mßÈ Èjhsk mqj;amf;a msgq ie,iqï Ys,amshl= f,i fiajh l< rK;=x. keue;a;d ck;d úuqla;s fmruqfKa ikakoaO wxYfha 121
122
>d;khka isÿ ù we;s wdldrh msd;k isÿ ù we;s wdldrh isxy, fou< uqia,sï
46 57 06
tl;=j
109
2' fCIa;% wkqj >d;k isÿ ù we;s wdldrh fuh t;rï meyeÈ,sj j¾.SlrKh l< fkdyels w;r iuyre udOH iy idys;H l,d wxYj,g tlfia m%lg jQ wh fj;s' tfy;a o< jYfhka jeä wkkH;dj m< l< fCIa;%h wkqj fldgia lsÍu lr we;' udOHfõ§ka fldgig PdhdrEm udOHfõ§ka 4la we;=<;ah' ye¢kaùu ms<sn| újdohla we;s úoaHq;a udOH fCIa;%fha bxðfkare yd ld¾ñl ks,OdÍka fuys§ we;=<;a ù we;af;a udOH jD;a;sl fCIa;%hgh' 1' udOHfõ§ka 2' udOH fiajlhska 3' ysñlrejka$fldgialrejka 4' l,d ixialD;sl ls%hdldßka 5' uq¿ .Kk -
123
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y
jirla f,i jeäu >d;k ixLHdj igyka jkafka 1989 jir i|ydh' th 22ls' thska 6la hqoaOhg wod, f;audjg jefgk w;r wfkla >d;k 14 iïnkaOfhka j.lSu mejÍ we;af;a ck;d úuqla;s fmruqK fj;h' thska folla ms<sn| fjk;a ielo mj;S'
y
1985" 1986" 1992" 2001" 2002 iy 2003 jirj, >d;k isÿ jQ njg jd¾;d ke;' ^ f;audjg wod,j fidhd .;a lreKq wkqj& úfYaIfhka >d;k isÿ fkdjQ jir ;=k yudrla muK È.= ld,hla igyka jkafka 2001" 2002 iy 2003 isg 2004 uehs olajdh' thg meyeÈ,s fya;=jla f,i wjfndaO;d .súiqu w;aika lsÍu yd ta wdY%s;j we;sjQ idu ls%hdj,sh ±laúh yelsh' 2000 Tlaf;dan¾ 10 meje;s uy ue;sjrKfhka ch .;a tlai;a ck;d ksoyia ikaOdkh 2001 jif¾ fmnrjdß 22 wjfndaO;d .súiqu w;aika fldg idu lsh % dj,sh wdrïN lfd;k iudch ;=< isÿ jQ w;r t,aààBh úiska nqoaê wxY idudðlhka yd úreoaOjd§ka >d;kh jßka jr lrf.k .sfhah' tfy;a thg fmr ld,fha iy idu ls%hdj,sh wvmK lr ±uQ 2004 jifrka miq t<ô wo olajd ld,h ;=< mj;sk hqojd§" ksoyia >d;k ls%hdj,sh wvmK ù ;snqKs'
109
wxl 3 hgf;a >d;kh jQ isxy, 04 fokdf.ka wreK ly|.uf.a ckjd¾.sl m%Yakh yd hqoaOhg wod, wxl 01 hg;g wh;a úh hq;= njgo m%n, ielhla we;' wxl 1 hgf;a >d;kh jQ uqia,sï 06 fokdf.ka ksyu;=,, a df.a >d;kh tu f;audjgu wod, fõ±hs iel iys;h' .=jka wk;=r ckjd¾.sl m%Yakhg yd hqoaOhg wod, fõo" foaYmd,k l=uka;%Khlao" hdkfha fodaIhlao hkak fkdúi÷k .eg¿jls'
125
fmdÿ ks.uk lsym s hla
126
y
wjfndaO;d .súiqu yd idu ls%hdj,sh Èh;a jQ jljdkqj ;=< udOHfõ§" udOH jD;a;sl iy l,d ixialD;sl ls%hdldÍkaf.a >d;k jd¾;d fkdjQjdg idfmaCIj" fuf;la b;sydih ;=< udOH iy udOHfõ§ka u¾okh iDcqju b,lal fldg .;a >d;k jed;k .Kk 31 ls' thg isxy, udOHfõ§ka 3la iy f,aLlfhla we;=<;a fõ' uqia,sï udOHfõÈfhla iy f,aLlfhlao ta w;r fj;s' b;sß 25 fokdu fou< udOHfõ§ka" udOH whs;slrejka yd udOH fiajlhskh a ' tla ix.S;{fhla o fjhs' fï ld,hg wh;a iïm;a ,laud,af.a >d;kh yer wfkla >d;k ;syu^30& iDcqju hqoaOh yd nef|a' isxy, ;sfofkla yd uqia,sï fofokd fndaïnj,g f.dÿre ù >d;kh jQy' fou< úis mia fokdu ^25& >d;kh ù we;af;a iDcq f,iu hqo mqj;a" udkj ysñlï W,a,x>Khka jd¾;d ùu je<elaùu iy tajd m%pdrh jk udOH u¾okh lsÍu wruqKq lr f.kh' tajd" ks o yia woyia ±Íu" woyia m% l dY ls Í u yd ikaksfõokh lsÍu je<elaùu fukau W;=f¾ ck Ôú;h ms<sn| i;H f,dalfhka iÕjd ;eîu wruqKq lr .;a >d;khkah' fou< udOH fCIa;f % ha m%n,hka lsysm fofkl=u fï ld,h ;=< >d;khg ,la jQy'
127
1981 - 2008 iema;eïn¾
m%ldYkh - ksoyia udOH jHdmdrh
ye¢kaùu
wkq ms
1
>d;khg ,la jQ udOHfõ§ka" udOH fiajlhska iy l,d ixialD;sl ls%hdldÍka hkqfjka woyia jkafka ia;S% mqreI fomd¾Yajhu nj uq,skau wjOdrKh l< hq;=h' thg fya;=j" tu jpk ;=< fomd¾Yajhu wka;¾.; jqj;a iudch yd fCIa;%h ;=< meje;s yd mj;sk wdl,amuh wêm;s;ajh ;=< mqreI md¾Yajh muKla isyh s g kef.k NdIduh wêm;s;j a hla mj;sk neúks' >d;khg ,la jQ udOHfõ§ka" udOH fiajlhska yd l,d ixialD;sl ls%hdldÍka .ek f;dr;=re tl;=jla lsÍfï wruqK" woyia ±Ífï" woyia m%ldY lsÍfï yd f;dr;=re ikaksfõokh lsÍfï ksoyi wysñ ùfuka wfma b;sydih ;=< Ôú;fhka jkaÈ f.jkakg isÿ jQjka ms<sn| fidhd ne,Su tl w;lska jeo.;a ksidh' wfkla w;ska" ksoyia woyia ±Íu" m%ldY lsÍu yd udOH yryd ikaksfõokh lsÍfï ksoyi W,a,x>Kh lsÍug fya;= ù we;s ft;sydisl idOl ljrdldr±hs y÷kd .ekSug tu f;dr;=re jeo.;a jk ksidh' tfukau iuyreka >d;kh jQfha udOH Ndú;h ksidu fkdjk kuq;a" Ôj;aj isáhd kï Tjqkg l< yelsj ;snQ ld¾hNdrhg jákdlula §ugo fuuÕska yels jk ksidh' woyia >d;kfha yd udOH u¾okfha oreKq;u wmrdOh mq o a . , >d;khhs ' mq o a . , >d;khka yd ta j dfha wdldrhka fidhd ne,Sfuka" woyia ±Íu" m%ldY lsÍu yd f;dr;=re ikaksfõokh j
jQ iudc foaYmd,k ;;a;ajhka jgyd .ekSugo th bjy,a fjhs' fuu f;dr;=re ix.%yh th ksÍCIKh lsÍug udj;la újD; lrkq we;' thg myiqjla f,i fuys f;dr;=re fm< .iajd we;af;a wod, fCIa;%fha m%ùK;d" fcHIaG;d fyda ckms%h;d jeks ldrKd wkqj fkdj >d;kh jQ j¾I wkq ms<sfj, wkqjh' 1992 jif¾ ksoyia udOH jHdmdrfha wdrïNh;a iuÕ udOH ksoyig t,a, jQ ;¾ck yd udOHfõ§ >d;kj,g tfrysj keÕ+ y~ iy wfkl=;a ls%hdldrlï iuÕ m%n, f,i udOH ksoyi ms<sn| l;sldjla iudch ;=< f.dv ke.=Ks' idys;H" l,d ixialD;sl whs;Ska yd ksoyi fjkqfjkao fmkS isàu tu ksoyia udOH wr.,fhau fldgila f,i f.k lghq;= lr we;' ta wruq K q Tia f ia hñka fuu f;dr;= r e tl;= j g udOHfõ§ka" udOH fiajlhska muKla fkdj l,d ixialD;sl lsh % dldrlïj,g odhl jQ whf.a f;dr;=reo tl;= fldg we;' fï whf.ka iuyre jD;a ; S h udOHfõ§ka" udOH fiajlhska yd l,d ixialD;sl ls%hdldÍka jQy' iuyre fjk;a jD;a;Ska fyda fjk;a foaYmd,k jHdmdrhka iuÕ lghq;= lrñka udOH l,d lghq;=j, fhÿkq wh fj;s' úfYaIfhka W;=re kef.kysr fou< foaYmd,k jHdmdr$lKavdhï ;=< fukau jdudxYsl foaYmd,k jHdmdr ;=< mQ¾K ld,Sk foaYmd,k ls%hdldÍkaf.ka iuyre tajd u.ska m%ldYs; mqj;am;a yd m%ldYkj, mQ¾K ld,Sk udOHfõ§ka yd udOH jD;a;l s hka f,io lghq;= lr we;' ;j;a iuyre iudc idOdrK;ajh yd iduh" iyÔjkh Wfoid lghq;= l< m%.;sYS,S jHdmdr yd iïnkaOj tu woyia iudchg f.k hEfï ks¾udK ld¾hhka yd tald;añlj lghq;= l< wh fj;s' tod fukau wo;a m%dfoaYSh udOHfõ§ka$fõÈkshka" ksoyia udOHfõ§ka$fõÈkshka nyq;rh udOH lghq;=j, fhfokafka fjk;a jD;a;Ska 3
fyda jHdmdrj, fyda fhfoñka h ' W;= f ¾ udOH ixialD;sh fldd;k je
ryis.; m%ldYkj,g muKla odhl jQjka neúka ol=fKa isiqka ;sfokd fjku i|yka lr we;' Ôj;aj isáhdkï fCIa;%hg úYd, fiajhla lsÍug yelshdj fmkajQ ;j;a lsysm fofkl=f.a yÈis urK .ek igyklao zyÈis wk;= r e yd w;= r eoyka ù ï lsysmhlg wod, f;dr;=reZ hk ud;Dldj hgf;a igyka fjhs' fjk;a isoaëka lsysmhla f,i i|yka lr we;s fofofkl= iuyr ;efkl udOHfõ§ka yd udOH fiajlhska f,i i|yka ù we;s w;r f;dr;=re fidhd ne,Sfï§ wjika ld,fha Tjqka udOH lghq;j = , kshef,ñka isg ke;' >d;khg fya;=j udOHh fyda woyia m%ldY lsÍfï ksoyi fkdj fjk;au ldrKd nj fy<sfõ' tla yuqod ks,Odßhl= .ek f;dr;=rla fuu fldgigu we;= < ;a lr we;a f ;a udOH wdh;khlg t,a, l< m%ydrhl§ tys wdrCIl lghq;= ksid ñh .sh ksidfjks' uQ , dY% tlls k a muKla wkdjrKh jQ ls y s m fofkl=f.a f;dr;=re hgf;a i|yka jk kï lsysmh m%Odk fldgig we;=<;a lsÍu wmyiq ù we;af;a ms<. s ; yels fojeks f;dr;=re ud¾.hlska tu >d;k ms<sn| ikd: lr .ekSug fkdyels ksidh' tys i|yka lsysm fofkla wkdjrKh ù we;af;a tla ,sÅ; f;dr;=re ud¾.hlska muKs' fou< udOHfõ§ka fofofkla y÷kd f.k we;af;a mqoa., f;dr;=rej,ska muKh' flfia jqj;a ^m%Odk ,ehsi; a j = g we;=<;a& ish¿ fokdf.a Ôú; wysñ ùu idudkH Ôú; iajNdjh wkqj isÿ jQ tajd fkdfõ' fkdje<elaúh yels wk;=re ksid isÿ jQ tajdo fkdfõ' ta ish,a," >d;lhka ljqreka jqjo" Tjqka fkdleue;s fjk;a u;hla orE ksidfjka fyda 5
>d;lhka fkdleue;s woyia m%ldY l< ksidfjka fyda >d;lhka wkdjrKh jk ikakf s õokhl fhÿkq ksidfjka fyda ck;djg hym;a ikakf s õokhl fhÿkq ksidfjka fyda úixuq;shg" úixjdohg iudch ;=< bvlv wysñ lsÍu ksidfjka fyda isÿ jQ >d;khkah' n, wr.,h ksid isÿ jQ >d;khkah' úpdrh fjkqjg wúpdrh iudch fj
3' foaYmd,lhkaf.a l=uka;%K ksid isÿ l< >d;k fï iïnkaO igykla iy m
tmuKla fkdj wdishdfõ jákd;u mqia;ld,hla jQ hdmkh mqia;ld,h .sks ;eîfï isoaêfhka ixfõ§ f,dalhu lïmd úh' mqia;ld,hg .sks ;nd kslïu m,d .shd fkdj fld<ôka .sh foaYmd,k{hskaf.a uerhska tys fldgiska fldgig f.dia fmÜgr,a oud .sks ;enQ wdldrh jd¾;d úh' 1981 jif¾ cQks 04 jeksod hdmkfha meje;aùug kshñ;j ;snQ ixj¾Ok iNd Pkaoh uxfld,a, lEfï wruqfKka uehs 31 jeksod isg ol=fKka .sh ixúOdkd;aul foaYmd,k uer l,a,s fhdod hdmkh .sks ;eîfï ls%hdj,sh Èh;a ù we;' cQks 01 jeksod rd;s%fha mqia;ld,h .sks .kakd wdrxÑh ±k .;a fudfydf;a wyig k.sk .sks ±,a ÿgq fâúâ msh;=ud by,g .;a yqiau iuÕ t;eku weo jeà ñh f.dia we;' t;=ud mqia;dld,h ks;r mßyrKh l< ksrela;sjdÈhl= jQ w;r ta jk úg m¾fhaIKd;aul lD;shla ,shñka isg we;' mqia;ld,fhka Wmßu m%fhdack .;a tys ld¾hd, ld¾h iydhl mÜl=kï kdgH rplhl= yd rx. Ys,amshl= f,io lghq;= l< wfhls' mqia;dld,h .sks ;nkq ÿgq Tyq Wu;= frda.shl= njg m;a jQ nj jd¾;d fõ' fou< ñksidf.a wd;auhu ;=jd, lrñka u¾okh tf,i wuq wuqfõ wdrïN jkafka 1981 isgh' fou< ;reK foaYmd,k lKavdhïj, ke.sàu isÿ jkafka;a tu jljdkqfõh' thska miq jljdkqj fou< ck;djf.a wysñ whs;sjdislï Èkd .ekSfï igk mfil ;sìh§ lKavdhï w;r n, fmdrhla we;s jk ld,hla njg m;a fjhs ' lKa v dhï ;= < m% c d;ka ; % j doh m% Y a k lrkakka urd ±óu" tajdg tlÕ fkdù yer hkakka urd ±óu j¾Okh fjhs' lKavdhï w;r urd .ekSï j¾Okh fjhs' wjidkfha wfkl=;a lKavdhï u¾okh lrñka t,a à àBh n,j;a fjhs ' tfyhs k a uE; 8
b;sydifha oreKq;u woyia u¾okh hdmkfhka wdrïN jQ 1981 jif¾ isg >d;kh jQ mqoa.,hkaf.a f;dr;=re fuu lD;shg we;=<;a fjhs' 1981 jif¾ isg 2008 jif¾ iema;eïn¾ ui olajd >d;k f;dr;=re fidhd .; yels wdldrhg fuys igyka fjhs' YS% ,xldfõ woyia u¾ok b;sydih ft;sydisl rdcH md,k iuhka olajd wE;g úysfokakls' wd.u weoySfï ksoyi yd ta wdYs%; .%ka: ^;,am;aj, ,shQ& mßyrK whs;sh W,a,x>Kh lrñka we;s jk tu u¾okhka fjdaydßl ;siai rc iuh ^ls%'j' 214 - 236& lrd Èfjhs' th we;s jkafka uyd úydrh iy wNh.sßh w;r we;s jk f:rjd§ nqÿ oyu iy uydhdk nqÿ oyu ms<sn| jdoh ksidh' f.daGdNh rc iufha§ uydhdk u; orE NsCIQka yeg kulf.a fjr ,l=Kq ;nd ráka msgqjy,a l< nj;a fmd;a m;a .sks ;enQ nj;a jd¾;d fõ' uyd jxYhg wkqj fï wd.ï weoySfï jdoh ksid ;j;a oreKq Ydia;% yd Ys,am úkdYhlg ,la jkafka uyfika rcq iufha§h' fjr ,l=Kq ;nd ráka msgqjy,a l< NsCIQka ÿgq ix>ñ;% kï uydhdk NsCIqj YS% ,xldjg meñKs uyfika rcq uydhdk oyug keUqre lrjd f.k l< l=uka;%Khlg wkqj tu úkdYh isÿ jk nj b;sydifha lshefõ' ta wkqj uyd úydr jdiS NsCs IQkg a oka fok rg jeishkag ov kshu lrkq ,eìK' ix>ñ;% ysñf.a ñ;% fidaK keue;s weue;sjrhdo yjq,a lrf.k uyd úydrh yd wkqnoaO úydr úkdY lrùug lghq;= l< njo jd¾;d fõ' miqj rcqf.a ñ;% fï>j¾KdNh weue;sf.a uÕ fmkaùfuka rcq kej; uyd úydrh f.dv kexùug lghq;= l< njo rcqf.a tla ìijla uyd úydrh úkdY lrjQ iÕñ;a ysñ iy fidaK weue;s jvqjl= ,jd uerjq njo uyd jxYfha i|yka fõ' miq ld,Skj we;s jQ ld,sx. ud> wdl%uKj,§o fn!oaO 9
.%ka: /ila úkdY l< nj yd fjfyr úydr úkdY l< nj jd¾;d fõ' flfia jqj;a ft;sydisl idOl j, isg woyia u¾okfha uq, rdcH md,lhka wkqkaf.a nyg /jàu" wkau; fkdbjiSu" úixuq;shg bv fkd;eîu jeks ldrKd fukau isú,a yd ndysr wdl%uK njg idCIs we;' l=uka;%Kj,g tys§ uq,a ;ek ,eî we;' m%cd;ka;%jdoh .re lrk úYaj .ïudkhla njg m;ajQ YsIaG iïmkak hehs iïu; f,dalhl l=vd rgla jQ YS% ,xldj ;=< tu YsIaG;ajh wNsnjd jev jiï u¾okhla ;j ÿrg;a j¾Okh ùu lK.dgq odhlh' YsIaG iïmkak rglg fi!Nd.H f.k tkafka ksoyia woyia ñi f.da;j % d§" hqojd§ wúkS;lï fkdfõ' Wodjk iQ ¾ hhd ynr, fld
lsÍug WmldÍ úh' fldd;kh jQjkaf.a f;dr;=re we;=<;a lD;s fukau úúO lD;s /ila f;dr;=re .fõIKhg bjy,a úh' jir oyhl hqla;sh mqj;am;a" m%Odk Odrdfõ udOH wdh;k lsym s hl mqi; a ld," cd;sl mqi; a ld, m%f,aLK fia j d uKa v ,fha mq i a ; ld,h" fou< foa Y md,k mCIj, f;dr;=re ud¾." jdudxYsl foaYmd,k mCI f;dr;=re ud¾. iy fjí wvú /ila f;dr;=re fidhd hEfï§ iydh úh' ta is h ¿ fokdg iy is h ¿ wdh;kj,g wmf.aa f.!rjh iy ia;=;sh ysñfõ' ilia l< fuu ,ehs i a ; = j mßmQ ¾ K tlla úh fkdyelsh' idudkHfhka b;sydih ,shefjkafka y`~la ;snQ" n,hla ;snQ whg jdis iy.; f,i ùu i;Hhls' wjjrm%idÈ; wh" wêm;s u;jdoh ;=< ia;S%ka tu b;sydih ;=< Ôj;a jkafka ke;' ke;skï wvqfjks' fuu fCIa;%h ;=
11
The List of Journalists, Media Workers and Cultural Activists
>d;khg ,lajQ udOHfõ§ka" udOH fiajlhska iy l,d ixialD;sl lsh % dldßkaf.a kï ,ehsi; a j = ^>d;kh jQ j¾Ih wkqj fm< .iajd we;'&
x x
kjr;akï - PdhdrEm Ys,amS - cQks 03 úu,a tia iqf¾kaø - PdhdrEm Ys,amS -Tlaf;dan¾ 26
1981
x
i;disjï YsjYkauq.uQ¾;s ; ^iqkaorï& - udOHfõ§ ckjdß 02
x
rdcr;akï fchpkaøka ^md¾;ka&- udOHfõ§ - cQkswf.daia;= w;r
x
ldjƾ tia' fc.kdoka - f,aLl
x
ks,ka; .=Kj¾Ok - wdf,allrK Ys,m a S -rEmjdyskS - Tlaf;dan¾ 05 f¾Kql w;a;kdhl bxðfkare - rEmjdyskS Tlaf;dan¾ 5 .dñKS chka; - ld¾ñl ks,OdÍ - rEmjdyskS Tlaf;dan¾ 05 jhs' lreKdmd, - ßhÿre - rEmjdysk-S Tlaf;dan¾ 05
1982 1984 1986 1987
x x x
12
x x x x x x
1988
x x x x x x x x x x x
1989
x x x x
l=urhshd lu,odia - uqøKd, fiajl - Tlaf;dan¾ 13 wreK ly|.uf.a - lúfhls Tlaf;dan¾ 19 kkaok udrisxy - l,dlre - fkdjeïn¾ 29 i;Hmd, jkaks.u -f,aLl - fkdjeïn¾ 18 meyer .ekSu fla' tï jdiy¾ - udOHfõ§ tia' kvrdcd - udOHfõ§ úch l=udrK;=x. - l,dlre - fmnrjdß 16 pkaøisß ùrúl%u isxyfiak - wf<ú ksfhdað; uehs 17 Ô' î' .=Kodi - wf<ú iylre - uehs 17 lkaohshd lkaoidñ - udOH wdh;k whs;slre - cQks$cQ,s fykaß muqKqj - udOH fiajl - Tlaf;dan¾ 02 à'î' úfÊiQßh - ixialD;sl ls%hdOr Tlaf;dan¾ 03 fÊ'B' .=Kfialr - f,aLl$mßj¾;l Tlaf;dan¾ 19 ã' tï' ã' pkaøúu, - udOHfõ§ - fkdjeïn¾ 17 tÉ'B' ohdkkao - f,aLl - foieïn¾ 02 tka' iS' tï' biaudhs,a - udOHfõ§ - foieïn¾ tia' fi,ajrdcd - udOHfõ§ ã'tka' tia' m;srK - udOHfõ§ - ckjdß 24 wdkkao kjr;ak - f,aLl - ckjdß 25 î'tï' ùrfldaka nKavdr -ixialD;sl ls%hdOr fmnrjdß 09 tka'Ô fma%ur;ak ^Wmd,s& - ùÈ kdgH rx. Ys,amS fmnrjdß 11 13
x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x
ir;a fifkúr;ak - ùÈ kdgH rx. Ys,amS fmnrjdß 11 fÊ' ta' ffu;S%md, chùr ^f,dl= whshd& - ùÈ kdgH rx. Ys,amS - fmnrjdß 11 .dñKS fiakl nKavdr ^id.r& f,aLl - ud¾;= 06 fla' ;knd,isxyï - f,aLl - ud¾;= 24 iqks,a kjr;ak - udOHfõ§ - ud¾;= à uy,sx.ï - udOHfõ§ - uehs 11 mS'ã' úu,fiak - uqøKd, l
1990
1991
x x x x x
fõ¨ms,af,a wdkkaoka - f,aLl - fmnrjdß 21 fidaims,aff, fkdanÜ fyj;a fvdñksla - f,aLl - uehs 17 fi,aúks;s ;Hd.rdcd -ksoyia x udOHfõÈks$ixialD;sl ls%hdOr - wf.daia;= 26 a = tia' ;s,f a f,kdoka - ixialD;sl lsh % dOr - wf.dai; 26 fla ufkdayrka - ixialD;sl ls%hdOr - wf.daia;= 26
x x
x
1993 1994
x
wekagkS laúkagia m%kdkaÿ - udOHfõ§ - 1993 uehs 02
x x
ta' iNd,sx.ï - f,aLl - uehs 1 lklr;a k ï YS % i a l ka o rdcd ^fla ' tia ' rdc& udOHfõ§ - foieïn¾ 03
1995
x x x x
lreKdr;ak imq;ka;S% -udOHfõ§ - wfma%,a 29 lsru mshfidau - udOHfõ§ - wfma%,a 29 täúka ùrisxy - PdhdrEm uOHfõ§ - wfma%,a 29 tia' tia' .fkaIms,af,a ^jrKshqrka& - .=jkaúÿ,s Ys,amS - wf.daia;= 30
1996 1997 1998
x x
iq§m mQ¾Kð;a - udOHfõ§ - cQ,s 28 lkaohshd .fÊkaøka - udOHfõ§ - Tlaf;dan¾ 27
x
;s r eKdjq l riq ;¾u,s x .ï -mq j ;a m ;a wf<ú ksfhdað; - Tlaf;dan¾ 02
x
IeYS ls%IaKl=ud¾ - ksoyia udOHfõ§ - iema;eïn¾ 29
15
x x x
x x
x x x
x x x x x x
frdayK l=udr - udOHfõ§ - iema;eïn¾ 07 woa n q o rdcd kvrdcd ^rfïIa & - udOHfõ§ fkdjeïn¾ 02 wkqr ms%hka; l=f¾ - wdf,dallrK Ys,amS -whsàtka - foieïn¾ 18 bkaÈl m;a;sksjiï - leurd iydhl - isri foieïn¾ 18 neiaáhka wekagkS ußhodia - .=jkaúÿ,s Ys,amS foieïn¾ 31
1999
fia,shka fmßïnkdh.ï - udOHfõ§$f,aLl iema;eïn¾ 10 ta' tï kshu;=,a,d - udOHfõ§ - iema;eïn¾ 16 uhs,ajdykï ksu,rdcka -udOHfõ§ - Tlaf;dan¾ 19
2000
whshd;=f¾ Ô kfâika - udOHfõ§ - uehs 31 lkaoidñ whsh¾ nd,kvrdÊ - f,aLl - wf.daia;= 16 ,xld chiqkaor - PdhdrEm udOHfõ§ - foieïn¾ 11
2004
O¾ur;akï isjrdï - udOHfõ§ - wfma%,a 28 lkakuq;a;= w¾il=ud¾ - udOH fiajl - cQks 29 f¾,ka.S fi,ajrdcd - udOHfõÈkS - wf.daia;= 12 ã' fi,ajr;akï - - wdrCIl ks,OdÍ - wf.daia;= 29 ta't,a'tï *,S,a ^keÜmsÜáuqfkhs *,S,a& - f,aLl - foieïn¾ 02 fla' kjr;akï - udOH fiajl - foieïn¾ 22
2005
16
2006
x x x x x x x x x x
2007
x x x x x x x x x x x
iqn%ukshï iq.S¾ordcka - udOHfõ§ - ckjdß 24 tia'à .kkdoka -fou< m%jD;a;s iy f;dr;=re uOHia:dkh -fldgialre - fmnrjdß 1 neiaáhka fcda¾Ê iqf¾Ya - udOH fiajl - uehs 03 rdcr;akï rxð;a l=ud¾ - udOH fiajl - uehs 03 ksyd,a ä is,ajd - f,aLl - uehs 27 iïm;a ,laud,a o is,ajd - udOHfõ§ - cQ,s 02 ußhodia ufkdackardÊ - udOH fiajl - wf.daia;= 01 m;a u kdoka ùYdukka o ka - .dhl$ix.S ; { wf.daia;= 02 i;disjï ndialrka - udOH fiajl - wf.daia;= 15 iskak;ïì isjuyrdcd - udOH ysñlre - wf.daia;= 20
x x
mrKsrEmisxyï foajl=ud¾^34& - udOHfõ§ - uehs 28 fudyuâ uyre*a rYañ^31& - udOHfõ§ - Tlaf;dan¾ 06
tia rùkaøka - udOH fiajl - fmnrjdß 12 iqn%ukshï rdupkaøka - udOHfõ§ - fmnrjdß 15 iqYdIa pkaøfndaia - udOHfõ§ - wfma%,a 16 fi,ajrdid rÔõj¾uka -udOHfõ§ - wfma%,a 29 iydfoajka ks,CIka -udOHfõ§$udOH YsIH wf.daia;= 01 weka;kSms,af,a fIÍka is;a;srxcka- udOH fiajl - fkdjeïn¾ 05 jäfõ,a ksu,rdcd ^31&- udOH fiajl - fkdjeïn¾ 17 bidhs ú is fiïms h dka ^iq N dðkS & fldá y~ udOHfõÈkS - fkdjeïn¾ 27 iqf¾Ya ,sïìfhda - fldá y~ - udOH fiajl fkdjeïn¾ 27 à ;¾u,sx.ï - fldá y~ - udOH fiajl fkdjeïn¾ 27 ví,sõ' .=Kisxy - udOHfõ§ - foieïn¾ 05 17
18
2008
uQ,dY% tllska muKla wkdjrKh jQ lsym s fofkla x
fla' tia' r;akisxyï - udOHfõ§ - uvl,mqj 1986
x
à' ohdkkaoka - udOHfõ§ - ;ñì¨ú,a " wïmdr 1985
udOH" l,d lghq;j = ,g odhl jQ wka;¾ úYaj úoHd, YsIH n, uKav,fha YsIH foaYmd,k lsh % dldÍka x x x
moauisß ;S%udú;dk - ks¾udK lrefjls -1988 Tlaf;dan¾ 22 Wmd,s .uf.a - fjä y~ ixialdrl - 1990 ckjdß w;=, fiakdr;ak - fjo isiq y~ ixialdrl - 1990 iema;eïn¾ 17
x
trdjq¾ >d;kfha§ ñh .sh lúhd - 1990 wf.daia;= 11
x
kd.,sx.ï ;Hd.rdcd - udOHfõ§ - uvl,mqj
yÈis wk;=re yd w;=reoykaùï lsym s hlg wod, f;dr;=re
x
fla' mS' Wmfiak - mqj;am;a wf<ú ksfhdað; 1988 uehs 16
x
x
hQ'iS' lreKd;s,l - ydßiam;a;=j - PdhdrEm Ys,amS - 1988 cQ,s 09
x
fk,aika lreKdr;ak -udOHfõ§ - .f,afj, 1988 fkdjeïn¾ 23
x
úfÊisß kdkdhlaldr - udOHfõ§ - u;=.u - 1989 wfma%,a 22
x
ðkfiak lia;=ß wdrÉÑ - udOHfõ§ - ;x.,a, 1989 wf.daia;= 21
x x x x
fjk;a isoaëka lsysmhla x
x
whs ' is ' m% k dka ÿ - mq j ;a m ;a fnod yeÍu ueKslayskak - NSIK iuh ;=<
19
,Skd whsßka ymq;ka;S% - f,aÅld$lsú¢h - 1987 uehs 18 pkaøl=udr úl%ur;ak - lúfhls - 1991 ka miq w;=reoyka l=,isxy - udOHfõ§fla' kkao l=ud¾ - udOH fiajl - 2001 uehs 06 relaIsld m%idÈkS - udOHfõÈkS - 2006 foieïn¾ 19
x x
-1984 fldamar,a fiamd, .=K;s,l - hqo yuqodj-1984 fkdjeïn¾ 03 wdkkao fukaäia - óáhdf.dv jd¾;dlre - 1988 wfma%,a 17 rK;=x. - msgq ie,iqï Ys,amS - NSIK iuh
20
>d;khg ,lajQ udOHfõ§ka" udOH fiajlhska iy l,d ixialD;sl lsh % dldßkaf.a f;dr;=re ^>d;kh jQ j¾Ih wkqj fm< .iajd we;'&
1981 kjr;akï - PdhdrEm udOHfõ§ >d;khg ,lajQ Èkh - 1981 cQks 03 fidhd .; yels jd¾;d wkq j >d;khg ,la j Q ckudOHg iïnkaO;djla ;snQ m%:u mqo. a ,hd" PdhdrEm Ys,amshl= jQ kjr;akïh' 1981 cQks 03 jeksod hdmkfha pqkakdlï m%foaYfha§ fmd,sia fjä ;eîulska Tyq >d;khg ,la fldg we;' cQks 04 jeksod hdmkfha meje;aùug kshñ;j ;snQ Èia;%sla ixj¾Ok iNd ue;sjrKh uxfld,a, lEfï woyiska tjlg n,fha isá rcfha m%n,hskaf.a fufyhùfuka 1981 uehs 31 jeksod rd;s%fha wdrïN l< hdmkh .sks ;eîfï ls%hdj,sh Èk 3la muK ls%hd;aul úh' meje;s m%pKav ls%hdj, W.%u M,h" cQks 01 jeksod rd;s%fha wdishdfõ úYd,;u mqia;ld,h jQ hdmkfha mqia;ld,h .sks ;eîuhs' fou< ck;djf.a yoj;g;a fud
jeä ÿr f;dr;=re ,nd .ekSug tl, tu mqj;amf;a fiajh l< lsisfjla fidhd .ekSu ÿIalrh' tl, ld¾h uKav, PdhdrEm Ys,amSka fkdisá nj jd¾;d jk w;r wju myiqlï hgf;a ,sf;da uqo%K l%uhg mqj;am;a m< fldg we;' .sks ;eîï isÿ jQ tu Èk lsysmh ;=< hdmkh Èia;s%lalfha fmd,sia we¢ß kS;sho ls % h d;a u l ù we;s w;r" PdhdrEm .; ls Í ul§ kjr;akï PdhdrEm Ys,amshd >d;kh jkakg we;ehs woyia fõ' jhi wjqreÿ 40;a 45;a w;r mqoa.,hl= nj lshefõ' Tyqf.a fjk;a f;dr;=rla fidhd .ekSug idCIs ke;'
úu,a tia iqf¾kaø - PdhdrEm udOHfõ§ >d;khg ,lajQ Èkh - 1981 Tlaf;dan¾ 26 >d;kh l< njg iel lrk fojeks PdhdrEm udOH fõÈhd f,i jd¾;d jk úu,a tia iqf¾kaø" ^fidaur;ak úu,a iqf¾kaø& YS% ,xldfõ m%Odk Odrdfõ udOH ;=< fiajh lrñka isáh§ fldd;khg ,lajQ m%:u udOHfõÈhdh' Tyq Èjhsk mqj;amf;a PdhdrEm Ys,amshl= jQ w;r oji" isß,l" ckÈk iy we;a; hk mqj;am;aj,o fiajh fldg we;' fnd/ ,af,a ls%Idka; kï iagQäfhda tl mj;ajd f.k .sh Tyq ;j;a udOHfõ§ ñ;=rka lsysm fofkl= iuÕ tys ldurhl k;r ù isáfhah' 1981 Tlaf;dan¾ ui 26 jeksod tjlg rcfha m%n, wud;Hjrfhl= jQ fcdaka wur;=x. uy;df.a l|dfka msyá s ksji wi, uy mdf¾È Tyq >d;khg ,la úh' yÈis wk;= r la f,i fmkajkakg W;aidy .;a tu >d;kh iel iys; úh' h;=re meÈhlska .uka lrñka isá úu,a tia iqf¾kaø ßh wk;=rlg ,laù we;s nj m%ldY l
fldd;kh isoq jQ iji úu,a l|dkg f.dia we;af;a wod, wud;Hjrhdf.a ìß|f.a {d;s fidfydhqßhl iuÕ újdy ù isá wud;Hjrhdf.a m%n, wdOdrlrejl= jQ Tyq f .a ñ;= r l= f .a wdrdOkdjla ms g Tyq uq K .efikakgh' >d;k ie,iqu tys isg ls%hd;aul ù we;s w;r" wdrCIdj m;d Èj .sh weue;sjrhdf.a ksjfia ñÿf,a§ oreKq m%ydrhlg ,laù weo jegqKq Tyq ll=,a foflka weof.k f.dia mdrg oud we;' fmd,Sish meh 4 la muK Tyq frday,lg fyda /f.k f.dia ke;s nj;a ñh hkakg wdikakfha f.k f.dia we;s nj;a rdjh mq j ;a m ; ta iïnka O fhka l< .fõIKd;aul jd¾;djl i|yka fõ'
23
1982 i;disjï isjYkauq.uQ¾;s ^iqkaorï& - l¾;D" mqÈh mdfohs >d;khg ,la jq Èkh - 1982 ckjdß 02 i;disjï ^iodisjï& isjYkauq.uQ¾;s kï jQ Tyq m%isoaO jQfha ziqkaorïZ hk kñkah' b;sydih ;=< Tyqf.a ku igyka jkafka" mSã; ck;djf.a whs;sjdislï Èkd .ekSfï foaYmd,khla lsÍug lem jQ foaYmd,k ls%hdOrhl= f,i fukau" foaYmd,ksl mqj;am;la wdrïN lr tys l;Dlu orE ksidh' fou< m%cdjf.a whs;sjdislï fjkqfjka igka lsÍu i|yd t,aààB ixúOdkhg tlaù ls%hd l< Tyq" flá l,lskau tys foaYmd,k .uka uÕ .ek l
24
1984
1986
rdcr;akï fchpkaøka ^md¾;ka& - udOHfõ§ >d;khg ,la jq Èkh - 1984 cQks wf.daia;= w;r Èfkl
ldj¨¾ tia' fc.kdoka - f,aLl >d;khg ,la jq Èkh 1986
;S%l=Kdu,fha mkal=,ï .fï jeishl= jQ rdcr;akï fchpkaøka m%isoaêhg m;a jQfha Tyqf.a ienE kñka fkdj zmd¾;ka Z ^Parthen) hk kñka h ' ma f ,dÜ foaYmd,k wxYfha ls%hdldßlhl= jQ Tyqf.a foaYmd,k ku md¾;ka jQ w;r udOHfõÈhl= f,io Tyq Ndú;d lr we;af;a tu kuh' maf,dÜ ixúOdkfha ^;ñ,a B,dï ck;d úuql; a s fmruqfKa foaYmd,k wxYh ^;ñ,a B,dï úvq o f,hs l,yï& u.s k a wdrïN l< zúvq o f,hs Z mqj;amf;a l¾;Djrhd jQfha md¾;kah' uvl,mqfõ isg tu mqj;am; m%ldYhg m;a lr we;' fidhd .; yels maf,dÜ wdrxÑ ud¾.j,g wkqj 1984 cQks wf.daia;= w;r Èfkl uvl,mq f õ l,jxÑl= ä m% f oa Y fha § fmd,Sish u.ska w;a wvx.=jg .;a md¾;ka >d;kh lr we;'
25
fou< idys ; H fCIa ; % f ha W;= r e" kef.kys r yd úfoaY.; idys;Hlrejkaf.a idCIs wkqj ldj¨¾ tia' fc.kdoka m%lg flá l;d lrefjls' Tyq ;ñ,akdvqfõ§ fjä ;nd >d;kh l< mqj; ish¿ fokd ±k isáh;a ksje/È Èkhla .ek lsisfjl=g isys lr .; fkdyel' jir 1986 úh yels njg wkqudk flf¾' fmardfoksh úYaj úoHd,fha ridhkd.dr iydhlhl= f,i fiajh l< Tyq tl, ksjdvqjg ks;r hdmfka hñka Wkkaÿfjka idys;H jev igyka ixúOdkh lsÍfï lghq;= l< nj jd¾;d fjhs' bkaÈhdfõ isg f,a L lhs k a f.ka j d l< idys ; H iïNdIKj,o mqfrda.dñhl= f,i Tyq lghq;= lr we;' tu f,aLl iïnkaO;d yryd Tyq tl, hdmkfha lkalika;=f¾ isg bkaÈhdfõ kd.mÜgkï olajd meh ;=fkka hEug ls%hd;aul jQ fndaÜgqj, ke.S ks;r ;ñ,akdvqjg f.dia idys;H in|;d mj;ajd we;' idys;Hlrejka hdmkhg f.kajd we;' miqj mjqf,a wh;a iuÕ bkaÈhdjg f.dia we;s Tyq tl, tys isg ls%hd;aul jQ fou< igka lKavdhula iuÕ iïnkaO;d mj;ajd we;s njgo jd¾;d fjhs' th Bfrdaia ixúOdkh nj iuyrekaf.a woyi jk w;r tys wNHka;r >d;khla f,i ldj¨¾ tia' fc.kdoka fjä ;nd >d;kh lr we;s nj tla u;hls' hdmkfha lhsÜia ¥mf;a Wmka Tyq miqj
26
wk,;sjq ¥mf;a mÈxÑlrejl= f,i Ôj;a ù we;af;a újdyfhka miq ìß|f.a .fï mÈxÑ ùu ksidh' zldj¨¾Z hkq lhsÜia ¥m;g fouf
1987 ks,ka; .=Kj¾Ok - wdf,dallrK Ys,amS f¾Kql w;a;kdhl - bxðfkare .dñKS chka; - ld¾ñl ks,OdÍ jhs' lreKdmd, - ßhÿre >d;khg ,lajQ Èkh - 1987 Tlaf;dan¾ 05 cd;sl rEmjdyskS ixia:dfõ fiajlhska jQ fuu isõ fokd >d;kh jQfha tlu Èkfha tlgh' cd;sl rEmjdyskS ixia:dj hdmkfha m
27
28
fufia >d;kh jQ ks,ka; .=Kj¾Ok wdf,dallrK Ys,amshl= f,i 1985 È rEmjdyskshg tlajQ ;reKfhls' fldd;khg ,la jQ Èk WoEik úldYk ueÈßfha isg .;a PdhdrEmhls' PdhdrEmfha jfï isg f¾Kql w;a;kdhl" ks,ka; .=Kj¾Ok iy jhs' lreKdmd, isgf.k isák w;r jdäù isákafka .dñKS chka;h'
l=urhshd lu,odia - uqøK hka;% ls%hdlre >d;khg ,la jQ Èkh - 1987 10 13 hdmkfha Wohka mqj;amf;a uqøK wxYfha fiajlhl= jQ l=urhshd lu,odia >d;khg ,la jQfha fI,a m%ydrhlg f.dÿre ùu ksidh' ckjd¾.sl m%Yakhg úi÷ula f,i 1987 cQ,s ui w;aika l< bkaÿ ,xld idu .súiqu W,a,x>Kh lsÍu iema;eïn¾ udifha isgu wdrïN úh' t,aààBh bkaÈhka idu idOl yuqodjg tfrysj fkdfhl=;a ls%hdud¾. .;a w;r Tlaf;dan¾ udih jk úg myr §ug blauka jkafka ljqrekao hk m%Yakh muKla b;sß jk wdldrhg ;;a;ajh j¾Okh ù ;snqKs' Tlaf;dan¾ 10 jeksod m%ydr t,a, jQ w;r ck;dj lsifia;a fkdis;+ wdldrhg ysá yeáfhau fI,a fjä m;s; úh' Tlaf;dan¾ 13 jeksod Wohka mqj;amf;a uqøK hka;% ls%hdldre lu,odia >d;kh jQfha tjeks fI,a m%ydrhlg ,la ùu ksidh' 29
wreK ly|.uf.a ^35&- lúfhls >d;khg ,la jQ Èkh - 1987 Tlaf;dan¾ 19 m%ùK f,aLlhl= jQ mshfiak ly|.uf.af.a ifydaorhd jQ wreK ly|.uf.a o lúhl= úh' úúO mqj;am;aj,g lú ,shQ Tyq rdcH fkdjk ixúOdkhla uÕska m%ldYhg m;a l< zñIkZa kï mqj;am;l o lghq;= lr we;' fldñhqksiaÜ mCIfha idudðlhl= jQ Tyq hqo úfrdaë jdudxYslhl= jQ w;r W.% Okm;s úfrdaOhl= f,i mSä; ck;djf.a me;a; f.k whqla;shg widOdrKhg tfrysj lghq;= lsÍu ksid m%foaYjdiSka w;r ckms%hj isá nj lshefõ' .d,a," wïn,kaf.dv" jErxlegf.dv .fï Wmka Tyq ta jkúg mÈxÑj isáfha wïmdf¾ Wyk m%foaYfhah' mÈxÑ ia : dkfhka ÿr neyer fmdf,dka k rej" msUqr;a;dj m%foaYfha rdcH fkdjk wdh;khl iudc ixj¾Ok ks,Odrshl= f,i lghq;= lrñka isáfhah' wdh;kfhka ,eî ;snQ h;=re meÈfhka l,lg miq f.or weú;a isá Tyq 1987 Tlaf;dan¾ ui 19 jeksod ñ;=rl= yuqùu i|yd msg;a ù we;' wïmdr uykqjr m%Odk ud¾.fha wrka;,dj m%foaYfha 29 jeks ie;mqï lKqj wi,§ yuqod we÷ïj,g iudk we÷ñka ieriqKq lsysm fofkl= úiska Tyq kj;d .kakd wdldrh Tyqf.a h;=remeÈh msgqmiska meñKs ,x.u nia r:fha ßhÿre ±l we;' tu ßhÿreo m%foaYfha ckms%h mqoa.,hl= jQ Tyq .ek ±k isá wfhls' wreK ly|.uf.a kï tu ixfõ§ lúhd fjä ;nd >d;kh lr we;af;a tys§h' t,aààB úiska NsCIQka jykafia,d 31 fofkl= lmd fldgd >d;kh lrk ,oafoa o tu m%foaYfha§ jk w;r th isÿ jQfha cQks ui 02 jeksodh' tfyhska fuu >d;kh t,aààBh úiska lrk ,o >d;khla f,i mss<s.ekSug ,la úh' tfy;a" Tyq b;d <Õska weiqre 30
l<" uykqjr ðj;ajk fcHIaG ksoyia udOHfõ§ ñ;=rl=f.a fukau ;j;a whf.a ielhg wkqj th foaYmd,k >d;khla úh yels nj lshefõ' u.Ska 35 fofkla muK isá nia r:hg myr §ug ;snQ wjia:dj uÕ yer tl ñksil= w,a,d .ekSug t,aààBh lghq;= lrhso hkak tu ielh ;yjqre lsÍug .kakd tla ;¾lhhs'
kkaok udrisxy ^37& - l,dlre 1987 fkdjeïn¾ 29 lúhl=" .S; rplhl= fukau l,d jHdmdr f.dv ke.+ ixfõÈ ñksil= jQ kkaok udrisxy wkqrdOmqrfha bmso wkqrdOmqr uOH uyd úoHd,fhka wOHdmkh ,nd we;' ,dnd, ;reK úfha§u ck;d úuqla;s fmruqfKa foa Y md,khg tla ù tys kdhl úfÊùrf.a lsÜgqjka;hl= ù lghq;= lf
flakaøh wdrïN lf
i;Hmd, jkaks.u - f,aLl meyer.;a Èkh - 1987 fkdjeïn¾ 18 >d;khg ,la jQ Èkh 1988 ckjdß w. 1987 fkdjeïn¾ 18 jeksod ñoafoksh fmd,Sish u.ska w;awvx.=jg .;a i;Hmd, jkaks.u 1988 ckjdß w. Nd.fha >d;kh l< nj jd¾;d fõ' tu Èkj, ;x.,a, jeáh m%foaYfha mq¿iaid oud ;snQ isrer Tyqf.a njg jd¾;d úh reyqKq úYaj úoHd,fha udkj Ydia;% iy iudc úoHd mSGfha lÓldpd¾hjrhl= jQ Tyq f,aLlhl= f,i m%lg úh' l=, mSvkh ks¾oh f,i úfõpkh lrñka Tyq ;ekQ fõÈld kdgHh z.skafkka Wmka ñksiaiqZ kï úh' Èjhsk mqj;amf;a wgfjks msgqjg ziqks,a úl%uZ kñka úfYaIdx. ,sms ,shk ,oafoa Tyq úisks' yïnkaf;dg ldßhuä;a; .fïÈ 1950 ud¾;= ui Wmka Tyq l,la uyKj isg fmardfoksh úYaj úoHd,fhka o¾Ykh ms<sn| f.!rj Wmdêhla Èkd 32
WmeúÈ úh' ck;d úuqla;s fmruqfKa ys;jdÈhl= f,i m%lg úh' w;a wvx.=jg .;a isiqka ksoyia lrk f,i Woaf>daIKh lrñka mdi,a isiqkao iïnkaO lrf.k reyqKq úYaj úoHd,fha isg ud;r olajd .uka .;a ck;d úuq l a ; s fmruq K fufyhjQ fm<md,s h wjidkfha th wu;d l;d l< m%Odk foaYlhd jQfha Tyqh'
fidhd .ekSu wmyiq kuq;a tl, fou< fiajfha fcHIaG udOHfõ§kaf.a u;lh wkqj bkaÈhdkq idu idOl yuqod iy t,aààB h w;r uq,skau igka werUqkq jljdkqfõ >d;khg ,la ù we;' tfia >d;kh ù we;af;a m%foaYhg jegqkq fI,a m%ydrhlg f.dÿre ùfuks'
1987 fkdjeïn¾ 18 jeksod ksjfia isg úYaj úoHd,hg hEug msg;a ù isáh§ ñoafoksh fmd,Sish uÕska w;a wvx.=jg f.k we;' Tyq ksoyia lrk f,i b,a,d 1988 ckjdß 22 jeksod ish¿ iriúj, wdpd¾hjre tla Èk ixfla; jev j¾ckhlao l
tia' kvrdcd - udOHfõ§ >d;khg ,la jQ Èkh - 1987
fla' tï jdiy¾ - udOHfõ§ >d;khg ,la jQ Èkh - 1987 1968 § YS% ,xld .=jka úÿ,s ixia:dfõ fiajhg tlaù we;s fla' tï' jdiy¾ cd;sl fou< .=jka úÿ,s fiajfha oCI jev igyka ksYamdolhl= iy Ys,amsfhl= f,i lghq;= lr we;' 1983 cQ,s ui fou< ck;djg tfrysj we;s jQ flda,dy,fha§ Èú fírd .;a Tyq" fldd;khg ,la ù we;' iaÓr jYfhka udih yd Èkh 33
1951 jif¾ isg ^YS% ,xld .=jka úÿ,s ixia:dj fldd;khg ,la úh' th" 1987 jif¾ w;aika l< bkaÿ ,xld idu .súiqu;a iuÕ ,xldjg meñKs bkaÈhdkq idu idOl yuqod hdmkfha wdrCIdj Ndrj isá ld,h jk w;r tu jif¾u Tlaf;dan¾ ui 10 jeksod isg fI,a m%ydr iuÕ .egqï wdrïN úh'
34
1988 úch l=udr;=x. ^43& rx. Ys,amS 1988 fmnrjdß 16 >d;khg ,la jk úg úch l=udrK;=x. YS% ,xldfõ ckms%hu k¿jd fukau ckms%hu jdujd§ keUqrejla iys; foaYmd,k{hdo úh' Ñ;%mg /ilg rx.kfhka odhl ù isá Tyq ck;djf.a ;srfha ùrhd úh' .ehQ .S ; ls y s m fhka u .dhlhl= f,io ;u m% ; s N dj fmkaùug Tyq iu;a úh' tfukau Tyq cd;sjdoh biau;= jQ iudc foa Y md,k jd;djrKhla ;= < wNS ; j ks¾jHdcj ckjd¾.sl iduh iy ckjd¾.sl m%Yakhg foaYmd,k úi÷ula fjkqfjka fmkS isá kdhlhl= o úh' ñks i a iudcfha hq l a ; s h " idOdrK;a j h yd iudk;ajh fjkqfjka l;d l< Tyq m%.;sYs,S ck wr., fjkqfjka ls%hdYS,Sj odhl úh' YS% ,xld uyck mCIfha kdhlhd jQ Tyq ck;djf.a whs;j s dislï Èkd .ekSfï foaYmd,k lsh % doduhla i|yd fndfyda fokdf.a tl;= ùfï Yla;sh úYajdi lrñka tlai;a iudcjd§ fmruqK f.dv k.kakg fmruqK .;af;ah' ±jeka;u ck iyNd.s;ajh iys; Tyqf.a wju.=,a lghq;= isÿ jQfha tu fmruqK ks, jYfhka m%ldYhg m;afldg tys kdhl;ajh Ndr .kakg Tyq iQ±kñka isá fmnrjdß 21 jeksodh' 1988 fmnrjdß 16 jeks o d Wofha " fldd;kh lrkq ,enqfõ ck;d úuqla;s fmruqfKa >d;lhka úisks'
35
újdy ù isáfha miqj rfÜ ckdêm;skh njg m;ajQ pka ø S l d nKa v drkdhl l= u drK;= x . iuÕh' ÈhKshlf.a iy mqf;l=f.a msfhls'
pkaøisß ùrúl%u isxyfiak ^24& - mqj;am;a wf<ú ksfhdað; Ô'î' .=Kodi - wf<ú iylre >d;khg ,la jQ Èkh - 1988 uehs 17 mqj;am;a wf<ú ksfhdað; wdh;khla f,io lghq;= l< je,suv úfÊúl%u fmd;a idmamqfõ mqj;am;a wf<ú lsÍu isÿ l< neúka NSIK iufha >d;k ,ehsia;=jg tho we;=<;a úh' 1988 uehs ui 17 fyda Bg wdikak Èfkl tys lvd jeÿkq ;=jlal=lrejka fmd;a y,g .sks ;nd tys whs;l s rejkaf.a mjqf,a orejl= jQ pkaøisß ùrúl%u isxyfiak ;reKhd iy iydhg isá Ô'î' .=Kodi hk whg fjä ;nd >d;kh lr we;'
lkaohshd lkaoidñ - mqj;am;a whs;slrefjls >d;khg ,lajQ Èkh - 1988 cQks$cQ,s hdmkfha m<jQ m%n,u udkj ysñlï mqj;am; jQ iegfâ ßùõ mqj;am; uqo,a fhdod wdrïN lf
wka ish,a, m< lrkq ,nkafka ol=fKa fld
fykaß muqKqj - udOH fiajl rel="nofollow">d;khg ,lajQ Èkh - 1988 Tlaf;dan¾ 02
;u ck;djf.a mqkre;a:dmk lghq;= i|yd Tyq mj;ajdf.k .sh wruqo,ska fldgila Tjqka w;g .kakg Bfrdaia ixúOdkh W;aidy lr we;' thg tlÕ fkdjQ ksid tu ixúOdkh 1988 cQ,s ui Èfkl kS;s{ lkaohshd lkaoidñ meyer f.k f.dia urd ouk ,o nj jd¾;dfõ'
à' î' úfÊiQßh - ixialD;sl ls%hdOrfhls >d;khg ,lajQ Èkh - 1988 Tlaf;dan¾ 03
iegfâ ßùõ mq j ;a m ; jdrKhg ,la j Q wjia : d ls y s h l§u miq j th h<s wdrïN ls Í ug Tyq f .a odhl;a j h ,eìK' tfy;a wjika j rg jdrKhg ,laùu;a iuÕ Tyqf.a >d;kh;a isÿùu ksid th h<s wdrïN jQfha ke;'
37
jD;a;f s hka we;a; mqj;amf;a uqøKd,fha wl=re weñKqï wxYfha ^composing& m%Odkshd jQ fykaß muqKqj udOHfõÈhl= f,io mqj;am;g ,sms ,sõfõh' tfukau we;a; mqj;am; uqøKh l< YS% ,xldfõ fldñhqksiaÜ mCIfha flda Ü fÜ Èid iNdfõ kdhlhl= f,i jdudxYsl foaYmd,kfha kshe¨kq Tyq m%:u m
l=reKE., Èia;s%lalfha fmd,ams;s.u Wm Èidm;s fldÜGdYfha fodrfõrej .fï Wmka à'î úfÊiQßh l,dlrejl=" m%.;sYS,S jHdmdrhkayS ls%hdlrejl=" jdujd§ foaYmd,k kdhlhl= úh' ck;d úuqla;s fmruqK úiska >d;kh lrk ,oafoa 1988 Tlaf;dan¾ 03 jeksod WoEik 10'00 g muKh' 1971 ck;d úuqla;s fmruqfKa foaYmd,kh i|yd ish Wiia wOHdmkho lem l< Tyq l,la is r .; ù is g meñK tu foaYmd,kh w;yer ck;d fiajh i|yd úYd, iudc jHdmdr /ilg uq,a jQ flfkla úh' >d;kh jk úg Tyq YS% ,xld uyck mCIfha l=reKE., Èia;%sla kdhlhl= jQ w;r m
wd§ ck;d wr., /ilg odhl fjñka hqla;s.rel iudchla fjkqfjka fmkS isá Tyq l,djg ,eÈ yd l,dj uÕska ck;dj ±kqj;a l< yels nj úYajdi l< flfkla úh' ta i|yd Tyq zùr mqrkawmamqZ ùÈ kdgH lKavdhu wdrïN lrkakg mqfrda.dó úh' iudc idOdrK;ajh i|yd f.k hk igfka§ m%foaYfha ck;djf.a ±kqfï ksïj,¨ mq¨,a lsÍfï wjYH;dj jgyd .;a Tyq .eñhkaf.au W;aidyfhka zf.daa¾ls mqia;ld,hZ wdrïN lrkakg mqfrda.dó úh' rÕmEu fukau fmdaiag¾ we£fï yelshdjo fmkakqï l< Tyq ta ish,a,gu ck;dj ixúOdkh lrñka ls%hdldÍj odhl úh' fuu .uka uÕ fkdbjiQ ck;d úuqla;s fmruqfKa >d;k ,ehsia;=jg Tyqo we;=<;a úh' bvï ke;s wysxil mjq,a tlish .Kklg bvï fnod §fï wjia:djlg iyNd.S ù tñka isáh§ uv.,a, m%foaYfha jk frdol ieÕù isá ;=jlal=lrejka Tyq iy Tyqf.a ñ;=rka ;sfofkl= tlgu fjä ;nd >d;kh lrk ,§'
fÊ'B .= K fia l r ^75& - idys ; HfõÈfhls " mßj¾;lfhls' >d;khg ,la jQ Èkh - 1988 Tlaf;dan¾ 19 hq o a O hg yd hg;a úð;lrKhg tfrys iQ ß hu,a jHdmdrh yryd YS% ,xldfõ fldñhqksiaÜ mCIfha ls % h dldßlhl= jQ fÊ'B .= K fia l r ck;dj w;r m%isoaêhg m;ajQfha Tyqf.a idys;H ks¾udK ksidh' úfYaIfhka
jD;a;sfhka .=rejrhl= jqj;a l;d lsÍfï§ f.d;hla ;snQ neúka Tyq thska bj;a ù mQ¾Kld,Skj .; lfd;kh jk úg ynrlv YS% ,xld fldñhqksiaÜ mCI YdLdfõ f,alïjrhd jYfhka lghq;= lrñka isáfhah' rg mqrd ls%hdldÍ jdudxYslhka iy hqo úfrdaë idu ,eÈ m%.;sYS,Ska >d;kh jQ NSIK iufha" tkï" 1988 Tlaf;dan¾ ui 19 jeksod ;udfoa ksji ;=<§u Tyq ks¾oh ;=jlal=lrejkaf.a b,lalhg f.dÿre úh'
ã' tï' ã' pkaøúu, ^42&- udOHfõ§ >d;khg ,la jQ Èkh - 1988 fkdjeïn¾ 17 jdudxYslhl= jQ mshdf.a wä mdf¾ hñka ,xld iuiudc mCI foaYmd,kh iuÕ ã'tï'ã pkaøúu, ish ;reK Ôú;h wdrïN lr we;' jD;a;sfhka ,xld .ukd .uk uKav,fha fiajlhl= jQ Tyq iuia; ,xld fudag¾ ld¾ñl jD;a;Sh iñ;sfha ls%hdldßlhl= f,io lghq;= lfd;kh jk ld,h jk úg Tyq kj iudc mCIfha foaYmd,k uKav, iNslfhl= f,i mQ¾K ld,Skj lghq;= lrñka isáfhah' tu mCIh uÕska m%ldYhg m;a lrk yrh mqj;amf;a foaYmd,k ,shqïlrejl= f,i fukau wfkl=;a udOH lghq;=j,g odhl ùuo tu mQ¾K ld,Sk foaYmd,k Ôú;hg we;= < ;a úh' fld
m%foaYhhs' 1988 fkdjeïn¾ 17 jeksod" fldd;khg ,la úh' ta jk úg Tyq foore msfhla úh'
tÉ'B' ohdkkao - f,aLl >d;khg ,lajQ Èkh -1988 foieïn¾ 02 ,xld nexl=fõ ks,Odßhl= jQ tÉ' B' ohdkkao udOH l,d CIa;%h w;r m%lg jQfha Èjhsk mqj;am;g Tyq ,shQ ,sms ksidh' Èjhsk Èkm;d mqj;am;g Tyq zjfï l;djZ kñka bÈßm;a l< ,sms ud,dj m%isoaêhg m;a úh' tfukau iqks,a udOj udOHfõÈhd ixialrKh l< ckm%sh zwgfjks msgqjgZ ks¾udKd;aul ,sms iemhQfõh' f,aLlhl= jq Tyq fudksld rejkam;srK lsú¢hf.a kdhl;ajfhka werUqKq iajdëk f,aLl fmruq f Ka iu f,a l ï jrhdo úh' ohdkka o f.a >d;kh;a iuÕ tu f,aLl fmruqK wlS%h úh' ish ìß|g l=¿÷,a orejd ,enqKq wdrxÑh iuÕ ksji n,d hñka isáh§ fldïm[a[ ùÈfha bkaok msßjqïy, bÈßmsg§ fjä ;nd >d;kh lrk ,§' bkaÿ ,xld .súiqï úfrdaë YsIH ixúOdk uÕska úYaj úoHd, ;=< mj;ajk ,o foaYk ud,dj, m%Odk foaYlfhla f,i Tyq lghq;= lrñka isáfhah' ud;r Wmka Tyq orejka mia fofkl=f.ka hq;a mjq,l jeäu,d úh'
41
tka' iS' tï' biaudhs,a ^46& - m%dfoaYSh udOHfõ§ jd,ÉfÉk >d;kh jQ oskh 1988 foieïn¾ ùrflaiÍ iy ;sklrka mqj;am;aj,g jd¾;d iemhQ m%dfoaYSh udOHfõÈhl= jQ tka'iS'tï' biaudhs,a YS% ,xldfõ kef.kysr m
tia ' fi,ajrdcd - udOHfõ§ >d;kh jQ oskh 1988 hdmkfha lkalika;=f¾ m%foaYfha uhs,âä .fï jeis h l= jQ tia ' fi,a j rdcd fldd;kh l< nj jd¾;d fõ' bkaÈhka idu idOl yuqod hdmkfha isá ld,fha Tyq >d;kh l< nj ±k isá wh fj;;a iaÓr jYfhka ld,h .ek f;dr;=re fidhd .; fkdyel' 42
1989 ã' tka' tia' m;srK - udOH fiajl >d;kh jQ oskh 1989 ckjdß 24 jD;a;sfhka yrh mqj;a mf;a fidaÿm;a lshjkafkl= jQ ã' tka' tia' m;srK mqj;amf;a ixialrK lghq;= j,go yjq,a ù we;' tfukau yrh mqj;a m; m%ldYhg m;a lrk kj iudc mCIfha mQ¾K ld,Sk foaYmd,k ls%hdldßlhl= úh' YsIH Ôú;h ;=< úoHd,xldr msßfjfKa YsIH kdhlhl= f,io lghq;= lr we;s Tyq ck;d úuql; a s fmruqfKa ;j;a jdudxYsl ovhula f,i 1989 ckjdß 24 jeks o d >d;khg ,la ù we;' ÈhKshlf.a iy mqf;l=f.a msfhla jQ Tyq fldd;kfhka miq mjqf,a wh ìß|f.a foudmshka fjfik fudKrd., m%foaYhg f.dia we;' Tyq fokshdh m%foaYfha Wmka mqoa.,fhls'
wdkkao kjr;ak - udOHfõ§$f,aLl >d;kh jQ oskh 1989 ckjdß 25 uykqjr k.rfha Wmka wdkkao kjr;ak" kj iudc mCIfha mQ¾K ld,Sk foaYmd,k ls%hdldßlfhla f,i lghq;= lrk w;r tu mCIh u.ska m%ldYs; yrh mqj;amf;a l¾;D uKav, idudðlhl= f,i udOH lghq ; = j , ks h e,S we;' tfuka u lúfhla " l,d úpdrlfhla f,i fukau úfYaIfhka ckjd¾.sl m%Yk a h iïnkaOfhka ixfõ§ f,aLlhl= f,i fndfyda ,sms f,aLk ,shd we;' Tyq úiska ,shk ,o fmd;la 43
cd;sl m%Yakh kñka m< lr we;' fld
î' tï' ùrfldaka nKavdr ^50& - ixialD;sl ls%hdOrfhls' >d;khg ,lajQ Èkh - 1989 fmnrjdß 09 ùrfldaka uy;a;hd kñka m%lg ùrfldaka nKavdr mCI fNaohlska f;drj .fï m%.;sYS,Ska iuÕ tlaj iudc ixj¾Okh b,lal lr .;a iuc iy fmdÿ jevj,g ls%hdldÍj odhl jQ flfkls' ta ta wjia:dfõ yeáhg úúO foaYmd,k mCI iuÕ iïnkaOj lghq;= l< Tyq yeu úgu ÿmam;a ck;djf.a me;a; f.k lghq;= l< flfkla f,i m%lg úh' lDIsl¾u fomd¾;fïka;=fõ úIhdkqnoaO ks,Odrhl= f,i lghq;= lf
tka' cS' fma%ur;ak ^Wmd,s& - ùÈ kdgH rx. Ys,amS rel="nofollow">d;kh jQ oskh - 1989 fmnrjdrs 11 Wmd,s kñka ljqre;a y÷kd.;a Tyq oCI ùÈ kdgH Ys,amshl= úh' à' î' úfÊiQßh wdrïN l< ;ïnqj ùr mqrka wmamq f.dúmfd;khg ,la úh' Tjqkf a .a kdgH ks¾udK yryd ck;dj w;rg f.k .sh cd;sjdohg tfrys u;jdoh" udkjjd§ yd iudcjd§ wdl,am >d;lhkaf.a úfrdaOhg fya;= ù ;sìK' Tyq foore msfhla úh'
ir;a fifkúr;ak - ùÈ kdgH rx. Ys,amS >d;khg ,la jQ Èkh - 1989 fmnrjdß 11 wújdyl ;reKhl= jQ Tyqf.a m%Odku ld¾hh jQfha ùr mqrkawmamq ùÈ kdgH lKavdhfï kdgH ks¾udK lghq;=j, fh§uhs' ùÈ kdgH lKavdhu fjkqfjka úfYaI jYfhka Tyq lem úh' foaYmd,k mCI iuÕ >Dcq iïnkaOhla fkdue;sj isá Tyq m%.;sYS,S nyqck jHdmdrj, fmdÿ lghq ; = j ,g odhl úh' Tyq f .a >d;khg o fya;=j ùÈ kdgH uÕska ck;dj ±kqj;a lsÍfï fufyjrg odhl ùu nj lshefõ' Tyqo Tyq iuÕ tlu Èkfha >d;khg ,lajQ wfkla kdgH 45
i.hska fofokd fuka udt<sfha lgq.ïfmd< ckmofha Ôj;a jQ flfkla úh'
fÊ' ta' ffu;S%md, chùr - ùÈ kdgH rx. Ys,amS >d;kh jQ Èkh - 1989 fmnrjdß 11 zf,dl= whshdZ hkqfjka m%foaYjdiSka w;r m%isoaêhg m;a orejka y;r fofkl=f.a ;reK msfhla jQ ffu;S%md, chùr o lgq.ïfmd< ckmofha jdih lf
.dñKS fiakl nKavdr - ixialD;sl lsh % dOrfhls >d;khg ,lajQ Èkh - 1989 ud¾;= 06 È.= l,la ;siafia jdudxYsl foaYmd,kfha kshe¨Kq Tyq tu foaYmd,k m%jdy ;=< m%ldYkj,g ,sùfuka odhl ù we;' 1970 .Kka j , meje;s ryis . ; úma,jjd§ foaYmd,k lKavdhul z.sksmqmqrZ kï mqj;amf;a lghq;= lr we;' Tyq f,aLkfha§ Ndú;d lr we;af;a zid.rZ hk kuhs' l÷lrfha bvï m%Yakh jgd f.dv ke.=Kq zkscìfï .sks ±,aZ fõÈld kdgHhl ùr mqrka wmamqf.a pß;h r.mdñka m%dfoaYSh fõÈldjg msúi we;' >d;k foaYmd,khg ±ä fia úreoaOj y~ wjÈ l< Tyq >d;kh jk úg YS% ,xld uyck mCIfha 46
;reK ixúOdkfha ls%hdldßlfhla úh' ;,aj;a; fyÜáf.or .dñKS fiakl nKavdr jQ Tyq fla' î' by,.u kñka o m%lg úh' 1989 ud¾;= 06 jeks Èk ish ìß|f.a ksjfia isáh§ ck;d úuqla;s fmruqfKa ;=jlal=lrejka w;ska >d;khg ,la úh'
fla' ;knd,isxyï -f,aLl >d;khg ,la jQ Èkh - 1989 ud¾;= 24 l=ud¾ ;knd,a kñka f,aLlfhl= f,i m%ios ê a hg m;ajQ fla' ;knd,isxyï ^ Okmd,isxyï& fjä ;nd >d;kh lrk ,oafoa hdmkfha k,aƾ ure;ä mdf¾§h' tfia Tyq >d;kh jQ nj hdmkfha Wohka mqj;amf;a jd¾;d ù ;snqKo fjk;a lsisÿ úia;rhla fidhd .ekSug iïnkaO;d fidhd .; fkdyel'
iqks,a kjr;ak ^30&- udOHfõ§ >d;khg ,la jQ Èkh - 1989 ud¾;= 1985 - 1990 ld,h ;=< i;sm;d mqj;am;la f,i m%ldYhg m;a jQ yrh mqj;a mf;a uiafl,sh jd¾;dlre f,i lghq;= lr we;s iqks,a kjr;ak kj iudc mCIfha mQ¾K ld,Sk foaYmd,k ls%hdldßlhl= o úh' 1988 isg rg mqrd w;=reoyka ùï jd¾;d jQ w;r kj iudc mCIh tu f;dr;=re tla /ia lsÍfï lghq;= i|yd ish mQ¾K ld,sk ls%hdldÍka fhdojd ;sìK' iqks,a kjr;ako ud;r m%foaYfha w;=reoyka jQjka ms<sn| f;dr;=re fidhd tys lghq;= lrñka isáh§ 1989 ud¾;= ui" rcfha yuqod úiska fjä ;nd >d;kh lr we;s nj jd¾;d fõ' 47
ù' uy,sx.ï - m%dfoaYSh udOHfõ§ >d;khg ,la jQ Èkh - 1989 uehs 11 úY%dñl .=rejrhl= jQ Tyq kS;s{hl= o úh' >d;khg ,la jk úg jhi wjreÿ 62 la muK úh' fldd;kh jk úg whs,kaâ mqj;amf;a fmaÿre;=vqj jd¾;dlre f,i lghq;= lrñka isáfhah' jvudrÉÑ fldÜGdYfha lrjâä m%foaYfha fk,a,swä .fï Ôj;a jQ Tyq orejka ;sfofkl=f.a msfhla úh' fk,a,swä msysá Tyqf.a ksjig meñKs t,aààB ;=jlal=lrejka fjä ;nd Tyqj >d;kh l< nj jd¾;dfõ' >d;kfhka miq mjqf,a wh rg yer f.dia we;'
mS' ã' úu,fiak ^49& - uqøKd, l
merKs hka;% iQ;%j,ska tjeks úYd, lghq;a;la l< fkdyels nj m%ldY lr we;' tjlg jD;a;Sh iñ;sfha f,alï jQ úu,fiak uy;d ifydaor fiajlhka iuÕ idlÉPd fldg ;ukag tu j.lSu Ndr .; yels nj okajd j.lSu Ndrf.k fiajlhka iuÕ Y%udodkhlska hka;% iQ;% o yels uÜgñka w¿;a jeähd fldg fmd;a uqøKh wrUd we;' uq,skau Y; úis mylg fydaä fmd; ,enqfKa tf,ih' miqj tu wvq ñ,g mdi,a fmd;a ,nd §u fkdñ,fha fmd;a ,nd §u olajd jHdma; úh' rel="nofollow">d;kh jk wjia:dj jk úg Tyq fiajh lrñka is á fha iuiudc mCIfha uq ø Kd,h jQ zia g d¾ uqøKd,fhaZ l
whsjka chfialr - m%dfoaYSh udOHfõ§ >d;khg ,lajQ Èkh - 1989 cQks 04 YS% ,xld uyck mCIfha wdrïNl idudðlhl= jQ whsjka chfialr uyr.u wdikfha ixúOdhljrhdo úh' idu ,eÈ" jdu jd§ udkj ys;jdÈhl= jQ Tyq fkdfhl=;a foaYmd,k m%ldYkj,g ;u woyka ,shd we;s w;r" zuyr.uZ kñka ;uka úis k a u ixia l rKh l< mqj;am;lao m%ldYhg m;a lrñka isáfhah' tjeks u;OdÍkag tfrys n,fõ. ls%hd;aul jQ wúpdr iuhla jQ jljdkqjl" tkï 1989 cQks ui 04 jeksod ieÕù isá ;=jlal=lrejkaf.a fjä WKavj,ska Tyq >d;khg ,la úh'
49
f;añia .=ref.a ^66& - .=jka úÿ,s iy rEmjdyskS udOHfõ§ >d;khg ,lajQ Èkh - 1989 cQ,s 23 1949 jif¾§ .=jka úÿ,s ixia:dfõ fojeks ksfõolhd f,i thg neÿKq f;añia .=ref.a 1983 § thska úY%du .sfha tys wOHCI ckrd,ajrhd jYfhks' rEmjdysksh fkdue;s tu ld,fha uy ck;djg ióm m%n,;u udOHh jQ .=jka úÿ,shg lïlrejkaf.a y~ f.k wd zlïlre mehZ jev igyk jev lrk ck;dj w;r ckms%h jQ Tyqf.a jev igykls'
50
fma%ulS¾;s o w,aúia ^42& - udOHfõÈ iy .S; rpl >d;khg ,lajQ Èkh - 1989 cQ,s 31 1947 cQks ui 3 jeksod fld
51
.=jka úÿ,shg iïnkaO ù lghq;= l< jir 25 ;=< fm!oa.,sl Ôú;h Tiafia;"a foaYmd,k fmr<s Tiafia;a fkdfhl=;a ÿlaL fodaukiaihkago Tyq uqyK q ÿkafkah' 1969 isg 1977 ld,h ;=< Tyq fodf
l=,isß wur;=x. - udOHfõ§ >d;khg ,lajQ Èkh - 1989 wf.daia;= 11 YS% ,xld .=jka úÿ,s ixia:dfõ È.= l,la fiajh l< udOHfõÈhl= l=,isß wur;=x. l,la ráka msgj udOH lghq ; = j , ks h e,S wdmiq meñK YS % ,xld cd;s l rEmjdyskS ixia:dfõ WmfoaYl m%jD;a;s ixialdrl OQrh Ndr f.k we;af;a iNdm;sjrhdf.a wdrdOkdjla wkqjh' isxy, iy bx.S%is NdId foflkau udOH yeisrùfï oCIhl= jQ Tyq 1988 - 1989 NSIK ld,fha rEmjdyskS m%jD;a;s úldYh úkdä lsysmhlg fyda mj;ajdf.k hEug W;aidy l< flfkla f,i jd¾;d fõ' rdcH udOH ;=< fiajh lsÍu" m%jD;a;s lshùu 52
ck;d úuqla;s fmruqfKa urK o~qju ,eîug fya;= jQ tu Èkj, ckms % h udOHfõ§ka ls y s m fofkl= u >d;khg ,la ù isáhy' rEmjdyskS ixia:dfõ iy .=jka úÿ,s ixia:dfõ fiajhlhka jevg tkakg ìh ù isáhy' rEmjdysksfha fmkS isákakg úfYaIfhka ìh jQy' tl, m%jD;a;s wxYfha j.lSï ±rE Tyq m%jD;a;s úldYh mj;ajd f.k hkakg ±ä W;aidyhla .;a nj iuld,Skfhda mji;s' fld
id.ßld f.dauia ^28& - udOHfõÈkS" .dhk iy rx. Ys,amskS >d;khg ,lajQ Èkh - 1989 iema;eïn¾ 18 1961 Tlaf;dan¾ 19 jeksod fld
YS% ,xld .=jka úÿ,s ixia:dfõ
54
rdðKS rdcisxyï ;srdK.u ^35& - f,aÅld iy ksoyia udOHfõÈkS >d;khg ,lajQ Èkh - 1989 iema;eïn¾ 21 >d;k foaYmd,hg tfrysj wNS;j ;u woyia m< l< rdðKS rdcisxyï ;srdK.u úúO m%ldYkj,g ;u woyia ,shQ f,aÅldjls' hdmkh úYaj úoHd,fha udkj ysñlï ms<sn| wdpd¾hjrekaf.a ix.uh iïmdokh l< ì÷Kq ;,a rel lD;sfha iu l¾;Djßho fjhs' tys bÈß fm< ls%hdldßkshl jQ weh ;u ck;djf.a úuql; a h s fjkqjg woyia m< l< fkdyels" úiïuq;h s g" úúO;ajh bv ke;s >d;k foaYmd,k ixialD;shg tfrys jQjdh' wehf.a Wmka .u jQ hdmkfha muKla fkdj ol=fKa udkj ysñlï yd ia;S% whs;sjdislï ls % h dldÍka w;r fuka u ixia l D;s l fCIa ; % f ha m% . ;s Y S , S k a w;ro m% l gj is á hdh' jD;a ; s f hka ffjoHjßhl jQ weh hdmkh úYaj úoHd,fha ldh jHjÉfþo wxYfha m%Odkshd f,i lghq;= l
.;a wehg tysu k;r jkakg yelshdj ;sìh§ Wmka.u f;dard .;a;dh' 1989 iema;eïn¾ ui 21 jeksod hdmkh úYaj úoHd,fha ldh jHjÉfþo wxYfha mÍCIKhla wjika lr iji 5'00 g muK ;u md meÈfha ke.S ksji n,d toa§ >d;lfhda wehj fjä ;nd >d;kh l
whs Ikauq.,sx.ï - udOHfõ§ >d;khg ,lajQ Èkh - 1989 fkdjeïn¾ 06 B,kdvq mqj;amf;a ld¾h uKav,fha udOHfõÈhl= jQ whs Ikau. q ,sx.ï >d;kh jk úg fiajh lrñka isáfha zúvqof,hssZ kï mqj;amf;ah' bkaÈhka idu idOl yuqodj úiska B,kdvq" uqrfida,s iy B,uqriq mqj;am;a ld¾hd, jid ±uqjdg miq tu uqøK hka;% w,a,d .;a B mS wd¾ t,a t*a ixúOdkh úvqof,hs mqj;am; wdrïN lr we;' tys udOHfõÈhl= f,i lghq;= wdrïN l< Tyq ta fya;=fldg f.k t,aààB h úiska fjä ;nd 56
>d;kh lrk úg jhi 45 la muK jQ újdylfhls' wßhdf,a m%foaYfha Ôj;a jQ Tyq >d;kh lrk ,oafoa 1989 fkdjeïn¾ ui 06 jeksodh'
tï wñ¾;,sx.ï - mqj;am;a ysñlre$geñ,a g%iÜ a *kaâ ks¾ud;D >d;khg ,lajQ Èkh - 1989 hdmkfha m<jQ uq r fida , s mq j ;a m f;a whs ; s l re ^l
wd¾' ã' msgfj, - k¾;k Ys,amS >d;khg ,lajQ Èkh - 1989 k¾;kh ms<sn| ,,s; l,d Wmdê Odrhl= jQ wd¾'ã' msgfj, jD;a;sfhka k¾;k .=rejrhl= f,i Ôú;h wdrïN lf
bÈßm;a lsÍug fndfyda ÿr f.jd .sfhah' ta w;r cd;s jdohg úreoaO" idujdÈhl= fukau wdKavq úfrdaêhl= f,i m% f oa Y fha wkkH jQ mq o a . ,hl= o úh' tu u;jdohka /.;a úma,jjd§ fldñhqksiaÜ ,S.fha m%dfoaYSh f,alïjrhd jYfhkao lghq;= lrñka tu ixúOdkfha lïlre udj; mqj;am; f.hska f.g hñka wf<ú lsÍuo lf
ir;a pkaør;ak - ix.S; Ys,amS$ .dhl >d;khg ,lajQ Èkh - 1989 m%foaYfha YS% ,xld uyck mCIfha ls%hdldÍkaf.a ys;j;l= fukau" jdudxYsl woyia ±rEjl= jQ ir;a pkaør;ak m%ios O a jQfha uy;=ka u,a,S kñkah' m%foaYfha ckms%h .dhlhl= fukau ix.S;{hl= o jQ Tyq ckms%h mqoa.,hl= úh' Ôj;a ùu i|yd Tyq hdmyqj udt<sh rfò uxikaÈfha fjf
tï' kjr;akï - udOHfõ§ >d;khg ,lajQ Èkh - 1989 hdmkfha m< jQ B,uqriq yd uqrfida,s mqj;am;aj, jd¾;dlrejl= f,i lghq ; = l< tï kjr;a k ï 58
jD;a;sfhka .=rejrfhla úh' B,uqriq mqj;am; t,aààB mqj;am;la f,i m%lg úh' uqrfida,s t,aààB ys;jd§ tlla f,i ye¢kaúK' hdmkfha wdrCIdj i|yd hehs bkaÈhka idu idOl yuqodj meñK isá jljdkqfõ tkï" 1989 jif¾ Èkl tï kjr;akï fjä ;nd >d;kh lr we;' th bkaÈhka yuqodj iuÕ lsÜgqfjka lghq ; = l< BmS w d¾t,a t *a ixúOdkh úis k a l< >d;khla f,i fCIa;%h ;=< ms<s.ekSug ,la ù we;' Tyq f;,smamff," w¾,df,hs m%foaYfha Ôj;a jQ wfhls'
1990 ,CIauka fmf¾rd - kdgH ksYamdol >d;khg ,lajQ Èkh - 1990 ckjdrs 27 udOHfõ§ ßpâ o fidhsid iuÕ iïnkaOhla ;sîu;a" Tyq úiska ksYamdokh lrñka isá zfï ljqo fudkjo lrkafkaZ kï fõÈld kdgHh;a Tyqf.a meyer .ekSu yd >d;khg fya;= jkakg we;ehs iel flf¾' zfï ljqo fudkjo lrkafka hk igka mdGh tjlg ckdêm;sj isá rKisxy fma%uodi uy;df.a ue;sjrK m%pdrl jHdmdrfha ^1989& m%Odk igka mdGhla úh' tkñka ßpâ o fidhsid ,shk ,o kdgHhla ,CIauka fmf¾rd ksYamdokh lrñka isàu .ek fCIa;%fha fndfyda fokdf.a l;d njg ,la úh' Tyq w;=reoyka jQfha tu kdgHh fõÈld .; lsÍug fmr Èkh' tu w;= r eoyka ùu iïnka O fhka rcfha m% n ,u foaYmd,k{hl=g fpdaokd t,a, úh' foysj, .,alsiai k.r iNdfõ kd.ßl uka;S%jrhl= f,i lghq;= l< Tyq 1990 ckjdß 27 jeks Èk meyer f.k f.dia w;=reoyka lr we;' Ôj;a jQfha fld
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rspâ o fidhsid ^31& - udOHfõ§ iy rx. Ys,amS >d;khg ,lajQ Èkh - 1990 fmnrjdß 18 ckms%h rEmjdyskS ksfõolhl= fukau Ñ;%mg yd fg,s kdgH rx. Ys,amshl=o jQ ßpâ o fidhsid bkag¾ fm%ia mqj;a fiajhg furg udkj ysñlï W,a,x>Khka iïnkaOfhka m%jD;a;s iemhQ flfkla f,io m%lg úh' tu mqj;a fiajh iuÕ fiajh lsÍu i|yd rg yer hEug Èk lsysmhla ;sìh§ Tyqf.a >d;kh isÿ úh' Tyq úis k a tla /ia lr .;a udkj ys ñ lï W,a,x>Khla ms<sn| f;dr;=re /ila ráka msgùu je<elaùu >d;khg wdikak;u fya;j úh yels nj l;d nyg ,la úh' 1990 fmnrjdß ui 17 jeksod rd;s%fha ks, we÷fuka ksjig meñKs yh fofkl=f.ka iukaú; fmd,sia ks,OdÍka lKavdhula ßpâ o fidhsid nf,ka meyer f.k f.dia ;sìKs' jo § úlD;s lr" >d;kh lrk ,o Tyqf.a isrer fmnrjdß 18 jeksod w¿hu fldd;khg tfrysj mek ke.=Kq uõjrekaf.a fmruqfKa kdhsldjla f,i fmruqK f.k lghq;= l
miqj 1993 uehs 01 od urdf.k uefrk fndaïnhlg f.dÿrej >d;khg ,lajQ tl, ckdêm;s rKisxy fm% a u odi uy;d iuÕ m% O dk iellre jQ frdkS .=Kisxyo >d;khg ,la úh' woyia m%ldY lsÍfï ksoyi ms<sn| m%n, l;sldjla fCIa;%h ;=< f.dv kef.kafkao Tyqf.a >d;kh;a iuÕh' 1994 fmnrjdß ui 21 jeksod woyia m%ldY lsÍu yd udOH u¾okhg tfrys tf;la b;sydifha meje;s ±jeka;u Woaf>daIKd;;aul jev igyk mj;ajkq ,enQfha ßpâ o fidhsid iy hdmkfha § >d;kh jQ rdðKS ;srdK.u iurñks' th ixúOdkh lrkq ,enQfha zhqla;shZ mqj;am; úisks'
l=udr.=re l=yuQ¾;s ^40& -udOH fiajl$ udkj ysñlï jd¾;dlre >d;khg ,lajQ Èkh - 1990 iema;eïn¾ 06 YS % ,xld .= j ka úÿ,s ixia : dfõ fou< wxYfha ,smslrefjl= f,i fiajh l< l=udr.=re l=yuQ¾;s udkj ysñlï ls%hdldßlhl=o úh' cd;Ska w;r hqla;sh yd iudk;ajh i|yd jHdmdrfha idudcslhl= f,io ls%hd lf
fmd,Sish uÕska w;a wvx.=jg .kq ,enQjo meñK isá whf.a ueÈy;a ùu ksid fírd .kakg yels úh' 1990 iema;eïn¾ ui 06 jeksod Tyq jev wjikaj .=jka úÿ,s ixia:dfõ isg h;=re meÈfhka ;u kjd;ek lrd .uka lrñka isáh§ cdj;a; mdf¾§ jEka tllska meñKs msßila Tyqj meyer f.k f.dia we;' Tyq rel="nofollow">d;kh lr ñksho w;=reoyka lr we;s nj úYajdi flf¾' rch fyda rcfha wkq.%yh ,nk ikakoaO lKavdhula úiska >d;kh isÿ lr we;s njg úYajdi flf¾' ta jkúg Tyqf.a ìß| m
fidakd m;aukdoka - udOH fiajl >d;khg ,la jQ Èkh - 1990 iema;eïn¾ 27 fidakd m;aukdoka Wohka mqj;amf;a fnod yeÍï wxYfha fiajlhl= úh' 1990 iema;eïn¾ ui 27 jeksod hdmkfha k,aƾ m%foaYfha ;snQ Wohka mqj;am;a ld¾hd,hg t,a , jQ fI,a m% y drfhka fida k d m;aukdoka >d;khg ,la úh' f.dvke.s,a,g úYd, f,i ydks jQ w;r mßmd,k wxYfha jhs fc.kdokaf.a iy uqøK hka;% ld¾ñlhl= jQ ta iqkao¾ rdcdf.a w;la ne.ska wysñ úh' wdrCIl wxYfha ù lkaomamq nrm;, ;=jd, ,enQ w;r ld¾hd,hg msg;ska meñKs mqoa.,hl= o tu m%ydrfhka nrm;, ;=jd, ,nd we;'
hQ t,a odjqoa ^50& - f,aLl >d;khg ,la jQ Èkh -1990 kef.kysr m
úoHd,fha úÿy,am;s f,i lghq;= lf
wyuâ f,ífí ^45& - f,aLl >d;khg ,lajQ Èkh - 1990 foieïn¾ 26 1978 § rdcH idys;H iïudkh ÈkQ f,aLlfhls' .= r ejrhl= f,i jD;a ; S h Ôú;h mgka .;a Tyq " úÿy,am;s" wOHdmk wOHCI ;k;=re olajd by
1991 fõ¨ms,af,a wdkkaoka ^46&- f,aLl >d;khg ,la jQ Èkh - 1991 fmnrjdß 21 1949 wfma%,a 08 jeksod uvl,mqfõ§ Wmka fõ¨ms,af,a wdkkaoka m%lg fou< idys;Hlrefjla úh' /lshdj f,i wïmdr Èia;s%lalhg wh;a iïuka;=f¾ m%foaYfha ;eme,a ld¾hd,fha ,smslrefjla f,i fiajh l< Tyq idys;H lghq;j = ,g wu;rj mqj;am;aj,g idys;H l,d úpdr ,shQ úpdrlfhlao úh' u,hd, ni o;a Tyq u,hd, niska fou< nig flá l;d 30 la muK mßj¾;kh lr we;' lú ishhla muK ,shd ;snqKs' 1995 foieïn¾ ui 05 jeksod uvl,mqfõ isÿjQ fou< ñksiqka >d;kfha f.dÿrla njg m;aù wdkkaoka f,aLlhdo idys;H f,dalhg wysñ úh' iïuka;=f¾ isg Tyqf.a ksji msysá uvl,mqj n,d hñka isá Tyq .uka .;a jEka r:h mqÿl=äbß,a¨ .fï§ m%ydrhg ,la úh' jd¾;d ù we;s wdldrhg m%ydrh isÿ ù we;af;a óg¾ 200 la muK ÿßka we;s yuqod uqr fmd< fmfkk udkfha§h' 1990 w. Nd.fha isg 1991 uq,a ld,h olajd kef.kysr m
mqoa.,fhla l<mqj foig Èj hoa§ ;enQ fjä,a,lska Tyq fíÍ we;af;a ;K m÷re w;r jegqKq Tyqf.a ysig Wäka fjä WKavh .sh ksidh' jEka r:hg .sks ;nd ;snQ w;r fjä je§ ñh .sh yd ;=jd, jQ uÕSka úis fofkl= muK tu .skafka ±ù w¿ ù .sh nj m%ldY fõ' wdkkaoka lúhdo fï l=ßre brKug f.dÿre jQ flfkla úh' 2000 jif¾§ Tyqf.a ñ;=rka tlaj" Tyqf.a lú tl;= fldg zwdkkaoka lúoy,aZ ^wdkkaokaf.a lú& kñka ldjH tl;=jla m%ldYhg m;a lrñka Tyqg Wmydr olajd we;'
fidaims,aff, fkdanÜ fyj;a fvdñksla - f,aLl >d;khg ,lajQ Èkh - 1991 uehs 17 1948 uehs ui 2 jeksod ;S%l=Kdu,fha md,hÜgq .fï bmso" tys Ydka; fcdaYma úoHd,fhka wOHdmkh ,enQ Tyq fld
f.daúkaoka kñkah' úreoaO u;hlg lsisÿ bvla ke;s fou< ;reK foa Y md,k ixúOdk ;= < mj;s k wNHka;r NSIKh fy,sorõ lrk tu kj l;dfjka maf,dÜ ixúOdkfha tl, meje;s wNHka;r NSIKh wkdjrKh fldg we;s nj lshefõ' ixúOdkh ;=< we;s m%cd;ka;% úfrdaë njg yd NSIKhg tfrys fjñka 1985 bka bj;a ù Ôú;h /l .ekSu i|yd 1991 olajd bkaÈhdfõ ieÕù isáh§ Tyq fmd; ,shd we;' bkaÈhdfõ§ fmd; m< l< Tyq" 1991 uehs ui uq, hdmkhg meñK ma f ,dÜ ixúOdkfhka bj;a jQ m%cd;ka;%jd§ woyia ork ;reK lKavdhula iuÕ z;sfmdaßZ ^.sks mqmqr& kï l=vd foaYmd,k lKavdhu msysgqjd .;af;ah' th msysgqjd Èk lsysmhla we;=<; fjk;a lKavdhïj,g yd woyiaj,g bv fkdfok t,aààB h úiska úYaj úoHd, YsIHhska 4la iy ;j;a msßila iuÕ fvdñksla w;a wvx.=jg .;af;ah' tf,i w;a wvx.=jg .kq ,enqfõ 1991 uehs ui 17 jeksodh' hdmkfha fldl=ú,a mQ%foaYfha Tyq isá ksjfia§ w;a wvx.=jg m;a úh' ksoyia jQ flfkl=f.a wdrxÑ ud¾. wkqj 1994 cQks ui Tyq >d;kh l< nj i|yka fjhs'
fi,aúks;s ;Hd.rdcd- udOHfõÈkS iy kdgH ksYamdÈld >d;khg ,lajQ Èkh -1991 wf.daia;= 26 fi,aúks;s ;Hd.drdcd fyj;a fi,aú hkqfjka m%lg weh hdmkh úYaj úoHd,fha ,,s; l,d wxYdfha wjika jif¾ YsIHdjla jQjdh' f;da,s kï ia;S%jd§ iÕrdfõ ixialdßldj jQ weh hqoaOfhka úm;g m;a ia;S%ka fjkqfjka jQ Wvqú,a yS mQrKS ia;S% uOHia:dkfha ls%hdldßkshl f,io lghq;= l
ksYamdÈldjla fukau úpdßldjla jQjdh' t,aààBh úiska úYaj úoHd,hg meñK fmkajQ kdgHhl je/È foaYmd,k u; .ek m%isoaêfha úfõpkh lsÍu wehf.a urKh blauka lr .ekSug fya;=jla ù we;' wehg zlg jeähs jy.kakZ lshd wjjdo lr we;' ksjy,a tä;r udkjjd§ u;jdÈkshl jQ wehf.a woyia k;r lsÍug tu wjjdoj,g fkdyels úh' weh w;a wvx.=jg .kakd úg
meñK th msßkukakg wjir fok f,i fyda lrk ,o b,a,Sug t,aààBh lsisÿ m%;spdrhla fkdolajd weh >d;kh lr we;'
tia' ;s,aff,kdoka - ixialD;sl ls%hdOrfhls' >d;khg ,lajQ Èkh -1991 wf.daia;= 26 oCI ùÈ kdgHlrefjla iy rx. Ys,amsfhla jQ Tyq jD;a;sfhka .=rejrfhla úh' ifydaoßhka 3la iy ifydaorhka 3 la iys; mjq,l jeäu,d jQ Tyq mjq, kv;a;= lrkakdo úh' hdmkfha k.rfha mÈxÑj isá w;r" m
.;a 1991 wf.daia;= 26 jeksod hdmkfha msysá ;u ksjfia§ Tyq o t,aààB w;a wvx.=jg m;a úh' ,eî we;s wdrxÑ wkqj ;=kqlaldhs t,aààB jo l|jqrg f.k .sh Tyqg jo § >d;kh lr we;' 1993 uehs ui Èfkl Tyqf.a ksjig .sh t,aààBh Tyqf.a we÷ï Ndr § >d;kh l< nj okajd we;'
fla ufkdayrka - ixialD;sl ls%hdOrfhls >d;khg ,lajQ Èkh - 1991 wf.daia;= 26 hdmkh úYaj úoHd,fha fN!;sl úoHd wxYfha wjika jif¾ YsIHhl= jQ fla' ufkdayrka w;a wvx.=jg .kq ,enqfõo fi,aú iy ;s,aff,hskdoka w;a wvx.=jg .;a Èk rd;s%fha§uh' hdmkfha b,jdf,hs .fï Ôj;a jQ Tyqg isáfha uj muKh' b;d ÿIalr Ôú;hla f.jQ Tyq tu wNsfhda. ueo wOHdmkfha by
1993
1994
weka g kS la ú ka g ia m% k dka ÿ ^28& - m% d foa Y S h jd¾;dlre >d;khg ,lajQ Èkh - 1993 uehs 02
ta iNd,sx.ï - f,aLl$ksoyia udOHfõ§ >d;khg ,lajQ Èkh 1994 uehs 01
wekagkS laúkagia m%kdkaÿ uQ,sl jYfhka lf;da,sl wd.ñl mqj;am;la jQ {dKd¾: m%§mh mqj;amf;a .d,a, óiu Ndr jd¾;dlre f,i l,la ;siafia fiajh lr we;' YS% ,xldfõ merKsu mqj;am; jQ th 1866 cQks 9 jeksod isg m%ldYkg m;a jk w;r j¾;udkfha tys jd¾;dlrejka$ldßkshka y÷kajkafka tla tla óiug wod, ziaj fiajd jd¾;dlrejkaZ f,ih' TjqyQ wh lsÍulska f;drj jd¾;d lsÍï lr;s' ifydaor ifydaoßhka 7 fofkl=f.ka hq;a mjq,l yh jekakd f,i .d,af,a bmÿkq Tyq b;d ÿIalr Ôú;hla f.jQ wfhla f,i jd¾;d fjhs' 1990 § wNHdi,dNS .=re m;aùula ,nd ;ud uQ,sl wOHdmkh ,enQ .d,af,a YS% y¾oh nd,sld úÿyf,au b.ekaùu wdrïN lf
71
fou< wr.,h f,aLK.; lsÍug mshjr .;a nqoê a u;=ka w;r tla wfhla jk ta' iNd,sx.ï m%ùK f,aLlfhls' 1994 uehs ui 1 jeksod Tyq >d;kh lrkq ,enqfõ meÍisfha§h' Ôú;drCIdj m;d YS% ,xldfjka m
m%pKav;ajh j¾Okh jQ wdldrh .ek Tyq wjika ld,fha fmd;la ,shñka isg we;' iaúiag¾,ka;fha iy YS % ,xldfõ t,a à àB ls % h dldßka fofofkla wd.ka;=lhska f,iska Tyqf.a ksjig meñK Tyqf.ka f;a meka ix.%yhlao N=la;s ú| ìß| iy orejka fofokd bÈßmsg§ Tyqg fjä ;nd mek f.dia we;'
lghq ; = lr ke;s nj jd¾;d fõ' ula l ,a l = r ,a ^ck;djf.a y~& kï ixjdod;aul jev igyk bÈßm;a lsÍug odhl jQ nj jd¾;d jk w;r th BmSãmS ixúOdkfha wkq.%yh hgf;a úldYkh jQjla nj lshefõ' lhsÜiaj, msysá lfrhsk.¾ ys Wmka Tyq mÈxÑj isáfha ìß| yd orejka iuÕ fld
fla'tia'rdcd ^40& - .=jkaúÿ,s ksfõol$ksYm a dol >d;khg ,lajQ Èkh - 1994 foieïn¾ 03
1994 foieïn¾ 03 jeksod >d;kh lr oud .sh Tyqf.a isrer fld
lklr;akï YS%ialkaordcd fyaj;a fla' tia rdcd fmardfoaksh úYaj úoHd,hg f;aÍ isáho .=jka úÿ,sfha fiajh lsÍug we;s wdYdj ksid úYaj úoHd,h w;a yer YS% ,xld .=jka úÿ,s ixia:dfõ fou< cd;sl fia j fha ks f õolhl= jQ flfkls ' tys iyk ksfõolhl= jQ Tyq fou< fjf<| fiajfha iaÓr ksfõolhl= f,i m;aùï ,enqfõh' ta jk úg fou< wxYfha wxl tfla jev igyka ks¾udKh lrkakd f,i m%ios ê a hg m;a uhs,j a dkïf.a jd¾;dj lvk ,oafoa Tyq úiska nj m%lgh' jev igyka ks¾udKfha§ úYd, ckms%h;ajhla ,nd isá Tyq miqj iyk ksfõolhl= f,i jev lrñka cd;sl Ñ;%mg ixia:dfõ m%pdrl ks,OdÍ ;k;=r Ndr f.k we;' /lshdfjka bj;a fkdù yÈisfha bkaÈhdjg .sh Tyq tjlg bkaÈhdfõ isá YS% ,dxlsl fou< foaYmd,k lKavdhïj, fõÈldj, ksfõok lghq;= l< nj o iuld,Sk ñ;=rkaf.ka ±k .kakg we;' kej; ,xldjg meñKs Tyq" fla'tia rdcd kñka m%lg ks¾udKd;aul .=jka úÿ,s jev igyka bÈßm;a lrkakd f,i .=jka úÿ,shg iïnkaO jqjo t;rï Wkkaÿjlska 73
74
1995 lreKdr;ak imq;ka;%S ^52& - udOHfõ§ lsru mshfidau ^41& udOHfõ§ tâúka ùrisxy ^45& PdhdrEm udOHfõ§ >d;khg ,la jQ Èkh -1995 wfma%,a 29 is¿ñK bßod mqj;amf;a iu l¾;D lreKdr;ak imq;ka;S%" tu mqj;amf;a ksfhdacH m%jD;a;s l¾;D lsru mshfidau iy PdhdrEm Ys,amS tâúka ùrisxy hk ;sfokd 1995 wfma%,a ui 29 jeksod tlgu >d;khg ,la jQfha t,aààB h t,a, l< ñihs, m%ydrhlska Tjqka ;sfokd .uka .;a weõfrda .=jka hdkh úkdY ù w¨ù hEu;a iuÕh' Tjqka ;sfokd hdmkh n,d hk udOH ixpdrhg tlaù ;snqfKa Bg fmr hdmkfha§ úkdY ù .sh m
>d;khg ,la jQ Èkh - 1995 wf.daia;= 30 tia' tia' .fkaIms,aff, fou< .=jka úÿ,s Y%djl m%cdj w;r ckms%h udOHfõÈhl= njg m;a jQfha zjrKs hqrdkaZkñkah' Tyq .=jka úÿ,s Ys,amshl= muKla fkdj oCI msgm;a rplfhl= o úh' ydiH kdgHj, oCI Ys,amsfhl= jQ ydiHh m%uqL lr.;a ffY,sshlska iudch ;=< whqla;sh widOdrKh yd je/È ls%hd" l=, fNaoh' oEjeÈ m%Yak" bvï m%Yakh yd m%foaYjdoh jeks oE .ek úfõpkhg ,la l< wfhls'
tia' tia .fkaIms,aff, - .=jka úÿ,s udOHfõ§
75
76
1996 iq§m mQ¾Kð;a ^30&- msgq ie,iqï Ys,m a S iy ldgQka Ys,amS >d;khg ,la jQ Èkh - 1996 cQ,s 28 f,alayjqia mqj;am;a wdh;kfha kjhq.h mqj;amf;a msgq ie,iqï" Ñ;% iy ldgQka Ys,amshl= f,i fiajh l< iq§m mQ¾Kð;a ;reK wújdylhl= úh' mdkÿr k.rdikakfha Ôj;a jQ Tyq Èkm;d jevg hk tk ÿïßh ;=< mqmqrd .sh fndaïnhlska >d;khg ,la úh' 1996 cQ,s ui 28 jeksodo iqmqreÿ f,i fiajh wjika lr fld
lkaohshd .fÊkaøka ^30&- udOHfõ§ >d;khg ,la jQ Èkh -1996 Tlaf;dan¾ 26
;sreKdjqlriq ;¾u,sx.ï - mqj;am;a wf<ú ksfhdað; >d;khg ,la jQ Èkh - 1997 Tlaf;dan¾ 03 fmd;a idmamq ysñfhla jQ ;sreKdjqlriq ;¾u,sx.ï ^O¾u,sx.ï& mqj;am;a wf<ú ksfhdað;jrfhlao úh' idu úksiqrejrhl= jQ w;r hdmkfha YS% ,xld ksoyia mCI ixúOdhlfhlao úh' 1997 iema;eïn¾ 03 jeksod rd;S% 8'30 g muK l=mams ,dïmq t<sfhka rd;S% lEu lñka isá Tyq fj; cfka,fhka fjä myla t,a, fldg >d;lfhda m
z.ckaZ kñka m%lg lkaohshd .fÊkaøka meÍisfha§ m< jk B,uqriq i;s wka; mqj;a mf;a l¾;Djrhd f,i lghq;= lrñka isáfhah' th t,aààB ys;jd§ mqj;am;la f,i ie,fla' meÍisfha W;=re m
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1998 iYS ls%IaKl=ud¾ - ksoyia udOHfõ§ >d;khg ,la jQ Èkh - 1998 iema;eïn¾ 29
oyj,a 1'40 g muK mqmrd hEu;a iuÕ Tyqo ±ù w¿ ù .sfhah' tys isá ld¾h uKav,fha ;sfokd yer Tyq we;=¿ wfkla 49 fokdu idudkH fou< isú,a jeishka jQy' t,aààB h brKuvq m%foaYfha isg t,a, lrk ,o ñihs, m%ydrhlska tu úkdYh isÿ úh'
fmardfoksh úYaj úoHd,fha WmdêOdrhl= jQ iYS ls % I a K l= u d¾ hdmkfha ;,a ixj¾Ok uKa v ,fha ks,Odrshl= f,i lghq;= lrk w;f¾ mqj;am;a iÕrd /ilg ksoyia udOHfõÈhl= f,i ,sms ,shd we;' B,kdvq" ùrflaiÍ" ;sklrka jeks mqj;am;a ta w;r m%Odkh' Ñ;%mg yd fjk;a l,d ks¾udK ms<sn| úpdr ,sùu Tyq jeä jYfhka ms%h l< w;r hdmkfha isÿjk udkj ysñlï W,a,x>Khka ms<sn| wod, wxY fj; f;dr;=re ,nd §uo Tyq úiska lr we;' hqla;sh mq j ;a m f;a m<jQ wi,a j eis h df.a Èkfmd; i|yd hdmkfha ck Ôú;hg is ÿ jk úkdYhka ms < s n | f;dr;=re iemhQ m%n, ryis.; f;dr;=re uQ,dY%hla jQfhao Tyqh' Ñ;%mg .ek úfYaI Wkkaÿjla ±lajQ Tyq hdmkh úYaj úoHd,fha Ñ;%mg wOHhk ljh msysgq jkakg mqfrda.dó úh' f,aiag¾ fÊïia mSßia" jika; Tfífialr" O¾ufiak m;srdcd jeks YS% ,xldfõ m%uqL fmf
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1999
l= u dr rel="nofollow">d;kfha ryio je<,S .s f ha h ' ;reK újdylfhla jQ Tyqf.a ìß|g Tyqf.a >d;kfhka miq urK ;¾ck t,a, ùu ksid rg yer hkakg isÿ úh'
frdayK l=udr - udOHfõ§ >d;khg ,la jQ Èkh - 1999 iema;eïn¾ 07
woanqordcd kvrdcd ^rfïIa& ^38&- udOHfõ§ >d;khg ,la jQ Èkh - 1999 fkdjeïn¾ 02
háhkaf;dg m%foaYfha .fkam,a, .fï Wmka frdayK l=udr uq,ska l,djg ,eÈ mqoa.,fhla úh' zird.S isyskhZ kñka fõÈld kdgHhla .fï ñ;=rka iuÕ tl;=j ks¾udKh l< Tyqg wd¾Ól wmyiqlï ksid l,dj w; yer fldd;lhska fjä ;nd Tyqj >d;kh lf
B
81
wkqr ms%hka; l=f¾ - wdf,dallrK Ys,amS >d;khg ,la jQ Èkh - 1999 foieïn¾ 18 fld
wdf,dalrK Ys,m a f s hl= f,i lghq;= l< Tyq >d;khg ,la jQfha 1999 foieïn¾ 18 jeks Èk fld
bkaÈl m;a;sksjiï - leurd iydhl >d;khg ,la jQ Èkh - 1999 foieïn¾ 18 isri udOH cd,fha leurd iydhlhl= f,i fiajh l< ;reK bkaaÈl m;a;sksjiï >d;khg ,la jQfhao 1999 foieïn¾ 18 Èk ckdêm;sjrK wjika m%pdrl /<sfha§ ^ta jk úg n,fha isá fmdÿ ck tlai;a fmruqfKa& mqmqrd .sh urdf.k uefrk fndaïnhg f.dÿre ùfukah' fldd;khg ,la jk úg tla mqf;l=f.a ;reK msfhl= úh'
neiaáhka wekagkS ußhodia - .=jka úÿ,s Ys,amS >d;khg ,la jQ Èkh - 1999 foieïn¾ 31
jõkshdj ld¾hd,fha ndysr Ys,amsfhl= f,i neiaáhka wekagkS ußhodia lghq;= lrñka isáfhah' jõkshdfõ ;reKhl= jQ Tyq tys lf;da,sl m,a,shl ls%hdldÍ ;reKhl= úh' 2000 jir ms<s.ekSu i|yd uq¿ rgu ieriqk 1999 foieïn¾ 31 jeksod rd;s%fha jdkïmdä .=jka úÿ,sho iÔú úldYhla iQodkï lr ;snqKs' ta i|yd f;dardf.k ;snf q Ka jõkshdfõ Ydka; wkaf;daks foajia:dkhhs' ixúOdk lghq;= Ndrj isáfha ußhodiah' jd,ïmdä fou< .=jka úÿ,s fiajfha md,l f,i fldd;kh lf
ßú/i fufyhqfuka miq hdmkh w¾Ooaùmh rcfha md,kh hg;g .ekSfuka miq Y%S ,xld .=jka úÿ,s ixia:dj wdrïN l< jdkïmdä .=jka úÿ,s úldYkfha 83
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2000 fi,shka fmaßkankdh.ï - f,aLl >d;khg ,lajQ Èkh - 2000 iema;eïn¾ 10 uvl,mqj l,jxÑl=ä .fï jeishl= jQ fia,shka fmßïnkdh.ï f,a l a y jq i a wdh;kfha ;s k lrka mqj;amf;a ixialdrl uKav,fha udOHfõÈhl= f,i l,la lghq;= lr we;' f,aLlfhls' 1994 jif¾ Tyq bka bj;aj" fgf,da ixúOdkfhka m
ta' tï ksyu;=,a,d - udOHfõ§ >d;khg ,lajQ Èkh - 2000 iema;eïn¾ 16 l,auqfKa m%dfoaYSh f,alï fldÜGdYfha urouqK 3 .%dufha mÈxÑj isá ta' tï ksyu;=,a,d ;sklrka mqj;amf;a l,auqfKa jd¾;dlre f,i lghq;= lr we;' >d;kh ùug jir follg fmr isg Tyq wud;H ta' tÉ' tï' wIafrd*a wud;Hjrhdf.a udOH f,alï ;k;=f¾ lghq;= lrñka isáfhah' tu ld,h ;=
uhs,ajdykï ksu,rdcka ^39&- udOHfõ§ >d;khg ,lajQ Èkh - 2000 Tlaf;dan¾ 19 hdmkfha Wmka uhs,j a dykï ksu,rdcka ol=fKa isxy, NdId udOHfõ§ka iuÕ b;d lsÜgq iïnkaO;d f.dv k.d f.k lghq;= l< udOHfõÈhls' ol=fKa udOH ñ;=rka Tyq ye¢kajQfha zksuf,aZ hk kñkah' isxy, fou< NdId foflkau udOH lghq;= lf
tfukau" hdmkfha isÿ jk foa t;rï l%udkql+,j f,djg fy<s l< ks¾NS; udOHfõÈhd Tyq f,i ie,ls K ' È.= ld,S k hq o a O hls k a mS v d ú¢ fou< ck;djf.a .eg¿ fukau hqoaOfha ieÕjqKq ryia o fy<sorõ lrkakg Tyq ks¾NS; úh' W;=f¾ ckudOHfõ§kaf.a ix.ufha f,alï jQ Tyq ksfj;d" ksYdka;s" ks,d hk orejka ;sfokdf.a mshd úh' 2000 jif¾ Tlaf;dan¾ ui 19 jeksod rd;s%fha ;u ksjfia ldurhl fïihla bÈßmsg m%jD;a;shla ,shñka isáh§ meñKs rel="nofollow">d;lhka cfka,fhka Tyqg fjä ;nd ks j ig fnda ï nhla oud .id m
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2004 whshd;=f¾ Ô kfâika ^49&- udOHfõ§ >d;khg ,la jQ Èkh - 2004 uehs 31 hdmkfha lrfjâä .fï Wmka whshd;=f¾ kfâika újdyfhka miq ìß|f.a .u jQ uvl,mqfõ mÈxÑhg meñK we;' uvl,mqj f,ala mdf¾ Tyqf.a ksji msysgd ;snqKs' cd;sl mqj;am;la jQ ùrflaiÍ mqj;amf;a uvl,mqj jd¾;dlre f,i lghq;= l< Tyq m%jD;a;s muKla fkdj foa Y md,k ú.% y hka o ,s h Q m% ù K udOHfõÈfhls' udOHlrejl= f,i Tyq Ndú;d lfd;lhka Tyqg fjä ;nd >d;kh fldg m
lkaoidñ whsh¾ nd, kvrdÊ ^48&- f,aLl rel="nofollow">d;khg ,la jQ Èkh - 2004 wf.daia;= 16
,xld chiqko a r - PdhdrEm udOHfõ§ >d;khg ,la jQ Èkh - 2004 foieïn¾ 11
znd,dZ kñka m%lg lkaoidñ whsh¾ nd, kvrdÊ flá l;d fmd;a lsym s hla m< l< ks¾udKd;aul f,aLlhl= fukau ksoyia udOHfõÈhl= o úh' Tyq mqj;am;a j,g ,shkakg mgka f.k we;af;a t,aààB mqj;am;la jQ úvqof,hs mq,sy,a mqj;am;g ,sùfuks' hdmkfha Wmka Tyq Wreïmsrdhs yskaÿ úoHd,fha YsIHfhlaj isáh§ Bfrdaia ixúOdkhg ne£ miqj t,aààB idudðlfhla f,i lghq;= lr we;' hdmkfha n%dyauK mjq,l Wmka Tyq yskaÿ mQcl jrhl= ùug ;snQ wjia:dj uÕ yer ish iudcfha wysñ whs;sjdislï fjkqfjka foaYmd,k ls%hdldßlhl= fjñka ta i|yd iqÿiq ;eka fidhd .sh .ufka tla mshjrla f,i t,aààBhg ne£ we;' jdudxYsl keUqrejlska is;+ Tyqg flá l,lskau bka bj;a jkakg isÿ úh' tfia bj;aj Ôú;h /l .ekSu ÿIalr neúka Tyqg b;d ryis.;j" fndfyda l,la ÿIalr Ôú;hla f.jkakg isÿ ù we;' 2000 jif¾§ fld
úch mqj;am;a iuQyfha ,xld§m" úch" isßl; iy ;reKhd mqj;am;am, PdhdrEm udOHfõÈhl= f,i lghq;= l< ;reKhl= jQ ,xld chiqkaor rel="nofollow">d;khg ,la jQfha fld
2004 wf.daia;= 16 jeksod WoEik BmSãmS ld¾hd,hg hEu i|yd ksjiska msg;aj hk úg je,a,j;af;a§ h;=re meÈhlska meñKs rel="nofollow">d;lhska fofofkla fjä ;nd Tyqj >d;lh lr m
90
2005 O¾ur;akï isjrdï - udOHfõ§ >d;khg ,la jQ Èkh - 2005 wfma%,a 28 udOHfõÈhl= f,i bx.S%is iy fou< NdId foflkau tlfia oCI f,i lghq;= l< O¾ur;akï isjrdï ish udOH lghq;= i|yd Ndú;d lfd;khg ,la jk úg lghq;= lrñka isáfha fâ,s ñr¾ mqj;amf;a foaYmd,k ;Sre ,sms rplhl= f,ihs' tfukau ùrflaiÍ jeks fou< udOH mqj;am;aj,go ,shQ Tyq" 1998 wdrïN l< geñ,a fkÜ fjí wvúfha l¾;Djrhd f,i lghq;= lrñka isáfhah' wú.;a lKavdhula n,y;aldrfhka Tjqka meñKs jdykhg weo oud f.k Tyqj f.k hkq ,enqfõ" 2005 wfma%,a ui 27 jeksod rd;s% 10'30 g muK fldd;kh lr ;snQ Tyqf.a isrer wê wdrCIl l
kef.kysr m
lkakuq;a;= wril=ud¾ ^36&- udOH fiajl >d;khg ,la jQ Èkh - 2005 cQks 29 fndî kñka m%foaYjdiSka w;r m%lg lkakuq;a;= w¾il=ud¾ mqj;am;a wf<ú ksfhdað;jrfhla f,i lghq;= l< wfhls' ta jk úg t,aààB md,k m%foaYhla jQ uvl,mq j " fldla l äfpda f ,hs is g wïmdr Èia;s%lalfha wlalfrhsm;a;= m%foaYh olajd mqj;am;a fnod fnod yeÍu lrk ,oafoao Tyq úisks' Tyq lghq;= l< mqj;am; jQfha uvl,mqfõ isg m%ldYhg m;a l< t,a à àB h mq j ;a m ;la jQ B,kdoï mq j ;a m ;hs ' uvl,mqfõ§ tu mqj;am; m%ldYhg m;a lsÍu wdrïN lrk ,oafoa 2002 fmnrjdß ui tjlg meje;s rch yd t,aààBh w;r wjfndaO;d .súiqu w;aika l< miqjh' Èklg mqj;am;a 5000 la muK wf<ú jQ nj jd¾;d úh' 2005 cQks ui 29 jeksod iqmqreÿ mßÈ mdkaor h;=re meÈfhka f.dia mqj;am; fnod yer wlalfrhsm;a;= 92
m%foaYfha isg wdmiq tkúg WoEik 8'40 g muK l,auf q Ka ugqfmd< m%foaYfha§ ^wïmdr Èia;l %s l a h& Tyqg fjä ;nd >d;kh lr we;' fndî fyj;a lkakuq;a;= w¾il=ud¾ uvl,mqj fldlalläfjdaf,hs m%foaYfha úfõldkkao mqrïyS ;=kajeks yria ùÈfha mÈxÑj isá ;sore msfhls'
f¾,ka.S fi,ajrdcd ^45& - udOHfõÈkS >d;khg ,la jQ Èkh - 2005 wf.daia;= 12 f¾,ka.S fi,ajrdcd hdmkfha bm§ l,dj yd udOH i|yd we;s ,eÈhdj fukau yelshdj ksid YS% ,xldfõ m%Odk;u yd merKs;u rdcH udOH wdh;khla jQ YS% ,xld .=jkaúÿ,s ixia:dfõ udOHfõÈkshla f,i È.= l,la lghq;= l
jeksod oyj,a 1'00 g muK wehj fjä ;nd rel="nofollow">d;kh lrk ,§' msiaf;da,lrejka úiska l< tu >d;kfha§ weh iuÕ wehf.a ieñhd jQ tia' fi,ajrdcd o >d;kh lrk ,§' fuu >d;kh t,aààBh úiska l< >d;khla f,i ie,lSug idCIs f,i" weh úiska bÈßm;a l< .=jka úÿ,s iy rEmjdyskS jev igyka .ek i|yka úh' >d;lhska Tjqka fofokd y÷kk wh úh yels neúka fofokdj tlg >d;kh lrkakg we;s njg ielhlao u;= úh' tfukau" wehf.a ieñhd maf,dÜ idudðlfhla ùu >d;khg fya;=jla úh yels njgo ielhla fjhs'
ã fi,ajr;akï ^60&- udOH fiajl >d;khg ,la jQ Èkh - 2005 wf.daia;= 29 fâúâ fi,ajr;akï iqvfrda,s mqj;am;a ld¾hd,fha wdrCIl ks,Odßhl= f,i fiajh l< wfhls' 2005 wf.daia;= ui 26 jeksod iji 6' 10 g muK ld¾hd, fj; oud .eiQ w;a fndaïn m%ydrhlska Tyq >d;khg ,la úh' fld
weh iy wef.a ieñhd úiska mj;ajd f.k .sh fld
94
ta' t,a' tï' *,S,a ^keÜmsÜáuqfkhs *,S,a& ^40&f,aLl >d;khg ,la jQ Èkh - 2005 foieïn¾ 02 rcfha mßmd,k ks,Odrshl= f,i ta ' t,a' tï' *,S,a jQ Tyq idys;H yd udOH fCIa;%h ;=< m%lg jQfha zkeÜmsÜáuqfkhs *,S,aZ hk kfuks' jD;a;sfhka uvl,mqj ld;a;kalä = m%foaYfha m%dfoaYh S f,alïjrhd jQ Tyq f,aLlhl= f,i kjl;d" flá l;d" lú iy wOHdmksl fmd;am;a 20 la muK m%ldYhg m;a fldg we;' ta w;ßka m%Odk jkafka wOHdmksl fmd; m;h' ùrflaiÍ" ;sklal=r,a" ;sklrka jeks m%Odk fou< udOH mqj;am;aj,g ,shQ ,sms w;ro jeä wjOdkh fhduq ù we;af;a wOHdmkh iïnkaOfhks' .=re jD;a;sfhka ðú;h wrUd >d;kh jk úg Èia;s%la f,alïjrhl= f,i lghq;= l< Tyq uqia,sï ck;djf.a bvï whs;sh fjkqfjka fmkS isá ks,Odßfhls' ta iïnkaOfhka Tyqg t,aààBh wk;=re wÕjd ;sî we;' 2005 foieïn¾ ui 02 od isl=rdod Èkhla úh' ldka;kal=ä m%foaYSh f,alï ld¾hd,fha isg oyj,a hd{dj i|yd msg;a ùug iQodkï jQ Tyqg fjä ;enQ t,aààB ;=jlall = rejka Tjqka meñKs h;=re meÈfhka m
fla kjr;akï ^45& - udOH fiajl >d;khg ,la jQ Èkh - 2005 foieïn¾ 23 hdmkfha hd,a ;sklal=r,a mqj;am; wf<ú lrkafkla jQ ^fla& ls%IaKka kjr;akï 2005 foieïn¾ 23 jeksod mdkaor 5'30g muK >d;khg ,la jQfha mqj;am;a / f.k hEug tk úg mqj;am;a ld¾hd,h bÈßmsg§h' Tyq ksjdi ixj¾Ok wêldßfha fiajlhl= jQ w;r 1996 § hdmkfhka wj;ekaj jkakshg f.dia jir lsysmhla Ôj;a jkakg isÿ ùu ksid /lshdj wysñ ù we;' 2002 jif¾ wdmiq hdmkhg meñKs Tyq mqj;am;a wf<úh mgka f.k we;' hdmkfha mQnd,isxyï fmd;a idmamqfõ ;nd f.k Tyq mqj;am;a wf<ú lsÍu lr we;' fjä ;nd >d;kh l< Tyq mia ore msfhla úh' Tyqf.a >d;kfhka uilg miq Tyqf.a ìß|o ñh f.dia we;'
1965 jif¾ § l,auqfKa m%foaYfha keÜmsÜáuqfKhs .fï Wmka Tyq >d;kh jk úg l= v d orejka fofofkl=f.a msfhls'
95
96
2006 iqn%ukshï iq.S¾ordcka ^35&- udOHfõ§ >d;khg ,la jQ Èkh - 2006 ckjdß 24 ;Sl % K = du,fha jrdh wêldßfha ,sml s rejl= jQ iqnu % kshï iq.S¾ordcka iqvfrda,s mqj;amf;a ;S%l=Kdu, jd¾;dlre f,i o lghq;= lf
tia' à' .kkdoka ^64& udOH w¾:m;s >d;khg ,la jQ Èkh - 2006 fmnrjdß 01
l< tia' à .kkdoka fjä ;nd >d;kh fldg we;af;a hdmkfha wßhdf,a m%foaYfha udïm,ï ykaÈfha§h' wßhdf,a yuqod l|jqr wdikakfha§ >d;kh isÿ ù we;' Tyq hdmkh úúO fiajd iuQmdldr iñ;sfha iNdm;sjrhd f,io lghq;= l< w;r 64 jeks úfha miqúh'
neiaáhka fcda¾Ê iqf¾Ya ^35&- udOH fiajl >d;khg ,la jQ Èkh - 2006 uehs 03 neiaáhka fcda¾Ê iqf¾Ya fiajh lfd;khg ,la úh' ;j;a udOH fiajlhl= jQ rxð;a l=ud¾ >d;khg ,la jQ w;r tys udOH fiajlhska 3 fofkla ;=jd, ,enQy' wf<ú wxYfha Woh l=ud¾ ^48&" ohd.rka ^31& iy iÈia ^24& hk wh tfia ;=jd, ,enQy' mqj;am;a wdh;kfha mß>Kl wxYh iïmQ¾Kfhka úkdY l< w;r uqøK hka;%j,go ydks lrkq ,eìK' rcfha md,kh hgf;a mj;sk hdmkfha wê wdrCIs; l
fou< m%jD;a;s iy f;dr;=re uOHia:dkfha ^fm!oa.,sl wdh;khla& w¾:m;sfhl= ^wkq.%dylhl&= f,i lghq;= 97
98
rdcr;akï rxð;a l=ud¾ ^28& - udOH fiajl >d;khg ,la jQ Èkh - 2006 uehs 03 cd;Hka;r ckudOH Èkh YS% ,xldfõ meje;ajQ 2006 uehs ui 03 jeksod Wohka mqj;am;g t,a, jQ m%ydrfha§ neiaáhka fcda¾Ê iqf¾Ya iuÕ rdcr;akï rxð;a l=ud¾ o fjä m%ydrfhka >d;khg ,la úh' Tyq hdmkfha lhs;ä m%foaYfha kdjÜl=,s ykaÈfha wxl 14$5 ksjfia Ôj;a jQ ;reK újdylfhla úh'
ksyd,a ä is,ajd ^64& - f,aLl >d;khg ,la jQ Èkh - 2006 uehs 27 m%lg bx.S%is udOH idys;Hlrejl= jQ ksyd,a ä is,ajd úys¿ ;y¿fjka Ôú;h f.jQ ñ;=rka w;r ckms%h mq o a . ,hl= úh' jD;a ; s f hka jHdmdßlhl= jQ Tyq idys;Hlrejl= jQjd muKla fkdj bx.Si % s udOH idys;H iudch ;=< ls%hdldÍ idudðlhl= f,i idys;H iïNdIKj, ks;r olskakg ,enqKq mqoa.,hl= úh' Tyqf.a Road from Elephentpass lD;shg 2003 jif¾ f.a%Ika ;Hd.h fukau rdcH idys;H iïudkho ysñ ù we;' .s,s/,a, fldkaiamsris ^Giniralla Conspiracy& kï lD;sfhka Tyq úYaj úoHd, ;=< ck;d úuqla;s fmruqfKa foaYmd,kh úiska lrk úkdYhka jeks ldrKd idlÉPdjg ,la lrhs' wd¾;s kñka ;j;a kjl;djla ,shñka isá Tyq 2006 uehs ui ;j;a ñ;=rka 5 fofkl= iuÕ ú,am;a;= cd;sl jfkdaoHdkfha ixpdrhlg f.dia isáh§ ìï fndaïnhlg yiqù >d;khg ,la úh' wd¾;s kjl;dj wjika lrkakg fkdyels jQ w;r ñ;=rka mia fokd;a" uÕ fmkajkakd;a iuÕ Tyq .uka .;a Ôma r:h ìï fndaïnhg yiq 99
ùfuka ish¿ fokd >d;khg ,la jQy' .d,af,a Wmka Tyq fld
iïm;a ,laud,a o is,ajd - udOHfõ§ >d;khg ,la jQ Èkh - 2006 cQ,s 02 ksoyia udOHfõÈhl= f,i lghq;= l< iïm;a ,laud,a o is,ajd meyer f.k f.dia we;af;a 2006 cQ,s ui 02 jeksod mdkaor 5'00 g muK fldd;kh fldg uy mdf¾ oud f.dia ;snQ Tyqf.a isrerh' ksjfia isg lsf,daóg¾ 3 la muK wE;ska Tyqf.a isrer oud f.dia ;sìK' Tyq ish uj iuÕ ðj;a jQ wújdyl ;reKfhls'
ußhodia ufkdackardÊ ^24& - udOH fiajl >d;khg ,la jQ Èkh - 2006 cQ,s 27 hdmkh wÉpqfõ,s m%foaYfha ix.dfkhs ùÈfha Ôj;a jQ ußhodia ufkdackardÊ >d;kh jQfha 2006 cQ,s ui 27 jeksod mdkaorh' /lshdj jYfhka hd,a ;sklal=r,a mqj;am; wf<ú lsÍu l< ;reKhl= jQ Tyq tÈk mdkaor 3'45 g muK ish h;=re meÈfhka mqj;am;a f.k hEu i|yd hd,a ;sklal=r,a ld¾hd,hg hk úg yuqodfõ mÍCIdjgo ,la ù we;' Tyq mqj;am;a /f.k kej; tu ud¾.fhau tk úg wÉpqfõ,s" kj.sß kï ia:dkfha 100
iuQmdldr ix.uh bÈßmsg§ laf,dafuda fndaïnhlg yiq ùfuka >d;khg ,la úh' msg rglg hEug iQodkñka isá fuu ;reKhd >d;kh jQ tu fndaïnh ÿr isg ls%hd;aul l< tlla nj lshefõ' 25 úhe;s ifydaorhl= iy 21 úhe;s ifydaorhlf.ka hq;a mjq,l fojeks msßñ orejd Tyq úh'
f.dia we;' mqj;am; fnod yer wdmiq tk úg oyj,a 11'30 g muK fmaÿre ;=vqj mdf¾" wÉpqfõ,s m%foaYfha mq;a;+¾ ykaÈfha§ Tyqg fjä ;nd >d;kh fldg we;' Wohka mqj;amf;a ,dxPkho jdykfha meyeÈ,sj uqøKh lr ;sî we;' fjä m%ydrfhka jdykhgo ydks isÿ ù we;' Tyq isõore msfhla úh'
moaukdoka ùYdukkaoka ^29&- ix.S;{ >d;khg ,la jQ Èkh - 2006 wf.daia;= 02
iskak;ïì isjuy rdcd ^68& - mqj;am;a ysñlre >d;khg ,la jQ Èkh - 2006 wf.daia;= 20
rcfha md,kh hgf;a mj;sk hdmkh kdj,¾ mdf¾ wê wdrCIl l
hdmkfha Èkm;d mqj;am;la jQ kuÈ B,kdvq mqj;amf;a l
i;disjï ndialrka ^44& - udOH fiajl >d;khg ,la jQ Èkh - 2006 wf.daia;= 15 hdmkfha Wohka mqj;am;a ld¾hd,fha ßhÿrl= f,i fiajh l< i;disjï ndialrka 2006 wf.dai; a = 15 jeksod mqj;am;a wf<ú i,a fj; mqj;am;a ñá fnod yer wdmiq tñka isáh§ fjä ;nd >d;kh lr we;' we¢ß kS;sh ls%hd;aul jQ hdmkfha Wfoa 10'00 isg oyj,a 1'00 olajd we¢ß kS;sh ,sys,a l< wjia:dfõ tÈk mqj;am; fnod yeÍug ßhÿre ndialrka m;a;r ñá ^md¾i,a& /f.k 101
102
2007 tia' rúkaøka ^38& - udOH fiajl >d;khg ,la jQ Èkh - 2007 fmnrjdß 12 kuÈ B,kdvq mqj;amf;a rd;S% uqøK hka;% l
iqn%ukshï rdupkaÈrka ^37& - udOHfõ§ >d;khg ,la jQ Èkh - 2007 fmnrjdß 15 hdmkfha m<jk hd,a ;s k la l = r ,a iy jd,ïmQ ß mqj;am;aj, jd¾;dlrejl= f,i lghq;= l< iqnu % kshï rdupkaÈrka wriä" lrfjâä iy jvudrÉÑ m%foaYj, ndysr wOHdmk wdh;kj, b.ekajQ .=rejrfhla úh' 2007 fmnrjdß 15 jeksod;a fm!oa.,sl mka;s wjika lr nhs i s l ,fhka tk úg jvudrÉÑ m% f oa Y fha lrfjâä m% f oa Y fha l,s f yhs yka È fha § kdÿkk lKavdhula úiska meyer f.k we;' yuqod wdrCIdj iys; tu m%foaYfha§ meyer .;a Tyq .ek lsisÿ wdrxÑhla fkd,eî we;s w;r >d;kh lrkakg we;s nj úYajdi flf¾' Tyq ore fofofkl=f.a msfhla úh'
103
iqNdIa pkaøfndaia ^32& - udOHfõ§ >d;khg ,la jQ Èkh - 2007 wfma%,a 16 fou< NdIdfjka m< jQ kS,d ^N+ñh& kï idys;H iÕrdfõ l¾;Djrhd jQ iqNdYa pkaøfndaia úiskau tu iÕrdj m% l dYhg m;a lr we;' jjqkshdfõ ;sreKdjlal=,ï .fï Ôj;a jQ Tyq i;=j uqøKd,hla o ;sìK' ,kavkfha isg m< flfrk geñ,a j¾,aâ kï iÕrdj iuÕo Tyq ksoyia udOHfõÈhl= f,i lghq;= lf
fi,ajrdid rÔõj¾uka ^25& - udOHfõ§ >d;khg ,la jQ Èkh - 2007 wfma%,a 29 1982 jif¾ Wmka 25 úhe;s ;reK udOHfõÈhl= jQ fi,ajrdid rÔõj¾uka hdmkfha m< jk Wohka mqj;amf;a ld¾h uKav,fha udOHfõ§hl= f,i fiajh l< w;r Tyq úfYaIfhka wmrdO jd¾;dlrKh lf
ld¾hd,fhka msg ù hk úg h;=re meÈhlska meñKs rel="nofollow">d;lfhda Tyqg fjä ;nd >d;kh lr m
iyfoajka ks,CIka ^25&- udOH YsIH >d;khg ,la jQ Èkh - 2007 wf.daia;= 01 hdmkfha udOH m¾fhaIK iy f;dr;=re wdh;kfha YsIHhl= f,i ckudOH mdGud,djla yodrd wjika l< iyfoajka ks,CIka fldd;lhska m%Yak lsÍug lshd Tyq ksjiska msg;g le|jd we;' rdcH yuqod wdrCIdj iys ; hdmkfha fldl= ú ,a m% f oa Y fha wdähdmdoï ùÈfha msysá Tyqf.a ksjig we¢ß kS;sho n,meje;ajqKq w¿hu myiqfjka meñKs >d;lfhda Tyqg fjä ;nd m
ifydaorhdo wdrCIdj m;d úfoaY.; lsÍug foudmshka lghq;= lr we;'
weka;kSms,af,a fIÍka is;a;srxcka ^36& - udOH fiajl >d;khg ,la jQ Èkh - 2007 fkdjeïn¾ 05 hdmkfha hd,a ;sklal=r,a mqj;amf;a fnod yeÍfï ld¾h uKav,fha lghq;= l< weka;kSms,af,a fIÍka is;a;srxcka 2007 fkdjeïn¾ ui 05 jeksod isg w;=reoyka ù we;' tÈk mqj;am; fnod yrñka isáh§ WoEik 6'00 g muK ±ä yuqod wdrCIdj iys; m,d,s mdf¾ Bidf,hs m%foaYfha§ w;=reoyka ù we;' hd,a ;sklal=r,a mqj;am;g fmr Tyq fiajh lr we;af;a kuÈ B,kdvq mqj;amf;ah' Tyq >d;kh lrkakg we;s nj úYa j di flf¾' wdfkhs f lda Ü fÜ Whrma m q , ï m%foaYfha mÈxÑlrejl= jQ Tyq újdyl tla ore msfhla úh'
jäfõ,a ksu,rdcd ^31& - udOH fiajl >d;khg ,la jQ Èkh - 2007 fkdjeïn¾ 17 hdmkfha Wohka mqj;amf;a rd;S% fidaÿm;a lshjkakd jQ jäfõ,a ksu,rdcd tys jir ;=kla muK fiajh fldg we;' rd;S% fiajh wjikaj 2007 fkdjeïn¾ ui 17 jeksod ish mdmeÈfhka ksjig hñka isáh§ WoEik 7'30 g muK Wohka ld¾hd,hg wdikak kdj,¾ mdf¾ ÿïßh yria u. § kdÿkk msßila úiska Tyq meyer f.k f.dia we;' hdmkh k.rfha lÉfÉß k,aƾ mdf¾ ks l ,ia udjf;a Ôj;a jQ Tyq wújdyl ;reKfhls' 106
bidhsúis fiïmshdka - ksfõÈld iqf¾Ya ,sïìfhda - ld¾ñl wxYfha fiajl à' ;¾u,sx.ï - bxðfkare >d;khg ,la jQ Èkh - 2007 fkdjeïn¾ 27
nia r:h leì;s f .d,a , Ej wNs u dka m q r § mS v k fndaïnhlg yiqù mqmqrd hEfuka Tyqf.a >d;kh isÿ úh' leì;sf.d,a,Ej m%foaYfha tu jif¾ isÿjQ fojeks nia fndaïn m%ydrh jQ thska isú,a jeisfhda 16 fofkla >d;kh jQy' udOHfõ§ .=Kisxy foore msfhla úh'
fldá y~ .= j ka úÿ,s f ha fia j h l<" bidhs ú is fiïms h dka " iq f ¾Ya ,s ï ìfhda iy à' ;¾u,s x .ï ^O¾u,sx.ï& >d;khg ,la jQfha 2007 fkdjeïn¾ ui 27 jeksod iji 4'30 g muK tlguh' YS% ,xld .=jka yuqodj úiska fy,k ,o .=jka fndaïn m%ydrj,ska ls,f s kdÉÑ m%foaYfha fldl=ú,ays msyá s fldá y~ .=jka úÿ,sh we;=¿ f.dvke.s,s /ila úkdY jQ w;r 11 fofkla >d;kh jQy' thska ;sfofkla jQ fldá y~ .=jka úÿ,sfha fuu fiajlhska ;sfokdf.ka bidhsúis fiïmshdka ths ksfõÈldjl jQ w;r weh ;sore ujla jQjdh' weh m%lg jQfha iqNdðkS hk wkaj¾: kñkah' iqf¾Ya ,sïìfhda ld¾ñl wxYfha fiajlfhla jQ w;r tla ore msfhla úh' à' ;¾u,sx.ï bxðfkarejrfhla f,i lghq;= lr we;' fuu .=jka fndaïn m%ydrfhka fldá y~ .=jka úÿ,sfha ;j;a fiajlhska y;r fofkl= ;=jd, ,nd we;'
ví,sõ' .=Kisxy ^62& - udOHfõ§ >d;khg ,la jQ Èkh - 2007 foieïn¾ 05 wkq r dOmq r Èia ; s % l a l fha leì;s f .d,a , Ej l
108
2008 mrrdcisxyï foajl=ud¾ ^34& - udOHfõ§ >d;khg ,la jQ Èkh - 2008 uehs 28 mrrdcisxyï foajl=ud¾ ^f;ajl=ud¾& fldd;kh lr we;' Tyq iuÕ .uka .;a Tyqf.a ñ;=rl= jQ ufyakaøka jroka o lmd fldgd oud ;snQ w;r frday,a .; lsÍfuka wk;=rej Tyqo ñh f.dia we;' ldl;sõ mdf¾ .uka lrñka isáh§ l,a¨kaodhs kï ia:dkfhaÈ >d;kh isÿ ù we;' miqj ,enqK wdrxÑ ud¾.j,g wkqj Tyqf.a >d;kh t,aààBh úiska lr we;s njg iel u;= ù we;' rcfha ueÈy;a ùfuka hdmkfha issÿ flfrk lghq;= .eko Tyq jd¾;d lsÍu t,aààBfha úfrdaOhg fya;= ù we;s nj lshefõ' Tyq iuÕ isá ñ;=re BmSãmS ixúOdkfha ys;j;l= njo jd¾;d fõ' Tyq újdy ù we;af;a >d;khg udi lsysmhlg fmr§h'
109
fudyuâ uyre*a rYañ ^31& - udOHfõ§ >d;khg ,la jQ Èkh - 2008 Tlaf;dan¾ 06 rYañ uyre*a kñka udOH fCIa;%h y÷kd.;a fudyuâ uyre*a rYañ fldd;kh lrñka mqmqrd .sh urdf.k uefrk fndaïnhg f.dÿre ùfuka rYañ uyre*a >d;khg ,la úh' msmsÍu isÿ jQfha 2008 Tlaf;dan¾ ui 06 jeksod fmrjre 8'40 g muK wkqrdOmqr mrK nia kej;=ï fmd< wdikakfha msysá m
110
uQ,dY% tllska muKla wkdjrKh jQ lsym s fofkl=f.a f;dr;=re 1' fla' tia' r;akisxyï - udOHfõ§ - uvl,mqj 1986 uvl,mqj Èia;l %s l a fha jõk;sõ lkakkalv = d m%foaYfha Ôj;a jQ fla' tia' r;akisxyï ùrflaiÍ mqj;amf;a jd¾;dlrejl= f,i lghq;= lrñka isáh§ 1986 jif¾ Èfkl fjä ;nd >d;kh l< nj úYajdi lghq;\ mqoa., uQ,dY%j,ska wkdjrKh ù we;;a wod, mqj;am; weiqßka fyda ;yjqre lr .ekSug wmyiq ù we;' u;lfhka jir i|yka jqjo th fjkia úugo bv we;' Tyq tla ore msfhla njo i|yka fjhs'
2' à' ohdkkaoka - udOHfõ§ - ;ñì¨ú,a " wïmdr 1985 wïmdr Èia;s%lalfha kskaojQ¾ m%foaYfha ;ïì,sjq,a .ïudkfha mÈxÑ lrejl= jQ à' ohdkkaoka 1985 jif¾È fjä ;nd >d;kh l< nj mqoa., uQ,dY%hlska jd¾;d fõ' Tyqo ùrflaiÍ mqj;amf;a jd¾;dlrejl= f,i lghq;= nj m%ldY jqj;a th ;yjqre lr .ekSug yelshdjla ,eî ke;'
3' trdjq¾ >d;kfha§ ñh .sh lúhd >d;khg ,la jQ Èkh - 1990 wf.daia;= 11 1990 jif¾ wf.daia;= 11 jeksod rd;s%fha isg 12 jeksod mdka o r jkf;la kef.kys r m
m%foaYfha trdjq¾yS uqia,sï cd;slhka 121 fofkl= t,aààBh úiska >d;kh l< wdldrh jd¾;d lrk z;,a wrU hgZ lD;sfha" tla uqia,sï mjq,l {d;shl= jQ fou< lúhl= >d;kh jQ njla i|yka lrhs' fjä y~ weiS wdrCIdj i|yd wf.daia;= 11 rd;s%fha fou< lúhdf.a ksjig wi,ajeis {d;Ska lsysm fofkl=u meñK we;' Ôú;h fírd f.k mek .;a tla mqo. a ,hl= tu lD;shg m%ldY lr we;s mßÈ tu ksjfia§ w; orejkao we;=¿ 13 fofkla >d;kh fldg we;' ish¿ fokd >d;kh lrkakg t,aààBh iQodkï jk nj f;areï .;a tu lúhd okska jeà tfia fkdlrK f,i b,a,d isg we;' okska jeà hd{d lrñka isáh§u Tyqg fjä ;enQ nj tys jd¾;d fõ' kula i|yka fkdjk tu lúhd .ek kef.kysr m
4' kd.,sx.ï ;Hd.rdcd - udOHfõ§ - uvl,mqj kd.,sx.ï ;Hd.rdcd udOHfõÈhl= f,i lghq;= l< njg yd >d;kh l< njg i|ykla fjhs' Èkhla .ek i|yka fkdfjhs'
5' fla' mS Wmfiak - mqj;am;a wf<ú ksfhdað; >d;khg ,la jQ Èkh - 1988 uehs 16 mqj;am;a wf<ú lsÍu yd fn± yeÍu fya;=fjka fla'mS Wmfiak >d;khg ,la jQ nj i|yka fjhs' m%foaYh i|yka fkdfjhs'
112
6' hQ' iS lreKd;s,l - PdhdrEm Ys,amS >d;khg ,la jQ Èkh - 1988 cQ,s 09 Èjhsk mqj;amf;a ydßiam;a;=j jd¾;dlre ^ PdhdrEm udOHfõÈhl=& f,i lghq;= l< hQ' is lreKd;s,l 1988 cQ,s 09 >d;kh lrk ,o nj m%ldY fjhs'
7' fk,aika lreKdr;ak - udOHfõ§ >d;khg ,la jQ Èkh - 1988 fkdjeïn¾ 23 .f,afj, m%foaYfha jd¾;dlre f,i lghq;= l< fk,aika lreKdr;ak 1988 fkejeïn¾ ui 23 jeksod >d;kh jQ nj i|yka fjhs'
10' whs' iS' m%kdkaÿ - mqj;am;a fnod yeÍu >d;khg ,la jQ Èkh - NSIK iuh ;=< uykqjr Èia;s%lalfha ueKsla yskak m%foaYfha mqj;am;a fnod yeÍï l< mqoa.,hl= f,i i|yka fõ' >d;khg ,lajQ Èkhla" ia:dkhla we;=¿ lsisÿ úia;rhla i|yka fkdfjhs' by; i|yka wxl 4 isg 10 olajd mqoa.,hka .ek i|yka ù we;af;a rð;a lS¾;s f;kakfldakaf.a zjdrK mqrdKhZ lD;sfhah' l;=jrhd i;=jo fjk;a úia;rhla fkdue;s w;r fjk;a mqoa., fyda ,sÅ; uQ,dY%hlska fuu mqoa.,hka iïnkaOfhka ;yjqre lr .ekSug l< W;aidyhkao wid¾:l úh'
8' úfÊisß kdkdhlaldr - udOHfõ§ >d;khg ,la jQ Èkh - 1989 wfma%,a 22 u;=.u jd¾;dlre f,i lghq;= l< njg jd¾;d jk úfÊisß kdkdhlaldr 1989 wfma%,a ui 22 jeksod >d;kh jQ nj i|yka fjhs'
9' ðkfiak lia;=ß wdrÉÑ - udOHfõ§ >d;khg ,la jQ Èkh - 1989 wf.daia;= 21 fâ,s ksjqia mqj;amf;a ;x.,a, jd¾;dlre f,i fiajh l< ðkfiak lia;=ß wdrÉÑ 1989 wf.daia;= 21 jeksod >d;kh l< nj jd¾;d fõ'
113
114
udOH iy l,d lghq;=j, kshe¨kq" wka;r úYaj úoHd, YsIH n, uKav,fha YsIH foaYmd,k lsh % dldßka
;SrK .kakd y;a fokdf.a f,alï uKav,hgo wh;a jQ Tyq fldd;kh fldg we;'
moauisß ;S%udú;dk - ks¾udK lrefjls >d;khg ,la jQ Èkh - 1988 Tlaf;dan¾ 22
w;=, fiakdr;ak - fjo isiq y~ ixialdrl >d;khg ,la jQ Èkh - 1990 iema;eïn¾ 17
wxl=r lúfhla" Ñ;% Ys,amsfhla fukau zfjo isiqy~Z iÕrdjg ,shQ f,aLlfhla jQ moauisß ;S%udú;dk isiqjd fldd;khg ,la úh' ysig mrd, weK .id jo § fuu isiqjd >d;kh lr ;snQ wdldrh .ek tl, úYd, lïmdjla iudch ;=< we;s úh'
ck;d úuqla;s fmruqfKa úYaj úoHd, YsIH ix.ïj, tl;=j jQ wka;¾ úYaj úoHd, YsIH n, uKav,fha ls%hdldß;ajh 1987 - 1990 NSIKfhka wvmK ù f.dia ;snqKs' NSIKh ;rula wvq ù hEu;a iuÕ th kej; mK .kajd YsIH jHdmdrh h<s talrdYS lsÍug W;aidy .;a mqoa.,hd jQfha w;=, fiakdr;akh' 1990 ud¾;= ui w;a wvx.=jg m;a jQ Tyq wfm%a,a ui m
Wmd,s .uf.a - fjä y~ ixialdrl >d;khg ,la jQ Èkh - 1990 ckjdß uydkdu f,iska ye¢kajQ Wmd,s .uf.a mQ¾Kld,Skj wka;¾ úYaj úoHd, YsIH n, uKav,fha m%Odk YsIH ix.uhla jQ iudcjd§ YsIH ix.ufha ls%hdldßlhl= úh' fma%udkkao kñka uyKj isá Tyq WmeúÈ ù mQ¾K ld,Skj YsIH ix.ï lghq;= i|yd fhduq úh' ckudOH lñgqfõ f,alï jYfhkao lghq;= lr we;s Tyq zfjä y~Z kï ^md;d,& ryis.; mqj;am; fukau ;j;a tjeks mqj;am;a lsysmhl l;=jrhd f,i lghq;= lr we;' YsIH igka uOHia:dkfha cd;sl lñgqfõ wjidk 115
1990 iema;eïn¾ ui 17 jeksod kej; w;awvx.=jg m;a jQ Tyq >d;khg ,la ù we;'
116
yÈis wk;=re yd fjk;a fya;= u; wysñ jQ lsym s fofkla ,Skd whsßka ymq;ka;S% - f,aÅld$lsú¢h wk;=rg ,la jQ Èkh - 1987 uehs 18 Ôj;a j isáhdkï ks¾udK fCIa;%fha m%n,u ia;S% f,aÅldj jkjdg iel ke;s m%;sNdjla fmkajQ ,Skd whsßka ymq;ka;S% ñh .sfha wld,fhah' 1971 le/,af,a ú;a;sldßhlaj jir 4 la isr.;j .; l< weh isrf.hska ksoyia jQ miqj;a ck;d úuqla;s fmruqK iuÕ lghq;= lr we;' tfy;a ck;d úuql; a s fmruqfKa fojeks le/,a,g uq, mqrK ld,h jk úg weh tu foaYmd,k .uka uÕ .ek l,lsÍ th úfõpkh lr bka bj;a ù isáhdh' jdudxYsl foaYmd,k u;hla ±rE weh úfYaIfhka ia;S% mSvkh .ek ixfõ§ ia;S%jdÈkshl jQjdh' 1980 oYlfha ks¾udK úu¾Ykh lrkafkl=g wef.a tu jdujd§ ia;S%jd§ yd iudc ixfõ§ cj iïmkak ks¾udK Yla;sh y÷kd.; yels jkq we;' lú" flá l;d" fukau ks¾udKd;aul rpkd l< weh udOH yryd iudc foaYmd,k jdo újdoj,g tla ù isáhdh' úpdr ,sms ,sõjdh' weh ck;d úuq l a ; s fmruq f Kka bj;a ùu;a " ls%hdldßkshl yd ks¾udKldßkshl f,i m< l< wehf.a kj foaYmd,k .uka uÕ;a ksid ck;d úuql; a s fmruqfKa ;¾ckh weh fj; we;s njg iel lrñka wehg Ôj;a jkakg isÿ úh' 1986 foieïn¾ ui 15 jeksod ohd m;srK YsIHhd >d;kh;a iuÕ ck;d úuqla;s fmruqK úfõpkh lr bj;a jQjkag ielfhka Ôj;a jkakg isÿ jQjd fiau" ,Skd whsßka Ôj;a jQfhao 117
ielfhks' tfyhska 1987 uehs ui 11 jeksod yÈis ßh wk;=rlg weh ,la jQ wjia:dfõ wehf.a ñ;=re ñ;=ßhka th ie,iqï iy.; tlla ±hs uq,§ iel l
pkaøl=udr úl%ur;ak - lúfhls wjika jrg ÿgq Èkh - 1991 pkaøl=udr úl%ur;ak fyj;a ñ;=rkag pkaof¾ jQ Tyq >d;kh l<do ish Èú kid .;a;do hk ielh ñ;=rka w;r ;ju;a úi|D .; fkdyels .eg¿jla ù we;' b;du m%n, ks¾udK Yla;h s lska fyì lúhl= jQ Tyqf.a ks¾udK wu;l l< fkdyels ñ;=rka ;ju;a Tyq .ek ;efj;s' ck;d úuql; a s fmruqfKa lsh % dldßhlhl= f,i iuyre ±k y÷kd f.k isá Tyq iaÓr ksjykla fkdue;sj ;ekska ;ek Ôj;a jQfjls' Tyq l,ska l,g tfia Ôj;a ù we;af;a tl, iy wo olajd;a ks¾udK fCIa;%fha kshef,k ñ;=rkaf.a weiqf¾h' 88$90 m%n, NSIK iuh ^ck;d úuqla;s fmruqfKa NSIKh yd thg tfrysj Èh;a jQ rdcH NSIKh& olajd Tyq Ôj;a ù we;' 118
wjika jrg Tyq ±l we;s ñ;=rkag wkqj Tyq" uykqjr isg fld
fõÈldfõ fldKalS%Ü neïfï je§ thska Tyq t;eku Ôú;CIhg m;a ù we;'
fla' kkaol=ud¾ - udOH fiajl wk;=rg ,la jQ Èkh - 2001 uehs 06 Wohka mqj;amf;a l
relaIsld m%idÈkS ^21&- udOHfõÈkS wk;=rg ,la jQ Èkh - 2006 foieïn¾ 19 l=,isxy - udOHfõ§ wk;=rg ,la jQ Èkh fld
ù t*a tï .=jka úÿ,s fiajfha ksfõÈldjl iy jd¾;dldßks h l f,i lghq ; = l< ;reKs h l jQ relaIsld m%idÈkS ßh wk;=rlg ,laj urKhg m;a jQfha 2006 foieïn¾ ui 19 jeksodh' Bg Èk 12lg fmr weh ßh wk;=rlg ,la jQfha mqj;am;a idlÉPdjla jd¾;d lsÍu i|yd wdh;kfha jdykhlska .uka lrñka isáh§h' fld
wk;=re tallfha m%;sldr ,nñka isg urKhg m;a jQ weh fjkqfjka idOdrKhla bgq lr .ekSug l< W;aidyhka rdcH ;dka;s%l nj ksid hgm;a jQ nj jd¾;d fõ' udOH Ôú;hg msúi udi lsym s hlska wNd.H iïmkak f,i wef.a .uk fl<jr úh'
fjk;a fldamar,a fiamd, .=K;s,l udOHfõÈhl=" l,dlrejl= fyda udOH fiajlhl= fkdjk kuq;a fldamar,a fiamd, .=K;s,l >d;khg ,la ù we;a f ;a YS % ,xld rEmjdys k S ixia : dfõ msÿre;,d., iïfma%IK l=¿Kg t,a, l< m%ydrhla ksidh' 1984 fkdjeïn¾ ui 03 jeksod rEmjdyskS l=¿fKa wdrCIl fiajh Ndrj isáfha fldamr a ,a fiamd, .=K;s,lh' l÷ uqÿfKa le,Ej ueo msyá s l=¿Kg tÈk rd;s%fha m%ydrhla t,a, úh' m%ydrlhka m
ls%hdldßhlfhla f,i lghq;= lr we;s nj fy<sorõ ù we;af;a Tyqf.a >d;kh;a iuÕh' Tyq ta jk úg fiajhg meñK ke;s w;r 1989 jif¾ isÿ jQ Tyqf.a >d;kho tu foaYmd,kg wod, isÿùula ksid jQjla nj jd¾;d fõ' wdkkao fukaäia >d;kh jQ óáhdf.dv m%foaYfha jd¾;dlre f,i wdkkao fukaäiaf.a ku óg fmr lD;shl i|ykaj we;' Tyq m%dfoaYSh jd¾;dlrejl= f,i lghq;= lr we;s kuq;a" >d;kh ùug jir .Kkdjlg fmr isg udOH lghq;= w;yer fjk;a lghq;j,= fh§ we;s nj fidhd .;a iuld,Sk udOHfõ§ idCIs wkqj ;yjqre fjhs' 1988 wfma%,a 17 jeksod oyj,a fjä ;nd isÿ ù we;s Tyqf.a >d;kho tu fjk;a fya;= u; isÿ jQjla nj jd¾;d fjhs'
rK;=x. mqoa., uQ,dY% /ilska ;yjqre jQ mßÈ Èjhsk mqj;amf;a msgq ie,iqï Ys,amshl= f,i fiajh l< rK;=x. keue;a;d ck;d úuqla;s fmruqfKa ikakoaO wxYfha 121
122
>d;khka isÿ ù we;s wdldrh ms
46 57 06
tl;=j
109
2' fCIa;% wkqj >d;k isÿ ù we;s wdldrh fuh t;rï meyeÈ,sj j¾.SlrKh l< fkdyels w;r iuyre udOH iy idys;H l,d wxYj,g tlfia m%lg jQ wh fj;s' tfy;a o< jYfhka jeä wkkH;dj m< l< fCIa;%h wkqj fldgia lsÍu lr we;' udOHfõ§ka fldgig PdhdrEm udOHfõ§ka 4la we;=<;ah' ye¢kaùu ms<sn| újdohla we;s úoaHq;a udOH fCIa;%fha bxðfkare yd ld¾ñl ks,OdÍka fuys§ we;=<;a ù we;af;a udOH jD;a;sl fCIa;%hgh' 1' udOHfõ§ka 2' udOH fiajlhska 3' ysñlrejka$fldgialrejka 4' l,d ixialD;sl ls%hdldßka 5' uq¿ .Kk -
123
51 27 04 27 109
m
isxy,
fou<
uqia,sï
uq¿ .Kk
niakdysr m
08
-
27
W;re m
07
42
-
49
kef.kysr m
01
05
05
11
wfkl=;a m
-
01
20
úfoaY rgj,
-
02
-
02
uq¿ .Kk
46
57
06
109
3' m%Odk fya;= wkqj >d;k isÿ ù we;s wdldrhka 1'
2' 3'
ckjd¾.sl m%Yakh$hqoaOh yd ta wdY%s; >d;k ^fou< ikakoaO lKavdhï ìys ùu" wNHka;r >d;k yd lKavdhï w;r >d;k wdÈho we;=<;a& ck;d úuqla;s fmruqK úiska we;s l< NSIKh yd rdcH m%;s NSIKh ksid isÿjQ >d;k foaYmd,lhkaf.a yd fjk;a l=uka;%K ksid isÿ l< >d;k ^ÿ¾j,;d iy ¥IK jxpd wlghq;=lï fy<sorõ ùu je<elaùu i|yd l< >d;k wdÈh we;=<;ah' WodyrK" úu,a tia iqf¾kaø" iïm;a ,laud,a iy frdayK l=udr&
fuu m%Odk >d;k fya;= i|yka lsÍu i|yd j.=fõ fhdod we;af;a 1" 2" 3 hk wxlh' 124
m
y
fou<
uqia,sï >d;khg jQ uq¿ .Kk
1
14
57
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77
2
28
-
-
28
3
04
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-
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>d;kh jQ uq¿ .Kk
y
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isÿ ù we;s >d;k 109 ka 78 lau ckjd¾.sl m% Y a k h" fou< ika k oa O lKa v dhï ìys ùu" lKavdhïj, wNHka;r >d;k yd lKavdhï w;r >d;k" n, wr.," hqoaOh yd ta wdY%s; >d;k fõ' thska 57 la fou< cd;slhkah'
y
jirla f,i jeäu >d;k ixLHdj igyka jkafka 1989 jir i|ydh' th 22ls' thska 6la hqoaOhg wod, f;audjg jefgk w;r wfkla >d;k 14 iïnkaOfhka j.lSu mejÍ we;af;a ck;d úuqla;s fmruqK fj;h' thska folla ms<sn| fjk;a ielo mj;S'
y
1985" 1986" 1992" 2001" 2002 iy 2003 jirj, >d;k isÿ jQ njg jd¾;d ke;' ^ f;audjg wod,j fidhd .;a lreKq wkqj& úfYaIfhka >d;k isÿ fkdjQ jir ;=k yudrla muK È.= ld,hla igyka jkafka 2001" 2002 iy 2003 isg 2004 uehs olajdh' thg meyeÈ,s fya;=jla f,i wjfndaO;d .súiqu w;aika lsÍu yd ta wdY%s;j we;sjQ idu ls%hdj,sh ±laúh yelsh' 2000 Tlaf;dan¾ 10 meje;s uy ue;sjrKfhka ch .;a tlai;a ck;d ksoyia ikaOdkh 2001 jif¾ fmnrjdß 22 wjfndaO;d .súiqu w;aika fldg idu lsh % dj,sh wdrïN lf
109
wxl 3 hgf;a >d;kh jQ isxy, 04 fokdf.ka wreK ly|.uf.a ckjd¾.sl m%Yakh yd hqoaOhg wod, wxl 01 hg;g wh;a úh hq;= njgo m%n, ielhla we;' wxl 1 hgf;a >d;kh jQ uqia,sï 06 fokdf.ka ksyu;=,, a df.a >d;kh tu f;audjgu wod, fõ±hs iel iys;h' .=jka wk;=r ckjd¾.sl m%Yakhg yd hqoaOhg wod, fõo" foaYmd,k l=uka;%Khlao" hdkfha fodaIhlao hkak fkdúi÷k .eg¿jls'
125
fmdÿ ks.uk lsym s hla
126
y
wjfndaO;d .súiqu yd idu ls%hdj,sh Èh;a jQ jljdkqj ;=< udOHfõ§" udOH jD;a;sl iy l,d ixialD;sl ls%hdldÍkaf.a >d;k jd¾;d fkdjQjdg idfmaCIj" fuf;la b;sydih ;=< udOH iy udOHfõ§ka u¾okh iDcqju b,lal fldg .;a >d;k je
127
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