Frontiers Of Science By Vedas

New Frontiers of Research Throguh Vedic Knowledge -Arun Kumar Upadhyay, IPS, M.Sc., AIFC B-9, CB-9, Cantonmnt Road, Cuttack-753001 (Orissa) 0671-2304172/2304433 Mob-09437034172 Email <[email protected]> 1. Introduction- (a) How Veda is Foundation of Science-Veda indicates two things-(i) The Brahma or world (1) itself, and (ii) The text in word form. Both forms are apauru¾eya or ‘super human’. Veda Brahma is super human in the following respects(1) Puru¾a is an entity living in Pura or closed structure. If we study hierarchy of structures only, it does not amount to the whole world. There is dark matter, energy field in seemingly empty space, and the space itself. Possibly, the primordial material of creation-Rasa- is beyond all that. (2) (2) Veda is v¢k or measure of that puru¾a. It is vacant space between two puras and size of different levels of puras. Again the dynamics of creation-Yaj®a-is beyond measure of v¢k. Veda is word form is a representation of real world and so, it is foundation of sciences. This representation is achieved in following ways(1) V¢k in spoken or written form corresponds to real structure of universe. Specially, Devan¢gar¤ script (3) is perfect parallel to sizes of solar system and galaxy and by extension to Br¢hm¤, it represents the whole of visible universe. (2) Pure v¢k represented in a language is distorted by personal bias or character, knowledge, perception and angualrities. Firstly, the v¢k is to be perceived by a ¨¾i (4) who sees inner-relation between three environs-¢dhidaivika (space, cosmic), ¢dhibhautika (physical world), ¢dhy¢tmika (within human body). The remaining traces of human bias are eliminated by considering the inner unity of thought of several ¨¾is. Thus, vedas in word form also is “apauru¾eya”. Thus, vedas as world or word form-both are word (v¢k) of God (Brahma) and are superhuman. (b) Why Veda is preferred to other scriptures-Tora. Bible, Koran and Avesta also are word of God and God does not speak falsehood anywhere. But the style of other scriptures is story like pur¢´as meant for masses. The language, script or manner of presentation is not classified in scientific style. Vedas are science of world in following manners-(i) There is six fold correspondence between Brahma and v¢k through Devan¢gar¤ and Br¢hm¤ scripts extended to 172 symbols of of Vij®¢na v¢k (scientific letters and symbols) of Vedas. (3) (ii) Vedas are classifed four-fold by 3 parts including one originalVeda Element Meaning of verb vid (5) §k Form to exist Yajur Motion to gain S¢ma Knowledge to know Atharva Foundation to consider (b) Universe Scattered galaxies Collection of mantras in Samhit¢ Galaxy Brahm¢´²a Br¢hma´a (Start of motion, v¢yu) (Procedures) -1-

Solar system Fire energy (ara´i) ¡ra´yaka (Link with cosmic energy, devotion) Earth Base to sit (Creation) Upani¾ad (=to sit)-settled principles (c) Whether Vedas contain superior knowledge-Ludwig Fuerbach in his books “Philosophy of Religion” and The “Essence of Christianity” has explained faith in scriptures as the surrender of primitive illiterate man to supernatural mystries. In the era when the top-most physicists and mathematicians perceived their theories of inherent unity and connectedness of universe, persons facing difficulty in science and math since school days think that earlier men were more ignorant. Superior knowledge existed all over the world in Vedic age is evident from the following facts(1) People of Mexico were able to calculate solar eclipse 7000 years ago for which there is no exact method till today. But historians ascribe only pictorial script to them, though in modern scientific era, no new language has been created. (2) Vedic literature read with S¦rya-siddh¢nta (Book of Enoch in Ethiopean version of Bible, Ina=sun) accurately describes the size of universe, extent of dark matter etc. They also give rotation period of galaxy (manvantara) which is not measured till today. (3) Vedas describe 13 levels of world structures (6) out of which only 9 levels are separately studied in modern sciences. Cosmology theories describe only isotropic, homogenous universe which completely ignores various levels ofstructures. (4) From highest structure till man, successive images are created. To some extent, Anthropic Principle(7) in modern cosmology assumes these and static relations are known. Dynamic relation between man, earth, solar system, galaxy is still to be understood. (5) Science of medicine included interaction of man and animals with plants and minerals which was more detailed in ancient times than in modern materia-medica. (6) Residue of original rasa at each level of creation is defined. (8) (7) Universe is described in 5 to 10 dimensional entities about which modern cosmology is in doubt. (9) (8) Veda is par¢ and apar¢ vidy¢ both. One is unity of thought, the other is classification.(10) Science is classified knowledge and we are in search of unification now. Par¢ and apar¢ vidy¢ are also called vidy¢-avidy¢, j®¢na-vij®¢na. (2) Vedic Science and its perceptionWhat is Vedic science ? Is it arbitrary interpratation or twisting of words ? Or, is it search of some concepts of words of science in Vedic literature ? It is none of these. It has been mentioned that §¾i is a person who perceives unity of principles in 3 environs or have some parallel in other worlds. There is a trend in so called scientific analysis of Vedas to vaguely understand own branch of science and to twist some vedic words to suit his concepts. That way, science or its present state is foundation of vedas. We are not treating Vedas as foundation of knowledge. We have to develop our sciences in line of Vedas.(11) Then only, Veda is a useful source. This needs the following steps(1) Understanding the scheme of Vedic science based on 10 fold interpratation of cosmic origin. (12) Ten views of N¢sad¤ya s¦kta represent 10 dimensional world. (2) For some purposes, 5 dimensional world is complete as in mechanical sciences. -2-

Complete description needs 5 to 10 dimensional views resulting in 6 philosophies, 6 scripts etc. (3) Meaning of each Vedic word is to be understood in scientific sense. Pa´²ita Madhus¦dana Ojh¢ and his students Motilal Shastri, Giridhar Chaturvedi have explained definitions of various vedic terms. These are to be made more precise and a dictionary is to be made. (4) In last 600 years after S¢ya´a, we have omitted translations of numerical words in vedas. Sahasra, ko°i, kharva, par¢, ºa¬ku-mean different numbers, but all are taken as infinite. By analysing these terms, we get quantitative description of world which can be partly verified by modern sciences. This gives clue to many more new structures which can provide future direction to modern sciences. (5) Scientific theories are to be tested and verified in 3 ways called sahasra-º¤r¾a (source element or cosmic field), sahasr¢kºa (heliocentric view, sun is eye=akºa), sahasra-p¢da (physical world on earth) (6) Dynamic process of each system-cosmic, human, atomic, physical, social, economic, geographical etc. is to be understood by yaj®a (creation) model. (3) Problems of modern Cosmology(A) V. L. Ginzburg has idenified 7 key problems in Astrophysics (12) (i) Experimental checks and applicability of the general theory of Relativity. (ii) Gravitational waves. (iii) Cosmological problem-Relation between cosmology and hiigh energy physics. (iv) Nutron stars and pulsars. Physics of black holes. (v) Quasars and galactic nuclei. Formation of galaxies. (vi) Origin of cosmic rays and cosmic, gamma ray and x-ray radiations. (vii) Nutrino astronomy. (B) Einstein’s theory of Gravitation (General Theory of Relativity) has been generalized in four broad directions (13) (i) Theories based on four dimensional manifolds described by geometries more general than Riemannian(a) Weyl and Eddington uniting electromagnetism and gravitation. (b) Geometries using torsion-Elie Cartan Geometry. This was attempted by Einstein, R. Finkelstein, teories of supergravity model and beyond unified model. (c) Differential geometries by J. A. Schouten. (ii) Gravitational theories with additional factors(a) Scalar Tensor theories of Jordan,-Brans-Dick, using scalar field. (b) Finsler geometries-metric is a scalar function of point and vector. (c) Biometric theories of Rosen and others. (d) Fourth order field equations like super-gravitation and Twister theory of Penrose. (iii) Action at a distance theories-R. Feynman ad J.A. Wheelerr introduced absolute absorber in future explaining influence of remaining universe. Hoyle-Narlikar theory is an example. (iv) Quantum theories of gravitation. This places a lower limit to length and timePlanck’s distance=1.6 x 10-35 meters. Least time interval =10-43 seconds (in which light ray will travel that distance). This is still at elementary stage with following preliminary steps-3-

(a) Quantization of weak gravitational field. (b) Particle pair creation in expanding universe. (c) Gravitational modelling of elementary particles. (d) Super symmetry and Supergravity. (C) Various dimensions have been assumed in such theories(i) 3 dimensional space in Laplac theory of cosmology. (ii) 4 dimensional space-time continuum in Einstein’s relativity theory. (iii) 5 dimensional Kaluza-Klein Theory uniting gravitational and electromagnetic fields. (iv) 6 dimensional theory of gravitational and Electro-weak interactions by Weinburg-Salam. (v) Multi-dimensional theory with 2 time like co-ordinates. (vi) Ten dimensional string theories- 5 alternative models have been proposed (14). (4) Solution by Vedic Model(1) Unification models started with observation of P.A.M. Dirac in 1935 that ratio between effective or defined size of electron and theoretically visible universe was 1040. Same was the ratio of gravitational and electromagnetic forces between electron and nucleus. Salam-Wienburg theory is based on same ratios 1040, 1080 with other 2 forces (15). Next development should focus on smaller class of real world structure. There are 7 lokas corresponding to 7 tongues of Agni (16). Each closed system (ma´²ala) loosely called a sphere is practical limit (ko°i) of the world for component spheres and is 107 times it. So, 107 is called ko°i. The higher spheres starting from man are called ma´²alas-(i) Bh¦, (ii) Saura, (iii) Parame¾°h¤, and (iv) Svayambh¦. Bh¦-ma´²ala (earth) is 107 times man, saura (solar system) is again 107 times Bh¦-ma´²ala and so on (17) . Around bh¦-ma´²ala, there is a zone of influence of earth called chandra-ma´²ala, as it contains orbit of chandra (moon). Including this, there are 5 levels of viºva higher than man, so world is called pa®cha-parv¢ (of 5 levels) or a tree with 5 stages of branching (18). Man is the 6th world or viºva. 7 lower viºva are each 105 times smaller than man. Thus, 7th or smallest level comes to 1.6 x 10-35 meters and is called (19) ¨¾i . This comes to same size as Plancks length (para 3B IV). Separate sizes are given in vedic literature for cell (kalila), atom (j¤va), nucleus (ku´²alin¤). Below that, the particle sizes are not defined in quantum mechanics. Names from lowest level are ¨¾i (string), pitar (=parents, prototype for creation), deva-d¢nava (light, darkness), jagat (moving particles) of 3 types (20) -lepton (chara=moving), baryon (heavy, sth¢´u=fixed), meson (link particles, anup¦rva =after and prior). Thus, there are 13 levels of viºva and not infinite system of hierarchy as postulated in Mathematical Systems Theory of Kalman. Hence, viºva (closed, complete and inter-connected system, world) is used to indicate number 13 in astronomy texts. These levels are-

Five parva of world tree World level

Ma´²ala name

1. Universe Svayambh¦ 2. Galaxy Parame¾°h¤ 3. Solar Saura 4.Sphere of moon orbit Chandra 5 Earth Bh¦

God Vowel Consonant Corresponding Chakra (Inner letters within human body) Brahm¢ A h Viºuddhi Vi¾´u I y An¢hata Indra U v Sv¢dhi¾°h¢na Soma § r Ma´ip¦ra Agni μ l M¦l¢dh¢ra -4-

Note-(1) Brahm¢= Grand, whole world. Vi¾´u= encloser (to vest in). Indra= burning (Indha =to burn), Soma= dilute energy. Agni= concentrated matter or energy. (2) Concentration of matter/energy was process of creation or agri (leading, first). So, this form is called agni (21). All the 5 parvas are levels of agni, last being most concentrated for earth. Out of these, the last 3 are called N¢chiket¢ (chiketa=distict, n¢chiket¢=intermixed). So, sun-moon-earth are called 3 eyes of ¹iva. Joint pronounciation of the three vowels(u+¨+¶) becomes hulhuli (gargling sound) which has become holi in sanskrit meaning pious (as holy in English). (3) Chakras in human body are inorder of Saundarya-lahar¤, vrese 9 by ¹ankar¢ch¢rya. This is parallel to order of creation, hence it is called s¨¾°i-krama. These are centers of various aspects of human body and their symbols are letters pronounced from lower part of stomach. Other 8 worlds (viºva) are6. Man = 1.6 meters Level nos. 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 Worlds Kalia J¤va Ku´²alin¤ jagat Deva-d¢nava Pitar §¾i Modern names (cell) (atom) (nucleus) (particles) (quarks ?) (proto-type) (String) Sizes 10-5 m 10-10 m 10-15 m 10-20 m 10-25 m 10-30 m 10-35 m Size below nucleus level is not defined. Effective zones of electron is same as this size -15 10 m. Both are formed of quarks. However, symmetry of ratios indicates that missing gaps between nucleus and fundamental string -levels 10 11, 12 should be in same ratios as indicated above. There is a cross symmetry in number of higher and lower viºva and their ratios as powers of 10. Higher viºvas are 5 (including moon orbit) or 5 ma´²alas starting from man in ratios of 107 each. Lower lokas are 7 with ratio of 105. This power of 10 indicates that universe should be 10 dimensional. Effect of 10 dimensions can be seen in many other levels shown later.This settles the problem that dimensions number can not be 11 as conjectured. Lower structures are images of universe. Visible universe has 1011 particles as galaxies. Each galaxy has 1011 particles as stars. As image of both, Human brain (22) has 1011 kalila (nurons). So 1011 is called kharva (powder form or broken into particles). Countable world Ga´eºa (ga´an¢ = to count) is also kharva (meaning dwarf also). For 10 dimensions, its power number 11 is calle Rudra (which breaks). (2) Aharga´a scaleThere is another scale of measuring universe with earth as unit. Higher measures are in power of two. Within earth itself, there ar 3 concentric spherical shells making 3 aharga´as equal to earth size. 4th aharga´a is twice the size of earth, 5th aharga´a is 22 size and so on. Thus, radius of nth aharga´a is r x 2 n-3, where r is radius of earth. Starting from earth’s surface, blocks of 6 aharga´as are called ‘stoma’ (collection) giving stomas at 9, 15, 21, 27, 33 aharga´a which is defined as limit of solar system. Middle of 1 to 33 aharga´a is 17th. Including that, there are 6 ‘va¾a°k¢ra’ (i.e. 6 zones of v¢k). (23) 9th aharga´a = 26 radius of earth= 64r (Soma ma´²ala) moon is at 61r distance. 15th aharga´a=212 r = up to 30% distance till venus orbit=Bhuvar loka. 17th aharga´a=214 r=just crosses sun which is sustaining lfe, i.e. Praj¢pati, so 17 is called Praj¢pati. From earth surface, it is 15th, so earth day and kalpa (day of Brahm¢) are divided -5-

into 15 muh¦rtta or manvantara. 21st aharga´a = 218 r. It just crosses saturn orbit which is called ‘ratha’ of sun (25) or more properly wheel of the ratha.so it is ‘rathantara s¢ma’ (s¢ma =field of influence) Up to this region rays of sun are sustaining life, so this is center of ‘n¢chiketa’ svarga extending to 4 aharga´a on either side of 17th (sun) , i.e. 13th to 25th. 27th aharga´a=This is at 24 aharga´a from earth’s surface. 24 measure is g¢yatr¤ chhanda (meter of verse or of space). For sun, it is S¢vitr¤, or Maitreya-ma´²ala. With sun diameter taken as 1 yojana, this is at 1 lakh yojana from sun-center. This sphere is bh¦mi (=earth, land for creation) of solar system, hence bh¦mi is stated at 1 lakh from sun (26) . 33rd aharga´a-This is extent of solar system called dyu (sky) of saura ma´²ala. This is defined in two ways-in this zone, light of sun is more than the background of galaxy (dyu=light). Or, an object will remain in sun’s orbit till this distance due to its gravitation. But creative zone-‘bh¦mi’ is up to 27th aharga´a only. Element of dyu or ‘rasa’ content in each aharga´a level is a deva. For 33 aharga´a, we have 33 devas (27)-8 vasu, 11 rudra, 12 ¢ditya, and 2 dy¢v¢-p¨thiv¤ (sky-earth) or aºvins (border regions between vasu-rudra, rudra-¢ditya). Starting from outside, in rare medium, ‘rasa’ or ‘¢nanda’ is maximum. On crossing each aharga´a, 99 out of 100 parts of rasa density is consumed in creation, i.e. ¢nanda is reduced 100 times (28). Thus, starting from earth, ¢nanda of each aharga´a loka increases 100 times. From earth’s surface to 33rd aharga´a, there is gap of 30 aharga´a corresponding to 10030 or 1060 ratio of ¢nanda. 1060 is the number of electron-positron pair in solar system. Image of this process is made in preparation of homeopathic medicine. At each step, medicine is diluted 100 times, then its potency or ¢nanda content increases by 1 like that of aharga´a zone. At 30 potency, we reach end of solar system, whose image is ma´ip¦ra chakra (naval region) in human body. Thus, 30 potency medicine is used for most ailments, as they are related to digestive system. This centre is called energy body (Pr¢´amaya-ko¾a). Exponential scale of aharga´a is perceived as linear scale on earth like perception of sound intensity (Helmholtz principle). For ¢ditya-ratha in 20-21 aharga´a, we have sun place at Ko´¢rka and Ratha-y¢tr¢ center at Pur¤ at 200+ latitudes. After 33 aharga´a, energy of sun is like average of galaxy in that region, so sun is called m¢rta´²a (dead egg). At 330+ latitude in Kashmir, there is M¢rta´²a (Ma°°an s¢heb) temple. Division of galactic regions is by chhandom¢-stoma at 24 (g¢yatr¤), 44 (tri¾°up), 48 (jagat¤) aharga´a-these are letter numbers of chhanda. G¢yatr¤ is measure of world as 107=223.5 in aharga´a scale. Starting from man, g¢yatr¤ is earth, 107 times size of man. From earth, next level is s¢vitr¤ (sava=to create or produce) or bh¦mi (earth, place for creation) of solar system (27 aharga´a). Next levels are parame¾°h¤ (galaxy) and svayambh¦ (universe) ma´²alas shown in 4(1). Region from 1 to 15 aharga´a is bhuvar-loka. 15 to 33 is svar-loka in broad sense. Its center 24 (g¢yatr¤) is taken as svar-loka. Maharloka is 44th aharga´a, more correctly it is 43 aharga´a equal to letters of M¢heºvara s¦tra which is foundation of tantra or creation and of sanskrit grammer. Each chhanda extends to 2 less and 2 more letters (29). This is a region of 100 light year diameter around sun which is width of spiral arm of galaxy here. Limit of galaxy is arrived at 49 aharga´a (within scope of jagat¤ chhanda of 48 letters) equal -6-

to diameter of 105 light years. Galaxy is start of motion in universe, so each of 49 aharga´a zones is a marut (=wind or motion). For first 33 marut zones starting from earth, we have 33 devas. So, the marut zones from galactic center are similar divisions, called brothers of devas. For 33 devas, we have 33 consonants from ‘k’ to ‘h’ and a total of 49 letters in devan¢gar¤ script-i.e. a nagara (city) of devas in symbols. Tapah loka is region of ‘Tapa’ or interaction of Brahm¢ (30), corresponding to visible universe. As Br¢hm¤ script has 64 letters (31), tapah loka extends to 67 aharga´a (including 3 within earth). This gives a radius of 13 x 109 light years. Tradition of Br¢hm¤ is continued in Kanna²a and Telugu scripts (of Kar´¢°aka and Andhra pradesh) which was region of human Brahm¢ then, probably at time of K¢rttikeya who started year with Dhani¾°h¢ star in 16,000 BC in consultation with him (Mah¢bh¢rata,vana parva, chapter 301). Then year started with rains, so rains and year both were called var¾a (¢). Galaxy has 3 zones. Central ‘flat’ disc is ¢k¢ºaga¬g¢, because rotation is more in this region-ga¬g¢ means river (gam=to go). Spherical subsystem is galaxy or parame¾°h¤. 10 times this size equals to 52 aharga´a and is called K¦rma (32) or Goloka which creates the child Vi¾´u (galaxy) in its womb. (3) Sahasra scaleMeasure of ‘rasa’ or ‘¢nanda’ at each level is sahasraº¤r¾a (º¤r¾a=source, head) method. Measure with earth base is sahasra-p¢da (earth is the end product or p¢da =foot) method. Next is measure from sun or any center of motion. Dynamics of creation is called r¢sa, center is K¨¾´a, gop¤ like planets move round it in ‘Braja’ (motion area) or field. For 5 centers of r¢sa, there are 3 sahasra (fields) each (33) making a total of 15 sahasra as source (uktha)of creation. Their v¢k measure is in exponential scale. Three zones of influence are in ratio of 1000, so sahasra (saha=together, sra=moving) means 1000. With sun at center, loka-s¢hasr¤ is up to 1000R (R=radius of sun) or roughly till largest planet Jupiter. Beyond that, Brahm¢´²a perception starts, so it os called Brahma´aspati. For earth at 200 and Jupiter at 1000 units distance, medicines of 200, 1000 potency are prepared in homeopathy. This indicates that due to dynamic r¢sa also, ‘rasa’ is divided by 100 at each level of linear scale from sun. Veda-s¢hasr¤ is from 100R to 105 R. Region between 100R and 1000 R is common, this is place of yaj®a or creation zone of sun. V¢k (measure) s¢hasr¤ is from 104 to 107 R, which extends till 33 aharga´a. In creation process, base form of rasa is ¢pah, or asura. Thisis not transformed , creation is only from deva part, (20) causing motion. Asuras are divided into 99 parts and Devas in 33 parts. So, created world is only 1/4 th (34). Remaining part 75% is dark matter, modern estimates vary from 10 to 90%. Due to sun, rasa is split in 33 aharga´a zones, each being a deva. Each deva creates 3 types of asura in static ¢pah-Bala, Namuchi, V¨tra (35). V¨tra creates enclosure of boundary of a form. Bala separates the body from surroundings and concentrates. Namuchi mixes with surroundings and causes dissipation or (36) death (muchyu= m¨tyu =death) (5) Ten DimensionsIdentification of structure or pura is puru¾a description. Measure of space is v¢k. This is field of ºr¤ (feminine) description. Description starting from space is ºr¤ which does creation -7-

through 3 gu´as. At beginning or rasa stage, 3 gu´as are 3 complementary qualities which cancel each other in equilibrium-like quark they are named colours (37). With 3 gu´a combinations 23=8 forms of Prak¨ti (creative form, k¨ti=creation) made from ºr¤. From Prak¨ti, gu´a take different qualities-tama (dark) is inactive, sattva is potential energy and rajas is dynamics. Sattva and rajas create 8+8 vik¨tis (created and not creating further). Conscious puru¾a is undisturbed 25th element. This explains 25 elements of s¢¬khya philosophy which gives 5 dimensional space with 5 tanm¢tr¢ (basic units of measure), 5 mah¢bh¦ta etc. This is count of distinct forms. Parallel to it , there are 5 indistinct dimensions making a total of 10 dimensions. This separation of 5+5 dimensions may be termed as metric-local, quantumfield, digital-analogue etc. Ten dimensions may also be thought from 3 dimensions of space by Vi¾´u. Vi¾´u has 3 dimensions for each of three aspects- (i) measure (pada) for space, (ii) boundary of forms and (iii) field of influence (vikrama) (38). One undisturbed element is rasa-the 10th dimension. The 10 dimensions may be termed as follows0-Zero volume element called chit, point. 1-Line element, measure and ratio, dy/dx etc. 2-Area element, boundary surface, ºarman, p¨¾°ha. 3-Volume, ¡yu or ¡yatana, ghana. 4-Matter element caused by expansion of universe, 4-headed Brahm¢. 5-Time element-cyclic change gives janya k¢la or measured time, irreversible change causes death or nitya k¢la. Both are 5 headed mah¢k¢la ¹iva. 6-Chetan¢ is agency causing chayana (organization). Mechanical world left to itself disintegrates due to entropy. This element is divided into 5 elements. First is creation of boundaries of each form. This is 6 headed Skanda (=to fall, or to come out) incarnation of Vi¾´u. 7-§¾i (string) is force between two forms within boundaries. This is of 7 types for 7 lokas. For 4 higher spheres or 4 measured lower levels-4 measured forces exist in physics. Other 3 are for 3 intermediate higher lokas or 3 immeasurable lower levels are not measurable. 8-N¢ga-This isv¨tra, ahi, or gaja-each indicating number 8. This is curling force or boundary. 9-Randhra or nanda indicate number 9. This is Due to difference, dissipation or death occurs. This process is called namuchi. Randhra means hole or deficit, nanda is gradation in levels. 10-Rasa or ¢nanda-This is source or scalar field present everywhere. (6) Classes of Mathematics-For two branches of knowledge, Ga´eºa (countable, ga´ana=to count) and Sarasvat¤ (rasa=abstract), there are two broad classs of mathematicsGa´eºa Sarasvat¤ Discrete Field Algebraic (r¢ºi) Geometric (kºetra) Pure Applied Exact (sak¨ta) Approximate (asak¨ta) Finite Infinite Theory (Bh¢va) Algorithms (Bh¢vita) Bh¢skara-1 has mentioned r¢ºi and kºetra methods of ga´ita in his commentary on ¡ryabha°¤ya. Texts like Siddh¢nta-drapa´a give sak¨ta (exact or one time) method and asak¨ta (repeated, successive approximation). Bh¢skara-1 also mentions 4 b¤jas-sub-class of r¢ºi-8-

1st-gulika ( ka. abstract unknown quantity), y ¢vat-t¢vat (ya, dependent variable)-now called x and y in algebra and calculus. 2nd-Varga-avarga (square and root) 3rd-Ghana-aghana (cube and root) 4th-Vi¾ama (mixed). These are simple equations, quadratic, cubic and more than one unknown or mixed. He mentions 4 traetises of earlier ¢ch¢ryas at two places (A-1/1, A-2/9)-Maskar¤, P¦ra´a, Mudgala, P¦tana which may indicate 4 p¢da (branches) of mathematics like 4 p¢da of Brahma. Maskar¤ may mean collection of algorithms (maska=repetitive exercise, maskari=wielder of rod, a sany¢s¤ with stick. In English also, log=rod has given algorithm). Mudgala (mudga=grains of pulse) may mean discrete mathematics. P¦ra´a (=filling, summation is integral calculus) and P¦tana(=rectification, in differential calculus) are two opposit branches of abstract infinitesimal mathematics. Mah¢bh¢rata, º¢nti parva (47/12) mentions Bh¢skara (or Maskar¤), P¦ra´a among the sages surrounding Bh¤¾ma at his last moment. Maudgalya (of Mudgala clan) has also been mentioned, but no indication is given about their knowledge of mathematics. Maskar¤ and P¦ra´a are mentioned as mathematicians in Bodhapr¢bh¨ta (commentary by ¹rutas¢gara) and Bh¢vapr¢bh¨ta of Kunda-Kunda. each of mathematics branches gives rise to a school of philosophy and these schools were up-rooted after advent of Siddh¢rtha Buddha (1887-1807 BC). Makkhali Goº¢la (Maskar¤. Goº¢la is the gotra stated by the 10th Sikh Guru Govinda Singh ji also), P¦ra´a Kaºyapa and Mudgala are mentioned as three sects uprooted by him. Possibly, that period ended the formal texts of mathematics as well as surgery in name of non-violence (40). Felix Kleene (41) had classified branches of mathematics in his Erlangen (an university in Germany) programme on basis of invariant groups in projective geometry. Geometry is basically a field theory. Through group theory, discrete element was joined. Image nature of variuos structures was explained through projections. Thses projections should be modified as linear, logarithmic, exponential and differential elements in stead of linear only because of real nature of world structures. (7) Language and Philosophy-Language is a re-presentation of world-v¢k(space, or word) extends as much as Brahma (the whole world) (42). Thus, according to description of Brahma in 5 to 10 dimensions, there are 6 branches of darºana (philosophy) or darºa-v¢k (=visible word, script). Number of letters in a script depends on dimension numbers (43) or partitions of salila (uniform rasa)52 is English, French. 62 is latin, Hebrew, Russian, Gurumukhi. 72 is Devan¢gar¤ script (Hind¤, Bangl¢, O²iy¢. Gujar¢t¤) 82 is Br¢hm¤ script (Kanna²a and Telugu) (8+9)2 is Vij®¢na lipi of vedas. 103 to 104 letters are in Chinese script. Philosophy also has six branches puru¾a is of six types (44) as v¢k or darºana. These are divided into two parts-(i) Vedic, which assumes an unified conscious element and (ii) Nonvedic. Both are of 3 types each-9-

Subject Vedic Non-Vedic Observation S¢¬khya Ch¢rv¢k +logic Vaiºe¾ika Bauddha +limit of logic ¹¢r¤raka (ved¢nta) Jaina (Sy¢dv¢da) Vedic have two classes corresponding to forms of puru¾aPuru¾a Ga´eºa Sarasvat¤ 1. Kºara (individuals) S¢¬khya Yoga 2. Akºara (class) Vaiºe¾ika Ny¢ya 3. Avyaya (¹¢r¤raka) M¤m¢ns¢ (p¦rva) Ved¢nta (uttara m¤m¢ns¢) Other philosophies are sub-classes of these. (8) ¡yurveda (45) - For 3 gu´a or dimensions or space, ¢yurveda has 3 triads(a) Three types of food as per their effects on mind and bodySattva-Healthy, calm. Raja-Energetic, arousing. Tama-harmful. (b) Three types of energy in bodyPr¢´a-Dynamic function indicated by breath. Tejasa-Essence of Dh¢tus of body. Ojasa-Individual consciosness, Immunity. (c) Three do¾as of puru¾a cancel each other like 3 gu´as of prak¨ti-v¢ta, kapha, pitta. The ¨¾is explaining them in Charaka Samhit¢ have similar names-K¢pya, V¢yorvid, Mar¤chi (hot rays of sun, pitta also creates fever) Complete balance of 3 do¾as is health-other 7 combinations create 7 defects in human prak¨ti. Edible foods have two sources-from living, from plants and minerals. Effect wise also, they are two-nourishing, others. Eating methods are four-drinking, chewing, sipping, and licking. Qualities of food are 20 =5 mah¢bh¦ta x 4 methods of eating. rasa or taste is of 6 types, being boundaries of 5 mah¢bh¦ta or enclosed in 7 lokasMadhura = Earth + ¡p. T¤kº´a =teja + v¢yu. Amla =Earth +teja. Ka°u = v¢yu +¢k¢ºa Lava´a = ¢p +teja, Ka¾¢ya =earth +v¢yu. Combinations of 6 rasa are of 26-1 =63 types. All together (one type) and 6 rasa are excluded, other 56 combinations of 2 to 5 rasa are bhoga (cooked food). For 10 dimensions of world, 10 items are ckecked in diagnosis-prak¨ti (constitution),vik¨ti (defects), s¢ra (essence), sa¼hanana (absorption), pram¢´a (standard), s¢tmya (assimilation), satva (inherent ability), ¢h¢raºakti (energy from food), vy¢y¢maºakti (effect of excercise), vaya (age). Treatment is by 3 means-O¾adhi (medicine), food, conduct. O¾adhi is applied in 6 ways as per disease and its source. There are 12 symptoms of improvement. Surgery instruments in Suºruta sa¼hit¢ are 101, equal to branches of Yajurveda. ¹atapatha br¢hma´a (10/5/4/12) gives bone numbers in human body as 360 equal to number of days in a civil year. Like 7 lokas, there are 7 dh¢tus. They are produced from food after 7 stages of digestionStage Product Nature Waste (mala) 1 Rasa Nourishes Stool 2 As¨k Particles of blood Pitta. -10-

3 4 5 6 7

M¢¼sa Muscle, skin Ear wax etc. Meda Fat Sweat Asthi Bone frame Hair, nails Majj¢ Bone marrow Gland secretion ¹ukra Semen, egg Fertilized cell Action of medicine is of 50 types = 3 food effects + 37 medicine effects + 10 self improvements. 40 medicines (including 3 foods) are equal to 40 pots of soma called graha in ¹tapatha br¢hma´a. 40 chapters of white yajurveda, 40 devat¢ of tantra (Tantr¢loka, 30/2527), 40 navar¢tra in a year, 40 parts of brain. Creation sequence is 7 lokas, 8 divya s¨¾°i (8 fold prakr¨ti) and 6 earth creations. Thus 786 means to start (Bismillah in Islam). (9) Other classes- Branches of Vedas are according to 10 dimensions§k-21 branches= 20 ends of 10 dimensions + 1 formless origin. Yajurveda- 101 branches = 10 forms x 10 motion + 1 formless. S¢maveda - 1000 branches = 10 foms x 10 motion x 10 effects. Atharvaveda- 9 branches = 9 measurable references excluding scalar field. Similarly, there are 10 mah¢vidy¢ in tantra, 10 commandments in Bible, and 10 gurus in Sikhism. Classifications parallel to world strucure also exist in political science, grammer, sociology, economics, agriculture etc. REFERENCES (1) Word and Universe are two forms of BrahmaÛo dmd ~«÷Umo ê$no eãX ~«÷ na§ M `V²Ÿ& emãXo ~«÷{U {ZîUmV: na§ ~«÷m{YJÀN>{VŸ& (_¡Ìm`Ur AmaÊ`H$ 6/11) (2) All pervading element is rasa, it gives ¢nanda`Û¡ VËgwH¥$V§ agmo d¡ g:Ÿ& ag§ øodm` bãÜdm @@ZÝXr ^d{VŸ& H$mo øodmÝ`mV² H$: àmUmX² `Xof AmH$me AmZÝXmo Z ñ`mV²Ÿ& (V¡{Îmar` Cn{ZfX² 2/7/2) (3) V¢k and Brahma have similar extent- (article on Vedic origin of scripts)B`§ `m na_opîR>Zr dm½Xodr ~«÷ g§{eVmŸ& (AWd© 19/9/3) dmMr_m {dídm ^wdZm{Z A{n©Vm --- (V¡{Îmar` ~«m÷U 2/8/8/4) dm{J{V n¥{Wdr, dm{JË`ÝV[aj§, dm{J{V Úm¡:Ÿ& (O¡{_Zr` ~«m÷U Cn{ZfX² 4/22/11) `mdX² ~«÷ {dîR>{V VmdVr dmH²$ (F$H²$ 10/114/8) (4) Various meanings of §¾i are explained in ‘Mahar¾i-kula-Vaibhavam’ of Pt. Madhusudan Ojha in 2 volumes by Rajsthan Oriental Research Institute, Jodhpur. Also see chapter 5/4 of Jagadguru Vaibhavam by Sri Ojha, published by Rajasthani Granthagar, Jodhpur. (5) F$½ä`mo OmVm§ gd©emo _y{Îm©_mhþ:, gdm© J{V`m©Owfr h¡d eídV²Ÿ& gdª VoO§ gm_ê$ß`§ h eídV², gdª hoX§ ~«÷Um h¡d g¥îQ>_²Ÿ& (V¡{Îmar` ~«m÷U 3/12/9/1) doX ={dX² +KÄm² Four meanings of vid verb are as per P¢´ini dh¢tup¢°ha- 4/60-existenc, 2/57-to know, 10/ 177-place of consciousness, 6/41-to get, 7/13-to consider (same as 10/177). (6) 13 world structures (viºva) are described later in para 4 (1). (7) Anthropic Principle is described in ‘A Brief History of Time’ by Stephen Hawkins, last chapter. (8) Note 2 above and Taittir¤ya upani¾ad (2/8). B¨had¢ra´yaka upani¾ad (4/3/1) gives another sequence of lokas. -11-

(9) Dimensions explained in para (5). (10) J®¢na and Vij®¢na_mojo Yrkm©Z_Ý`Ì {dkmZ§ {eënemñÌ`mo:Ÿ& (A_aH$mof 1/5/6) Also see G¤t¢ (7/2, 9/1, 18/20) and Bh¢gavata pur¢´a (11/19/14,15). (11) All sciences follow vedas-(Manusm¨ti)doX eãXoä` EdmXm¡ n¥WH²$ g§ñWmíM {Z_©_oŸ& (1/21) g gdm} @{^{hVmo doXo gd©kmZ_`mo {h g: (2/7) (12) Ten dimensional (daºa-v¢da) view of N¢sad¤ya s¦kta in Brahmasiddh¢nta of Madhus¦dan Ojha. See‘Physics of the 20th Century-History and Outlook’ by Mir Publishers, Moscow-last chapter by V.L. Ginzburg, page 298. (13) See-‘Space Time Gravitation’ by Mir Publishers, Moscow-chapter 3. (14) For various models of string theories, see-‘The Elegant Universe’-By Brian Green, Vintage Books, Newyork. (15) Salam Wienburg Theory can be seen in note (13). Assumption of 1040 as basic ratio can be seen in several books of nuclear physics, cosmology. Semi-technical book-‘The Universe Around Us’-by J.V. Narlikar, Oxford University Press may be seen. (16) 7 tongues of Agni and 7 lokas etc. from thatH$mbr H$ambr M _ZmoOdm M, gwbmo{hVm `m M gwYy_«dUm©Ÿ& ñ\w${b{“Zr {dídéMr M Xodr bobm`_mZm B{V gßV {Oˆm:Ÿ&& (_wÊS>H$mon{ZfX² 1/2/4) gßV B_o bmoH$m `ofw MapÝV àmUm, Jwhme`m {Z{hVm: gßV gßVŸ& (_wÊS>H$mon{ZfX² 2/1/8) (17) Diameter of earth is given in all texts of jyoti¾a. Actually, yojana value is determined from that. Error is made in assuming that all yojanas are one. On earth itself, Bh¢skara-II has used nautical yojana of 8 Kms. in Siddh¢nta-ºiroma´i and survey yojana of 16 Kms. in L¤l¢vat¤. Comparing distances of sun and star planets, steller (bha) yojana comes to 27 nautical or bh¦yojana. Here, bha =stars or 27 both. Siddh¢nta-darpa´a (19/108-114) defines zones of heat, brightness, and light of sun as 2000, 1 lakh and 25 lakh times diameter of sun. Vi¾´u pur¢´a (2/7/5) states that bh¦mi of sun or maitreya ma´²ala is 1 lakh yojana from sun. This yojana is equal to sun diameter. Orbit of moon (diameter) is 1 lakh yojana in terms of bh¦-yojana. Circumference of Brahm¢´²a is given as 1.87 x 1016 bha-yojana in S¦rya-siddh¢nta (12/80) which gives diameter as 1021 meters = 105 light years. Brahm¢´²a is defined to be the limit of reach of sun rays. In that sense, it is called parama-pada of Vi¾´u (sun) as collection of suns in §k (1/22/20). In §k (1/123/8), u¾¢ is stated 30 yojanas or dh¢ma in west Varu´a direction from sun rise. Thus, vedas use dh¢ma-yojana, where 150 circumference of earth (twilight zone taken in Indian astronomy. Western convention is 180) is 30 yojana or 1 yojana is 55.5 Kms. In that unit, circumference of Great cave (guh¢) i.e. galaxy is par¢rddha (0.5 x 1017) vide Ka°ha upani¾ad (1/3/1) or §k (1/164/12). (18) 5 nodes (parva) or stages of worldnÄMnmX§ {nVa§ ÛmXeH¥$qV {Zd: Amhþ nao AY} nwar{fU_²Ÿ& AWo_o AÝ` Anao {dMjU§ gßVMH«o$ fS>a Amhþa{n©V_²Ÿ& (F$H²$ 1/164/12) Here, great pura of Brahm¢´²a is called par¢-ardha i.e. half of 1017 yojanas (circumference). In reply to question in §k (10/81/4), Taittir¤ya br¢hma´a (2/8/9/6) tells that Brahma is forest and tree with 5 parva mentioned above. -12-

~«÷ dZ§ ~«÷ g d¥j AmgrV² `Vmo Úmdm n¥{Wdr {ZîQ>Vjw:Ÿ& (19) Viºva means sarva (complete). It is closed and there is a link to close it. Kalila (cell) with these 3 qualities is viºvagyú_m{Vgyú_§ H${bbñ` _Ü`o {dídñ` òîQ>ma_ZoH$ê$n_²Ÿ& {dídñ`¡H§$ n[adopîQ>Vma§ kmËdm {ed§ empÝV_Ë`ÝV_o{VŸ& (ídoVmídVa Cn{ZfX² 4/14) Cell is called kalila as it collects all materials in womb for its growthVÌ àW_o _m{g H$bb§ Om`VoŸ& (gwlwV g§{hVm, emara ñWmZ 3/9) g gd© JwUdmZ² J^©Ëd_mnÝV:...gd© YmVw H$bZrH¥$V: Aì`º$ {dJ«h: (MaH$ g§{hVm, emara ñWmZ 4/9) This is v¢l¢gra (hair end of 4 micron size), and start of life (j¢tar¦pa)dmbmJ«_m̧ öX`ñ` _Ü`o {díd§ Xod§ OmVê$n§ daoÊ`§ (AWd©{ea Cn{ZfX² 5) Atom (j¤va) is ten thousand part of that, not destroyed in chemical reactiondmbmJ« eV^mJñ` eVYm H${bnVñ` MŸ& ^mJmo Or d: g {dko`: g MmZÝË`m` H$ënVoŸ& (ídoVmídVa Cn{ZfX² 5/9) Ku´²alin¤ (nucleus) outer sphere is 107 parts of hair end and inner layers are 10 and 100 parts of that as per ½a°-chakra-nir¦pa´a (7/8). Lower worlds are successively 105 parts starting from mandmbmJ« eVgmhò§ Vñ` ^mJñ` ^m{JZ:Ÿ& Vñ` ^mJñ` ^mJmYª VËj`o Vw {ZaÄOZ_²Ÿ& (Ü`mZ{dÝXw Cn{ZfX² 4) (20) Micro worlds start from ¨¾iF${fä`: {nVamo OmVm: {nV¥ä`mo Xod XmZdm:Ÿ& XodoäíM OJËgdª Ma§ ñWmÊdZwnyd©e:Ÿ& (_Zwñ_¥{V 3/201) §¾i is asat-pr¢´a (invisible force) and a string (rassi in Hindi) which pullsAgÛm BX_J« AmgrV²Ÿ& VXmhþ: qH$ VXgXmgrV² dmd VXJ«o @gXmgrV²Ÿ& VXmhþ:-Ho$ Vo F$f`: B{VŸ& àmUm dm F$f`:Ÿ& `o `V² nwamñ_mV² ({dídñ_mV²) BX§ ({dídg¥pîQ>¨) BÀN>ÝV: l_oU Vngm A[afZ², Vñ_mV² F$f`: (eVnW ~«m÷U 6/1/1/1) (21) Agni is p¨thiv¤ (earth) and concentrated energy (teja) B`§ (n¥{Wdr) ø{½Z:Ÿ& (eVnW ~«m÷U 6/1/2/14, 6/1/1/29, 7/3/1/22) VoOmo dm Ap½Z:Ÿ&(eVnW ~«m÷U 2/5/4/8, 3/9/1/19, V¡{Îmar` ~«m÷U 3/9/5/2) It was created first (agri), so it is called ‘agni’g `Xñ` gd©ñ`mJ« g¥Á`V Vñ_mX{J«°, A{J«h© d¡ V_p½Z[aË`mMjVo namo@j_²Ÿ& (eVnW ~«m÷U 6/1/1/11, 2/2/4/2) (22) Number of lomagartta (in a year) is equal to number of nakºatras (stars) Eä`mo bmo_JÎm}ä` D$Üdm©{Z Á`moVtî`mZ²Ÿ& VÚm{Z Vm{Z Á`moVt{f, EVm{Z Vm{Z ZjÌm{UŸ& `mdÝË`oVm{Z ZjÌm{U VmdÝVmo bmo_JÎmm©:Ÿ& (eVnW ~«m÷U 10/4/4/2) Puru¾a (each pura) is samvatsara (year) and lomagartta number in each is equalXe d¡ gh òmÊ`îQ>m¡ M eVm{Z gådËgañ` _whÿÎmm©:Ÿ& `mdÝVmo _whÿ Îmm©: Vm dpÝV nÄMXeH¥$Ëd: {jàm{UŸ& `mdpÝV {jàm{U VmdpÝV nÄMXeH¥$Ëd EVhu [UŸ& `mdpÝV EVhu {U VmdpÝV nÄMXeH¥$Ëd BXmZr{ZŸ& `mdÝVr XmZr{Z VmdÝV: nÄMXeH¥$Ëd: àmUm:Ÿ& `mdÝV: àmUm: VmdÝVmo@º$Zm:Ÿ& `mdÝVmo@º$Zm: VmdÝVmo {Z_ofm:Ÿ& `mdÝVmo {Z_ofm: VmdÝVmo bmo_JÎmm©:Ÿ& `mdÝVmo bmo_JÎmm©: VmdpÝV ñdoXm`Zm:Ÿ& (eVnW ~«m÷U 12/3/2/5) Lomagartta in a year = 10,800 x 157 =1.84 x 1012 (cell in human body). Puru¾a is 10 times larger than bh¦mi (puru¾a s¦kta, 1), so particles in a bh¦mi are 1011. (23) Six v¢k are six va¾a°k¢radmJ² d¡ dfQ²>H$ma: .... f{S>{V F$Vdmo d¡ fQ²> VV² .... Vñ_mXod§ dfQ²> H$amo{VŸ& (eVnW ~«m÷U 1/7/2/21) Ì`mo d¡ dfQ²>H$mam dO«mo Ym_ÀNm{к$:Ÿ& (EoVao` ~«m÷U 3/7) Ì`mo d¡ dfQ²>H$mam dO«mo Ym_ÀNm{к$:Ÿ& ... AW `: g_: gÝVVmo {Zhm©UÀN>ËI Ym_ÀN>V² ... AW `oZ¡d fQ²> namYm}{V g [aº$:`Ÿ& (JmonW ~«m÷U CÎma 3/3) (24) Praj¢pati is 17- àOmn{Vd£ gßVXe:Ÿ& (JmonW ~«m÷U CÎma 2/13, 5/8) gßVXe: àOmn{V: (V¡{Îmar` g§{hVm 1/3/3/2, EoVao` ~«m÷U 8/4) -13-

(25) ¡ditya is ratha, rathantara s¢ma crosses itAgm¡ dm Am{XË` Ef aW:Ÿ& V§ Va{V B{V aWÝVa_²Ÿ&(eVnW ~«m÷U 9/4/1/14) Heat zone is till 100 yojana and brightness zone is till 1000 yojana (sun diameter = 1 yojana). These are distances of earth and saturn orbit. eV `moOZo h dm Ef (Am{XË`:) BVñVn{VŸ& (H$m¡frV{H$ ~«m÷U 8/3) ghò§ h¡V Am{XË`ñ` aí_`:Ÿ& (O¡{_Zr` Cn{ZfX² ~«m÷U 1/44/50) There are 3 s¢ma within earth and 3 outsideVñ`m EVV² n[a{_V§ ê$n§ `XÝVd}{X (^y{nÊS>:)Ÿ& AW¡f ^y_m@n[a{_Vmo `mo ~{hd}{X: (_hmn¥{Wdr)-(EoVao` ~«m÷U 8/5) n¥{Wì`m{__o bmoH$m: (n¥{Wdr, AÝV[aj, Úm¡) à{VpîR>Vm:Ÿ&(O¡{_Zr` Cn{ZfX² ~«m÷U 1/10/2) S¢ma of earth are rathantara, vair¦pa and ºakvara. Three s¢ma of sun are-b¨hat, vair¢ja, raivata. `Û¡ aWÝVa_² VÛ¡ê$n_², `X² ~¥hV², VÛ¡amO_²Ÿ& `ÐWÝVa VÀN>mŠda_²Ÿ& `X² ~¥hV², VV² a¡dV_²Ÿ& (EoVao` ~«m÷U 27/7/13) Also see Aitareya br¢hma´a (19/6/18), Taittir¤ya br¢hma´a (1/4/6). Stoma of rathantara are 9, 15, 17, 21àmUmo d¡ {Ìd¥V², AY©_mg: nÄMXe: g§dËga:, gßVXe, Am{XË` EH$qde-EVo d¡ ñVmo_m:Ÿ& (VmÊS>ç _hm~«m÷U 6/2/2) Praj¢pati is at 17 stomagßVXe Ed ñVmo_mo ^d{V à{VîR>m`¡ àOmnË`¡Ÿ& (VmÊS>ç _hm~«m÷U 12/6/13) Earth is standard of measureAñVäZmX² Úm_¥f^mo AÝV[aj_{__rV d[a_mU§ n¥{Wì`m:Ÿ& (F$H²$ 8/42/1) `ñ` ^y{_: à_m AÝV[aj_wVmoXa_²Ÿ& (AWd© 10/7/32) Hor¢ means half division of r¢ºi, corresponding to aho-r¢tri (day-night) parts of ahar (day). So, aharga´a in space should mean double. In calender making, this means day-count. (26) See note 17. (27) 33 devas-B{V ñVwVmgmo AgWm [aemXemo `o ñW Ì`íM qÌeÀMŸ& _ZmoXo©dm `{k`mg:Ÿ& (F$H²$ 8/30/2) (28) See note (8). Asuras are 99, killed by Indra with ‘Dadh¤chi’ bones-33 in backboneBÝÐmo XYrMm¡ AñW{^d¥©ÌmÊ` à{VîHw$V:Ÿ& OKmZ Zd{VZ©dŸ& (F$H²$ 8/42/1) (29) Chhanda can extend to one or two letters less or more as per Pi¬gala Chhanda ¹¢straD$Zm{YHo$Z¡Ho$Z {ZM¥X² ^y[aOm¡Ÿ&(3/59) Ûmä`m§ {damQ²> ñdamOm¡Ÿ& (3/60) (30) ~«÷m Vn{g (à{VpîR>V_²)-(EoVao` ~«m÷U3/6, JmonW ~«m÷U CÎma 3/2) From Tapa is created Parame¾°h¤ or Brahm¢´²agmo@`§ nwéf: àOmn{VaH$m_`V ^y`mÝËñ`m§ àOm`o` B{VŸ& gmo@lmå`V, g Vnmo@Vß`V ... g¡dmñ_¡ à{VîR>m A^dV²Ÿ& VV AmÊS>§ (~«÷mÊS>) g_dÎm©VŸ& (eVnW ~«m÷U 6/1/1/9-10) Also see Gopatha Br¢hma´a p¦rva (1/2). (31) {ÌfpîQ>: MVw: fpîQ>dm© dUm©: eå^w_Vo_Vm:Ÿ& (nm{UZr` {ejm 3) (32) K¦rma is that which creates-g `ËHy$_m} Zm_Ÿ& EVÛ¡ê$n§ H¥$Ëdm àOmn{V: àOm Ag¥OVŸ& `Xg¥OV² AH$amoV² VV² `X² AH$amoV² Vñ_mV² Hy$_©-(eVnW ~«m÷U 7/5/1/5) Size of K¦rma is 1018 yojana. Here, ºa¬ku =1013. _mZoZ Vñ` Hy$_©ñ` H$W`m{_ à`ËZV:Ÿ(7) e‘>mo: eVghòm{U `moOZm{Z dnw: pñWV_²Ÿ&(Zan{VO`M`m©, ñdamoX` _| Hy$_© MH«$) ¹a¬ku is base of ºakvara s¢ma. Lokas were created in itVX² (e‘x> gm_) C grXpÝV B`{_Ë`_mhþ:Ÿ&(12) e‘x>^dË`•mo Y¥Ë`¡ `Ûm AY¥V§ e‘x>Zm VÔmYma(11) (VmÊS>ç _hm~«m÷U 11/10) Within ºakvari, lokas were created`{X_mZ² bmoH$mZ² àOmn{V: g¥îQ²>doX§ gd©_eŠZmoX² .... VV² eŠdar Zm§ eŠdarËd_²Ÿ& (EoVao` ~«m÷U 5/7) -14-

Its stoma is based on chhanda, so it is called chhandom¢ stomaJm`Ì_`Z§ (24) ^d{V ~«÷dM©g H$m_ñ`, Ì¡îQw>^_`Z§ (44) ^d{V AmoOñH$m_ñ`, OmJV_`Z§ (48) ^d{V newH$m_ñ`Ÿ& (VmÊS>ç _hm~«m÷U 14/4/10) VÚÀN>ÝXmo{^{Z©{_©Vm: Vñ_mV² N>ÝXmo_m:Ÿ& (H$m¡frV{H$ ~«m÷U wn{ZfX² 26/7) Brahmavaivartta pur¢´a, prak¨ti kha´²a, chapter 3 tells birth of vir¢°a (grand) child from goloka (galaxy-region of radiation). (33) Four types of r¢sa are described by Madhus¦dana Ojh¢ in Essence of Bh¢gavad G¤t¢Commentary by A.S. Ramnathan-by Rajsthan Patrika, Jaipur. This is based on cycles of earth motion-daily, annual, ayana (precession of earth axis in 26000 years) and fourth is lunar month cycle. Fifth r¢sa should be its effect on human body. Bh¢gavata pur¢´a tells that creation is by r¢sa. (also Brahma-vaivartta pur¢´a, prak¨ti kha´²a, 3). R¢sa dance has one person (K¨¾´a) in center, others move round him (Agnipur¢´a, chapter 338). R¢sa creates 3 s¢ma or s¢hasr¤ (fields of influence) around each center or pura. For 5 pura or viºva, there are 15 s¢hasr¤ghòYm nÄMXem{Z CŠWm `mdX² Úmdm n¥{Wdr Vmd{XV² VV²Ÿ& ghòYm _{h_mZ: ghò§ `mdX² ~«÷ {dpîQ>V§ VmdVr dmH²$Ÿ& (F$H²$ 10/114/8) Three fields are loka,veda, v¢k-created due to balance between Indra (outward radiation) and Vi¾´u (attraction)C^m {OkWwZ© namO`oWo, Z nam{Oko H$VaíM Z¡Zmo:Ÿ& BÝÐíM {dîUy `Xnñn¥YoWm§ Ì¡Ym ghò§ {d VX¡a`oWm_²Ÿ&(F$H²$6/69/8) qH$ VV² ghò{_{V ? B_o bmoH$m:, B_o doXm:, AWmo dm{J{V ~«y`mV²Ÿ& (EoVao` ~«m÷U 6/14) (34) World and creatures are 1/4th of Puru¾a (Brahma)nmXmo@ñ` {dídm ^yVm{Z {ÌnmXñ`m_¥V§ {X{dŸ& (nwéf gyº$, F$H²$ 10/90/3) (35) Z_w{M-Anm§ \o$ZoZ Z_wMo: {ea BÝÐmo XdV©`:, {dídm `XO`: ñn¥Y:Ÿ& (F$H²$ 8/14/13) Also see ¹atapatha br¢hma´a (5/4/1/9, 12/7/1/10, 12/7/3/4) Taittir¤ya br¢hma´a (1/7/ 1/6,77) etc. ~b-BÝÐmo ~b§ ~bn{V: (eVnW ~«m÷U 11/4/3/12, V¡{Îmar` ~«m÷U 2/5/7/4) ~b§ öX`o (V¡{Îmar` ~«m÷U 3/10/8/9) V¨tra creates boundary by enclosured¥Ìmo h dm BX§ gdª d¥Ëdm {eí`oŸ& `{XX_ÝVaoU Úmdm n¥{Wdr g `{XX§ gdª d¥Ëdm {eí`o Vñ_mX² d¥Ìmo Zm_Ÿ&(eVnW ~«m÷U 1/1/ 3/4) (36) Separate block created out of uniform samudra (muchyu=separated) is reason of death, so death is m¨tyug g_wÐmX_wÀ`V g _wÀ`w a^dV² V§ dm EV§ _wÀ`w gÝV§ _¥Ë`w[aË`mMjVoŸ&(JmonW ~«m÷U, nyd© 1/7) (37) Quality of quarks are called colours-see for example at page 136 of QED (Quantum Electro-dynamics) by R.P. Feynman. That just indicates complementary balancing quality. Similarly 3 gu´as of Prak¨ti are called coloursAOm_oH$m§ bmo{hV-ewŠb-H¥$îUm§ ~ˆr àOm: g¥O_mZm§ gê$nm:Ÿ& AOmo øoH$mo Owf_mUmo@ZwfoVo OhmË`oZm§ ^wº$^moJm_Omo@Ý`:Ÿ&&(ídoVmídVa Cn{ZfX² 4/5) (38) BX§ {dîUw{d©MH«$_o ÌoYm {ZXYo nX_²Ÿ& (F$H²$ 1/22/17) (39) See introduction and text of ¡ryabha°¤ya, Bh¢skara commentary edited by Prof. K.S. Shukla, INSA, Delhi-2. (40) See fro example ‘Majjhima Nik¢ya’. Detailed analysis is in ‘Bauddha Dharma and Bihar’published by Bihar Rashtrabhasha Parishad, Patna-4. -15-

(41) See-‘Nature and Growth of Modern Mathematics’-by Edna Kramer or note (13). (42) Six forms are created from one formless sourcegmH$ÄOmZm§ gßVW_mhþaoH$O§, f{S>Ú_m F$f`mo XodOm B{VŸ& (F$H²$ 1/164/15) Space is measured by chhanda, there are 6 v¢k (scripts)Jm`ÌoU à{V {__rVo AH©$_², AH}$U gm_ Ì¡îQw>^oZ dmH$_²Ÿ& dmHo$Z dmH§$ {ÛnXm MVwînXm @jaoU {__Vo gßVdmUr :Ÿ&&(F$H²$ 1/164/24) (43) Gaur¤ v¢k splits salila (water, uniform source matter) in 1,2,4,8,9 and thousand parts to create different scriptsJm¡ar{_©_m` g{bbm{Z VjVr, EH$nXr {ÛnXr gm MVwînXrŸ& AîQm>nXr ZdnXr ~^ydwfr, ghòmjam na_o ì`mo_Z²Ÿ&(F$H²$ 1/164/41) (44) See (42) above. Also fS²>{dYmo d¡ nwéf:Ÿ& (EoVao` ~«m÷U 10/39) (45) See Shodha Prabh¢ of July, 2002, LBS Rashtriya Sanskrit Vidyapitha, Delhi-16.

Diagrams

Distance of nth ahargana =r x 2

Ahargana 3

4th=2r

2 1

-16-

5th =4r

n-3

-17-

Rathantara sama 17 ahargana

21 ahargana

Moon 15 12

9 Earth Sun

Venus orbit Aditya ratha or wheel Saturn orbit

Dyu Vair¦pa s¢ma

27 Maitreya Saturn Earth

Sun

-18-

33 aharga´a