Indian Muslim History- M.c.vadakara

 kzmX{´yw hn`P\w apkvvenw cm{ãobw / Fw.kn. hSIc (Ncn{Xw)

apkvenwIÄ F¡mehpw A[n\nthi¯ns\Xntc s]mcpXnbhcmWv. {_n«ojv`cW¯ns\Xntc C´ybn AhÀ \S¯nb kac¯n\p \qämpIÄ ]g¡apv. {_n«ojv`cWw Gähpw IqSpX _m[n¨Xp apkvenwIsfbmbncp¶p. AhcpsS kwkvImchpw aXhpw tNmZyw sN¿s¸«p. ]ÅnIÄ \in¸n¡s¸SpIbpw kz¯pIÄ A\ym[o\s¸SpIbpw sNbvXp. kzm`mhnIambpw apkvenwIÄ Xs¶bmbncp¶p kzmX{´y¯n\phnbpÅ t]mcm«¯n ap³]´nbnÂ. F¶m kzmX{´yw In«nbn«v F´v F¶ tNmZyw AhcpsS ap¶nepmbncp¶p. ChnSs¯ khÀW{_mlvaWcpsS ssIIfnte¡v C´ybpsS `cWw ssIamdpI F¶ 'kzmX{´yt¯mSv AhÀ¡p tbmPn¡m³ ]äpambncp¶nÃ. AXnsâsbms¡ Ahkm\ ]cnWXnbmWv hn`P\¯n Iemin¨Xv. 1857 se in]mbn elftbmsSbmWp kzmX{´ykac¯n \nÀWmbI hgn¯ncnhpmhp¶Xv. ]e \Kc§fpw lnµpcmPm¡·mÀ apgph\pw {_n«ojpImÀ¡p IogS§n. Qm³kn dmWnsbmgn¨v. Hä apkvenw cmPm¡³amcpw IogS§nbnÃ. Ahkm\w NXnbn _lZqÀ k^dns\ ]nSn¡pIbpw AbmfpsS a¡sf sImÃpIbpw sNbvXsXms¡ Ncn{Xw. Pbnen At±ls¯ ]«nWn¡nSpIbpw cpa¡fpsS Xebdp¯v XfnIbnem¡n sImSp¯ Ncn{Xsams¡ \ap¡dnbmw. IogS§nb lnµpcmPm¡³amscbpw AhcpsS ]«mfs¯bpw D]tbmKn¨psImv apkvenwIsf sIms¶mSp¡pI F¶ \bamWv {_n«ojpImÀ ssIs¡mXv. sIm¶psIm¶v HcpZnhkw 5000 apkvenwIÄ F¶ \nebv¡v sIm¶psh¶mWp Ncn{Xw ]dbp¶Xv. UÂlnbnÂam{Xw HcpZnhkw 10000 apkvenwIsf sIm¶psh¶pw 27000 Igpac§fn apkvenwIfpsS ihicoc§Ä Im¡bpw IgpI\pw sIm¯nhen¨psh¶psams¡ Ncn{Xw ]dbp¶p. A§s\ apkvenwIfpsS ]mc¼cyw, kwkvImcw XpS§nbh apgph³ Hcp hn«phogvNbpanÃm¯ coXnbn \in¸n¡m\mWv {_n«ojpImÀ Xocpam\n¨Xv. """tjm ao F apkvenw, sF hn tjm bp F dn_Â'''' F¶v Hcp KhÀWÀ ]dªncp¶p. FÃm apkvenwIfpw Hcp dn_ BsW¶ AÀY¯nemWnXp ]dªncp¶Xv. A§s\ apkvenwIÄ Iq«wIq«ambn sImÃs¸Sm³ XpS§n. HcdpXnbpw ImWp¶nÃ. apkvenwIÄ kzoIcn¨ Cu Xpd¶ t]mcm«w \mi¯nte¡msW¯nt¨cpI F¶`n{]mbapÅ kÀ k¿nZv AlvaZv Jm\mWv Cu coXnbpsS Zniamäp¶Xv. sa¡msf sImph¶ hnZym`ymk]²XntbmSp XoÀ¯pw ]pdwXncnªp\n¡pIbmWp apkvenw t\XrXzw sNbvXncp¶Xv. apkvenwIfpsS kwkvImcw \in¸n¡pIbpw BfpIfpsS Nn´sb {_n«oj\pIqeam¡pIbpw sN¿pI F¶Xmbncp¶p sa¡msf hnZym`ymk]²Xn sImv {_n«ojpImÀ Dt±in¨ncp¶Xv. apkvenwIfpsS t]Àjy³ `mjsbbpw Ad_n`mjsbbpsams¡ {_n«ojpImÀ \ntcm[n¨p. hJ^v kz¯p¡fpsS hcpam\w sImmbncp¶p C´ybnse apkvenwIfpsS hnZym`ymkw \ne\n¶ncp¶Xv. B hJv^v kz¯p¡fpsS hcpam\w \ne¸n¨p. C´ysb ]¯psImÃw sImv HcSnacmPyam¡pI F¶Xmbncp¶p sa¡msf hnZym`ymk]²XnbpsS e£yw. sa¡msf, {_n«ojv N{IhÀ¯n\n¡v FgpXnb I¯n ]dbp¶Xv cq]¯nepw `mh¯nepw C´y¡mcpw Nn´bnepw hnImc¯nepw {_n«ojpImcpw `hXnsb kvt\ln¡p¶hcpamb Hcp Xeapdsb ]¯psImÃw sImp Rm\pm¡nsbSp¡psa¶mWv. AXns\bmWv C´ybnse Deam¡Ä FXnÀ¯Xv. {_n«ojpImcpsS hnZym`ymkw ldmw F¶v AhÀ ]dªp. B[p\nIhnZym`ymks¯bà AhÀ FXnÀ¯Xv. B[p\nIhnZym`ymk¯nsâ t]cn {_n«ojpImÀ sImph¶ ASnahnZym`ymks¯bmWv AhÀ FXnÀ¯Xv. km[mcWbmbn, apkvenwIÄ¡p km£cXbnà Fs¶ms¡ ]dbmdpv. CubSp¯p amXr`qan BgvN¸Xn¸n h¶ Hcp teJ\¯n ]dbp¶Xpt]mse, \qdp iXam\w km£cX t\Snb kapZmbambncp¶p apkvenwkapZmbw. _jodnsâ Ipªn¸m¯p½bv¡v A£cm`ymkanà Fs¶ms¡ ]dbp¶ kw`hsaSp¯pt\m¡pIþ \nkmÀ Al½Zv F¶ IYm]m{Xw AhÄ¡v A£cm`ymkw \ÂIp¶psh¶mWtÃm. \nc£cXbpsS {]XoIambn Ipªn¸m¯p½sb Aà ImtWsX¶mWp teJI³ ]dbp¶Xv. ImcWw, Ipªn¸m¯p½ aueqZv InXm_v hmbn¡p¶pv; Xu_bpsS InXm_v

Xpd¶ph¨p hmbn¡p¶pv. C¯cw BÄ¡mÀ¡v F§s\bmWv Fgp¯dnbnà F¶p ]dbpI. FgpXm\dnbmambncp¶p, ]t£, aebmfaÃ, Ad_naebmfw. Ad_naebmfadnbm¯ Hä apkvenw BWpw s]®papmbncp¶nÃ. ]Icw km£cXsb¸än ]dbp¶Xv kvIqfnsem¶pw t]mhm³ IgnbmsX A¼e¯n im´n¡mc\mbn tPment\m¡pIbpw Hcp sIm¨p Xn¿mSns¸¬Ip«nbnÂ\n¶v A, C, D Fs¶ms¡ ]Tn¡pIbpw GtXm Hcp hÀ¯am\]{X¯nsâ IjW¯n "am³ amÀ¡v IpS' F¶v FgpXnh¨Xp It¸mÄ IuXpIt¯msS AXp hmbn¡pIbpw sNbvX hn.Sn. `«Xncn¸mSnsâ Nn{XamWp sXfnªphtcsX¶mWp teJI³ kaÀYn¡p¶Xv. B[p\nI hnZym`ymk¯nÂ\n¶p apkvenwIÄ AI¶p \n¶Xn\v Hcp hgn¯ncnhpm¡p¶Xv kÀ k¿nZv AlvaZv Jm\mWv. At±lw ]dªp: ""{_n«ojpImcpambpÅ t\cn«pÅ PnlmZv Ahkm\n¸n¡Ww. Asæn apkvenwIÄ \in¨pt]mhpw.'''' {_n«ojpImcpambpÅ kacs¯ tIhe aXmßIam¡n F¶XmWnhnsS kw`hn¨Xv. {_n«ojm[n]Xyw temIsa¼mSpapÅXmbncp¶p. B km{amPyt¯mSmWv \mw H¶panÃmsX s]mcpXp¶Xv. ChnSs¯ `qcn]£kapZmb¯nsâ ]n´pWbpw \ap¡nÃ. Ahcn \sÃmcp hn`mKamhs«, apl½ZobcpsS B{IaW¯n \n¶p \s½ c£n¡m³ ssZhw \ntbmKn¨XmWv {_n«ojpImsc F¶v AÔambn hnizkn¨ncp¶p. _¦nwN{µ NmäÀPnsbms¡ B Hcp hnImc¯nÂ\n¶mWv B\µaTw t\mh FgpXp¶Xv. {InkvXy³ kapZmbw AhÀ¡\pIqeambncp¶p. {_mÒWkapZmbw F¶pw `cn¡p¶hÀs¡m¸ambncp¶p. apKÄ N{IhÀ¯namÀ `cn¡pt¼mgpw AhcpsS IqsS {_mÒWsc ImWmw. Sn¸pkp¯m³ `cn¨t¸mgpw At±lt¯msSm¸hpapmbncp¶p AhÀ. Hcp IY ]dªp tIÄ¡mdpv. P¸m³ImÀ ChnsS hcpsa¶p ]dªncp¶tÃm. cmw temIbp²Ime¯v P¸m³ImÀ a{Zmkn Hcp t_mw_v sImpt]mbn«p. A§s\ P¸m³ apt¶dns¡mncn¡pIbmbncp¶p. BfpIÄ BsI ]cn{`an¨p. P¸m³ C´y ssItbdpsa¶p hnNmcn¨v At¸mÄ a{Zmknse ]«³amscms¡ P¸m³`mj ]Tn¡m³ sa\s¡SpIbmbncp¶p. P¸m³ImÀ h¶mepw AXnsemc[nImcw thWatÃm. bYmÀY¯n ZenXv ]n¶m¡¡mcpw {_n«ojpImÀ ChnsS \ne\n¡Wsa¶p hnNmcn¨hcmWv. apkvenwIÄam{Xw C§s\ \nc´cw t]mcmSns¡mncn¡pI, \½psS ]ÅnIfpw a{ZkIfpw DtZymKhpw kwkvImchpsams¡ \ãs¸Sp¯n Bbnc¡W¡n\mfpIÄ acn¨phogpI þ CsXm¶p \nÀ¯Wsa¶mbncp¶p kÀ k¿nZv BtemNn¨Xv. A§s\bmWv kÀk¿nZv B[p\nI hnZym`ymkw \mw BÀPn¡Ww; AXn\mWv temI¯n henb amäw hcp¯m\mhpI F¶ \ne]mSnse¯nbXv. kzmX{´yw th Fs¶m¶pw At±lw ]dªncp¶nÃ. kÀ k¿nZns\ hnaÀin¡p¶Xnsem¶paÀYanÃ. At±la§s\ sNbvXnÃmbncp¶psh¦n apkvenwIfpsS AhØ `oIcamwhn[w ]cnXm]Icamhpambncp¶p. acn¨pacn¨p Xocpambncp¶p AhÀ. ChnSs¯ ]peb³amcpsS AhØ hcpambncp¶p. AhÀ Hcp Ime¯v ChnSs¯ cmPm¡³amcmbncp¶p. tNc\mSv, hÅph\mSv Fs¶ms¡ ]dbp¶Xv ]peb³amÀ A[nImcw hmW \mSpIfmbncp¶p. AhÀ \in¨pt]mbXmWv. AXpt]mse apkvenwIÄ¡psamchØ hcpsat¶ Dmbncp¶pÅq. CXp Xs¶bmWp ]n¶oSv KmÔnbpw Ahew_n¨Xv. {_n«ojv hnZym`ymkw A`ykn¨v AhÀs¡Xntc Xs¶ {]tbmKn¡pI F¶ X¯zambncp¶p AXv. P\m[n]Xyw F¶ Imcysams¡ AhcpsS hnZym`ymk¯neqsS¯s¶btà \ap¡p In«p¶Xv. Asæn kzmX{´yw In«nbXn\p tijhpw cmPhmgvNbtà DmhpI. kzmX{´ykacw ]n¶oSp cp NmepIfneqsSbmWp t]mbXv. H¶v, `cWLS\m\pkrXamb coXnbn DÅ t]mcm«w; apl½Zen Pn¶ kzoIcn¨ \ne]mSv AXmbncp¶p. Pn¶bpsS amÀKw kzoIcn¨ncps¶¦n Hcp ]¯psImÃw aps¼¦nepw C´y¡p kzmX{´yw In«pambncp¶p F¶p ]dbp¶ \nco£Icpv. CÀhn³ {]`phpambn KmÔnPn kÔnsNbvXnÃmbncp¶psh¦n 1921 ¯s¶ kzmX{´yw In«pambncp¶p F¶p ]dbp¶hcpapv. cmPnbmbn cmPnbmbn kzmX{´yw \o«n\o«n sImpt]mhp¶ ssienbnemWp KmÔnPn kacs¯ sImpt]mbXv. Hcp \nebv¡papÅ kÔn¡panà F¶ coXnbnemWv Pn¶ kacs¯ apt¶m«p \bn¨Xv. ]t£, A{IaamÀKw kzoIcn¨nÃ. F¶mÂ, KmÔnPnbpsS kac§Ä A§s\bmbncp¶nÃ. Alnwksbms¡ ]dªncps¶¦nepw KmÔnPn \bn¨ kac§Ä A{IaamÀK§fnembncp¶p sN¶hkm\n¨Xv. NucnNucm kw`ht¯msS KmÔn Alnwk shSnªtÃm. Jnem^¯v

{]Øm\¯nsâ Imcy¯n Pn¶bv¡v ISp¯ hntbmPn¸pmbncp¶p. \nbaamÀK¯neqsS¯s¶ kzmX{´y¯ntes¡¯pI F¶Xmbncp¶p Pn¶ kzoIcn¨ \ne]mSv. A{Ia{]hWX kzmX{´yw In«n¡gnªmepapmhpw. AXp hnIkn¨phcpItb DÅq. AXmWv Pn¶ Xncn¨dnªXv. AXpsImmWv Iznäv C´ym kac¯n Pn¶ ]s¦Sp¡mXncp¶Xv. Iznän´ym {]Øm\w t]mepÅ kacapJ§Ä kzmX{´y¯n bmsXmcp kzm[o\hpw sNep¯nbnà F¶Ã. adn¨v, iàamb hmZapJ§fpambn Pn¶bpsS t\XrXz¯nepÅ adp Nm\epapmbncp¶p. HcÀY¯nÂ, kzmX{´yw In«m³ ImcWw CsXm¶paÃ; cmw temIbp²¯n {_n«ojv `cWIqSw XIÀ¶p Xcn¸WambXpw tImf\nIÄ AhÀs¡mcp `mcambn¯oÀ¶XpamWv. amXrcmPyt¯¡mÄ hensbmcp tImf\nbmbncp¶p C´y. C´y¡mÀ thm«hImisams¡ tNmZn¡psa¶v AhÀ¡p tXm¶n. Cw¥ns\ C´y¡mÀ `cn¡p¶ AhØbmbncn¡pw AXphgn kwPmXamhpI. C§s\ tImf\nIÄ Hcp Iodmap«nbmbn¯oÀ¶t¸mgmWv AhÀ C´y ssIsbmgnbm³ Xocpam\n¨Xv. Hcp kwLÀjapmbm AXn Gähpw _p²nap«p¶ P\hn`mKw apkvenwIfmbncn¡pw. AhÀ \nbaw ssIbnseSp¡pw, AhÀ {_n«ojpImcpsS ap¶n Cubmw]mäIsft¸mse acn¨phogpw. \qdpsImÃs¯ A\p`hambncp¶p. CXp IW¡nseSp¯mWv apkvenweoKpw Pn¶bpw {]Xy£kac¯nte¡v Ahsc hen¨ng¡mXncp¶Xv. Ahsc hnZym`ymkw sN¿pI, \ãs¸«pt]mb {]Xm]w hosSp¡m³ {ian¡pI, \nehnepÅ \nbahyhØbn \n¶psImp kzmX{´y¯n\p bXv\n¡pI F¶nhbmbncp¶p eoKnsâ \ne]mSv. asäm¶v, A¶v kzmX{´yw F¶p]dªm F´mbncp¶p? apkvenwIÄ¡p ]¦mfn¯anÃm¯ Hcp kzmX{´yambncp¶p AXv. tam¯nem s\lvdp dnt]mÀ«ns\sbms¡ FXnÀ¯Xnsâ ImcWaXmWv. khÀW lnµpt\Xm¡·mcpsS ssIIfnte¡mbncp¶p C´ybpsS `cWw G¸n¡m³ t]mhp¶Xv. AXv AwKoIcn¡m³ ]äp¶XmtWm? AXpsImmWv {][m\a{´nbm¡msa¶ hmKvZm\w Pn¶ \nckn¨Xv. Hcp L«¯n auv _mät\mSp KmÔnPn ]dªtÃm, ""Pn¶ {][m\a{´nbmbns¡mÅs«''F¶v. ""kz´amsbmcp `qcn]£anÃm¯ aäpÅhcpsS Zbbn Hcp {][m\a{´nbmbncn¡p¶ HcmtfmSv F\n¡p klXm]amWpÅXv'' F¶mbncp¶p AXn\p Pn¶ adp]Sn ]dªXv. F{X IrXyambncp¶p B \ne]mSv. Hcp {][m\a{´nbmbm t]mctÃm. Xm³ {]Xn\n[oIcn¡p¶ kapZmb¯n\v Hcp `mKt[bw In«WatÃm. Pn¶bpsS \nKa\§sfÃmw \qsäm¶p iXam\w icnbmbncp¶p. At±l¯nsâ Hcp \ne]mtSm Hcp hmt¡m sXämbnt¸msb¶v HcmÄ¡pw ]n¶oSp ]dtbnh¶n«nÃ. ]dbms\m«mhpIbpanÃ. auem\m BkmZnsâ C´y hn³kv {^oU¯n ]t¯mfw Øe§fn ]dbp¶p, ""Pn¶bpsS \ne]mSv icnbmbncp¶p'' F¶v.