Scientific Basis Of Sankhya Philosophy

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8 gm§»`-Xe©Z H$m d¡km{ZH$ AmYma AÜ`m`/{df` n¥ð> (4.VÎdg_mg) gyÌ 1-AWmVñVÎdg_mg:-138-140 gyÌ 2-Aï>m¡ àH¥$V`:141Ÿ& 3.fmoS>e {dH$mam:-142 4.nwéf-143-(1)àH¥${V-{dH¥${V(2) doX VWm {ed gyÌ Ho$ VÎd 143,(3) e¡dXe©Z 1.$VÎd 144, 2. H$bm Am¡a CÝ_of 145, 3.g¥{ï> Ho$ ^mJ 146, 4.VÎd-ê$n, 5.g¥{ï> H$bm 146, 6.H$bm H$m AW© 147, 7.Ord H$s CÞ{V H$bm 147, 8 .AÝ` H$bm`|, 9. CÝ_of 148, 10.ewÕ VWm AewÕVÎd 152Ÿ& ZmgXr` gyº$ 150-152Ÿ&gå~pÝYV gyÌ 152Ÿ& nwéf H$m gdê$n 153Ÿ& EH$ Am¡a ~hþV nwéf 155Ÿ& 5.Ì¡JÊw `_² 155-ì`m»`m 156Ÿ& 3 Am¡a 7 àmU-157Ÿ& 3 `m 7 bmoH$-159Ÿ& ^m¡{VH$ {dkmZ _| 3 ^oX-160Ÿ& J{UV _| {ÌJwU 161Ÿ& eara Ho$ fQ²>MH«$ 162Ÿ& gm§»` VWm doXmÝV H$m MVw:gyÌr 162Ÿ& 6.gÄMa à{VgÄmMa 163, AW©, ì`m»`m 163, g¥{ï>-àb`, gm§»`-doXmÝV MH« 164Ÿ& amgm`{ZH$ {H«$`m, àb` 165Ÿ&$ D$î_mJ{VH$s, BboŠQ´>m{ZH$ Va§J, `moJ-166Ÿ& MH«$dV² JwU-167Ÿ& 7.AÜ`Ë_ A{Y^yV A{YX¡d 167, ì`m»`m 168Ÿ& 8.nÄM A{^~w{Õ 170,{MÎmd¥{Îm, AÝV:H$aU 170,^mdmJUoe 171Ÿ& 9.nÄM ѽ`mo{Z 171, kmZpÝÐ`, H$_}pÝÐ` 173Ÿ& 10.nÄMdm`w 173-e{º$ 173,gmo_-Am¡f{Y, g¥{ï> H$_© 174, nwéf H$bm. àmUdm`w 175, _éV² 176,F${f, eara àmU 177, {edê$nr àmU 178, eara Ho$ àmU ^oX 178-180Ÿ& 11.nÄM H$_m©Ë_m 180-{Xì`e{º$, Am`wdX} , gm_JmZ 180, _Yw{dÚm, öX` Ho$ [XemAm| _| VÎd, ^mdmJUoe _V 181, eara H$_©, nÄMm{¾,J{V 182Ÿ& 12.nÄMndm© A{dÚm 182- 50 àË`` 183-185Ÿ& {dÚm A{dÚm 185-186Ÿ& A{dÚm Ho$ nd© 186Ÿ& nd© ^oX 187Ÿ& 13.28 Ae{º$ 188-JUZm 188Ÿ& gmYZm H$s ~mYm 189Ÿ& 28 ~wÕ 189Ÿ& 14.ZdYm Vw{ï> 190-ì`m»`m 191Ÿ& ^{º$_mJ© 192Ÿ&

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gm§»`-Xe©Z H$m d¡km{ZH$ AmYma ñda dU© ñd: `m AmH$me Ho$ àVrH$ `m ñdê$n h¢Ÿ& CZHo$ gdU© (EH$ hr ñWmZ go CƒmaU) AÝV:ñW dU© eara Ho$ AmÝV[aH$ {díd Ho$ MH«$m| Ho$ ~rO _ÝÌ h¢-h`daQ²>Ÿ& bU²Ÿ& BZ ~rO-_ÝÌm| Ho$ H«$_ _| _{Unya-ñdm{Yð>mZ H$m H«$_ ~Xb J`m h¡Ÿ& gmYZm- H«$_ _| _oéXÊS> H$m _yb ñdm{Yð>mZ h¡, CgHo$ Cna _{Unya h¡Ÿ& gm¡ÝX`©bhar(e‘>amMm`©) íbmoH$ 9 _| h¡_ht _ybmYmao H$_{n_{Unyao hþVdh§,pñWV§ ñdm{Yð>mZo ö{X _éV_mH$me_wn[aŸ& _Zmo@{n ^«_y Ü`o gH$b_{n{^Ëdm Hw$bnW§,ghòmao nÙo gh ah{g nË`m {dha{g& (4) BZ ndm] H$s _mn 7 àH$ma Ho$ `moOZm| _| doX nwamUm| _| Xr J`r h¡Ÿ& 7 `moOZ VWm 7 `wJ Añ` dm_r`-gyº$ Ho$ AZwgma h¢gá `wÄOpÝV aW_oH $MH«$mo EH$mo Aídmo dh{V gáZm_m(F$H²$ 1/164/2) _Zwî` go Amaå^ H$a n¥Ïdr, gm¡a-_ÊS>b, ~«÷mÊS>, ñd`å^y-H«$_e: H$mo{Q>-H$mo{Q> JwUm ~‹S>o h¢Ÿ& n¥Ïdr Ho$ [b`o gm¡a- _ÊS>b AmH$me h¡, nwZ: CgHo$ {b`o ~«÷mÊS> AmH$me h¡, ~«÷mÊS> Ho$ {b`o ñd`å^y AmH$me h¡Ÿ& BZ AmH$mem| Ho$ {b`o n¥Ïdr, gm¡a-_ÊS>b, ~«÷mÊS> ^y{_ h¢Ÿ& VrZm| ^y{_ gy`-© MÝÐ go àH$m{eV h¢-XmoZm| go àH$m{eV n¥Ïdr, gy`© go àH$m{eV gm¡a-_ÊS>b, VWm gy`-© àH$me H$s ApÝV_ gr_m ~«÷mÊS > h¡a{d MÝÐ_gmo`m©dÝ_`yI¡ad^mñ`Vo& g g_wÐ g[aÀN>¡bm n¥{Wdr VmdVr ñ_¥Vm & `mdËà_mUm n¥{Wdr {dñVma n[a_ÊS>bmV²Ÿ& Z^ñVmdËà_mU§ d¡ ì`mg _ÊS>bVmo {ÛOŸ&&({dîUw nw.2/7/3-4) VrZ ^y{_ H$mo 3 _mVm VWm AmH$me H$mo 3 {nVm H$hm J`m h¡ (F$H²$1/164/ 10,2/27/8)Ÿ& àË`oH$ n¥Ïdr Ho$ ~mha dm`w (J{Verb nXmW©) Ho$ H«$_e: 10 JwUm ~‹S>o 7 AmdaU h¢Ÿ, AV: ApÝV_ AmdaU H$mo{Q> JwUm hmoJmŸ& 107=224, AV: H$mo{Q> JwUm H$m AW© h¡, 24 ~ma 2 JwUm H$aZmŸ& AV…24 Ajam| H$m N>ÝX Jm`Ìr hr g^r bmoH$m| H$s _mn h¡ŸB_o d¡ bmoH$m Jm`Ìr (VmÊS>ç _hm~«m÷U 15/10/9, 16/14/4)Ÿ& _Zwî` go Amaå^ H$a Jm`Ìr (224) go JwUm H$aZo na n¥Ïdr(Jm`Ìr), gm¡a_ÊS>b (gm{dÌr), ~«÷mÊS> (gañdVr), ñd`å^y({Z`Vr `m g§`Vr) H$m AmH$ma hmoVm h¡(AmnñVå~ J¥ø gyÌ n[a{eï>)Ÿ& (5) ñd`å^y A{V {dab hmoZo Ho$ H$maU AmH$me O¡gm h¡Ÿ& J{V H$m Amaå^ `k `m 6

1. {díd-d¥j Am¡a doX 7 na_oð>r _ÊS>b go h¡Ÿ& gm¡a_ÊS>b H$m Ho$ÝÐ gy`© VoO `m àH$me Ho$ òmoV Ho$ ê$n _| BÝÐ h¡, Cgr go g¥{ï> Mb ahr h¡, AV: dh OJV² H$s AmË_m h¡Ÿ& gm¡a VoO MÝÐ Ho$ nmg AmH$a _ÝX VWm {dab hmo OmVm h¡, AV: `h gmo_ h¡Ÿ& gm¡a _ÊS>b _| g~go KZr^yV n¥Ïdr h¡, AV: `h A{¾ hþAmŸ& BZ 5 ndm] H$m Amaå^ 2 Aì`º$ ñVam| go hþAmŸ& g~H$m _yb ~«÷ h¡ Omo ag-ê$n h¡, AWm©V² ha ñWmZ, H$mb, VWm {Xem _| g_mZ h¡Ÿ& CgH$s g¥{ï> AZoH$ àH$ma H$s hmo gH$Vr h¡, à{V ^oX EH$ ~ëem `m emIm h¡, AV: Bgo ghg«-~ëem H$m H$hm OmVm h¡Ÿ& g¥{ï> H$aZo H$s BÀN>m eyÝ`ê$n ag go hþ`r-Bg _Z H$mo ídmodgr`g(eyÝ` _| {Zdmg H$aZodmbm) _Z H$hm OmVm h¡Ÿ& CËn{Îm-H«$_ h¡-AgÛm BX_J« AmgrV²Ÿ& VVmo d¡ gXOm`VŸ&..`Û¡ VËgwH$¥ V§ agmo d¡ g:Ÿ& ag§ øodm`§ bãÜdm@@AmZÝXr ^d{VŸ&(V¡{Îmar` C.2/7/1)Ÿ& Vñ_mÛm EVñ_mXmË_Z AmH$me: gå^yV:Ÿ&& AmH$memÛm`w:Ÿ& dm`moa{¾:Ÿ& A¾oamn:Ÿ& AX²>ä`: n¥{WdrŸ& n¥{Wì`m AmofY`:....(V¡{Îmar` C.2/1/3)Ÿ& _Zwî` eara _| BgH$s à{V_m ghòma VWm ídmodgr`g-_Z H$m Amkm-MH«$ h¢Ÿ& Aja-nwéf-Aja nwéf {H«$`m `m `k ê$n h¡Ÿ& {díd Ho$ àË`oH$ nd© go _mZd eara H$m EH$ H$mof `m EH$ AmË_m H$m J{Verb gå~ÝY h¡Ÿ& gË`-gyÌ (H$) Aì`º$-AmË_m ñd`å^y -VËjU, gXm F$V-gyÌ (I) `k-AmË_m na_oð>r _Z H$s J{V(_ZmoOd) go gwfwåZm ~«÷-aÝY« gy`©-{H$aU (J) {dkmZ-AmË_m ----Amkm----- ghòma---- gy`© (àH$me J{V go) AUw-nW _hm-nW lÕm-gyÌ (K) _hmZ-AmË_m MÝÐ-H$jm n«kmZ-AmË_m MÝÐ (àH$me `m AmH$f©U J{V go) _Z Ho$ 2 AmË_m (XmoZm| g_mZ h¢) {Q>ßnUr-(1) Aì`º$ AmË_m VWm ~«÷ EH$ hr h¡, CZ_| gXm gå~ÝY ~Zm ahVm h¡Ÿ& gy`© OJV² H$s AmË_m h¡-

gm§»`-Xe©Z H$m d¡km{ZH$ AmYma gy`© AmË_m OJVñVñWwfíM (dmO.`Ow.7/22) gy`© H$m A§e {dkmZ AmË_m h¡, Omo ~w{Õ H$m {Z`ÝÌH$ h¡Ÿ&AV: gy`© H$mo AmË_mH$maH$ ^r H$hVo h¢Ÿ& {dkmZ-AmË_m H$m {Zdmg _w»`V: öX` _| h¡Ÿ& àË`oH$ ì`{º$ Ho$ eara _| öX` go gwfåw Zm Ûmam Amkm-MH«$ VH$ VWm CgHo$ ~mX ~«÷aÝY« go ghòma VH$ H$m gå~ÝY AUw-nW H$hbmVm h¡Ÿ& CgHo$ ~mX gy`© VH$ H$m gå~ÝY _hm-nW h¡ Omo {H$aU Ûmam hmoVm h¡VXoVo íbmoH$m ^dpÝV-AUw: nÝWm {dVV: nwamUmo _m§ ñn¥ï>m@o Zw{dÎmmo _`¡dŸ& VoZ Yram A{n`pÝV ~«÷{dX: ñdJª bmoH${_V D$Üdª {d_wº$m:Ÿ&&8Ÿ&& Vpñ_ÄNw>Šb_wV Zrb_mhþ: {n“b§ h[aV§ bmo{hV§ MŸ& Ef nÝWm ~«÷Um hmZw{dÎmñVoZ¡{V ~«÷{dËnwÊ`H¥$Îm¡OgíMŸ&& (~¥hXmaÊ`H$ Cn.4/4/8,9) AW `m EVm öX`ñ` ZmS>çñVm: {n“bm{UåZpñVð>pÝV ewŠbñ` Zrbñ` nrVñ` bmo{hVñ`oË`gm¡ dm Am{XË`: {n“b Ef ewŠb Ef Zrb Ef nrV Ef bmo{hV: Ÿ&&1Ÿ&& VÚWm _hmnW AmVV C^m¡ J«m_m¡ JÀN>ÝVr_§ Mm_w§ Mm_wî_mXm{XË`mËàVm`ÝVo Vm Amgw ZmS>rfw g¥ á m Amä`mo Zm‹ S >rä`: àVm`ÝVo Vo @ _w p î_Þm{XË`o g¥ám:Ÿ&&2Ÿ&&....AW `Ì¡VXñ_mÀN>aramXwËH«$m_Ë`W¡Va¡ do apíåm{^ê$Üd©_mH«$m_Vo g Amo{_{V dm hmoÛm_r`Vo g `mdpËjß`oÝ_ZñVmdXm{XË`§ JÀN>Ë`oVÛ¡ Ibw bmoH$Ûma§ {dXwfm ànXZ§ {ZamoYmo@dXwfm_²Ÿ&&5Ÿ&&(N>mÝXmo½` C.8/6/1,2,5) ~«÷-gyÌ(4/2/17-20)1-VXmoH$mo@J«ÁdbZ§ VËàH$m{eVÛmamo {dÚmgm_Ï`m©ÎmÀN>ofJË`Zwñ_¥{V`moJmƒ hmXm©ZwJ¥hrV: eVm{YH$`mŸ& 2-aíå`ZwgmarŸ& 3-{Z{e Zo{V MoÞ gå~ÝYñ` `mdÔoh^m{dËdmÔe©`{V MŸ& 4-AVíMm`Zo@{n X{jUoŸ& _¡Ìm`Ur Cn{ZfX² (6/30 ) ^r Ðï>ì`ŸŸ& àH$me-J{V go gy`© Ho$ gmW gå~ÝY 8 {_ZQ> _| OmH$a CVZo hr g_` _| dmng Am`oJmŸ& AV: `h EH$ _whÎÿ m© (48 {_ZQ>) _| 3 ~ma AmVm-OmVm h¡Ÿ{Ìh© dm Ef (_Kdm-BÝÐ:-Am{XË`:-gm¡aàmU:) EVñ`m _whÎÿ m©ñ`o_m§ n¥{Wdt g_ÝV: næ`}{V(O¡{_Zr` ~«m.Cn.1/44/9) ê$n§ ê$n§ _Kdm ~mo^dr{V _m`m:H¥$ÊdmZñVÝd§ n[a ñdm_²Ÿ& 8

1. {díd-d¥j Am¡a doX 9 {Ì`©{Ôd: n[a_whÿÎm© _mJmV² ñd¡_©ÝÌ¡aZ¥Vwnm F$VmdmŸ&&(F$H²$ 3/53/8) MÝÐ VH$ OmH$a bm¡Q>Zo _| àH$me H$mo àm`: 1.7 goH$ÊS> bJVm h¡Ÿ& Bgo àm`: {Z_of-_mÌ H$hm J`m h¡Ÿ& (2) _Z Ho$ ñVa-_Z H$s CËn{Îm eyÝ`-ê$n ag go hþ`r, {Ogo ídmodgr`g² _Z H$hm J`m h¡Ÿ& CgH$m àW_ ê$n h¡-ñdm`å^wd _Z Omo AZÝV h¡, {H$ÝVw Ñí` OJV² _| gm¡ Aa~(1011) H$U ê$n ~«÷mÊS> h¢, AV: gm¡ Aa~ H$mo Id©(MyU© ê$n) H$hm OmVm h¡Ÿ& BgH$m doX `m kmZ AZÝV H$hm J`m h¡Ÿ& Ñí` OJV² H$s à{V_m h_mam ~«÷mÊS> h¡, {OgHo$ Id© H$U gy`© g_mZ Vmam h¢Ÿ& BZ XmoZm| H$s à{V_m _Zwî` H$m _pñVîH$ h¡, {Og_| Id© H$mo{fH$m(neuron) h¢Ÿ& BgHo$ _yb 3 àH$ma Ho$ ZjÌ h¢~«÷mÊS>m| Ho$ g_yh Ho$ ê$n _| ñdm`å^wd, Vmam g_yh Ho$ ê$n _| ~«÷mÊS>, VWm gm¡a _ÊS>b Ho$ {nÊS>Ÿ& ZjÌm| H$s g§»`m eVnW ~«m÷U_| h¡Eä`mo bmo_JÎm}ä` D$Üdm©{Z Á`moVtî`mZ²Ÿ& VÚm{Z Vm{Z Á`moVt{f: EVm{Z Vm{Z ZjÌm{UŸ& `mdÝË`oVm{Z ZjÌm{U VmdÝVmo bmo_JÎmm©:Ÿ&(eVnW ~«m.10/4/ 4/2) nwéfmo d¡ gådËga: ...Ÿ&&1Ÿ&& Xe d¡ ghòmÊ`mï>m¡ M eVm{Z gådËgañ` _whÿÎmm©:Ÿ& `mdÝVmo _whÿÎmm©ñVmdpÝV n#mXeH¥$Îd: {jàm{UŸ& `mdpÝV {jàm{U, VmdpÝV n#mXeH¥$Îd: EVhu{UŸ& `mdÝË`oVhu{U, VmdpÝV n#mXeH¥$Îd BXmZr{ZŸ& `mdÝVrXmZr{Z,VmdÝV: n#mXeH¥$Îd: àmUm:Ÿ& `mdÝV: àmUm:, VmdÝVmo@Zm:Ÿ& `mdÝVmo@Zm:, VmdÝVmo {Z_ofm:Ÿ& `mdÝVmo {Z_ofm:, VmdÝVmo bmo_JÎmm©:Ÿ& `mdÝVmo bmo_JÎmm©:, Ÿ VmŸdpÝV ñdoXm`Zm{ZŸ& Ÿ`mŸdpÝV ñdoXm`Zm{Z, VmdÝV EVo ñVmoH$m df©pÝVŸ&(eVnW ~«m.12/ 3/2/5) AWm©V² ,1 gådËga _| {OVZo bmo_JÎm© h¢Ÿ,CVZo hr nwêf _| hm|J|Ÿ& nwéf ^y{_ H$m 10 JwUm h¡(nwéf-gyº$-1,g ^yq_ {dídVmo d¥ÎdmË`{Îmð>Ôem“xb_²)Ÿ& _whÿÎm© H$mo H«$_e: 15 go {d^m{OV H$aZo na {jà,EV{h©, BX_², àmU,AZ,{Z_of, bmo_JÎm©, ñdoXm`Z hmoVo h¢Ÿ& AV:,bmo_JÎm©=_whÿÎm© x 15-7=1 goH$ÊS> H$m àm`: 75,000 ^mJŸ& 1 gådËga _| àm`: 10 12 bmo_JÎm© h¢Ÿ& AV: ~«÷mÊS> _| 1011 ZjÌ hm|Jo&bmo_JÎm© goH$ÊS> H$m 11,20,000 ^mJ h¡ {Og_| àH$me

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14

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(5) Hw$ÊS>{bZr VH$ H$s _mn hmoVr h¡Ÿ& Cggo N>mQo >o H$U àH$me-nXmW© XmoZm| ê$n _| h¢Ÿ& _mnXÊS> H$m g~go N>mQo >m ê$n dhr h¡ AV: CgH$s _mn Zht h¡Ÿ& {H$ÝVw na_mUw Ho$ _ybH$U VWm CZHo$ òmoV ¹$mH©$ H$m {gÕmÝV Am¡a à`moJ Ûmam kmZ h¡Ÿ& Cggo N>mQo >o Xmo ñVam|-{nVa VWm F${f H$m {H$gr àH$ma H$m kmZ gå^d Zht h¡Ÿ& AV: BÝh| AgV² H$hm OmVm h¡Ÿ& Ho$db gV² {JZZo na BZ {dídm| H$s e{º$ 5 àmU h¢, AgV² {_bmZo na 7 àmU h¢n#mòmoVmo@å~w§ n#m`moÝ`wJ«dH«$m§ n#màmUmo{_ª n#m~wX>² Ü`m{X_ybm_²Ÿ& (ídoVmídVa C. 1/5) gá àUm: à^dpÝV Vñ_mV² gám{M©f: g{_Y: gá hmo_m:Ÿ& gá B_o bmoH$m `ofw MapÝV àmUm Jwhme`m {Z{hVm: gá gá && (_wÊS>H C.$2/1/8) (6) F${f AgV² àmU h¢ {OZgo g¥{ï> hþ`r h¡Ÿ& `o l_ Am¡a Vn go ItMVo h¢, AV: F${f (añgr) H$hbmVo h¢AgÛm@BX_J«@AmgrV²Ÿ& VXmhþ:-qH$ VXmgr{X{VŸ& F$f`mo dmd Vo@J«@o gXmgrV²Ÿ& VXmhþ:-Ho$ Vo F$f` B{VŸ& Vo `Ënwam@@ñ_mËgd©ñ_m{XX{_ÀN>ÝV: l_oU Vngm[afZ²-Vñ_mÑf`:Ÿ&(eVnW ~«m.6/1/1/1) (7) _Zwî` Ho$ AmH$ma(bå~mB© Mm¡S‹ >mB© H$m Am¡gV) 1.3 _rQ>a H$m H$mo{Q> JwUm H$aZo na 13,000 {H$._rQ>a n¥Ïdr H$m ì`mg h¡Ÿ& CgH$m bmI ^mJ 10-5 _r. H${bb `m eara H$mof H$m AmH$ma h¡Ÿ& CgH$m bmI ^mJ na_mUw 10-10 _r. VWm na_mUw H$m bmI ^mJ CgH$s Zm{^ h¡Ÿ& _Zwî` AmH$ma H$m 7 ~ma bmI ^mJ H$aZo na F${f H$m AmH$ma 1.3x10-35 _rQ>a h¡Ÿ& Bgo ¹$mÊQ>_ _oH$m{ZŠg _| g~go N>mQo >r Xyar ßbm§H$ Xyar H$hm OmVm h¡Ÿ& `h pñQ´>J¨ {gÕmÝV Ho$ g^r 5 d¡H$pënH$ dU©Zm| H$m AmYma h¡Ÿ& F${f H$s n[a^mfm VWm _mn XmoZm| AmYw{ZH$ _mÝ`VmAm| H$o AmYma h¢Ÿ& (8) {nVa Ho$ g_mZ {H$gr nXmW© H$m dU©Z Zht h¡Ÿ& `h ~mX H r aMZmAm| H$m AmYma hmoZo Ho$ H$maU {nVa (Prototype) H$hm Om gH$Vm h¡Ÿ& Bggo XodXmZd hþE {OZ_| Ho$db Xod go g¥{ï> hþ`rŸ& 33 Xod gm¡a _ÊS>b Ho$ 33 Ym_m| Ho$

1. {díd-d¥j Am¡a doX 15 n«mU h¡§, {OZH$s MMm© ~mX _| hmoJrŸ& n«Ë`oH$ joÌ _| 3 Agwa hmoZo go BZH$s g§»`m 99 Ÿh¡& `h V_ `m ~mYH$ hmoZo go Bggo g¥{ï> Zht hmoVrŸ& AV: Ho$db 1 nmX `m MVwW© ^mJ go hr nyam {díd h¡, VrZ nmX {~Zm {Z_m©U Ho$ pñWa(A_¥V) h¢nmXmo@ñ` {dídm ^yVm{Z {ÌnmXñ`m_¥V§ {X{dŸ&3Ÿ& [ÌnmXyÜd© CX¡V² nwéf: nmXmo@ñ`ohm^dV² nwZ:Ÿ&4Ÿ&(nwéf gyº$,F$H²$ 10/ 90,dm `Ow.31, AWd© 19/6, gm_.619, V¡{Îmar` Am.3/12) -******-

16

AÜ`m`-2 Xoe-H$mb H$s _mn 1. g§»`m H$m Cn`moJ-gm§»`-Xe©Z {dkmZ H$s _mn H$m Xe©Z h¡Ÿ& _mn Ho$ Xmo AmYma h¢-EH$ g§»`m VWm _mn H$s BH$mB©Ÿ& CXmhaUmW©, 5 {_ZQ> _| 5 g§»`m h¡ VWm {_ZQ> _mn H$s BH$mB© h¡Ÿ& doX Ho g§»`mdmMH$ eãX gm§»` Ho$ AZwgma dJuH$aU h¢ `m {H$gr nXmW© H$s _mn h¢Ÿ& BZH$m AW© g_PZo Ho$ {b`o _mn H$s {H$Z BH$mB`m| H$m à`moJ hþAm h¡, `h OmZZm Oê$ar h¡Ÿ& gå^dV: g^r àH$ma H$s BH$mB`m| H$m à`moJ h¡, {H$ÝVw CZH$m ahñ` g_PmZo dmbo emó CnbãY Zht h¢Ÿ& àm`: à{V F$Mm _| N>mQo >r-~‹S>r H$B© àH$ma H$s g§»`mAm| H$m à`moJ h¡, dh _mn H$s ewÕVm {XImVo h¢, Cgo {~Zm g_Po Ho$db H$ënZm na AmYm[aV _mZZm AnZr AkmZVm H$mo doX Am¡a F${f`m| na S>mbZm h¡Ÿ& `hm§ {g\©$ Xoe(bå~mB©) VWm H$mb(g_`) H$s _mn H$m dU©Z {H$`m Om ahm h¡ {OZHo$ ~mao _| Á`mo{Vf J«ÝWm| _| MMm© h¡ {H$ÝVw H$m\$s ^«_ h¡Ÿ& BgH$m H$maU h¡¡ {H$ H$B© àH$ma H$s BH$mB`m| H$m ì`dhma hþAm h¡, {H$ÝVw g~H$mo EH$ hr _mZH$a ì`m»`m H$s OmVr h¡Ÿ& `{X EH$ go A{YH$ _mnBH$mB© H$s MMm© H$s Om` Vmo H$hm OmVm h¡ {H$ doX _| {g\©$ ^«_ Am¡a H$ënZm h¡Ÿ& gm{hË` Ho$ AÜ`oVm `h OmZVo hr Zht h¢, {dkmZ Ho$ N>mÌ ^r ^yb OmVo h¢ {H$ AmYw{ZH$ {dkmZ _| ^r EH$ hr _mn Ho$ {b`o H$B© gw{dYmdmXr BH$mB`m§ h¢ {OZH$s n[a^mfm ~XbVr ahVr h¡Ÿ& CZH$s VwbZm _| doX _| _mn H$s BH$mB`m| H$m Á`mXm VH©$g§JV AmYma h¡Ÿ& VwbZm Ho$ {b`o ^m¡{VH$ {dkmZ H$s AmYw{ZH$ BH$mB`m| H$s ^r MMm© H$s J`r h¡Ÿ& doX _| 7 àH$ma Ho$ `wJ VWm 7 `moOZm| H$m CëboI h¡Ÿ& `wJ VWm `moOZ XmoZm| `wO² YmVw go ~Zo h¢, Omo {H$ doX _o§ 7 àH$ma Ho$ H$ho J`o h¢gá `wÄOpÝV aW_oH$ MH«$_oH$mo Aídmo dh{V gáZm_m(F$H²$ g§.1/164/2)Ÿ& H$mb Ho$ 9 _mZ h¢ Š`m|{H$ g¥{ï> Ho$ 9 gJ© nwamUm| _| d{U©V h¢, CZHo$ AZwgma gy`© {gÕmÝV _| 9 H$mb_mZ h¢ Ÿ& doX _| ^r 9 Ûmam g¥{ï> H$hr J`r h¡Zdmo Zdmo ^d{V Om`_mZ:(F$H²$ 10/85/19,AWd©7/81/2,14/1/24; V¡.g§.2/3/5/3,4/14/1) AWd© doX Ho$ Xmo H$mb-gyº$m| (19/53,54) _| 10+5 gyº$ h¡§Ÿ& dhm§ 7 apí_ $

17 2 .Xoe-H$mb H$s _mn 7 MH«$, 7 Aídm| H$m AW© 7 `wJ h¡-§ H$mbmo Aídmo dh{V gáapí_: ghòmjmo AOamo ^y[aaoVm:Ÿ& V_m amohpÝV H$d`mo {dnpíMVñVñ` MH«$m ^wdZm{Z {dídmŸ&&1Ÿ&& gá MH«$mÝ dh{V H$mb Ef gámñ` Z^ra_¥V§ Ýdj:Ÿ& g B_ {dídm ^wdZmÝ`ÄOV² H$mb: g B©`Vo àW_mo Zw Xod:Ÿ&&2Ÿ&& nyU:© Hw$å^mo@{Y H$mb Am[hVñV§ d¡ ní`m_mo ~hwYm Zw gÝV:Ÿ&..Am{XŸ& 2. ^m¡{VH$ {dkmZ H$s _mn nÕ{V - n[a^mfm`| am{e-{H$gr KQ>Zm, dñVw `m AmH¥${V Ho$ JwU H$mo am{e H$hm OmVm h¡ Ÿ& {deof ê$n go CZHo$ n[a^m{fV `m _mn `mo½` JwU h¢ Ÿ& O¡go nXmW© H$s _mÌm `m {dÚwV² Amdoe am{e h¢ Ÿ& MÝÐ_m H$s _mÌm `m àmoQ>moZ H$m Amdoe H$s _mn am{e H$s _mn h¡ Ÿ& Á`mo{Vf _| d¥Îmr` J«h nW na 300 A§e H$m joÌ am{e h¡ Ÿ& ^m¡{VH$ am{e dh am{e h¡ {Ogo {dkmZ Am¡a `mpÝÌH$s Ho$ J{UVr` g_rH$aUm| _| ì`dhma {H$`m OmVm h¡ Ÿ& BH$mB© dh ^m¡{VH$ am{e h¡ Omo ì`dhma _| n[a^m{fV Am¡a ñdrH¥$V h¡ VWm CgH$s VwbZm Ûmam Cgr àH$ma H$s AÝ` ^m¡{VH$ am{e`mo§ H$s _mn hmoVr h¡ Ÿ& ^m¡{VH$ am{e H$s _mn EH$ g§»`m VWm BH$mB© H$m JwUZ\$b h¡ Ÿ& `h g§»`m CgH$m gm§[»`H$ _mZ h¡ Omo BH$mB© Ho$ ì`dhma na {Z^©a h¡ Ÿ& O¡go {H$gr _Zwî` H$s D§$MmB© 1.67 _rQ>a, 167 g|ÝQ>r_rQ>a `m 5 \w$Q> 6 B§M `m 1 JO 21/2 \w$Q> H$hr Om gH$Vr h¡ Ÿ& _yb BH$mB© VWm ì`wËnÞ BH$mB© - `mpÝÌH$s _| VrZ àH$ma H$s am{e`m| Ho$ _mn Ho$ Ûmam g^r BH$mB`m± _mnr Om gH$Vr h¢, ~mH$s am{e`m| H$s BH$mB© BÝht Ho$ {d{^Þ àH$ma Ho$ JwUZ h¢ Ÿ& ì`dhma _| bå~mB©, _mÌm, g_` H$s _mn BH$mB`m| H$mo _yb BH$mB© _mZZm gw{dYm OZH$ h¡, ~mH$s BH$mB`m± BZHo$ {d{^Þ KmVm| Ho$ JwUZ\$b h¢ Ÿ& 1901 _| {O`moJu Zo à_m{UV {H$`m {H$ BZHo$ gmW EH$ {dÚwVr` BH$mB© (O¡go à{VamoY, `m Ymam Ho$ {bE Amo_, Apån`a) {_bmH$a g^r {dÚwV² Mwå~H$s` am{e`m| H$s ^r _mn H$s Om gH$Vr h¡Ÿ§ & BgHo$ A{V[aº$ {dÚwV Am¡a Mwå~H$s` JwUm| H$m gå~ÝY {XImZo Ho$ {b`o AmH$me Ho$ _yb^yV JwU go gå~Õ EH$ BH$mB© br OmVr h¡, O¡go àH$me H$s J{V, AmH$me H$m _mÜ`_ JwU Am{X Ÿ& AV… gm§»` Xe©Z Ho$ 5 VÝ_mÌmAm| Ho$ g_mZ 5 BH$mB`m§ n`m©á hmoVr h¡§Ÿ& ì`dhma _|

gm§»`-Xe©Z H$m d¡km{ZH$ AmYma$ AZoH$ àH$ma H$s BH$mB`m| H$m n«`moJ hmoVm h¡ (1) àm_m{UH$ _mnXÊS> g~ OJh g~ g_` gwb^ Am¡a ñWm`r hmo Ÿ& (2) _mn H$s nÕ{V gwb^ Am¡a gyú_ hmo Ÿ& (3) AbJ àH$ma Ho$ à`moJm| Ho$ {b`o AbJ n[a^mfm Am¡a _mnXÊS> Ÿ& (4) ghO VwbZm Ho$ {b`o N>moQ>r g§»`m H$m à`moJ hmo... Am{X Ÿ& AV… ì`dhma _| AÝVmam{ï´>` g§ñWm (SI) Zo 7 _yb Am¡a 2 A{V[aº$ BH$mB`m§ ñdrH¥$V H$s h¢ bå~mB©- _rQ>a, _mÌm - {H$bmoJm« _, g_`-goH$ÊS>, {dÚwV² Ymam- Aånr`a, VmnH«$_- Ho$ pëdZ `m gopëg`g, nXmW© H$s _mn- _mobŸ& A{V[aº$-H$moU-ao{S>`Z, AmH$meH$moU-ñQ>ao {o S>`ZŸ& _mn H$s BH$mB`m| Ho$ ~‹S> o Am¡a N>mQo >o _mZm| Ho$ {b`o hOma Ho$ AZwnmV _| 18 10- go 1018 VH$ Ho$ CngJ© à`wº$ hmoVo h¢ Ÿ& bå~mB© H$s BH$mB`m§ - (1) nwamZr BH$mB`m§ - _Zwî` Ho$ nX H$s _mn `m nX-ÌmU (OyVm) H$mo \w$Q> H$hm J`m Ÿ& \w$Q> - n¡a `m 30.48 goÝQ>r_rQ>a Ÿ& Bg_| 12 B#m h¢ Ÿ& 3 \w$Q> H$m EH$ JO Ÿ& JO H$m AW© hmWr `m _mnXÊS> XmoZm| hmoVm h¡ Ÿ& 2 JO H$m \¡$X_ (nwéf - hmW D$na H$aZo na CƒVm) 220 JO H$m \$bmªJ 8 \$bmªJ H$m _rb hmoVm h¡ Ÿ& (2) gm_w{ÐH$ _rb - n¥Ïdr H$s Y«dw r` n[a{Y H$m 1 H$bm H$moU AW©mV² 360 x 60 ^mJ= 1852 _rQ>a `m 6076.115 \$sQ>Ÿ& (3) _rQ>a H$s Mma n[a^mfm`|- 18 dt eVmãXr _| Xmo n[a^mfm`| Xr J`t-1 goH$ÊS AY©MH«$> Ho noÊSw>b_ H$s bå~mB©Ÿ& `h n¥Ïdr H$s AmH$f©U e{º$ Ho$ gmW ~XbVm h¡Ÿ& Xygar n[a^mfm h¡-n¥Ïdr Ho$ Y«dw r` n[a{Y nmX H$m H$mo{Q> ^mJŸ& 1791 _| Xygar n[a^mfm \«$o ÄM {dkmZ AH$mX_r Zo ñdrH¥$V H$sŸ-norag go JwOaZo dmbr `må`moÎma aoIm na {dfwd go Y«dw Xyar H$m H$mo{Q> ^mJŸ& BgH$m _mnXÊS> 1/5 {_br _r. N>mQo >m ah J`m, AV: Bg N>mQo >o _mnXÊS> H$mo hr 1889 _| _rQ>a H$hm J`mŸ& 1927 _| no[ag _| aIo ßb¡{Q>Z_-Bar{S>`_ N‹S> na 00> Vmn na Xmo {M•m| Ho$ ~rM H$s Xyar H$mo _rQ>a H$hm J`mŸ&1960 _| {H«$ßQ>Z J¡g Ho$ 86 ^ma dmbo na_mUw Ho$ (2 nr10) go (5-S>r-5) Ho$ ~rM BboŠQ´>Z ñWmZmÝVa go CËnÞ àH$me Ho$ V§aJ- X¡¿`© H$m 16,50,763.73 JwUm Xyar H$mo _rQ>a H$hm J`m Ÿ&

18

2 .Xoe-H$mb H$s _mn

19

1983 go n[a^mfm h¡ - eyÝ` AmH$me _| goH$ÊS> Ho$ 29,97,92,458 ^mJ _| àH$me Ûmam V` H$s J`r Xyar Ÿ& (4) Á`mo{Vfr` BH$mB© -gy`© Ho$ÝÐ go n¥Ïdr Ho$ÝÐ H$s _Ü`_ Xyar = 1.496 x 1011 _rQ>a= A Bg Xyar Ûmam {OVZr Xyar na 1 goH$ÊS> H$moU ~ZVm h¡ Cgo "nagoH$' H$hVo h¢ Ÿ& 1 nagoH$ = 3.0856 x 1016 _rQ>a Ÿ& ~‹S> o _mn Ho$ {b`o {H$bmo (103) VWm _oJm (106) nagoH$ H$m à`moJ hmoVm h¡ Ÿ& 1 df© _| àH$me Ûmam V` H$s J`r Xyar àH$me df© h¡ Ÿ& `h F$Vw df© h¡ Ÿ& 1 àH$me df© = 9.4605 x 1015 _rQ>aŸ& 1 nagoH$ = 3.26 àH$me df©& g_` H$s _mn - goH$ÊS> H$s n[a^mfm Wr 1 _Ü`_ gm¡a {XZ H$m 86,400 ^mJ Ÿ& gm¡a {XZ gy`© Ho$ CƒV_ ñWmZ na Xw~mam AmZo H$m g_` h¡ Ÿ& ^maV _o§ ì`mdhm[aH$ gm¡a {XZ gy`m}X` go gy`m}X` H$m H$mb h¡ Ÿ& n¥Ïdr H$s H$jm _| H$B© àH$ma Ho$ n[adÎm©Z hmoVo h¢ VWm n¥Ïdr H$m YyU©Z ^r Yr_m hmo ahm h¡, AV… 1900 B©.H$o gm¡a df© H$mo à_m{UH$ _mZm J`m Wm Ÿ& n¥Ïdr Ho$ KyU©Z VWm n[a^«_U _| H$B© A{Z`{_V AÝVam| Ho$ H$maU 1967 _| Z`r n[a^mfm ñdrH$ma H$s J`r-gr{O`_133 AUw Ho$ {ZåZ AmYma ñVam| Ho$ ~rM BboŠQ´>Z n[adÎm©Z go CËnÞ àH$me Ho$ H$ånZ H$mb H$m 9,19,26,31,770 JwUm g_` goH$ÊS> h¡ Ÿ&

(3) gá `moOZ F$½doX Ho$ Añ`dm_r` gyº$ _| "gá `wÄOpÝV' H$m à`moJ h¡ Ÿ& Cgr gyº$ _| VWm AÝ` H$B© ñWmZm| na 7 N>ÝXm| Ûmam dmH²$ (eãX `m eãX Ûmam ì`má AmH$me) H$s _mn H$m C„oI h¡ Ÿ& `wO² `m `w{Oa² (`moJ AW© _|- nm{U{Z YmVwnmR> 7/7) go Bg eãXH$s ì`wËn{Îm h¡ Ÿ& H$_©{U H¥$Ë`ë`wQ>m.o .. (3/3/113) `w{Oa²+ë`wQ>² =`moOZ OmoS‹ > Zm Ÿ& {H$gr nXmW© `m AmH$me Ho$ {dñVma H$mo _mnXÊS> go OmoS‹ > H$a _mnm OmVm h¡ `m àH$me J{V go VwbZm H$a _mnVo h¢, AV… `moOZ H$hm OmVm h¡ Ÿ& `wJ ^r Bgr YmVw go ~Zm h¡-`wO² + KÄm² = `wJ Ÿ& AÝ` ê$n `w½_ `m `wJnV² H$m AW© 2 h¡, `wJ Ho$ 4 nmXm| Ho$ AZwgma `wJ eãX Á`mo{Vf _| 4 AW© _| {bIm OmVm h¡ Ÿ& 7 àH$ma Ho$ `moOZm| Ho$ g_mZ 7 àH$ma Ho$ `wJ ^r h¢, `h Xmo H$mb-MH«$m| H$m

gm§»`-Xe©Z H$m d¡km{ZH$ AmYma$ 20 g_Ýd` h¡ Ÿ& 9 àH$ma Ho$ H$mb_mZm| go 7 àH$ma Ho$ `wJ hm|J| Ÿ& A^r 7 àH$ma Ho$ `moOZm| H$m dJuH$aU {X`m OmVm h¢ 1) Za `moOZ J{UV Á`mo{Vf Ho$ ì`m»`mH$mam| Zo Xmo àH$ma Ho$ `moOZ H$s MMm© H$s h¡ Am`©^Q> `moOZ VWm ^mñH$a `m {gÕmÝV `moOZ & Am`©^Q>r` _| n¥Ïdr H$m ì`mg 1050 `moOZ VWm ^mñH$a 2 Ho$ {gÕmÝV[eamo_{U `m gy`© {gÕmÝV _| 1600 `moOZ _mZm J`m h¡ Ÿ& AWm©V² n¥Ïdr ì`mg H$m CVZm ^mJ Ÿ& `h dJuH$aU ^«_mË_H$ h¡ Š`m|{H$ EH$ hr boIH$ ^mñH$amMm`© Zo AnZo Xmo J«ÝWm| _| Xmo àH$ma H$m `moOZ ì`dhma {H$`m h¡ Ÿ& {gÕmÝV {eamo_{U _| 5000 `moOZ H$s n[a{Y `m 1581 `moOZ ì`mg n¥Ïdr H$m _mZm J`m h¡ Ÿ& n¥Ïdr ì`mg = 12,756.280 {H$._r. gy`© {gÕmÝV _| 1600 `moOZ h¡ Ÿ& gy`© {gÕmÝV H$m `moOZ = 12756.18 ÷ 1600 = 7.9727 {H$._r.Ÿ& ^mñH$amMm`© Zo 5000 {H$._r. n[a{Y Ho$ {b`o 1581 (1591 hmoZm Mm{h`o) `moOZ ì`mg {b`m h¡ Ÿ& brbmdVr _| 32,000 hmW H$m `moOZ H$hm J`m h¡ Ÿ& `h _Zwî` Ho$ H$m_ AmZodmbm `moOZ h¡, BgHo$ AmYma na IoV, O_rZ H$s _mn -OmoI H$s OmVr h¡ Ÿ& BgH$m _yb AmYma A§Jbw An[a^m{fV h¡ Ÿ& 24 A§Jwb H$m hmW AmOH$b 18 B#m `m 45 go. _r. H$m _mZm OmVm h¡ Ÿ& AV… 1 AJw§b = 45•24 = 1.875 go. _r. Ÿ& Bggo N>mQo >r BH$mB© dmbmJ« (Ho$e H$s _moQ>mB©) H$m ì`dhma h¡ VWm g~go N>mQo >o Ñí`H$U H$mo ÌgaoUw H$hm J`m h¡ Ÿ& _mZ-H«$_ _| g~go N>mQo >m _mZ na_mUw H$hm J`m h¡, AWdm na_mUw H$s _mn Ho$ {b`o à`wº$ _mZ H$mo ^r na_mUw H$hm h¡Ÿ& damh{_{ha H$s d¥hËg§{hVm Ho$ AZwgma8 na_mUw = 1 aO (_mZgma Ho$ AZwgma aWaoUw) 8 aO = 1 dmbmJ«, 8 dmbmJ« = 1 {bjm, 8 {bjm = 1 `d, `d (_mZgma _| 4) = 1 A§Jw{b (~‹S> r), 24 A§Jw{b = 1 hñV (18 B§M)Ÿ& AV: dmbmJ«=1.875d 8 4 go._r. =4.578c10-4 go._r.,`m 4.5 _mBH«$moZŸ& na_mUw=4.578 c10-4d82=7.153c10-6 go._r.Ÿ&

2 .Xoe-H$mb H$s _mn 21 lrn{V Ho$ AZwgma `h dmñVd _| gy`© àH$me _| {XIZo dmbo Yy{b H$Um| H$m AmH$ma h¡ Ÿ& `h ÌgaoUw h¡ {Og_| Am`wd}X Ho$ AZwgma 60 AUw h¢ Ÿ& AV… AUw H$m AmH$ma = 1.2 x10-7 go._r. b{bV {dñVa Ho$ AZwgma na_mUw aO = A§Jwb x 7-10 = 0.6 x10-8 go._r. Omo dmñVd _| hmBS´>moOZ na_mUw H$s {ÌÁ`m h¡ Ÿ& {Vbmo` nÞ{V H$m ÌgaoUw = A§Jwb x 8-9=1.4 x 10-8 go._r. EH$ hr ~«÷ H$m AmH$ma ~VmZo Ho$ {b`o A§Jðw > H$m ì`dhma h¡ Ÿ& nwéf gyº$ _| nwéf A§Jbw Ho$ A{V[aº$ ^y{_ (n¥Ïdr, ~«÷mÊS>, gm¡a _ÊS>b Am{X _ÊS>bm|) H$s _mn H$mo ^r A§Jbw H$hm J`m h¡g ^yq_ {dídVmo d¥ÎdmË`{Îmð>Ôem“xb_² (1) ^y{_ = ^y (H$ go 24 dm§ Aja, 24 ^mJ `m àH¥${V Ho$ 24 VÎd)+ {_ (25 dm§ Aja, 25 dm§ ^mJ `m gm§»` H$m nwéf VÎd) n¥Ïdr Ho$ àg§J _| ^y `m n¥Ïdr H$s {ÌÁ`m H$m 24 ^mJ H$aZo na 1 ^mJ dm`w_ÊS>b H$s C§MmB© hmoJr Ÿ& nwéf Ho$ ghò erf© hmoZo na 2000 Am§I| Am¡a n¡a hm|Jo Ÿ& A§Jwb _mn _| `h dm`w_ÊS>b g{hV n¥Ïdr H$s n[a{Y hmoJr Ÿ& AV… ^y n[a{Y = 24/25 x 1000 x 2000 x 2000 A§Jwb = 24/25 x 1/96 x 4 x 109 XÊS> = 4 x 107 (4 H$mo{Q>) XÊS>Ÿ& _rQ>a H$s _yb n[a^mfm Ho$ AZwgma n¥Ïdr H$s Y«dw r` n[a{Y ^r 4 H$mo{Q> _rQ>a h¡ Ÿ& AV… `hm± XÊS> = _rQ>a& (2) ^y `moOZ n¥Ïdr H$s _mn Ho$ {b`o Zm¡{Q>H$b _rb H$s Vah n¥Ïdr Ho$ ì`mg `m n[a{Y Ho$ IÊS>m| Ho$ AZwgma `moOZ H$m _mZ h¡ Ÿgy`© {gÕmÝV(1/59) ì`mg =1600 `moOZŸ& nÄMgÕm{VH$m(1/18)-n[a{Y=3200 `moOZŸ& Am`©^Q>r`(1/10) VWm bëb-ì`mg=1050 `moOZŸ& {gÕmÝV{eamo_{U JmobmÜ`m`,^wdZH$mof 52, ì`mg = 1581 1/24 `moOZ; n[a{Y=4967 `moOZŸ&

22

gm§»`-Xe©Z H$m d¡km{ZH$ AmYma$

nwamUm| _| n¥Ïdr H$mo ghòXb nÙ H$hm J`m h¡, AWm©V² n¥Ïdr Ho$ ì`mg H$m hOma ^mJ `moOZ h¡-Vpñ_pÝhaÊ_`o nÙo ~hþ`moOZ {dñV¥VŸo & gd© VoOmo JwU_`o nm{W©d¡b©jU¡d¥©Vo&VÀM nÙ§ nwam^yV§ n¥{Wdr ê$n_wÎm__²& Zmam`U g_wX^ ² Vy § àdXpÝV _hf©`:Ÿ& (nÙ nwamU, g¥{ï>IÊS> 40/2-3) Ëdm_¾o nwîH$amXÜ`Wdm© {Za_ÝWVŸ& _yÜZm} {dídñ` dmYV:Ÿ& V_wËdmXÜ`L²> F${f nwÌ B©Yo AWd©U:Ÿ& d¥ÌhU§ nwaÝXa_²(F$H²$6/16/13-14) dm`w_ÊS>b {_bmZo na n¥Ïdr H$m hOma ^mJ àm`: Am`©^Q> `moOZ Ho$ ~am~a hmoJmŸ& Bg_| 1 `moOZ=12.75628 {H$._r.Ÿ& Bgr _mn go ^mJdV nwamU _| `yaZo g VH$ H$s J«h H$jm H$mo 50 H$mo{Q> `moOZ H$s n¥Ïdr H$hm J`m h¡Ÿ& BgHo$ _ÊS>bm| H$m {dñVma hOma `moOZ BH$mB© _| Bg àH$ma h¡H«$_ {ÌÁ`m Mm¡S‹ >mB© Zm_ 1 50 50 Oå~yÛrn 2 150 100 bdUg_wX« 3 350 200 ßbj Ûrn 4. 550 200 Bjwag gmJa 5 950 400 emë_[b Ûrn 6. 1350 400 _Ú g_wÐ 7 2150 800 Hw$e Ûrn 8. 2950 800 K¥V g_wÐ 9. 4550 1600 H«$m¡ÄM Ûrn 10. 6150 1600 jra gmJa 11. 9350 3200 eH$Ûrn 12. 12,550 3200 X{Y g_wÐ 13. 15,750 3200 _mZgmoÎma nd©V 14. 18,950 3200 nwîH$a Ûrn 15. 25,350 6400 _Ywa Ob g_wÐ 16. 41,100 15,750 bmoH$ df© (àH$m{eV ^mJ) 17. 1,25,000 83,900 {haÊ` df© 18. 2,50,000 1,25,000 A-bmoH$ df©({~Zm àH$me H$m)

2 .Xoe-H$mb H$s _mn 23 Bg_| Oå~y-Ûrn n¥Ïdr H$m AmH$f©U joÌ h¡, {Og_| àm`: 30,000 `moOZ {ÌÁ`m H$s H$jm _| MÝÐ_m h¡ (Am¡gV Xyar 3,84,000 {H$._r.)Ÿ& CgHo$ ~mX Hw$e-Ûrn H$moo damh-joÌ H$hm J`m h¡, {OgH$s {ÌÁ`m n¥Ïdr H$s 4000 JwUr (ewH«$-H$jm H$s Xyar H$m 60% ^mJ) _mZr J`r h¡Ÿ(`hm§ 50 go 1500 JwUm)& Bggo n¥Ïdr H$s CËn{Îm hþ`r h¡Ÿ& CgHo$ ^rVa ^r 7 joÌ _mZo J`o h¢Ÿ&AÝ` joÌ n¥Ïdr Ho$ Mmamo Va\$ J«h H$jmAm| go ~Zo h¢Ÿ& `hm§{H$gr J«h H$s {ZH$Q>V_ Xyar= n¥Ïdr Am¡a J«h H$jm H$m AÝVa ~mhar db` H$s {ÌÁ`m= n¥Ïdr Am¡a J«h H$jm H$m `moJ n¥Ïdr Am{X R>mgo J«hm| H$mo X{Y H$hm J`m h¡Ÿ& AV: gy`© H$m n[a^«_U joÌ X{Y g_wÐ H$hm J`m h¡Ÿ& 1 `moOZ =8.575 _rb _mZZo na H${b Amaå^(3101 B©.ny.) H$s J«h H$jmAm| Ho$ AZwgma Ûrn db`m| H$m AmH$ma h¡H«$_ J«h {dÝXw {ÌÁ`m Ûrn-{ÌÁ`m Aew{Õ% joÌZm_ 1. ~wY {ZH$Q> 5976.0 6,150 2.1 jragmJa 2. ~wY Xya 15,701.1 15,750 0.3 _mZgmoÎma nd©V 3. ewH«$ {ZH$Q> 2851.0 2,950 3.5 K¥V gmJa 4. ewH«$ Xya 18,813.0 18,950 0.7 nwîH$a Ûrn 5. _§Jb {ZH$Q> 4,090.0 4,550 11.2 H«$m¡ÄM Ûrn 6. _§Jb Xya 25,736.5 25,350 -1.5 Obg_wÐ 7. Jwé {ZH$Q 43,422.8 41,100 -5.3 OZñWmZ 8. e{Z Xya 1,21,599.6 1,25,000> 2.8 {haÊ` df© 9. gy`© _Ü`_ 10,840.4 10.950 1.0 X{Yg_wÐ H$m _Ü` * 10.{g[ag {ZH$Q> 16,312.8 15,750 -3.4 _mZgmoÎma nd©V * 11.{g[ag Xya 42,683.2 41,100 -3.7 OZñWmZ 12.`yaZo g Xya 2,29,811.0 2,50,000 8.8 AbmoH$ df© {Q>ßnUr*-_§Jb VWm ~¥hñn{V Ho$ ~rM Ho$ AdmÝVa J«hm| _| _w»` {g[ag h¡Ÿ& CgH$s H$jm H$m AmH$ma 2,000 B©. H$s JUZm Ho$ AmYma na h¡Ÿ& AmH$me-J“m H$mo nam bmoH$ `m na_oð>r H$hm J`m h¡Ÿ& `h {nVm gy`© H$m {nVm hmoZo go {nVm_h h¡Ÿ& nam H$m AW© 1017 hmoVm h¡& AV: `h n¥Ïdr ì`mg H$m

24

gm§»`-Xe©Z H$m d¡km{ZH$ AmYma$

1014 JwUm `m 1.2756c1018 {H$._r. `m 1,30,000 àH$me df© h¡ (AmYw{ZH$ AZw_mZ 1,00,000 àH$me df©)Ÿ& BgH$m Xg JwUm joÌ Hy$_© H$hm J`m h¡-_mZoZ Vñ` Hy$_©ñ` H$W`m{_ à`ËZV:Ÿ&&7Ÿ&& e‘>mo: eVghòm{U `moOZm{Z dnw: pñWV_²(Zan{V O`M`m© _| Hy$_©-MH«$) `h g¥{ï> H$aVm h¡, AV: Hy$_© h¡g `ËHy$_m} Zm_Ÿ& EVÛ¡ ê$n§ H¥$Ëdm àOmn{V: àOm Ag¥OVŸ& `Xg¥OV AH$amoV² VV² `X² AH$amoV² Vñ_mV² Hy$_©:(eVnW ~«m.7/5/1/5) AmYw{ZH$ Á`mo{Vf _| Bgo AmH$meJ“m H$m Am^m_ÊS>b H$hm J`m h¡Ÿ& BgHo$ ~mX e¹$ar(am{Ì `m g¥{ï> H$m`© _| gj_-F$½doX H$m am{Ì-gyº$ 10/10/127) h¡, AV: Bg joÌ H r _mn H$m N>ÝX e¹$ar h¡(14c4=56 Aja) `m n¥Ïdr H$m 253 JwUm,Am¡a Bg g§»`m H$s _mn e§Hw$=1013 _o§ hmoVr h¡e‘x> ^dË`•mo Y¥Ë`¡ `Ûm AY¥V§ e‘x>Zm VÔmYma(VmÊS>ç 11/10/11) `{X_mZ² bmoH$mZ² àOmn{V: g¥îQ²dXo § gd©_eŠZmoX² VV² e¹$arUm§ e¹$arËd_²(EoVao` ~«m.5/7) (3) ^-`moOZ-n¥Ïdr Ho$ AmH$f©U Ho$ÝÐ _| hr MÝX« h¡Ÿ& AV: MÝÐ H$jm VH$ H$s _mn ^y-`moOZm| _| _mZZm C{MV h¡Ÿ& {H$ÝVw gm¡a n[a{Y H$s _mn Ho$ {b`o gm¡a ì`mg Am¡a Xyar H$s dÎm©_mZ _mn go VwbZm H$aZr Mm{h`oŸ& gy`© ì`mg=13,92,000 {H$._r.=6,500 `moOZ(gy`© {gÕmÝV 4/1)Ÿ& AV: 1 `moOZ=13,920d65=214.1538 {H$._r.Ÿ& `h gy`© {gÕmÝV Ho$ ^y-`moOZ 7.9727 {H$._r.H$m 26.86 `m 27 JwUm h¡Ÿ& AV: Bgo ^-`moOZ H$hm J`m h¡Ÿ& ^=ZjÌ `m 27Ÿ& gy`© H$jm=43,31,500 `moOZ(gy`© {gÕmÝV 12/86)n[a{YŸ& {ÌÁ`m=1.47c108 {H$._r.(AmYw{ZH$ _V 1.50c108 {H$._r.)Ÿ& ZjÌ H$jm=gy`© H$jm c 60 (gy`© {gÕmÝV 12/80)Ÿ& g^r J«hm| H$s H$jm BgH$o ^rVa hr h¡Ÿ& AmYw{ZH$ Á`mo{Vf Ho$ AZwgma ZonMyZ gy`© go 30 JwUm Xyar na h¡ VWm ßbyQ>mo 39 JwUmŸ& ßbyQ>mo MÝÐ_m go ^r ~hþV N>moQ>m h¡Ÿ& 36-44 JwUm Xyar na 100 {H$._r. go ~‹S>o AmH$ma Ho$ àm`: 70,000 {nÊS> gy`© H$m MŠH$a bJm aho h¢Ÿ& nhbr ~ma 1992 _| BZH$m nVm MbmŸ& Bgo ^mJdV

2 .Xoe-H$mb H$s _mn 25 _| 100 H$mo{Q> ì`mg H$m AbmoH$ ^mJ H$hm J`m h¡(nÄM_ ñH$ÝY)Ÿ& gy`© H$jm H$o 60 JwUm Xyar na `hr gm¡a _ÊS>b H$s ZjÌ H$jm h¡Ÿ& BZH$m AmH$ma A“xîR> Ho$ ~am~a AWm©V² n¥Ïdr H$m 96 ^mJ `m 135 {H$._r. ì`mg h¡Ÿ& BZH$s g§»`m 60,000 h¡ {OZH$s CËn{Îm `k(H«$Vw) go hþ`r h¡H«$VmoíM gÝV{V^m©`m© dmb{Ië`mZgy`VŸ&f{ï>nwÌ ghòm{U _wZrZm_yÜd©aoVgm_²& A“xð> nd© _mÌmUm§ ÁdbX²^mñH$a VoOgm_² ({dîUw nw.1/10/11) VWm dmb{Ië`m§ F$f`mo@“xð> nd©_mÌm: f{ï> ghòm{U nwaV: gy`© gyº$ dmH$m` {Z`wº$m: g§ñVwdpÝVŸ&(^mJdV nw.5/21/17) ~«÷mÊS> H$m H$s n[a{Y = 1.87c1016 ^-`moOZ(gy`© {gÕmÝV 12/90) ì`mg=1.87c1016 c 214.1538 d p (=3.14159) {H$._r. =1.27c1018 {H$._r.=1.3c105 àH$me df©Ÿ& AmYw{ZH$ AZw_mZ 10 5 àH$me df© H$m h¡Ÿ& gy`-© {gÕmÝV(12/86-89) _| MÝÐ-H$jm go MH«$-^«_U H$mb Ho$ AZwnmV _| J«h H$jm`| ~‹T>m`r J`r h¢Ÿ& `hm§ grYm AZwnmV _mZZm C{MV Zht h¡Ÿ& {H$ÝVw dmñV{dH$ JUZm Ho$ {b`o erK«-n[a{Y _| J«h-H$jm H$m ghr _mZ h¡~wY,ewH$« H$s n[a{Y = erK«-n[a{Y gy`© H$jm 3600 ~wY, ewH$« H$s N>mQo >r H$jm hmoZo Ho$ H$maU BÝh| erK n[a{Y H$hm J`m h¡Ÿ& _§Jb, Jwé, e{Z Ho$ {b`o gy`© H$jm hr erK« n[a{Y h¡Ÿ& CZH$o {b`oJ«h H$jm = 3600 gy`© H$jm erK«-n[a{Y gy`© {gÕmÝV(2/34-37) Ho$ AZwgma erK« n[a{Y`m| Ho$ _Ü`_-_mZVmam-J«h _Ü`_ erK«-n[a{Y J«h-H$jm AmYw{ZH$ _mZ (XmoZm| gy`© H$s VwbZm _o§) ~wY 133.5 0.368 0.386 ewH«$ 261 0.725 0.723 _§Jb 233.5 1.54 1.524 Jwé 71 5.070 5.2028

gm§»`-Xe©Z H$m d¡km{ZH$ AmYma$ 26 e{Z 39.5 9.114 9.55 4. Ym_-`moOZ-Ym_ Xmo àH$ma Ho$ h¢-ja-Ym_ Am¡a Aja-Ym_Ÿ& BgHo AZwgma gy`© Ho$ 30 Ym_m| H$s Xmo àH$ma H$s ì`m»`m h¡qÌeÕm_ {damO{V dmH²$ nV“m` Yr`Vo(F$H²$ 10/189/3) (H$) ja-Ym_-`h n¥Ïdr n[a{Y Ho$ AZwgma a¡{IH$ _mn h¡Ÿ& n¥Ïdr ja h¡ VWm `h Ym_ ~XbVm ahVm h¡, AV: Bgo ja Zm_ {X`m J`m h¡(boIH$ Ûmam)Ÿ& `h Cfm gyº$ _| d{U©V h¡ {H$ Cfm H$mb gy`m}X` ñWmZ go 30 Ym_ npíM_ (déU {Xem _|) VH$ ahVm h¡gÑeraÚ gÑer[aXw ídmo XrKª gMÝVo déUñ` Ym_Ÿ& AZdÚmqóeV§ `moOZmÝ`oH$¡ H$m H«$Vw§ n[a`pÝV gÚ:Ÿ&(F$H²$ 1/123/4) AmYw{ZH$ Á`mo{Vf _| gÝÜ`m H$mb 180 _mZm OmVm h¡, {H$ÝVw ^maVr` nwamUm| _| {XZ `m am{Ì H$m 12dm§ ^mJ =150 gÝÜ`m _mZm J`m h¡Ÿ& `Wm 1200 {Xì` df© Ho$ H${b`wJ _| 100 df© H$s gÝÜ`m h¡Ÿ& Ohm§ gy`m}X` hþAm h¡, Cggo 150 npíM_ VH$ Cfm _mZm Om`oJmŸ& 150 n[a{Y _| 30 Ym_ h¢, AV: 1 Ym_ 10/2 H$m hþAmŸ& `h ha Ajm§e na AbJ-AbJ hmoJm, {dfwdV aoIm na AmYo A§e H$s Xyar H$mo Ym_ `moOZ H$hm Jm gH$Vm h¡Ÿ& 1 Ym_ `moOZ={dfwd-n[a{Y d720 =40,000d720=55.5 {H$._r.Ÿ& Bg `moOZ _mZ go AmH$me-J“m H$mo na_-namY© H$hm J`m h¡F$V§ {n~ÝVm¡ gwH¥$Vñ` bmoHo$,Jwhm§ à{dï>m¡ na_o namY}Ÿ& N>m`mVnm¡ ~«÷{dXmo dXpÝV,nÄMm¾`mo `o M {ÌUm{MHo$Vm:(H$R> C.1/3/1) AmH$meJ“m H$s n[a{Y = 105 àH$me df© & =105 c 1016 d 55.5 = 0.55 c 1017 {H$._r.Ÿ& (I) Aja-Ym_-gy`© Ho$ 30 Ym_m| H$m AmH$me _| AW© h¡ {H$ n¥Ïdr H$mo 30 ~ma 2 JwUm H$aZo go Omo joÌ hmoJm dhm§ VH$ gy`© H$m àH$me AÝ` Vmam| H$s VwbZm _| A{YH$ ahVm h¡Ÿ& Bg _mn H$m AmYma n¥Ïdr H$m AmH$ma h¡_m N>ÝX:, VV² n¥{Wdr-.. (_¡Ìm`Ur g§.2/14/93, H$mR>H$ g§.39/39) n¥Ïdr H$mo _mn-XÊS> _mZH$a H«$_e: 2-JwUo AmH$ma Ho$ Ym_ h¡ &§ n¥Ïdr Ho$ ^rVa 3 ñVam| H$mo {JZZo na Ym_-g§»`m N>ÝX Ho$ Aja-g§»`m Ho$ ~am~a hmoVr h¡,

2 .Xoe-H$mb H$s _mn AV: Bgo Aja-Ym_ Zm_ [X`m J`m h¡(boIH$ Ûmam)Ÿ&

27

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AhJ©U 4=2V

5=4V

6=8V

gm¡a _ÊS>b H$m ì`mg = n¥Ïdr ì`mg • 230= 6378.14 {H$._r.• 230 =1.448 àH$me df© (AmYw{ZH$ _mZ 1-2 àH$me df©) N>ÝXm| Ho$ AZwgma _mn H$aZo Ho$ {b`o n¥Ïdr Ho$ ^rVa Xmo ~mø n¥Ïdr H$s à{V_mê$n Xmo joÌ _mZo J`o h¢Ÿ&àW_ joÌ n¥Ïdr H$m 1/4 h¡ Omo ~«÷mÊS> H$s à{V_m h¡Ÿ& {ÛVr` joÌ n¥Ïdr H$m AmYm h¡ Omo gm¡a _ÊS>b Ho$ n¥Ïdr H$s à{V_m h¡Ÿ&VrZ n¥Ïdr (^y{_, _mVm) VWm VrZ Úw({nVm){Vòmo _mV¥órZ² {nV¥Z² {d^¥XoH$ D$Üd©VñWm¡ Zo_d½bmn`pÝVŸ& _ÝÌ`ÝVo {Xdmo A_wî` n¥ð>o {díd{_X§ dmM_{díd{_Ýdm_²(F$H²$ 1/123/8) {Vòmo ^y_rYm©a`Z² ÌréVÚyÝÌr{U d«Vm {dXWo AÝVaofm_²Ÿ& F$VoZm{XË`m _{h dmo _{hËd§ VX`©_Z² déU {_Ì Mmé(F$H²$ 2/27/8) n¥Ïdr Ho$ ^rVa 3 bmoH$n¥{Wì`m{__o bmoH$m:(n¥Ïdr,AÝV[aj,Úm¡)à{VpîR>Vm:(O¡. ~«m.C.1/10/2) ^rVa Am¡a ~mha n¥Ïdr go _mnVñ`m EVV² n[a{_V§ ê$n§ `XÝVd}{X(^y{nÊS>:) AW¡f ^y_m@n[a{_Vmo `mo ~{hd}[X:(_hmn¥{Wdr)-EoVao` ~«m.(8/5)Ÿ& n¥Ïdr go {JZZo na Ym_ g§»`m H$mo AhJ©U H$hm OmVm h¡Ÿ& nÄMm“ JUZm _| AhJU H$m AW© {XZ g§»`m h¡Ÿ& `hm§ AhJ©U H$m AW© 2 H$m KmV h¡Ÿ& AhJ©U bå~mB© H$s _mn h¡Ÿ& Cg {ÌÁ`m joÌ Ho$ Jmobo H$m Am`VZ ñVmo_ VWm CgH$s gVh H$m joÌ\$b n¥ð> H$hbmVm h¡Ÿ& n¥Ïdr H$s gVh na Ho$ÝÐ go Vrgam AhJ©U hmoVm h¡ {OgH$s Xyar n¥Ïdr H$s {ÌÁ`m Ho$ ~am~a h¡Ÿ& AV: H$ AhJ©U=V • 2(H$-3), Ohm§ V = n¥Ïdr H$s {ÌÁ`mŸ&

28

gm§»`-Xe©Z H$m d¡km{ZH$ AmYma$

AhJ©U _mn go gm¡a _ÊS>b H$m {dñVma 33 h¡; n¥Ïdr Ho$ ^rVa 3 VWm ~mha 30& BgHo$ àmU XodVm ^r 3 Am¡a 30 AWm©V² 33 H$ho J`o h¢-B{VñVwVmgmoAgWm [agmXemo `oñW Ì`íM [̧eÀM _ZmoXd} m `{k`mg:(F$H²$8/30/2)Ÿ& Aï>m¡ dgd EH$mXe éÐm ÛmXe Am{XË`m: àOmn{VíM dfQ²>H$maíMŸ& (EoVao` ~«m.2/18,3/7,3/22) Cgr Ho$ AZwgma Aja hmoVo h¢, AV: H$ go h VH$ 33 ì`ÄOZ dU© h¢Ÿ& `h {M• ê$n _| 33 Xodm| H$m ZJa h¡, AV: {b{n H$mo XodZmJar H$hm OmVm h¡Ÿ& AhJ©U _mn _| n¥Ïdr H$s gVh (3 AhJ©U) go gm¡a _ÊS>b H$s gVh (33 AhJ©U) Ho$ joÌ H$mo 66 AhJ©U Ho$ AÝVa go 6 joÌm| _| ~m§Q>m J`m h¡Ÿ& `h 6 dmH²$(eãX `m AmH$me) H$m n[a_mU h¡, AV: dfQ²>H$ma H$hm J`m h¡Ef Ed dfQ²> H$mamo ` Ef:(gy`:© ) Vn{V (eVnW ~«m.1/7/2/11,11/2/ 2/5)Ÿ& dm½d¡ dfQ²>H$mamo f{S>Ë`¥Vdmo d¡ fQ²> Vñ_mXod§ dfQ²>H$amo{V (eVnW ~«m.1/7/2/11)Ÿ&

AmYw{ZH$ Á`mo{Vfr` JUZmAm| Ho$ gyú_V_ _mZ BZ nwñVH$m| _| h¡(1)Solar system Dynamics-C.D.Murray, S.F.DermottCambridge University Press-1998 (2) The Nine Planets, The Kuiper Belt and the Oort CloudW.Arnett (3) Appendix of the commn textbook ‘Fundamentals of Physics’ by Halliday, Resnick and Walker. (4) Introduction to Cosmology-J.V.Narlikar, Cambridge University Press-First chapter, appendix.

d¡{XH$ gm{hË` _| ha ñWmZ na AhJ©U _mn _| joÌm| H$s _mn h¡Ÿ& n¥Ïdr Ho$ gm_ h¢aWÝVa, d¡ê$n, eŠdaŸ& gy`© Ho$ h¢-~¥hV², d¡amO, a¡dVŸ& `Û¡ aWÝVa§ gÛ¡ê$n§, `X² ~¥hV² VÛ¡amO_²Ÿ& `ÐWÝVa§ VÀN>mŠda_²Ÿ& `X² ~¥hV² VV² a¡dV_² (EoVao` ~«m.17/7/13) BgHo$ A{V[aº$ EoVao` ~«m.(19/6/1), V¡{Îmar` ~«m.(1/4/6) ^r XoI|Ÿ& aWÝVa gm_ Ho$ ñVmo_ h¢-9,15,17,21-àmUmo d¡ {Ìd¥V,² AY©_mg: nÄMXe:, g§dËga: gáXe, Am{XË` EH$qde§-EVo d¡ ñVmo_m:(VmÊS>`² _.~«m.6/2/2) 17 dm§ ñVmo_ àOmn{V (gy`© {nÊS>) h¡-

2 .Xoe-H$mb H$s _mn 29 gáXe Ed ñVmo_mo ^d{V à{Vð>m`¡ àOmnË`¡(VmÊS>ç _.~«m.12/6/13)Ÿ& 49 _éV²-gá gá {h _méVm JUm:(7•7=49,dm.`Ow.17/80-85,39/7, eVnW ~«m.9/3/1/25) ~«÷ Vn: bmoH$ _| h¡ VWm ~«m÷r _| 64 Aja h¢~«÷m Vn{g(à{V{ð>V_²)-EoVao` ~«m.(3/6), JmonW ~«m.CÎma(3/2) {Ìf{ï>: MVw:f{ï>dm© dUm©: eå^w_Vo _Vm:(nm{UZr` {ejm 3) 33 AhJ©U ñdJ©(ZmH$) H$s gr_m h¡V_²(Ì`qóe§ ñVmo_§) C ZmH$ BË`mhþ:(VmÊS>ç _.~«m.10/1/18) N>ÝXmo_m ñVmo_-Jm`Ì_`Z§(24) ^d{V ~«÷dM©gH$m_ñ`, Ì¡ï>w ^_`Z§(44) ^d{V AmoOñH$m_ñ`, OmJV_`Z§(48) ^d{V newH$m_ñ`(Vm.14/1/10) VÚÀN>ÝXmo{^{Z©{_©Vm: Vñ_mV² N>ÝXmo_m:(H$m¡frV{H$ ~«m.26/7)Ÿ& Hy$_© MH«$ H$m AmH$ma 1018 `moOZ h¡Ÿ& e§Hw$=1013 Ÿ& _mZoZ Vñ` Hy$_©ñ` H$W`m{_ à`ËZV:(7) e‘>mo: eVghòm{U `moOZm{Z dnw:pñWV_²Ÿ&& (Zan{V O`M`m©,ñdamoX` _| Hy$_© MH«$) e‘x> eŠda gm_ H$m AmYma h¡, Bgr _| g¥{ï> hmoVr h¡, {Ogo ~«÷ d¡dÎm© nwamU àH¥${V IÊS>, AÜ`m` 3 _|> JmobmoH$ H$hm J`m h¡Ÿ& doX _| `h Hy$_© h¡VX² (e‘x> gm_) CgrXpÝV B`{_Ë`_mhþ: (12)Ÿ& e‘x> ^dË`•mo Y¥Ë`¡ `Ûm AY¥V§ e‘x>Zm VÔmYma(11)-VmÊS>ç _.~«m.11/10 `{X_mZ² bmoH$mZ² àOmn{V: g¥ï>² dXo § gd©_eŠZmoX² VX² eŠdarUm§ eŠdarËd_² (EoVao` ~«m.5/7) g `ËHy$_m} Zm_m EVÛ¡ ê$n§ H¥$Ëdm àOmn{V: àOm Ag¥OV, `Xg¥OV AH$amoV-² VX² `X² AH$amoV² Vñ_mV² Hy$_©:(eVnW ~«m.7/5/1/5)Ÿ& dfQ²>H$ma joÌ-(1) 9 AhJ©U= nm{W©d joÌ `m A{¾_ÊS>b=26 `m 64 {ÌÁ`m AmYw{ZH$ _mZ go MÝÐ H$s _Ü`_ Xyar=60.27 {ÌÁ`m(55.5-63.25) (2)15 AhJ©U damh joÌ `m dm`w ^mJ=212 {ÌÁ`m=2.6125•107 {H$._r.Ÿ n¥Ïdr Am¡a ewH«$ H$jmAm| H$m AÝVa=(150-108)• 106 {H$._r.Ÿ& AV: damh ^mJ=(26.125•42)•100=62.2%Ÿ&

30

gm§»`-Xe©Z H$m d¡km{ZH$ AmYma$

BgHo$ _Ü` ^mJ H$s gy`© go Xyar=150-13=137•106 {H$._r.Ÿ& dm`w nwamU(6/12) H$o AZwgma damh 100 `moOZ D§$Mm VWm 10 `moOZ {dñVma H$m h¡Ÿ & 15 AhJ©U H$m damh hmoZo Ho$ H$maU 150 CÎma Ajm§e na {Vén{V _| ^y -damh joÌ h¡Ÿ& gy`© ì`mg=1.392•106 {H$._r.Ÿ& AV: damh joÌ H$m _Ü` ^mJ gy`© go àm`: 100 gy`© ì`mg H$s Xyar na h¡Ÿ& 109 gy`© ì`mg H$s Xyar na n¥Ïdr H$jm h¡ Omo 110 ì`mg VH$ OmVr h¡Ÿ& (3) 21 AhJ©U-Am{XË` `m gy`© joÌ=218 {ÌÁ`m=1672•106 {H$._r.Ÿ& `h n¥Ïdr H$jm go ~‹S>m h¡ AV: BgH$s _mn gy`© Ho$pÝÐV _mZr Om`oJr & n¥Ïdr H$jm go _Ü`_ Xyar CgHo$ Ho$ÝÐ gy`© go Xyar hmoJrŸ& e{Z H$jm VH$ gy`© aW H$m MH«$ _mZm J`m h¡Ÿ, {OgH$s {ÌÁ`m=1430•106 {H$._r.Ÿ& Bg aW H$mo nma H$aZo Ho$ H$maU Bgo aWÝVa gm_ H$hm J`m h¡Ÿ& BgHo$ ^rVa 200 CÎma Ajm§e na nwar _| aW `mÌm hmoVr h¡Ÿ& BZ VrZ joÌm|-A{¾, dm`w, a{d _| `k AWm©V² g¥{ï> hmoVr h¡, AV: _Zwñ_¥{V (1/ 23) _| BZgo `kê$n doX H$s CËn{Îm _mZr J`r h¡Ÿ& (4) 27 AhJ©U= _¡Ìo` _ÊS>b = n¥Ïdr {ÌÁ`m • 224=1.07•1011 {H$._r.Ÿ =gm¡a {ÌÁ`m H$m 1.537•105 JwUmŸ& àm`: AmYm AhJ©U H$_ na `h gm¡a {ÌÁ`m H$m bmI JwUm `m n¥Ïdr H$m H$mo{Q> JwUm hmoVm h¡Ÿ& n¥Ïdr go 231/2 AhJ©U A{YH$ hmoZo Ho$ H$maU Bgo _mn Ho$ AZwgma Jm`Ìr `m g¥{ï> {H«$`m Ho$ H$maU gm{dÌr H$hm J`m h¡Ÿ& AV: 24 Aja Ho$ N>ÝX Jm`Ìr Ûmam bmoH$m| H$s _mn hmoVr h¡Ÿ& (5) 33 AhJ©U=gm¡a _ÊS>b H$s gr_mŸ& BgH$s {ÌÁ`m=n¥Ïdr {ÌÁ`m•230 =6.848•1012 {H$._r.=_Ü`_ gm¡a Xyar H$m 45,778.58 JwUmŸ& AmYw{ZH$ AZw_mZ(1992) Ho$ AZwgma 50 go 100 hOma gy`© Xyar na D$Q>© _oK h¡ Omo gm¡a _ÊS>b H$m JmobmH$ma Qw>H$‹S>m| go ~Zm AmdaU h¡Ÿ& Hw$N> Yy_Ho$Vw `hm§ go {ZH$bVo h¢Ÿ& BgH$s ~mhar gr_m 34 AhJ©U na àOmn{V hmoJmŸ& 33 AhJ©U Ho$

2 .Xoe-H$mb H$s _mn

31

~mX gy`© VoO _ao AÊS>o Ho$ g_mZ h¡, AV: 330 CÎma Ajm§e na H$í_ra _| _mÎm©ÊS> _pÝXa(_Å>Z gmh~) h¡Ÿ& {Ìïw>n² N>ÝX-gm¡a Ho$ÝÐ go {JZZo na gm¡a _ÊS>b H$mo {Ìïw>n² N>ÝX (11•4 Aja) Ho$ MaUm| Ho$ AmYma na 11, 22, 33 AhJ©U joÌ _| ~m§Q>m J`m h¡Ÿ& 11 AhJ©U= 16,31,803.4 {H$._r.= gy`© {ÌÁ`m • 2.346 =gy`© H$m Am^m_ÊS>b (Corona)Ÿ& 22 AhJ©U=n¥Ïdr {ÌÁ`m • 219=3344•106 {H$._r.Ÿ& `yaZo g H$jm H$s {ÌÁ`m 2870•106 {H$._r.h¡, AV: `h ^mJdV d{U©V MH«$mH$ma n¥Ïdr H$m AmbmoH$ ^mJ h¡Ÿ&{Ìïw>n² N>ÝX H$m nyU© _mn _hbm}H$ h¡Ÿ& {Ìïw>n² N>ÝX Ho$ 44 Ajam| Ho$ ~Xbo _mhoída gyÌ Ho$ 43 Aja boZm Á`mXm C{MV hmoJmŸ& AV:, _hbm}H$ H$s {ÌÁ`m = n¥Ïdr {ÌÁ`m • 240=7.013•1015 {H$._r. = 741.28 àH$me df©©Ÿ& `h AmH$meJ“m H$s gnm©H$ma ^wOm H$s _moQ>mB© h¡ Ohm§ gy`© pñWV h¡Ÿ& Bg {ÌÁ`m Ho$ joÌ _| àm`: 1000 Vmao h¢ {Og_| EH$ Vmao gy`© Ho$ joÌ _o§ ~hþV N>moQ>o H$U Ho$ g_mZ n¥Ïdr h¡Ÿ& AmH$meJ“m H$s gnm©H$ma ^wOm H$mo hr eofZmJ H$hm J`m h¡, {OgHo$ hOma {gam| (gy`©) _| go EH$ na n¥Ïdr h¡Ÿ& N>ÝXmo_m ñVmo_-AmH$me-J“m H$s _mn N>ÝXm| `m ñVmo_ go h¡Ÿ& Jm`Ìr N>ÝX gy`© H$m gm{dÌ `m _¡Ì`o _ÊS>b h¡Ÿ& {Ìïw>n² _hbm}H$ h¡Ÿ& OJVr N>ÝX ~«÷mÊS> h¡Ÿ& BgHo$ 48 Ajam| Ho$ ~Xbo 49 _éV² Ho$ H$maU 49 AhJ©U boZo Mm{h`oŸ& ~«÷mÊS> `m AmH$me-J“m H$s {ÌÁ`m=n¥Ïdr {ÌÁ`m • 246 =4.488 • 1017 {H$._r.=47,441.65 àH$me df©Ÿ& AmYw{ZH$ AZw_mZ àm`: 50,000 àH$me df© h¡Ÿ& ~«÷mÊS> go ~‹S>o ñVa-~«÷mÊS> H$m Am^m_ÊS>b, JmobmoH$ `m Hy$_©-MH«$ H$m {dñVma A{VOJVr N>ÝX Ho$ 52 Aja h¢Ÿ& BgH$s {ÌÁ`m=n¥Ïdr {ÌÁ`m • 249 =3.59• 1018 {H$._r.=3,79,533 àH$me df© (AmYw{ZH$ AZw_mZ 4-5 bmI àH$me df©=52.5 AhJ©U) ~«÷mÊS> Ho$ 49 AhJ©U Ho$ AZwgma XodZmJar {b{n _| 49 Aja h¢ VWm Hy$_©

gm§»`-Xe©Z H$m d¡km{ZH$ AmYma$ 32 =H$Îmm© `m joÌk Ho$ {b`o 3 A{V[aº$ j,Ì,k h¢Ÿ& eŠdar N>ÝX Ho$ 56 AhJ©U ñWmZr` g_yh(Local clusture) h¡Ÿ& BgH$s {ÌÁ`m=n¥Ïdr {ÌÁ`m • 1053=5.745 • 1019 {H$._r. =5.96•106 àH$me df© =1.82 _oJmnagoH$& AmYw{ZH$ AZw_mZ 2.5 _oJmnagoH$ `m 56.4 AhJ©U h¡Ÿ& A{Ve¹$ar = 60 AhJ©U= n¥Ïdr {ÌÁ`m • 1057=29.78 _oJmnagoH$Ÿ (àm`: 970 bmI àH$me df©)Ÿ& ñWmZr` ~¥hV² g_yh (Local Super Clusture) H$s {ÌÁ`m àm`: 25 _oJmnagoH$ AZw_m{ZV h¡Ÿ& A{ï>(64 AhJ©U) Bggo 16 JwUm ~‹S>m àm`: 476.5 _oJmnagoH$ hmoJmŸ& 50100 _o.n.{ÌÁ`m Ho$ eyÝ`ñWmZ VWm ~¥hV² AmH$f©H$ H$m AmH$ma h¡Ÿ& àm`:1000 _oJmnagoH$ Šdmga H$s Xyar h¡Ÿ& AË`{ï> =68 AhJ©U=2.353 • 1023 {H$._r.=2.487•1010 àH$me-df©Ÿ& BgH$m AmYm ^mJ n¥Ïdr gVh go 64 AhJ©U na h¡ AWm©V² 12.44 Aa~ àH$me df© H$s Xyar naŸ& ~«m÷r [b{n Ho$ 63 `m 64 dUm] Ho$ H$maU `h Vn: bmoH$ H$m AmH$ma h¡Ÿ& ~«÷m H$m 8.64 Aa~ df© H$m AhmoamÌ 63.5 AhJ©U Xya hmoJmŸ& `h Vn: bmoH$ `m AmYw{ZH$ ^mfm _| Ñí` OJV² H$s gr_m h¡Ÿ {OgH$m AmYw{ZH$ AZw_mZ 8 go 15 Aa~ àH$me df© VH$ H$m h¡Ÿ& Y¥{V 72 AhJ©U H$m h¡ Omo gË`bmoH$ `m ñd`å^y _ÊS>b H$m H$mën{ZH$ _mZ h¡Ÿ& (5) gm¡a `moOZ-gm¡a _ÊS>b H$s _mn Ho$ {b`o gm¡a ì`mg H$mo hr `moOZ _mZm J`m h¡Ÿ& BgHo$ AZwgma gm¡a _ÊS>b _§o éÐ _y{Îm© dm_Z gy`© {nÊS> h¡ {OgH$m ì`mg 13,92,000 {H$._r. h¡Ÿ& gm¡ ì`mg H$s Xyar na damh h¡ {OgHo$ 10 `moOZ _moQ>o eara _| 1/109 `moOZ H$s n¥Ïdr h¡Ÿ& `hm§ éÐ joÌ emÝV hmo OmVm h¡, AV: Bgo eVé{Ð`(emÝV=eV=100) H$hm OmVm h¡Ÿ& 100 VH$ Vmn VWm 1000 `moOZ VH$ apí_ joÌ h¡Ÿ& dhm§ e{Z H$m Ho$ nmg gy`© Vm_«-AéU a§J H$m XrIVm hŸ¡& `hm§ VH$ Am{XË` H$m _w»` joÌ h¡ Š`m|{H$ BpÝÐ`m| Ûmam BÝÐ joÌ VH$ H$m hr AZw^d hmoVm h¡Ÿ& BÝÐ H$mo ghòmj H$hm J`m h¡, VWm gy`© Aj h¡Mjmo: gy`m} AOm`V(nwéf gyº$-13)Ÿ& Aj H$m AW© Mjw(Am§I) VWm Ywar (Axis) XmoZm| hmoVm h¡Ÿ& AV: gy`© H$mo Ywar `m Ho$ÝÐ _mZH$a Cggo ghò

2 .Xoe-H$mb H$s _mn

33

(1000) Aj H$s Xyar na BÝÐ hmoJmŸ& CgHo$ ~mX bj ì`mg VH _¡Ì`o _ÊS>b hmoJmŸ& BZHo$ CXmhaU h¢Vmn-joÌ-eV`moOZo h dm Ef (Am{XË`) BVñVn{V (H$m¡frV{H$ ~«m.8/3) g Ef (Am{XË`:) EH$eV{dYñVñ` aeV_`: eV§ {dYm Ef Ed¡H$eVV_mo ` Ef Vn{V(eVnW ~«m.10/2/4/3) VÚXoV§ eVerfm©U§ éÐ_oVZo me_`§ñVñ_ÀN>Verf©éÐe_Zr`§ eVerf©éÐ e_Zr`§ h d¡ VÀN>Vé{Ð`{_ñ`mMjVo namo@j_²(eVnW ~«m.9/1/1/7) apí_-joÌ-`wº$m øñ`(BÝÐñ`) ha`: eVmXeo{VŸ& ghò§ h¡V Am{Xñ`ñ` aí_`:(BÝÐ:=Am{XË`:)-O¡{_Zr` ~«m.C.(1/44/5) Vm_«-AéU a§J-Agm¡ `ñVm_«mo AéU CV ~^«:w gw_“b:Ÿ& `o M¡Z§ éÐm A{^Vmo {Xjw {lVm:ghòemo@d¡fm§ hoS> B©_hoŸ&&(dm.`Ow.16/6) gy`© H$m aW 9,000 `moOZ H$m h¡ AWm©V² CgH$s {ÌÁ`m 4,500 ì`mg `moOZ h¡Ÿ (àm`: ßbyQ>mo H$jm VH$)Ÿ& CgH$m B©fmXÊS> BgH$m XyZm h¡ AWm©V² dmb{Ië` ZjÌm| H$s gr_m-BZH$m _Ü`_ _mZ 6750 `moOZ `m gy`© go àm`: 60 JwUm Xyar H$r ZjÌ-H$jm(gy`{© gÕmÝV 12/80) h¡Ÿ& BZH$s CËn{Îm H«$Vw(`k) go hþ`r h¡ {OgH$m joÌ 27 AhJ©U=n¥Ïdr {ÌÁ`m • 224 =76,876 ì`mgŸ& gy`© aW H$m {dñVma 157 bmI `moOZ = 2.310 àH$me df© h¡Ÿ& AmYw{ZH$ Á`mo{Vf _| dmb{Ië` ZjÌm| Hmoo Hw$Bna db`(Kuiper Belt) VWm gm¡a _ÊS>b H$s gr_m H$mo dyQ>© _oK (Woort Cloud) H$hm J`m h¡Ÿ& (6) àH$me `moOZ-AmH$me _| n¥Ïdr H$mo hr ghòXb H$_b H$hm J`m h¡Ÿ(n¥ï> 25-^y `moOZ)& BgHo$ 1 Xb AWm©V² ì`mg Ho$ hOmad| ^mJ H$mo àH$me {OVZo g_` _| nma H$aVm h¡ Cg g_` H$mo Ìw{Q> H$hm J`m h¡H$_bXbZ Vwë`: H$mb Cº$ów{Q>ñVÀN>V{_h bdg§kñVÀN>V§ ñ`m{Þ_of:Ÿ& (dQ>ío da {gÕmÝV,_Ü`_m{YH$ma,7) `mo@úUmo{Z©_fo ñ` Iam_ ^mJ: g VËnañVÀN>V ^mJ Cº$mŸ& Ìw{Q>{Z©_of¡Y¥©{V{^íM H$mð>m VV² qÌeVm gX²JUH¡$: H$bmoº$mŸ&& ({gÕmÝV {eamo_{U,_Ü`_m{YH$ma,26) OmbmH©$ aíå`dJV: I_odmZwnVÞJmV²Ÿ&

34 gm§»`-Xe©Z H$m d¡km{ZH$ AmYma$ ÌgaoUw {ÌH§$ ^wL>² º$o `: H$mb: g Ìw{Q>: ñ_¥V:(^mJdV nw.3/11/5) n¥Ïdr H$s n[a{Y àm`: 3000 Ìw{Q> hmoJr Omo {Z_of Ho$ ~am~a h¡Ÿ& ~«÷m H$s g¥{ï> H$m AmYma `m nX(nÙ) n¥Ïdr h¡, Bgo _Ë`© ~«÷m H$hVo h¢, ñdm`å^wd A_¥V ~«÷ h¡Ÿ-nX²ä`m§ ^y{_:(nwéf gyº$,13)Ÿ& `hr gy`© ê$nr {dîUw H$m Zm{^-H$_b h¡Ÿ& AV: {dîUw Ho$ 1 {Z_of _| ~«÷m H$s 2 namÕ© Am`w nyar hmoVr h¡H$mbmo@`§ {ÛnamYm©»`mo {Z_ofmo CnM`©VoŸ& Aì`mH¥$V ñ`mZÝVñ` AZmXoOJ© XmË_Z:Ÿ&(^mJdV nw.3/11/37)Ÿ& Ìw{Q> goH$ÊS> H$m 33,750 ^mJ h¡Ÿ&1 goH$ÊS> _| àH$me 2,99,792.456 {H$._r. OmVm h¡Ÿ& AV: àH$me `moOZ= 299792.456•33750=8.88274 {H$._r.Ÿ& gm¡a _ÊS>b H$m à[Vê$n _Zwî` eara _| {dkmZ AmË_m h¡ Omo öX` _| ahH$a ~w{Õ H$m {Z`ÝÌU H$aVr h¡Ÿ&~«÷aÝY« ê$nr AUwnW go hmoH$a gy`© VH$ àH$me Ho$ _hmnW go BgH$m gånH©$ hmoVm h¡Ÿ(n¥ð> 11,12)& `h gånH©$ àH$me H$s J{V go 8 {_ZQ> _| gy`© VH$ nhþM§ Jo mŸ& AV: F H²$ (3/53/8) _| H$hm J`m h¡ [H$ `h EH$ _whÎÿ m© _| 3 ~ma gy`© VH$ OmH$a bm¡Q>Vm h¡Ÿ& Bgr AW© _| Am{XË`([Og joÌ go gy`© H$s CËn{Îm hþ`r-Am{X hþAm) H$mo gådËga H$hm J`m h¡Ÿ& Ohm§ VH$ 1 df© `m gådËga _| àH$me OmVm h¡ dh 1 àH$me df© H$m gy`© Ho$pÝÐV joÌ Am{XË` h¡Ÿg§dËga: ñdJm© (gm¡a joÌ) -H$ma:(V¡{Îmar` ~«m.2/1/5/2) dmH²$(=gy`© joÌ) g§dËga:(VmÊS>ç _.~«m.10/12/7) Bg àOmn{V _| hr Xod CËnÞ hmoVo h¢-g§dËga: àOmn{V:(eVnW ~«m.1/6/ 3/35,10/2/6/1,EoVao` ~«m.1/1,13,28;2/17,4/25 ,Am{X) g§dËgamo d¡ XodmZm§ OÝ_(eVnW ~«m.8/7/3/21)Ÿ& BgHo$ ~mX déU joÌ h¡-g§dËgamo déU:(eVnW ~«m.4/4/5/18 Am{X) ~«÷m Ho$ AhmoamÌ _| àH$me Ohm§ VH$ OmVm dh Ñí` OJV² `m Vn:bmoH$ h¡Ÿ& ~«÷m Vn{g(à{V{ð>V_²)-(EoVao` ~«m.3/6,JmonW~«m.C.3/2) Vnmo@{g bmoHo$ {lV_²Ÿ& VoOg: à{Vð>mŸ&(V¡{Îmar` ~«m.3/11/1/2) (7) à_mU `moOZ-nwamU({dîUw2/7,~«÷mÊS> 3/6,7, dm`w, ~«÷ Am{X) _| bmoH$m| H$s _mn Bg àH$ma h¡^ybmoH$-ghò `moOZŸ&

2 .Xoe-H$mb H$s _mn 35 ^wd: bmoH$-1 bmI `moOZŸ& ñd: bmoH$=gy`-© aW 157 bmI `moOZ `m AÝ` _mn go gy`-© Y«dw Xyar 14 bmIŸ& _hbm}H$-1 H$mo{Q> `moOZ {ÌÁ`mŸ& OZ: bmoH$-2 H$mo{Q> `moOZ {ÌÁ`mŸ& Vn:bmoH$-8 H$mo{Q> `moOZ {ÌÁ`mŸ& gË` bmoH$-12 H$mo{Q> `moOZ {ÌÁ`mŸ& n«W_ 3 H$¥VH$ (doX H$r amoXgr) {ÌbmoH$s h¢, CZH$m _Ü` `m AÝV[aj ^wd: bmoH$ h¡Ÿ& ApÝV_ 3 AH¥$VH$ (g§`Vr) {ÌbmoH$s h¢, CZH$m _Ü` `m AÝV[aj Vn: bmoH$ h¡Ÿ& XmoZm| {ÌbmoH$s Ho$ ~rM _h: ^r AÝV[aj bmoH$ h¡Ÿ& VrZ AÝV[ajm| Ho$ nyd© Ho$ bmoH$m| ^y:, ñd:, VWm OZ: bmoH$m| H$mo n¥{Wdr H$hm Om`oJm VWm CZHo$ ~mX ñd:, OZ:, gË` H$mo ñd: H$hm Om`oJmŸ& N>ÝX H«$_ _| _m H$mo n¥{Wdr VWm à_m H$mo AÝV[aj H$hm J`m h¡_m N>ÝX:,VV² n¥{Wdr..Ÿ& à_m N>ÝX:,VXÝV[aj_²Ÿ&(_¡Ìm`Ur g§.2/14/93, H$mR>H$ g§.39/39)Ÿ& O¡Z-doX H$r EH$Vm-BgHo$ AZwgma O¡Z Á`mo{Vf _| (Jain Astronomy-By Sajjan Singh Lishk-Vidya Sagara Pulication,B-5/263, Yamuna Vihar, Delhi-53-Pages28,29)-

1 à_mU `moOZ=500 AmË_m `moOZ= 1000 CËgoY `moOZŸ& `hm§ gy`© {nÊS> H$mo AmË_m _mZZm Mm{h`ogy`© AmË_m OJVñVñWwfíMŸ&(dm.`Ow.7/42) CgHo$ ~mX H$m AÝV[aj à_m h¡ {OgH$s _mn à_mU `moOZ _| hmoJrŸ& Bgr àH$ma àË`oH$ bmoH$ H$s EH$ AmË_m h¡, _mn Ho$ {b`o CgH$m AJbm bmoH$ AÝV[aj hmoJm, {OgH$s _mn 500 JwUm ~‹S>o à_mU `moOZ _| hmoJrŸ& CËgoY `moOZ AmË_m Ho$ 1000 IÊS> h¢, O¡go n¥Ïdr ì`mg H$m 1000 ^mJ CËgoY `moOZ hmoJmŸ& Bgr àH$ma gy`© {nÊS> Am{X H$o 1000 ^mJ H$mo ^r CËgoY `moOZ _mZm Om gH$Vm h¡Ÿ& `hm§ 3 n¥Ïdr h¢ Omo gy`-© MÝÐ go àH$m{eV h¡-§ 1. gy`-© MÝÐ XmoZm| go àH$m{eV n¥ÏdrŸ&2.gy`© go àH$m{eV gm¡a _ÊS>b H$m _¡Ì`o `m `k ^mJŸ& 3.gy`© àH$me H$s ApÝV_ gr_m ~«÷mÊS>Ÿ(n¥ð> 6-{dîUw nw.1/2/3-4,gy`© {gÕmÝV 12/86, F$H²$ doX 1/ 164/10,2/27/8-n¥ð> 26)&

36 gm§»`-Xe©Z H$m d¡km{ZH$ AmYma$ `hm§ O¡Z Á`mo{Vf Ho$ AmYma na d¡{XH$ AW© Am¡a nm¡am{UH$ _mn boZo na Amn{Îm hmo gH$Vr h¡ {H$ do nañna {déÕ h¢Ÿ& dmñVd _| do EH$ hr dñVw H$m AbJ-AbJ n«g§Jm| _| dU©Z H$a aho h¢Ÿ& ñd`§ doX VWm nwamU _| EH$ _mn H$m àg§Jde H$B© AWm] _| à`moJ {H$`m J`m h¡-(1) nwéf-gyº$-1 _| ^y{_ g§nU y © {díd H$mo H$hm J`m h¡ VWm CgH$m 10 JwUm n¥Ïdr H$mo H$hm J`m h¡Ÿ& `hm§ {díd hr 1 A§Jwb h¡Ÿ& `hm§ _Zwî` A§Jwb CgH$s VwbZm _| ZJÊ` hmoJm Am¡a CgH$m H$moB© AW© Zht h¡Ÿ& (2) gyú_ AÝVamË_m H$mo ^r A§Jðw > AmH$ma H$m H$hm J`m h¡ (ídoVmídVa> C. 4/ 21, 5/8; H$R> C.6/17,4/12; _¡Ìm`Ur Am.6/38)(3) g^r bmoH$m| H$m AmH$ma 1 {dVpñV([~Îmm) H$hm J`m h¡Ÿ& `h {ZpíMV ê$n go _Zwî` hmW H$m Zht h¡ VWm g^r bmoH$m| Ho$ {b`o AbJ-AbJ h¡¹$mh§ V_mo _hXh§ IMam{¾dm^y:© g§d{o ï>VmÊS> KQ> gá-{dVpñV-H$m`:Ÿ& (^mJdV10/14/11) (3) AmH$me _| g^r {nÊS> JmobmH$ma h¢Ÿ& {H$ÝVw nwñVH$ Ho$ n¥ð> na Cgo g_Vb _| d¥ÎmmH$ma {XIm`m OmVm h¡Ÿ& EH$ Jmobo H$s _mn(Map) Xmo d¥Îmm| Ûmam hmoVr h¡Ÿ& nwñVH$ Ho$ {b`o O¡Z Á`mo{Vf _| 2-2 gy`©,MÝÐ, 27•2 ZjÌ {XIm`o OmVo h¡§Ÿ& n¥Ïdr gVh na gy`© J{V CÎma _| H$H©$ aoIm VH$ hmoVr h¡, MÝÐ Cggo 50 A§e CÎma VH$ OmVm h¡Ÿ& AV: Bg nÕ{V go nwamUm| _| ^r MÝÐ H$mo gy`© Ho$ D$na H$m J`m h¡Ÿ& O¡go Á`mo{Vof _| H$hm Om` {H$ {Xëbr go _Wwam 30 `moOZ h¡, Cgo `{X 240 {H$._r. H$hm Om` Vmo Cg_| H$moB© {damoY Zht h¡Ÿ& (4) O¡Z Y_© F$f^ Xod Ûmam Amaå^ hþAm Wm Omo Hy$_©, dm`w nwamUm| _| 11d| ì`mg H$ho J`o h¢Ÿ& AV: O¡Z emóm| H$m AÝVa Hw$N> H$mën{ZH$ h¡, Hw$N> ~mX _| AnZr {deofVm {XImZo Ho$ {b`o ~Zm`m J`m h¡Ÿ& (5) _hbm}H$ gm¡a _ÊS>b go ~‹S>m h¡ Bgr{b`o _h: H$hm OmVm h¡ na CgH$m AmH$ma gm¡a go N>moQ>m H$hm J`m h¡Ÿ& ~‹S>o bmoH$-_Zwî` Ho AZwnmV _| Omo n¥Ïdr H$m AmH$ma h¡, n¥Ïdr Ho$ AZwnmV _| CgHo$ AmH$me H$m dhr AmH$ma hmoJmŸ({dîUw nw.1/2/7/4)Ÿ& n¥Ïdr Ho$ Mmamo Va\$ H«$_e: dm`w Ho$ 10-10 JwUo 7 ñVa h¢Ÿ& AV: CgH$m AmH$ma n¥Ïdr H$m H$mo{Q> (107) JwUm hmoJmŸ& d¡go ^r Á`mo{Vf J«ÝWm| _o§ n¥Ïdr H$m AmH$ma ñnï> ê$n go {X`m J`m h¡ Omo _Zwî` H$m H$mo{Q> JwUm h¡Ÿ& AWm©V²-

2 .Xoe-H$mb H$s _mn

37

107= n¥Ïdr ì`mg = _¡Ì`o _ÊS>b = ~«÷mÊS = ñd`å^y _ÊS>b _Zwî` n¥Ïdr ì`mg _¡Ì`o _ÊS>b ~«÷mÊS 1 bmI ^y `moOZ H$m gm¡a _¡Ì`o _ÊS>b h¡-BgHo$ 2 AW© h¢-n¥Ïdr Ho$ ì`mg H$mo 1000 `moOZ _mZZo na gy`© H$m ì`mg 1 bmI `moOZ h¡Ÿ& AWdm, gy`© {nÊS> go Amaå^ H$a Cg ì`mg H$m 1 bmI JwUm Xyar VH$ _¡Ì`o _ÊS>b h¡Ÿ& gy`© {nÊS> H$m CËgoY `moOZ CgH$m hOma ^mJ hmoJm, Cg _mn go gy`© go 1 bmI `moOZ na MÝÐ H$jm h¡Ÿ& MÝÐ H$s VwbZm _| 1 bmI JwUm Xyar na(60,000 gy`© ì`mg) ZjÌ _ÊS>b (gm¡a H$m dmb{Ië`) h¡Ÿ& ZjÌ _ÊS>b H$m Ho$ÝÐ gy`© h¡Ÿ& dhm§ go ~wY, ewH$« , _§Jb, Jwé, e{Z H$mo H«$_e: 22 bmI `moOZ Xyar na H$hm J`m h¡Ÿ& gy`© go BZ J«hm| H$s Xyar boZo na 1 `moOZ H« _e: 290, 270, 380, 973, 1430 {H$._r. hmoJmŸ& 2-2 J«hm| Ho$ ~rM H$m ^mJ boZo na 1 `moOZ 290, 250, 600, 2750, 3260 {H$._r. h¡Ÿ& `h {H$gr H«$_ _| Zht h¡ VWm {g\©$ {MÌ H$s g_ê$nVm {XImZo Ho$ {b`o ~Zm`m J`m h¡Ÿ& gy`© aW H$m dU©Z gm¡a ì`mg H$s BH$mB© _| h¡Ÿ& BgHo$ ~mX AÝV[aj bmoH$m| _| `moOZ _mZ H«$_e: 500 JwUm ~‹T>mZo na bmoH$m| H$m AmH$ma h¡_hbm}H$ {ÌÁ`m = 1 H$mo{Q> `moOZ = 107 • 500 gy`© ì`mg = 6.96 • 1015 {H$._r. = 735 àH$me df©Ÿ& gy`© go Y«yd(Jmobo H$m Y«wd, Vmam Zht) H$s Xyar VH$ gm¡a _ÊS>b h¡Ÿ& `h 500 n¥Ïdr ì`mg H$s BH$mB© _| 14 bmI `mo O Z h¡ =14•10 5 •500• n¥ Ï dr ì`mg=8.92•1012 {H$._r. = 0.49 àH$me df©Ÿ& _hbm}H$ go OZ: bmoH$ 2 JwUm VWm 500 JwUm ~‹S>r BH$mB© _| h¡Ÿ& OZ: bmoH$ H$s {ÌÁ`m=6.96•1018 {H$._r.=73,500 àH$me df©Ÿ& Vn: bmoH$ H$s {ÌÁ`m 500 JwUm ~‹S>r BH$mB© _| OZ: bmoH$ H$m 4 JwUm AWm©V² 8 H$mo{Q> `moOZ h¡Ÿ& 14.7 H$mo{Q> àH$me df©© `m 45.1 _oJm nagoH$ {ÌÁ`m H$m joÌ ñWmZr` gwna ŠbñMa H$s Xyar h¡Ÿ& gË` bmoH$ Bggo 500 JwUm ~‹S>r BH$mB© _| 12 H$mo{Q> `moOZ AWm©V² 98 Aa~ àH$me df© h¡Ÿ&

38

gm§»`-Xe©Z H$m d¡km{ZH$ AmYma$

nwéf-gyº$(1) Ho$ AZwgma nwéf {díd go 10 JwUm ~‹S>m h¡, AV: Ñí` OJV² H$s {ÌÁ`m 9.8 Aa~ àH$me df© hmoJrŸ& _mn-gmaUr-(1) ^wd: bmoH$-(H$) n¥Ïdr Ho$pÝÐV 10 gy`© ì`mg H$m damhŸ& (I) n¥Ïdr • 2 12 (J) gy`© Ho$pÝÐV 4500 `moOZ Xyar VH$ aW `m XyZm ~‹S>m B©fmXÊS>Ÿ& damh 5 àH$ma Ho$ h¢-(H$) Am{X damh-`h ag ê$n ~«÷ h¡ {Oggo ñd`å^y _ÊS>b ~Zm h¡Ÿ&(I) `k damh-`h Hy$_© MH«$ `m JmobmoH$ H$m nydê© $n h¡ {Oggo na_oð>r _ÊS>b Ho$ gmW `k H$m Amaå^ hþAmŸ&(J) ídoV damh-Am{XË` joÌ(`m CgH$m B©fm XÊS>) h¡ {Oggo gm¡a _ÊS>b ~ZmŸ&(K) ^y damh- n¥Ïdr Ho$ 4000 JwUm ~‹S>m joÌ {OgHo$ nXmW© (_Yw-H¡$Q>^ H$m _oX) go n¥Ïdr ~ZrŸ (L>) E_yf damh -n¥Ïdr Ho$ Mmam| Va\$ H$m dm`w_ÊS>b {OgH$s C§MmB© {ÌÁ`m H$m 24dm§ ^mJ h¡Ÿ& (2) gm¡a¡ _ÊS>b-(H$) 1 àH$me df© (g§dËga) {ÌÁ`m H$m gy`© Ho$pÝÐV JmobmŸ& (I) gy`© ì`mg H$m 157 bmI JwUm ~‹S>mŸ& (J) 500 n¥Ïdr ì`mg H$m 14 bmI JwUm {ÌÁ`mŸ& (K) n¥Ïdr Ho$ ~mha H«$_e: 10-10 JwUo ~‹S>o dm`w Ho$ 7 ñVaŸ& (L>) n¥Ïdr H$m 2 30 JwUmŸ& (M) n¥Ïdr H$m H$mo{Q> JwUm _¡Ì`o _ÊS>bŸ(gm¡a _ÊS>b H$m {H«$`mË_H$ ^mJ)& (3) _hbm}H$-(H$) 500 gy`© ì`mg H$m H$mo{Q> JwUm {ÌÁ`mŸ& (I) eof ZmJ Ho$ 1000 {ga `m gm¡a _ÊS>b H$m 1000 JwUmŸ& (J) n¥Ïdr • 2 40 Ÿ& (K) ^y VWm gË`(10 20 JwUm) H$m _Ü` `m 1010 JwUm ~‹S>mŸ& (4) OZ:bmoH$(AmH$me-J§Jm)(H$) gy`©{gÕmÝV _| 1.87•1016 ^-`moOZ(=216 {H$._r.)Ÿ& (I) n¥Ïdr • 2 46, JmobmoH$ `m Hy$_©= n¥Ïdr • 2 49Ÿ& (J) _¡Ì`o _ÊS>b `m gm{dÌr H$m 224=107 JwUmŸ& (K) Zan{V O`M`m© _| Hy$_©-MH«$=10 18 `moOZŸ&

2 .Xoe-H$mb H$s _mn

37

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40 gm§»`-Xe©Z H$m d¡km{ZH$ AmYma$ ^mJdV nwamU(3/10) _| Aì`º$ H$mo {_bm H$a 10 gJm] H$m dU©Z h¡Ÿ& gJ© Ho$ gmW VwbZm H$aZm H${R>Z h¡Ÿ& 9 H$mb_mZ g¥{ï> Ho$ {d{^Þ MH«$m| Ho$ _mn h¢Ÿ& gy`© {gÕmÝV(1/10) _| Xmo àH$ma Ho$ H$mbm| H$m dU©Z h¡-{ZË`, OÝ`bmoH$mZm_ÝVH¥$ËH$mb: H$mbmo@Ý`: H$bZmË_H$:Ÿ& BZH$s {deX ì`m»`m {VÏ`m{X VÎd _| h¡AZm{X{ZYZ: H$mbmo éÐ: g§H$f©U: ñ_¥V:Ÿ& H$bZmV² gd©^Vy mZm§ g H$mb: n[aH$s{Îm©V: Ÿ&& H$mbñVw {Ì{dYmo ko`mo@VrVmo@ZmJV Ed MŸ& dÎm©_mZñV¥Vr`ñVw dú`m{_ ûm¥Uw bjU_²Ÿ& H$mb: H$b`Vo {díd§ VoZ H$mbmo@{^Yr`VoŸ&& H$mbñ` deJm: gd} Xod{f© {gÕ {H$Þam:Ÿ& H$mbmo {h ^JdmZ² Xod: g gmjmV² na_oída:Ÿ&& gJ© nmbZ g§hÎmm© g H$mb: gd©V; g_:Ÿ& H$mboZ H$ë`Vo {díd§ VoZ H$mbmo@{^Yr`VoŸ&& `oZmoËn{ÎmíM Om`oV `oZ d¡ H$ë`Vo H$bmŸ& gmo@ÝVdÀM ^doV² H$mbmo OJXwËn{Îm-H$maH$:Ÿ&& `: H$_m©{U àní`oV àH$f} dÎm©_mZHo$Ÿ& gmo@{n àdÎm©H$mo ko`: H$mb: ñ`mV² à{VnmbH$:Ÿ&& `oZ _¥Ë`w de§ `m{V H¥$V§ `oZ b`§ d«OoV²Ÿ& g§hÎmm© gmo@{n {dko`: H$mb: ñ`mV² H$bZmna:Ÿ&& H$mb: g¥O{V ^yVm{Z H$mb: g§haVo àOm:Ÿ& H$mb: ñd{n{V OmJ{Îm© H$mbmo {h Xwa{VH«$_:Ÿ&& H$mbo Xodm {dZí`pÝV H$mbo Amgwa nÞJm:Ÿ& ZaoÝÐm: gd©OrdmíM H$mbo gdª {dZí`{VŸ&& {ÌH$mbmV² naVmo ko` AmJÝVwJ©V-Moï>H$:Ÿ& VWm dfm© {h_moîUm»`mó`: H$mbm B_o _Vm:Ÿ&& VWm Ì`mo@Ý`o@{n ko`m CÚÝ_Ü`mñVê${nU:Ÿ& gyú_mo@{n gd©J: g d¡ ì`º$mX²ì`º$Va: ew^:Ÿ&&

2 .Xoe-H$mb H$s _mn 41 g§jno _|-{ZË` H$mb bmoH$m| H$m jaU H$aVm h¡ , AV: _¥Ë`w ^r H$hm OmVm h¡Ÿ& OÝ` H$mb `k H$o MH«$s` H«$_ H$s _mn h¡ Am¡a Bggo JUZm H$s OmVr h¡Ÿ& BgHo$ A{V[aº$ JrVm _| Aj` H$mb ^r H$hm J`m h¡ , Omo Aì`` nwéf H$m H$mb h¡Ÿ& bmoH$m| Ho$ j` (Disorder, decay) H$s {Xem _| Omo ~‹T>Vm h¡ dh {ZË`H$mb h¡Ÿ& O~ H$mb {ZË` hmoVm h¡ V~ nwéf({díd) A{ZË` `m ja hmo OmVm h¡H$mbmo@pñ_ bmoH$j`H¥$V² àd¥Õ:(JrVm 11/32) OÝ` H$mb `k go gå~pÝYV h¡ , Omo MH«$s` H«$_ _| Cn`moJr CËnmXZ h¡gh`km: àOm: g¥îQ‰>m nwamodmM àOmn{V:Ÿ& AZoZ àg{dî`Üd_of dmo@pñËdï>H$m_YwH²$Ÿ&&10Ÿ& Ed§ àd{V©V§ MH«§$ ZmZwdV©`Vrh `:Ÿ&16Ÿ&(JrVm 3) Bg H$s JUZm g~go H${R>Z h¡, AmO ^r BgH$m dmñV{dH$ ê$n V` Zht h¡, AV: JUZm H$aZo dmbm| _| g~go H${R>Z H$mb hr H¥$îU H$m ê$n h¡H$mb: H$b`Vm_h_² (JrVm 10/30)Ÿ& Aì`` nwéf H$m Z j` hmoVm h¡ Z MH«$s` H«$_ _| n[adÎm©Z hmoVm h¡, CgH$o {b`oAh_odmj`: H$mbmo (JrVm 10/33)Ÿ& Bgo hr J«ÝW gmh~ _| AH$mb-nwéf H$hm J`m h¡Ÿ& {d{^Þ MH«$m| H$s _mn Ho$ AZwgma 9 àH$ma Ho$ H$mb-_mZm| H$m dU©Z(1) ~«m÷-Aì`º$ go ì`º$ H$s g¥{ï> H$mo ~«÷m H$m {XZ VWm CgHo$ b` H$mo am{Ì H$hm OmVm h¡ (JrVm 8/18)Aì`º$mX²ì`º$`: gdm©: à^dÝË`hamJ_oŸ& amÍ`mJ_o àbr`ÝVo VÌ¡dmì`º$g§kHo$Ÿ& nwamUm| Am¡a gy`{© gÕmÝV Am{X Á`mo{Vf J«ÝWm| Ho$ AZwgma 12,000 {Xì` dfm] H$m 1 `wJ hmoVm h¡Ÿ& n«{V {Xì` df© 360 gm¡a dfm] H$m h¡Ÿ& AV: ~«÷m H$m {XZ=1000 `wJ -1000•360•12000=432 H$mo{Q> df©& CVZo hr _mZ H$s am{Ì h¡Ÿ& AmYw{ZH$ ^m¡{VH$ Á`mo{Vf Ho$ AZwgma Ñí` OJV² H$s gr_m àm`: CVZr hr h¡ {OVZr Xya VH$ ~«÷m H$s Ahmoam{Ì _| àH$me Om gH$Vm h¡, AWm©V² 864 H$mo{Q> àH$me df© {ÌÁ`m H$m joÌŸ& 2. àmOmnË`-àOmn{V Zo `k Amaå^ {H$`m(JrVm 3/10)Ÿ& AV: àOmnË` _mZ Cg MH«$ H$m _mZ h¡ {Oggo `k H$m Amaå^ hþAmŸ& {díd _| aMZm H$m Amaå^ AmH$meJ§JmAm| go hþAmŸ& CZH$s {ZéÔoí` J{V H$_© h¡, `k ZhtŸ& {H$ÝVw

42 gm§»`-Xe©Z H$m d¡km{ZH$ AmYma$ CZH$m Aj ^«_U `k MH«$ H$m Amaå^ H$aVm h¡Ÿ& AV: dh àmOmZË` _mZ `m _ÝdÝVa h¡Ÿ& nwamUm| Ho$ AZwgma ~«÷m Ho$ {XZ _| 14 _ÝdÝVa h¢, AV: 1 _ÝdÝVa 71 `wJm| `m 31 H$mo{Q> 68 bmI dfm] H$m h¡Ÿ& AmH$me J§Jm H$m n[a^«_U H$mb AmYw{ZH$ Á`mo{Vf _| R>rH$ Vah go kmV Zht h¡Ÿ& na AmH$meJ§Jm Ho$ÝÐ go {ÌÁ`m H$s 2/3 Xyar na gy`© h¡ Omo àm`: 20-25 H$mo{Q> df© _| Cg Ho$ÝÐ H$s n[aH«$_m H$aVm h¡Ÿ& AV: AmH$meJ§Jm H$m n[a^«_U H$mb àm`: _ÝdÝVa Ho$ ~am~a hmoZm Mm{h`oŸ& 3.{Xì` _mZ-{Xì` df© 360 dfm] H$m hmoVm h¡Ÿ& `h VrZ àH$ma go n[a^m{fV h¡Ÿ& dm`w nwamU Ho$ 28 ì`mgm| H$s gyMr _| Bgo n[adÎm© `wJ H$hm J`m h¡, AWm©V² Eo{Vhm{gH$ n[adÎm©Z H$m MH«$ h¡Ÿ& 100 H$mo{Q> `moOZ H$m bmoH$mbmoH$ ^mJ H$s gr_m na `{X H$moB© H$mën{ZH$ J«h ahoJm Vmo CgH$m n[a^«_U H$mb àm` 360 df© hmoJmŸ& Cggo Hw$N> H$_ Xyar na ßbyQ>mo H$m MH«$ 248 df© H$m h¡Ÿ& Vrgar ì`m»`m h¡ {H$ {H$gr ñWmZ na CX`-AñV MH«$ Ho$ {XZ-amV hmoVo h¢Ÿ& Cgr àH$ma CÎmaX{jU J{V H$mo ^r {Xì` {XZ-amV (JrVm 8/24,25) _mZZo na gm¡a df© hr {XZ Ho$ ~am~a hmoJmŸ& AV: 360 {XZ Ho$ gmdZ df© H$s Vah 360 {Xì` {XZm| H$m {Xì` df© hmoJmŸ& 4.Jwé _mZ-Jwé df© 12 df© H$m MH«$ h¡ Ÿ{Og_| Jwé J«h gy`© H$s EH$ n[aH«$_m H$aVm h¡Ÿ& _Ü`_ Jwé J«h EH$ am{e {OVZo g_` _| nma H$aVm h¡ dh 361.0486 {XZ (gy`© {gÕmÝV,AÜ`m` 14) H$m Jwé df© H$hm OmVm h¡Ÿ& X{jU ^maV _| n¡Vm_h {gÕmÝV Ho$ AZwgma gm¡a df© H$mo hr Jwé df© H$hm J`m h¡Ÿ& 5. gm¡a _mZ-gy`© H$s 10 J{V 1 {XZ, 1 am{e J{V 1 _mg VWm n[a^«_U H$mb 1 df© hmoVm h¡Ÿ& 6.MmÝÐ _mZ-gy`© H$s VwbZm _| MÝÐ J{V AWm©V² MÝÐ_m H$s H$bm (àH$m{eV ^mJ) H$m MH«$ àm`: 29.5 {XZ H$m MmÝÐ _mZ h¡Ÿ& Xe© go ny{U©_m VH$ ewŠb nj _| 15 {V{W (àm`: 15 {XZ) VWm CgHo$ ~mX ny{U©_m go Xe© VH$ H¥$îU nj _| 15 {V{W hmoVr h¢Ÿ& 12 MmÝÐ _mg AWm©V² àm`: 354 {XZ H$m MmÝÐ df© hmoVm h¡Ÿ& Cg_| 31 _hrZm| Ho$ AÝVa go A{YH$ _mg OmoS‹ > H$a Bgo gm¡a df© Ho$ ~am~a {H$`m OmVm h¡Ÿ& 7. {nVa _mZ-MÝÐ_m Ho$ D$nar ({dnarV)^mJ _| {nVa ahVo h¢Ÿ& AV: MmÝÐ

2 .Xoe-H$mb H$s _mn 43 _mg H$mo {nVam| H$m {XZ-amV H$hm J`m h¡Ÿ& {dnarV ^mJ(n¥Ïdr go Xya) _| ahZo Ho$ H$maU H¥$îU nj {nVam| H$m {XZ VWm ewŠb nj {nVam| H$s am{Ì hmoVr h¡Ÿ&30 MmÝÐ _mg H$m {nVa _mg VWm 30 MmÝÐ _mg H$m {nV¥ df© hmoVm h¡Ÿ& 8.gmdZ _mZ-gy`m}X` go AmJm_r gy`m}X` VH$ H$m gmdZ {XZ, 30 {XZ H$m _mg Am¡a 12 _mg H$m df© hmoVm h¡Ÿ& 9. ZmjÌ _mZ-pñWa ZjÌm| H$s VwbZm _| n¥Ïdr H$m Aj ^«_U H$mb (23 KÊQ>m 56 {_ZQ>) ZmjÌ {XZ h¡Ÿ& CgHo$ {hgm~ go 30 {XZm| H$m _mg, 360{XZm| H$m df© hmoVm h¡Ÿ& 6. `wJ-Xmo àH$ma Ho$ MH«$m| Ho$ `moJ go `wJ hmoVm h¡Ÿ& _wZrída Zo {gÕmÝV gmd©^m¡_ _| 5 àH$ma Ho$ `wJ ~Vm`o h¢(1) 5 df©, (2) 12•5=60 df©, (3) 12•60=720 df©, (4) 600 • 720 = 432000 df© H$m H${b`wJ, (5) H${b • 10 = `wJŸ& 7 àH$ma Ho$ `moOZ H$s Vah 7 àH$ma Ho$ `wJ hmoZo Mm{h`oŸ& `k `m g¥{ï> {H«$`m H$s nyUV© m Ho$ AZwgma 7 àH$ma Ho$ `wJ Bg àH$ma h¢(1) g§ñH$ma `wJ-4 go 19 dfm] _| {ejm Ho$ H«$_ nyao hmoVo h¢Ÿ& `h 5 àH$ma Ho$ h¢(H$) JmonX `wJ-4 df© Ho$ brn B©`a H$s nÕ{V _| 365 1/4 df© H$s {XZ g§»`m nyU© hmoVr h¡Ÿ& `h {XZ Am¡a df© Ho$ MH«$m| H$m `moJ h¡ŸVWm EoVao` ~«m. Ho$ {ZåZ{b{IV íbmoH$ na AmYm[aV h¡H${b: e`mZmo ^d{V, g§{OhmZñVw Ûmna:Ÿ& C{Îmð>Z² ÌoVm ^d{V, H¥$V§ gånÚVo MaZ²Ÿ&&(7/13) n«W_ df© (H${b=JUZm H$m Amaå^) H$s Jmo-Yy{b dobm `{X 1 OZdar gÝÜ`m 6 ~Oo Amaå^ hþAm Vmo CgH$s nyUV© m [ÛVr` df© 1 OZdar H$mo am{Ì 12 ~Oo hmoJrŸ& AV: H${b H$mo gmo`m hþAm H$hm h¡Ÿ& {ÛVr` `m Ûmna df© Vrgao df© 2 OZdar H$mo àmV: 6 ~Oo nyU© hmoJm O~ g§{OhmZ (OJZo H$m g_`) hmoJmŸ& V¥Vr` df© ÌoVm Mm¡Wo df© 2 OZdar {XZ 12 ~Oo nyU© hmoJm O~ bmoJ I‹S>o hm|JoŸ& Mm¡Wm df© H¥$V (nyU©) 2 OZdar gÝÜ`m 6 ~Oo g_má hmoJm O~ bmoJ Ka bm¡Q>Vo hm|JoŸ& Bg_| 1 brn B©`a hmoZo go 4 dfu` `wJ nwZ: 1 OZdar H$mo hr nyU© hmoJmŸ& (I) 5 dfu` `wJ-`mOwf Á`mo{Vf _| 5 dfm] H$m `wJ _mZm J`m h¡ Omo _mK ewŠb à{VnXm go Amaå^ hmoVm Wm Š`m|{H$ CgHo$ ~mX Cgr {V{W ZjÌ _| gy`©-MÝÐ

44 gm§»`-Xe©Z H$m d¡km{ZH$ AmYma$ H$s `w{V hmoVr WrŸ-ñdamH«$_oVo gmo_mH$m£ `Xm gmH§$ gdmgdm¡Ÿ& ñ`mV² VXm@@{X `wJ§ _mKñVn: ewŠbmo@`Z§ øwXH²$Ÿ&(`mOwf² Á`mo{Vf² 6) BZ dfm] Ho$ Zm_ dËga _|-g_², n[a, BXm, AZw, Cn-CngJ© bJmZo go hmoVo Wo& {g\©$ dËga `m BX² dËga H$m AW© 360{XZm| H$m gmdZ df© h¡Ÿ& (J) 12 dfu` `wJ-Jwé H$m n[a^«_U H$mb h¡Ÿ& MmÝÐ _mg Ho$ AZwH$aU na 12 dfu` `wJ _| dfm] Ho$ Zm_ M¡Ì, d¡emI Am{X h¢Ÿ& (K) 19 dfu` `wJ-à^mH$a hmobo H$s doXm“-Á`mo{Vf ì`m»`m (AmßQ>o ^dZ, ZmJnwa) Ho$ AZwgma F$H²$ Á`mo{Vf H$m `wJ 19 df© H$m hmoVm h¡Ÿ& dhm§ “ nÄM gådËga_`§ `wJ_²” (àW_ íbmoH$) H$m AW© h¡ {H$ 19 dfu` `wJ _| 5 df© gådËga h¢ VWm ~mH$s 14 df© AÝ` 4 àH$ma Ho$ h¢Ÿ& `mOwf Á`mo{Vf _| ^r 5 `wJm| Ho$ 5•5=25 dfm] _| 6 j` df© hmoZo go 19 dfm] H$m `wJ hmoVm h¡j`§ gådËgamUm§ M _mgmZm§ M j`§ VWm(_hm^maV, empÝVnd©,301/46)Ÿ& (L>) J«hU `wJ- gy`© -amhþ H$s g§`wº$ J{V go 18 gm¡a df© 10.5 {XZm| _| J«hU MH«$ nyU© hmoVm h¡Ÿ& Bg_| 19 dfu` F$H²$ `wJ H$s 371 {V{W`m| _| àË`oH$ Ho$ 9 ^mJ H$aZo na 371•9=3339 ^m§e hmoVo h¢Ìr{U eVm{Z ÌrghòmÊ`q¾ qÌeÀM Xodm Zd Mm gn`©Z²Ÿ& (F$H²$ 3/9/9, 10/52/6, dm.`Ow.33/7) 3339 {V{W = 111 MmÝÐ _mg + 9 {V{WŸ& `h 223 MmÝÐ _mg Ho$ gamog MH«$ H$m AmYm h¡Ÿ& (2) _Zwî` `wJ-_Zwî` OrdZ H$m H$_© g_` àm`:60 dfm] H$m hmoVm h¡ Omo Jwé dfm] H$m MH«$ h¡Ÿ& Bg_| Jwé H$s 5 VWm e{Z H$s 2 n[aH«$_m`| hmoVr h¢Ÿ& `h g^r Á`mo{Vf J«ÝWm|| VWm H$B© nwamUm| _| h¡Ÿ& Bgo doX _| A{“am H$mb H$hm J`m h¡Am{XË`míM h dm Am{“agíM ñdJ} bmoH$o ñnY©ÝV-d`§ nyd} Eî`m_mo d`{_{VŸ& Vo hm@@{XË`m: nyd} ñdJª bmoH$§ O½_w:, níModm{“ag:, fîQ>çm§ dm df}fw (EoVao` ~«m.18/3/7)Ÿ& Am{XË`míMm{“agíM gwdJ} bmoH$o @ñnY©ÝV ...V Am{XË`m EV§ nÄM hmoVma_ní`Z²(V¡{Îmar` ~«m.2/2/3/5)Ÿ& `hm§, Am{XË`=12, nÄM hmoVm=5•12=60 df©Ÿ& eVmãXr -H$mb _| gá{f© 1 ZjÌ MbVo h¢Ÿ& F$H²$ Á`mo{Vf Ho$ 19 dfu` `wJ g_má hmoZo na nwZ: dhr ZjÌ AmVm h¡Ÿ& 5 `wJm| Ho$ 19•5 dfm] Ho$ ~mX 5 dfm]

2 .Xoe-H$mb H$s _mn 45 H$m `mOwf `wJ boZo na MÝÐ_m 1 ZjÌ A{YH$ Mbm OmVm h¡Ÿ& H$ëhU H$s amOVa{“Ur _| Bgo hr bm¡{H$H$ df© H$hm h¡Ÿ& 360 dfm] Ho$ {Xì` df© H$m 1/3 ^mJ 120 df© ^r J«hXem MH«$ _| _Zwî` Am`w _mZr J`r h¡Ÿ& (3) n[adÎm© `wJ-1 {Xì` df© `m 360 gm¡a df© _| Eo{Vhm{gH$ n[adÎm©Z hmoVo h¢Ÿ& AV: `h n[adÎm© `wJ H$hm J`m h¡Ÿ& dm`w nwamU(23/114-226) _| 28 ì`mgm| H$s JUZm Ho$ g_` H$^r Cgo Ûmna H$^r n[adÎm© H$hm J`m h¡Ÿ& AV: `wJm| H$m {d^mJ ^r BÝht n[adÎm© IÊS>m| _| h¡Ÿ& CÝh| hr 10dm§ `m 15 dm§ ÌoVm Am{X H$hm J`m h¡Ÿ& Bgr àH$ma H$m dU©Z Hy$_©(AÜ`m` 52), ~«÷mÊS> nwamUm| _| ^r h¡Ÿ& ~«÷mÊS> nwamU (1/2/29/19) _| 26,000 dfm] H$m `wJ H$hm J`m h¡Ÿ& Cgo hr (1/2/9/36,37) _| 71 `wJm| H$m _ÝdÝVa H$hm J`m h¡fS²> qde{V ghòm{U dfm©{U _mZwfm{Z VwŸ& dfm©Um§ Vw `wJ§ ko`-§ 2/9/19 Vñ`¡H$gá{V `wJ§ _ÝdÝVa{_hmoÀ`Vo-2/9/37 71•360 =25,560 `m àm`: 26,000 df©Ÿ& (4) ghò `wJ-^mJdV nwamU(1/1/4) _o§ em¡ZH$ F${f Ho$ hOma df© Ho$ gÌ H$m dU©Z h¡Ÿ& EH$ _Zwî` gm¡ df© VH$ hr OrVm h¡ na Y_© g§ñH$ma Am{X Ho$ _mZXÊS> hOmam| dfm] VH$ MbVo h¢Ÿ& em¡ZH$ gÌ Ho$ ~mX nwamUm| H$m nwZ: gånmXZ 3000 df© ~mX {dH«$_m{XË` Ho$ g_` hþAm Omo A^r 2000 dfm] go Mb ahm h¡ (^{dî` nwamU 3/3/1/2-4)Ÿ& àm`: ghò df© 2 {Xì` dfm] (720 df©-_wZrída) `m 3 {Xì` dfm] (1,080 df©) H$m hmoJmŸ& 2700 {Xì` df© `m 3030 _Zwî` df© H$m gá{f© `wJ hmoVm h¡Ìr{U df© ghòm{U _mZwfU o à_mUV:Ÿ& qÌeX{YH$m{Z Vw _o _V:gá{f© dËga:Ÿ& (~«÷mÊS> nw.1/2/29/16, dm`w nw.57/17) gáqde{V n`©ÝVo H¥$ËñZo ZjÌ _ÊS>boŸ& gáf©`ñVw {Vð>ÝVo n`m©`oU eV§ eV_²Ÿ& (dm`w nw.99/419)Ÿ& `hm§,_mZwf df ©= MmÝÐ-n[aH«$_m df© =27.3 {XZ MÝÐ n[aH«$_m •12=327.5364 {XZŸ& 3030 _mZwf df© =2717 gm¡a df© (365.25 {XZ H$m) Vmao àm`: pñWa hmoVo h¢, AV: CÝh| ZjÌ (jÌ=MbZm) H$hm OmVm h¡Ÿ&

46 gm§»`-Xe©Z H$m d¡km{ZH$ AmYma$ {H$ÝVw gá[f© _ÊS>b Ho$ nyd© ^mJ _| pñWV nwbñË`, H«$Vw Vmam| H$mo {_bmZo dmbr aoIm [dnarV J{V go ZjÌ H$mo 100 dfm] _| nma H$aVr h¡gáfuUm§ Vw `m¡ nydm} Ñí`oVo øw{XVm¡ {X{dŸ& V`mo@ñVw _Ü`o Zj̧ Ñí`Vo `ñV_§ {Z{eŸ&&105Ÿ&& VoZ gáf©`mo `wº$m {Vð>ÝË`ãXeV§ Z¥Um_²({dîU w nw.4/24/105; dm`w nw.99/ 421,412; ~«÷mÊS> nw.2/3/74/233,234)Ÿ& amo_H$ {gÕmÝV H$m `wJ 2850 (19 df© H$m F$H²$ `wJ•150) dfm] H$m h¡damh{_{ha H$s nÄM{gÕmpÝVH$mŸ& 5.Y«dw `m H«$m¡ÄM `wJ-`h gá{f© `wJ H$m 3 JwUm `m A`Z MH«$(26000 df©) H$m àm`: 1/3 h¡Ÿ& Bg_| 9090 _mZd df© `m 8100 gm¡a df© hm|J|Zd `m{Z ghòm{U dfm©Um§ _mZwfm{Z VwŸ& AÝ`m{Z Zd{VíM¡d Y«dw : gådËga: ñ_¥V:Ÿ&& (~«÷mÊS> nw.1/2/29/18; dm`w nw.57/18 _| H«$m¡ÄM gådËga) àm`: Bgr AmH$ma H$m Jwé _hm`wJ ^r _mZm Om gH$Vm h¡Ÿ& gm¡a _V go _Ü`_ Jwé J{V H$m Jwé df© boZo na 85 df© _| 1 df© H$_ AWm©V² 84 gm¡a df© hmoVo h¢Ÿ& 60 dfm] H$m MH«$ 85 ~ma hmoVo go 5100 dfm] H$m `wJ hmoJmŸ& dmë_r{H$ am_m`U Ho$ OÝ_H$m[bH$ J«h pñW{V Ho$ AZwgma am_ H$m OÝ_ 11-2-4433 B©.ny. 10-4748 ~Oo ñWZr` g_` H$mo hþAm WmŸ& Cg g_` {dîUwY_m}Îma nwamU (82/7,8) Ho$ AZwgma gm¡a VWm n¡Vm_h XmoZm| _Vm| go à^d df© go Jwé df© H$m MH«$ Amaå^ hþAm WmŸ& Cggo 5100 df© nyd© 9533 B©.ny. _| ^r _Ëñ` AdVma Ho$ g_` XmoZm| MH«$ EH$ gmW Amaå^ hþE WoŸ& hmo_a Ho$ B{b`S> Ho$ AZwgma EQ>bmpÊQ>g H$m ApÝV_ ^mJ 9564B©.ny _| Sy>~m WmŸ& nmagr JmWmAm| Ho$ AZwgma Ob àb` 9844 B©.ny _| hþAmŸ& 6. A`Z `m B{Vhmg `wJ- AmYw{ZH$ Á`mo{Vf Ho$ AZwgma àm`: 26,000 dfm] _| n¥Ïdr H$m Aj e§H$w Ho$ AmH$ma _| EH$ MH«$ bJmVm h¡Ÿ& Bgr H$mb H$mo ~«÷mÊS> nwamU _| EH$ `wJ H$hm J`m h¡Ÿ(3.n[adÎm© `wJ _| d{U©V)Ÿ& {H$ÝVw n¥Ïdr na Ob -ßbmdZ H$m MH«$ Xmo H$maUm| go hmoVm h¡-n¥Ïdr Ho$ Aj `m Ywar H$m ^«_U MH«$ {dnarV {Xem _| 26000 df© _|, VWm n¥Ïdr H$jm Ho$ Xya {dÝXw (_ÝXmoÀM) H$m ^«_U 1 bmI dfm] _|Ÿ& BZ XmoZm| H$maUm| go 21,600 dfm] _| Ob-ßbmdZ H$m MH«$ hmoVm h¡-

2 .Xoe-H$mb H$s _mn 47 1/21,600=1/26,000 +1/1,00,000 BZH$m _Ü`_ 24,000 dfm] H$m MH«$ boZo na ~mH$s A`Z J{V 21,600 df© AWm©V² à{V df© 1 H$bm hmoVr h¡Ÿ& CgHo$ H$maU J«h H$jm _| 24,000 df© Ho$ MH«$ _| g§emoYZ H$aZm n‹S>Vm h¡-12,000 df© Ho$ AY© MH«$ _| YZmË_H$ VWm Xygao AY© MH«$ _| F$UmË_H$Ÿ& `h àmMrZ H$mb _| (AmJ_ Ûmam) {ZYm©[aV hþAm Wm, `h ^mñH$amMm`© Zo _mZm h¡, CgH$m AÝ` à_mU Zht ImoO nm`oIm^«ImH£$ (12,000) öVm: H$ën`mVm: g_m: eofH§$ ^mJhamV² n¥WH²$ nmV`oV²Ÿ& `Îm`moaënH§$ VX² {ÛeË`m(200) ^Oopëb{áH$mÚ§ VV² {Ì{^: gm`H¡$:(5)Ÿ&& nÄM nÄM^y{_:(15) H$am(2)ä`m§ hV§ ^mZw MÝÐoÁ`ewH«o$ÝXwVw“oîd¥U_²Ÿ& BÝXwZm(10) Xò~mU¡:(52) H$am(2) ä`m§ H¥$V¡^m£_gm¡å`oÝXwnmVm{H©$fw ñd§ H«$_mV²Ÿ& (^mñH$amMm`©-2 H$m {gÕmÝV [eamo_{U, ^yn[a{Y-7,8) ñdmonk ^mî`-AÌmonbpßYaod dmgZmŸ& `Ûf© ghòfQ²>H$§ `mdwnM`ñVVmo@nM` BË`ÌmJ_ Ed à_mU§ ZmÝ`V² H$maU§ dºw§$ eŠ`V BË`W©:Ÿ& BgHo$ nyd© ~«÷Jwá Zo ^r {~Zm H$maU ~Vm`o Bg g§emoYZ H$m CëboI {H$`m h¡IIImH©$(12000) öVmãXoä`mo JVJå`mënm: IeyÝ``_b (200) öVm:Ÿ& bãY§ {Ì(3) gm`H§$ (5) hV§ H$bm{^ê$Zm¡ gXm@H}$ÝXyŸ&60Ÿ& e{edV² Ordo {ÛhV§ MÝÐmoÀMo {V{W (15) hV§ Vw {gVerK«oŸ& Ûrfw(52)hV§ M ~wYmoÀMo,{Û(2)Hw$(1) doX hV§ M nmV Hw$O e{ZfwŸ&61Ÿ& (~«÷Jwá H$m ~«m÷ñ\w$Q{gÕmÝV, gwYmH$a{ÛdoXr g§ñH$aU 1902, _Ü`_m{YH$ma)> gy`© {gÕmÝV, {ÌàíZm{YH$ma(9,10) ^r 1800 dfm] _| 270 A`Z-XmobZ H$m CëboI H$aVm h¡, Omo 24,000 dfm] _| 3600 Ho$ MH«$ Ho$ ~am~a h¡Ÿ& YZ Am¡a F$U g§ñH$mam| Ho$ H$maU 12,000 dfm] Ho$ `wJ Amamohr VWm Adamohr H«$_ go hmoVo h¢, {Ogo O¡Z Á`mo{Vf VWm nwamUm| _| CËg{n©Ur VW Adg{n©Ur H$hm J`m h¡Ÿ& Bgo doX _| CX²J«m^ VWm {ZJ«m^ H$hm J`m h¡Ÿ& 12,000 {Xì` dfm] H$m `wJ g^r nwamUm| _| h¡-B{Vhmg Ho$ àg§J _| {Xì` df© H$m AW© gm¡a df© h¡, Omo gá{f© df© Ho$ dU©Z _| dm`w nwamU _| h¡Ÿ& Bg_| H${b 1200 dfm] H$m VWm 2,3,4 JwUm Ûmna, ÌoVm, Am¡a gË` `wJ AmVo h¡Ÿ& gË` `wJ, ÌoVm, Ûmna, H${b H$m H«$_ Adamohr h¡Ÿ& Bg H«$_ _| H${b H$m Amaå^ 3102 B©.ny. _| hþAmŸOmo 1902 B©.ny. VH$ ahm& CgHo$ ~mX Amamohr H«$_ H$o `wJ _| H${b 702 B©.ny.VH$, CgHo$ ~mX 2400 df© H$m

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2 .Xoe-H$mb H$s _mn 55 nwamUm| _| ñdm`å^wd go Mmjwf VH$ 40 VWm CgHo$ ~mX d¡dñdV _Zw VH$ 12 nr‹T>r Xr hþ`r h¡ Omo ñnï>V:AnyU© gyMr h¡Ÿ& H$í`n(~«÷gmd[U©) H$m H$mb Mmjwf go n¥Ww VH$ 5 nr‹T>r H$m h¡Ÿ& ~rM _| d¥,A§J,doZ hþ`oŸ& ñdm`å^wd.................Mmjwf.................d¡dñdV 40 nr‹T>r 12 nr‹T>r 52 nr‹T>r (AnyU© gyMr)= 15,120 df©Ÿ& AV: 1 nr‹T>r = 15120•52=290 df©Ÿ& Mmjwf H$mb=29102(ñdm`å^wd)-40•290=17,500 B©.ny. n¥Ww=17,5005•290=16,050 B©.ny. AV: H$í`n H$mb 17,500 go 16,050 B©.ny. VH$ h¡Ÿ& BgHo$ ~mX 11d| ì`mg F$f^ VH$ àË`oH$ H$m H$mb 2 n[adÎm© _mZm Om gH$Vm h¡Ÿ& fð> ì`mg d¡dñdV `_ H$m g_` 4 n[adÎm© _mZm J`m h¡ Š`m|{H$ Cg g_` ObßbmdZ hþAm WmŸ& ~mH$s ì`mgm| H$m H$mb 1-1 n[adÎm© h¡Ÿ& (5) ObßbmdZ H$m H$mb AmYw{ZH$ J«ÝWmo§ O¡go _ra àH$meZ, _mñH$mo H$m The Earth h¡Ÿ& `o g^r ÌoVm _| h¢Ÿ,AV: nwamUm| H$m gmdZ `wJ {dkmZ-gå_V h¡Ÿ& BgHo$ ~mX `k `m {dkmZ H$m `wJ AmVm h¡, CXmhaUV: AmYw{ZH$ `wJ _| ÌoVm 1700 B©.go d¡km{ZH$ {dH$mg ewé hþAm Omo gÝÜ`m nyU© hmoZo na 2000 B©.go gyMZm H«$mpÝVH$m `wJ hþAmŸ& (6) gá{f© `m bm¡{H$H$mãX H$m Amaå^ 3076 B©.ny.(H${b 25) _| hþAm O~ `w{Y{ð>a H$m H$í_ra _| XohmÝV hþAm (amOVa{“Ur, Va“ 1)H$b¡JV© :¡ gm`H$-ZoÌ (25) df£: `w{Y{ð>amÚm{ó{Xd§ à`mVm:Ÿ& amOVa{“Ur {Z_m©U Ho$ g_` bm¡{H$H$mãX 24 Wm {Og_| eVmãXr A‘> Zht {bIo OmVo h¢Ÿ& Cg g_` eH$ Amaå^ go 1070 df© ~rVo Wobm¡{H$H$mãXo MVw{dªeo eH$H$mbñ` gmåàV_²Ÿ& gáË`ä`{YH§$ `mV§ ghò n[adËgam:(amOVa{“Ur,1/52)Ÿ& eH$H$mb 78 B©._| hþAm,CgHo$ 1070 df© ~mX,3074+78+1070=4224 `m eVmãXr df© N>mo‹S>Zo na 24 df© hþ`o WoŸ& `w[Y{ð>a XohmÝV VH$ gá{f© _Km _| Wo CgHo$ 2700 df© Ho$ AÝVa go gá{f© MH«$ Mbm h¡Ÿ& 3 gá{f© MH«$ `m 8100 df© H$m Y«dw df© h¡Ÿ& Bg H«$_ go Y«dw MH«$ H$m Amaå^ 27,376 B©.ny. _| hþAm

56 gm§»`-Xe©Z H$m d¡km{ZH$ AmYma$ Omo R>rH$ bJVm h¡ Š`m|{H$ do ñdm`å^wd Ho$ nwÌ CÎmmZnmX Ho$ nwÌ WoŸ& 8.ì`mg-gyMr-Bg àH$ma Hy$_©,dm`w,~«÷mÊS> nwamUm| H$o 28 ì`mg H$mb h¢1.ñdm`å^wd _Zw (~«÷m)-(29,100-17,500 B©.ny.) Bgr H$mb _| ñdmamo{Mf, CÎm_, Vm_g, a¡dV ^r hþ`oŸ& 2.H$í`n(~«÷gmd{U© _Zw)-(17,500-16,050 B©.ny.)-Mmjwf VWm AÝ` 6 gmd{U© _Zw H$m H$mbŸ& 3. CeZm H$mì` `m ewH$« mMm`©(16,050-15,330 B©.ny.)-^¥Jw nwÌŸ& ^¥J-w A{“am Ûmam AWd© doXŸ& Agwa,X¡Ë`,XmZdm| Ho$ JwéŸ& amOZr{V, YZwdX} , Am`wdX} , nwamUm| H$m àU`ZŸ& 4. ~¥hñn{V(15,330-14,610 B©.ny.)-doXm| H$m nyU© ê$nŸ& nX-H«$_ H$m ì`mH$aU Omo A^r ^r MrZ _| àM{bV h¡-à{V eãX H$m AbJ {M•Ÿ& 5. {ddñdmZ²(g{dVm)-(14,610-13,900 B©.ny.)-_` Agwa H$mo gy`-© {gÕmÝV H$m CnXoeŸ& `_ Am¡a _Zw Ho$ A{V[aº$ ApídZr Hw$_ma ^r BZH$s gÝVmZ WoŸ& ewH$« nwÌ Ëdï>m Ho$ nwÌ {dídH$_m© H$o JwéŸ& Bg H$mb Ho$ ~mX gË`, ÌoVm, Ûmna H$s g_m{á 3102 (àm`:3100) B© . ny . _| hþ ` r-13,900(4800+3600+2400)=3100Ÿ& 6.d¡dñdV `_ (13,900-12,460 B©.ny.)-OoÝX-AdoñVm Ho$ Ahþa-_ÁXm (Agwa _hmXod)Ÿ& Bg H$mb _| Ob-àb` hþAm WmŸ& BZHo$ ~mX BZHo AZwO d¡dñdV _Zw H$m H$mb WmŸ&$`h lmÕXod H$ho OmVo h¢, AWm©V² _¥Ë`w H$m ahñ` g_Pm`m Wm Ÿ& BZH$m ñWmZ `_Z,Aå_mZ,amOYmZr g§`_Zr (gZm) Am{X WmŸ& 7. BÝÐ-eVH«$Vw (12,460-11,740)-100 H«$Vw AWm©V² `k H$m AW© h¡ 100 df©(g§dËgamo d¡ `k:-eVnW ~«m.11/1/1/1 Am{X, g§dËgamo dm BÝÐ ewZmgra:-V¡{Îmar` ~«m.1/7/1/1)Ÿ& 14 BÝÐ ZmaX Am{X nwamUm| _| d{U©V h¢Ÿ& do 14 eVmpãX`m| Ho$ _w»` BÝÐ h¢-à{V 100 df© _| gá{f© 1 ZjÌ MbVo h¢Ÿ& dO« {Z_m©U VWm dm`w (=_éV²) H$s ghm`Vm go XodZmJar {b{n (49 _éVm| Ho$ 49 Aja) VWm EoÝÐ-dm`d ì`mH$aU H$m {Z_m©UŸ& d¡H$w ÊR> BÝÐ H$mb H$o H$B© gyº$ F$H²$ doX _| h¢Ÿ& 8.d{gð>-(11,740-11,020 B©.ny.) {_Ì (gy`©) VWm déU (Ahþa _ÁXm) XmoZm| Ho$ nwÌ-XmoZm| naånamAm| H$m g_Ýd`Ÿ& F$H²$ H$m 8_ _ÊS>bŸ&

2 .Xoe-H$mb H$s _mn 57 9. AnmÝVaV_m (11,020-10,300 B©.ny.) `m gmañdV- XÜ`L²> AWd©U VWm gañdVr Abå~wfm Ho$ nwÌŸ& gå^dV: Ob-àb` Ho$ ~mX doXm| H$m nwZéÕmaŸ& 10. {ÌYm_m (10,300-9,580 B©.ny.) `m _mH©$ÊS>o`(?)Ÿ& XÎmmÌo` Ûmam `moJVÝÌ VWm _mH©$ÊS>`o Ûmam nwamUŸàU`Z& 11.F$f^ (9,580-8,860 B©.ny.)-Hw$N> nwamUm| Ho$ _V go eaÛmZ² Am{“ag `m Jm¡V_ Bg `wJ Ho$ ì`mg WoŸ& àW_ O¡Z VrW©‘>a VWm g§Ý`mg _mJ© Ho$ àdÎm©H$Ÿ& {ÛOm{V`m| Ho$ {b`o VrZ àH$ma Ho$ `kmondrVŸ(O¡Z-emó)& d¥f^-Xod Ho$ ê$n _| gå^dV: _Zwî` ê$nr _hmXod `m dm_Xod, Omo ñd`§ `kmondrV nhZVo h¢Ÿ& 12. A{Ì (8,860-8,500 B©.ny.)-gm§»` A{Ì npíM_moÎma {Xem _| J`o Ohm§ gm§»` AmYm[aV 25 (`m 26) Ajam| H$s {b{n àM{bV h¡Ÿ& ^m¡_ A{Ì Ûmam gy`-© J«hU H$s JUZm, Am`wdX} Ho$ ^r AmMm`©Ÿ& 13. Y_© `m Za-Zmam`U (8,500-8,140 B©.ny.)-~ÐrZmW (~X[aH$ml_) _| doXm| H$m CnXoeŸ& gå^dV: e‘>amMm`© H$s Jwé- naånam H$m Amaå^Ÿ& H$mÊd _oYm{V{W F${f, Xwî`ÝV, VWm CZHo$ nwÌ ^aV H$m H$mbŸ& 14. gwajU `m gwMjw (8,140-7,780 B©.ny.)-amOm _éÎm, A{d{jV, H$aÝY_ VWm F${f Om¡V_, dm_Xod Am{XŸH$m H$mb & 15. Í`méU(7,780-7,420 B©.n.)-BúdmHw$ d§er amOm-_mÝYmVm VWm JmÝYma amOm A“ma H$m H$mbŸ& 16. YZÄO`(7,420-7,060 B©.ny.) F${f ^aÛmO BZHo$ g_H$mbrZ Wo VWm 17.H¥$VÄO`(7,060-6,700 B©.ny.) Bg H$mb _| XmeamO `wÕ hþAm Wm18.F$VÄO`(6,700-6,340 B©.ny.) àm`: 7,200 B©.ny. _|Ÿ& 6,777 B©.ny._| J`mgwa `m A{gVYÝdm Ûmam ^maV na AmH«$_U(_oJmñWZrO Ho$ _V go S>m`mo{Zgg) 19.^aÛmO (6,340-5,980 B©.ny.)-g_«mQ²> Mm`_mZ VWm H$mer amO {XdmoXmg XmoZm| Ho$ nwamo{hVŸ& 20. Jm¡V_ (5,980-5,620 B©.ny.)-JmoXmdar `m Jm¡V_r VQ>Ÿ& O_X{¾, h[aíMÝÐ, naewam_, H$mV©dr`© AOwZ© H$m H$mbŸ& Ý`m`- Xe©Z gyÌŸ& 21. dmMñn{V (5,620-5,260 B©.ny.) `m {Z`©ÝVa-amOm gJa Ho$ Ûmam `dZ ~{hîH¥$V,gmJam| na à^wËd VWm CZHo$ ànm¡Ì ^JraW Ûmam J“mdVaUŸ&

58 gm§»`-Xe©Z H$m d¡km{ZH$ AmYma 22. gwH$ë`mU `m gmo_ewîU (5,260-4,900 B©.ny.)-nwbñË` VWm {dldm F${fŸ& ÌoVm AÝV (5,500 B©.ny.) _| naewam_ H$m XohmÝVŸ& 23. V¥U{~ÝXw (4,900-4,540 B©.ny.)-g_«mQ²>Ÿ& BZHo$ O_mVm nwbñË` H$o O_mVm amdU VWm Hw$~oaŸ& 24. dmë_r{H$(4,540-4,180 B©.ny.)-XeaW nwÌ am_ (4,433-4,262 B©.ny. VH$),amdU, hZw_mZ Am{X H$m H$mbŸ& 25. e{º$-dm{gð>(4,180-3,820 B©.ny.)-doXnmR> {d{YŸ& 26. OmVyH$Ê`© (3,820-3,460 B©.ny.)-namea {eî`Ÿ{H$ÝVw Cggo nyd&© H$UmXŸ& 27. namea (3,460-3,100 B©.ny.)-{dîUw nwamU H$m àU`Z, 100 H$mo{Q> íbmoH$m| Ho$ nwamU H$m 4 bmI íbmoH$m| Ho$ 18 nwamUm| _| {d^mOZŸ& 28. doXì`mg (3100 B©.ny.-A^r VH$)-gË`dVr (~mX _| emÝVZw nËZr) Ûmam namea nwÌ-H¥$îU-Û¡nm`ZŸ& ^mJdV nwamU, ~«÷-gyÌ, nmVÄMb `moJ H$s ì`m»`m, doXm| H$m emIm {d^mOZŸ& BZHo$ ~mX Am¡a H$moB© ì`mg Zht hþAm, AV: A^r ^r H${b _mZm OmVm h¡Ÿ& 9.H${b nyd© Ho$ amOd§e-nwamUm| _| d¡dñdV _Zw Ho$ ~mX gy`© d§e H$s nyU© d§emdbr Xr J`r h¡Ÿ& MÝÐ d§e H$m ~rM _| bwá ^mJ h¡Ÿ& H${bdf© 1468 (1634 B©.ny.) _| XmoZm| amOd§em| H$m _hmnÙZÝX Ûmam {dZme hþAmŸ& AdoñVm Ho$ AZwgma d¡dñdV `_ Zo àm`: 1200 df© amÁ` {H$`m Am¡a Cg H$mb _| Obàb` hþAmŸ& CZHo$ ^mB© d¡dñdV _Zw Ho$ gmW gË``wJ H$m Amaå^ hþAm, AV: CZH$m H$mb 3101 B©.ny. _| Ûmna AÝV go 10,800 (=2400+3600+4800) df© nyd© AWm©V² 13,900 B©.ny. {bIm J`m h¡& CgH$m ~mX BúdmHw$ amOm hþ`o {OZHo$ nwÌ {dHw${j H$mo BamH$ Ho$ {H$e _| àmá boIm| _| CHw$gr H$hm J`m h¡ VWm àW_ amOm Ho$ ê$n _| CgH$m H$mb 8,320 B©.ny. {X`m h¡ & Obàb` H$o ~mX amO-ì`dñWm nwZ: ñWm{nV hmoZo _| àm`: 4000 df© bJoŸ& gy`© d§e-{ddñdmZ²(gy`)© -F${f,1.d¡dñdV _Zw(amOm),2.BúdmHw$, 3.{dHw${j, 4. nwaÄO` `m H$Hw$ËñW (Am‹S>r~H$=~¡b H$s nrR> H$m Hy$~‹S>)-BÝhm|Zo fð> Xodmgwa g§J«m_ _| à‡mX Ho$ {ÛVr` nwÌ gwOå^ H$mo nam{OV {H$`mŸ& 5.AZoZm, 6.n¥Ww, 7.{dídJíd, 8.AmЩ, 9.`wdZmíd-1, 10.lmdñV(lmdñVr ZJa),

2 .Xoe-H$mb H$s _mn 59 11.~¥hXíd-BÝhm|Zo g§Ý`mgr hmoZo H$s BÀN>m H$s Vmo CX‘> Zo H$hm {H$ YwÝYw Agwa H$mo _maZm A{YH$ Oê$ar h¡Ÿ& CZHo$ nwÌ (12) Hw$db`míd Zo `h H$m`© {H$`mŸ& XmZd amO YwÝYw H$mo _maZo Ho$ H$maU BÝh| YwÝYw_ma ^r H$hm OmVm h¡Ÿ& {\$aXm¡gr Ho$ emhZm_m _| BÝh§o Ho$amñn H$hm J`m h¡Ÿ& Bg `wÕ _| 21,000 g¡{ZH$ _mao J`oŸ& 13. Ñ‹ T >>míd, 14.à_mo X , 15,h`© í d-1, 16.{ZHw $ å^, 17.g§ h Vmíd, 18.H¥$emíd, 19.àgoZ{OV, 20. `wdZmíd-2, 21. _mÝYmVm gmd©^m¡_ amOm Wo , {OZHo$ ~mao _| n«{gÕ Wm {H$ CZHo$ amÁ` _| gXm gy`© H$m CX` Am¡a AñV hmoVm ahVm h¡-`mdV² gy`© CX`{V `mdV² M à{V{Vð>{VŸ& gdª VX² `m¡dZmídñ` _mÝYmVw: joÌ _wÀ`VoŸ& (dm`w. 88/68, {dîUw. 4/2/65, _hm^maV, ÐmoU nd©.62/11) _hm^maV,empÝVnd© A.28,ÐmoU A.62 Ho$ AZwgma `o amOm _mÝYmVm Ho$ AYrZ Wo-A“ma(JmÝYma),_éÎm,A{gV(eVnW ~«m.13/4/3/12-A{gVYÝdm Dionysus Agwa amOm Wm), J`, A“-~¥hÐW,OZ_oO`, gwYÝdm, Z¥JŸ& _mÝYmVm Ho$ VrZ nwÌ 22.nwéHw$Ëg Aå~arf _wMHw $w ÝX 23.ÌgXñ`w `wdZmíd-3 24.gå^yV hmarV(~«m÷U) nwéHw$Ëg XmeamO `wÕ Ho$ amOm gwXmg H$m g_H$mbrZ WmŸ& gå^yV nwÌ (25) AZaÊ` go amdU H$m `wÕ hþAm Wm Omo am_ H$mb Ho$ nyd© H$m AÝ` amOm WmŸ& 26,ÌgXíd, 27.h`©íd-2, 28.dgw_mZ, 29.{ÌYÝdm, 30.Í`méUŸ& 31.gË`d«V `m {Ìe§H$w -{dídm{_Ì Ho$ `k Ûmam ñdJ© J_Z,~rM _| BÝÐ Ûmam amoH$m J`mŸ& 32.h[aíMÝÐ-{dídm{_Ì H$mo ^y{_XmZ Ho$ ~mX í_emZ _| MmÊS>mb H$m H$m`© {H$`mŸ& 33.amo{hVmíd, 34.h[aV, 35.MÄMw, 36.{dO`, 37.ééH$, 38.d¥H$, 39. ~mhþ-`h h¡h`,`dZ Am{X Ho$ gpå_{bV AmH«$_U _| _mam J`mh¡h`ñVmbO§K¡íM {ZañVmo ì`gZr Z¥n:Ÿ& eH¡$: `dZ¡: H$må~moO:¡ nmaX¡: nëbd¡ñVWmŸ&(~«÷mÊS> 2/3/63/120) _oJmñWZrO Ho$ AZwgma `h `dZ amOm S>m`mo{Zgg Wm (6777 B©.ny.Aà¡b)Ÿ& 40.gJa-`h MH«$dÎmu amOm hþAm, AnZo {nVm H$m am` dmng boH$a g_wÐm| na à^wËd ñWm{nV {H$`m, {Oggo CZH$m Zm_ gmJa n‹S>mŸ& BgHo$ 60,000 nwÌ

60

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Ûmam ^ñ_ hmo J`oŸ& `h H${nb gm§»` àdÎm©H$ H${nb Ho$ d§eO hmo gH$Vo h¢Ÿ& BgZo AnZo nwÌ (41) Ag_ÄOg H$mo {ZîH$m{gV H$a nm¡Ì (42) A§e_w mZ H$mo amOm ~Zm`mŸ& dh AnZo nwÌ (43) {Xbrn H$mo amÁ` XoH$a dZ Mbm J`mŸ& {Xbrn nwÌ (44) ^JraW Zo {h_mb` Ho$ Ob H$mo J“m ê$n _| g_Vb _| àdm{hV {H$`mŸ& AV: J“m H mo ^mJraWr H$hVo h¢Ÿ& BZHo$ ~mX nwÌ (45) lwV VWm gå~ÝYr (46) Zm^mJ amOm hþ`oŸ& Zm^mJ nwÌ (47) Aå~arf (_mÝYmVm nwÌ go AbJ) Ho$ d§eOm| H$m amÁ` MbmŸ& 48. {gÝYw, 49.A`wVm`w, 50.F$VwnU©, 51.gd©H$m_, 52.gwXmg, 53,H$ë_f nmX (d{gð> nwÌ e{º$ Ho$ emn go BgH$m n¡a H$mbm hmo J`m Wm)Ÿ& 54.Aí_H$, 55.CéH$m_, 56._ybH$, 57.eVaW, 58. BS>{dS, 59. H¥$eH$_©, 60.gd©H$m_, 61.AZam`>, 62.{Z¿Z, 63.AZ{_Ì `m aKw-1, 64. XwbrSw>h, 65.{díd_hV, 66.{Xbrn, 67.aKw- `h H$m{bXmg Ho$ _hmH$mì` aKwde § Ho$ {d»`mV Zm`H$ h¢ {OZHo$ Zm_ na gy`©d§e H$mo aKwd§e ^r H$hm OmVm h¡Ÿ& BZHo$ AYrZ `o amÁ` Wo-gw÷, d§J, CËH$b, H$qbJ, X{jUmnW, nmÊS>ç, `dZ, nmagrH$, H$å~moO, nmd©Vr`-JU,H$m_ê$nŸ& aKw Ho$ ~mX-68.AO, 69.XeaW hþ`Ÿo & XeaW nwÌ (70) am_ (4433-4372 B©.ny.) Zo amdU H$m dY H$a gmd©^m¡_ amÁ` ñWm{nV {H$`m VWm AmMaU Am¡a emgZ H$s _`m©Xm ñWm{nV H$sŸ& CgHo$ ~mX 71.Hw$e, 72.A{V{W, 73.{ZfY, 74.Zb ({ZfY amO Zb go {^Þ), 75.Z^, 76. nwÊS>arH$, 77.jo_YÝdm, 78.XodmZrH$, 79.A{hZJw, 80.éé, 81.n[a`mÌ, 82.eb, 83.Xb, 84.~b, 85.CŠW, 86.ghòmíd, 87. MÝÐmdbmoH$, 88. VmamnrS>, 89.MÝÐ{J[a, 90.^mZwMÝÐ `m ^mZw{_Ì, 91. lwVm`w, 92.CbyH$, 93.CÞm^, 94.dO«Zm^, 95.e§IZ, 97.ì`w{fVmíd, 98. {haÊ`Zm^-`mkdëŠ` go `moJ {ejm boH$a CgH$m àgma {H$`mŸ& 99.H$m¡eë`, 100.~«{÷ð>, 101.nwwÌ, 102.nwÊ`, 103.AW©{g{Õ, 104.gwXe©Z, 105. A{¾dU©, 106.erK«J, 107._é, 108.àgwlwV, 109.gpÝY, 110.à_f©U, 111._hñdmZ², 112.ghñdmZ², 113.{díd^d, 114.{dídñd, 115.àgoZ{OV, 116.VjH$, 117.~¥hX²~b-`h 3138 B©.ny. Ho$ _hm^maV `wÕ _| A[^_Ý`w Ûmam _mam J`mŸ& BgH$m AmYma S>m° Hw$d§abmb O¡Z H$s nwñVH|$ h¢ -‘nwamUm| _| d§emZwH$« {_H$ H$mb-H«$_’ VWm ‘nwamUm| _| Eo{Vm{gH$ n[adV© -`wJ’-B{Vhmg {dÚm àH$meZ, {Xëbr, 1990Ÿ&

2 .Xoe-H$mb H$s _mn 61 MÝÐ d§e-A{Ì nwÌ (1) gmo_ Ho$ nwÌ ~wY Wo-gm¡_m`Zmo ~wY:-(VmÊS>ç _hm ~«m. 24/18/6Ÿ), VWm _hm^maV,CÚmoJ nd© (147/3)-gmo_: àOmn{V: nydª Hw$ê$Um§ d§edY©Z:Ÿ& 2.~wY H$m {ddmh Bim go hþAm-EoS>ríM dm B_m: àOm:(_¡Ìm`Ur g§. 1/5/10Ÿ)& Bim d¡dñdV _Zw H$s nwÌr WrŸ& ~wY -Bim H$m nwÌ (Eob) nwéadm g_«mQ> hþAmŸ& gmo_ `m MÝÐ H$m nm¡Ì hmoZo go `h MÝÐ-d§e H$hbm`mŸ& 3.nwéadm 4. Am`w Yr_mZ A_mdgw {dfm`w 5. Zhþf jÌd¥Õ aå^ a{O AZoZm `{V 6. ``m{V g§`m{V AÝ` 5.Zhþf Zo BÝÐ nX ^r YmaU {H$`m Wm O~ d¥Ì dY Ho$ ~mX ~«÷hË`m Ho$ H$maU BÝÐ H$mo AnZm nX N>mS‹o >Zm n‹S>m WmŸ& ~mX _| Zhþf H$mo ^r F${f emn go gn© ~ZZm n‹S>mŸ& Zhþf nwÌr é[M H$m {ddmh AnÝdmZ² F${f go hþAm Omo ^¥Jw Ho$ nwÌ WoŸ& ^¥Jw {haÊ`H${enw nwÌr {Xì`m AÝ` nwÌr nm¡bmo_r ewH« =CeZm `m H$mì` À`dZ + nËZr gwH$Ý`m Ëdï>m eÊS> _H© XYr{M AnÝdmZ+é{M {Ì{eam {dídê$n({dídH$_m©) $ F$MrH$+gË`dVr O_X{¾ naewam_ ~mB{~b _|-_Zw=Zyh, Am`w=a`w, Zhþf=ZhþaŸ& Zhþf H$m àW_ nwÌ `{V g§Ý`mgr hmo J`m AV: {ÛVr` nwÌ(6) ``m{V amOm hþAmŸ& CgH$r EH$ nËZr Xod`mZr ewH«$mMm`© H$s nwÌr Wr {Oggo `Xw, Vwd©gw- Xmo nwÌ hþ`oŸ& AÝ` nËZr AgwaamO d¥fndm© (d¥f=Taurus, nd©V=mountain , VwH$s© _|) H$s nwÌr e{_©ð>m Wr {Oggo 3 nwÌ hþ`-o Ðøw,AZw,nwéŸ& YmoIo go Xygam {ddmh H$aZo Ho$ H$maU ewH$« mMm`© Zo ``m{V H$mo ~wT‹ >mno H$m emn {X`mŸ& CZH$m ~wT‹ >mnm boZo Ho$ {b`o H${Zð> nwÌ nwé V¡`ma hþAm, AV: dhr amOm ~Zm Am¡a CgHo$ Zm_ na `h nwé d§e ^r H$hm OmVm h¡Ÿ& `Xw H$mo nyd-© CÎma ^mJ {_bm {OZgo {d»`mV `Xw d§e Mbm {Og_| ^JdmZ² H¥$îU CËnÞ hþ`Ÿo & npíM_ _| Ðwø,w CÎma _| AZw(`dZ), VWm X{jU nyd© _| Vwdg© w H$mo ^oOmŸ&

62 gm§»`-Xe©Z H$m d¡km{ZH$ AmYma 7. nwé, 8. OZ_oO`-3 Aíd_oY `kŸ& 9.àMrZdmZ² `m A{dÕŸ& 10.àdraŸ& 11. _Zñ`w `m Z_ñ`w-{gÝYw go nyd© g_wÐ VWm {h_mb` go {dÝÜ` VH$ amÁ`Ÿ& 12. A^`X `m gw^,y« 13.gwÝdÝV `m YwÝYw, 14.`dw`mZ `m ~hþ½d, 15.g§`m{V, 16.Ah§`{V, 17, am¡Ðmíd, 18. éMo`Ÿw - BgH$s 10 ~hZm| _| EH$ H$m {ddmh A{Ì go hþAm {OgH$m nwÌ ñdpñV Wm Ÿ& CgHo$ 3 nwÌ Wo- gmo_ (MÝÐ d§e Ho$ _yb go AÝ`), XÎm(XÎmmÌo`), VWm Xwdm©gmŸ& nwÌr Anmbm ^r F$½doX Ho$ _ÝÌm| H$s Ðï>m h¡Ÿ& 19. _{VZma, 20. AàVrW©-BgHo$ nwÌ F${f H$mÊd _oYm{V{W H$B© _ÝÌm| Ho$ Ðï>m WoŸ& BgH$s ~hZ Jm¡ar Ho$ nwÌ MH«$dÎmu _mÝYmVm WoŸ& 21. V§gw `m gw_{VŸ& 22. B©{bZ `m gwÚåw Z, 23. Xwî`ÝVŸ& BgH$s nËZr eHw$ÝVbm go (24) MH«$dÎmu ^aV hþ`o Omo H$m{bXmg Ho$ ZmQ>H$ A{^kmZ-emHw$ÝVb_² Ho$ Zm`H$ h¢Ÿ& BZHo$ g_H$mbrZ F${f Wo-F$MrH$, O_X{¾, {dídm{_Ì VWm ^aÛmOŸ& H$mer amO gd©gZo H$s H$Ý`m gwZÝXm go ^aV H$m ^y_Ý`w nwÌ CZHo$ ~mX amOm hþAmŸ& (25) ^y_Ý`w (^aÛmO Ûmam {Z`moJ go CËnÞ) (26) ~¥hËjÌ Za JJ© _hmdr`© (27)gwhmoÌ g§H¥${V {e{Z Céj` (28)hpñV JwédrV apÝVXod Ìæ`mé{U nwîH$[aZ² H${n 28. hpñV Ho$ Zm_ na hpñVZmnwa ZJa ~Zm VWm Bg amOYmZr Ho$ H$maU MrZ _| ^maV H$mo hpñV-amÁ` H$hm OmVm WmŸ& CgHo$ ~mX CgH$m nwÌ (29) {dHw$ÊR>Z amOm hþAm {OgHo$ VrZm| nwÌ-AO_r‹T>, nwé_r‹T>, {Û_r‹T>-~«m÷U hþ`Ÿo & {H$ÝVw ^aÛmO Ho$ AmXoe go Á`oð> nwÌ (30) AO_r‹T> Zo amÁ` {b`mŸ& `h {d»`mV amOm gy`d© e § r {ÌYÝdm H$m g_H$mbrZ WmŸ&BgHo$ ~mX gyMr AnyU© h¡, {H$ÝVw `o Zm_ {_bVo h¢-31.F$j-1, 32. Ah§`{V-H$mV©dr`© AO©Zw H$s ~hZ ^mZw_Vr go {ddmh, 33.gd©^m¡_, 34.O`ËgoZ,35.AdMrZ, 36.AY©, 37._hm^m¡_, 38.A`wVZ`r, 39.AH«$moYZ, 40.Xod{V{W, 41. A[ahŸ& dm`w nwamU Ho$ AZwgma gyMr h¡-AO_r‹T>, 31.F$j, 32.nar{jV, 33.OZ_oO`, 34.gwaW, 35.^r_goZ, 36.Oh²Zw, 37.gwaW, 38.{dXyaW, 39.gd©^m¡_, 40.O`ËgoZ, 41.Amam{YV `m AH«$moYZ, 42._hmgËd, 43.A`wVm`w, 44.AH«$moYZ, 45.Xod{V{W, 46.F$j, 47.{Xbrn, 48.àVrn, 49.emÝVZwŸ& _{VZma _mÝYmVm Ho$ gmW àm`: 7300 B©.ny. _| Wm VWm emÝVZw àm`: 3200 B©.ny. _| nmÊS>dm| Ho$ à{nVm_h Wo Ÿ& 4000 dfm] _| H$B©

2 .Xoe-H$mb H$s _mn 63 AÝ` amOm ^r hm|Jo {OZH$m Zm_ bwá h¡Ÿ& g§daU VWm CZHo$ nwÌ Hw$é H$m Zm_ ^r Bg gyMr _| Zht h¡, {OgHo$ Zm_ na `h Hw$é d§e H$hbmVm WmŸ& g§daU {H$gr nmÄMmb amOm go nam{OV hmoH$a {gÝYw VQ> na ahVm Wm Ohm§ CgH$m {ddmh {_Ì(gy`©) nwÌr VnVr go hþAmŸ& CZHo$ nwÌ Zo {\$a go gm_«mÁ` ñWm{nV {H$`mŸ& `hm§ go H$mbH«$_ {_bVm h¡Ÿ& g§daU-nËZr VnVr (4159-4071 B©.ny.) Hw$é-nËZr ew^m§Jr (4071-3999 B©.ny.) A{^ñdmZ² `m {MÌaW gwYÝdm(3999-3919 B©.ny.) Oh²Zw ^mJdV Ho$ AZwgma gwhmoÌ(3919-3826 B©.ny.) 9 amOm À`dZ(3826-3788 B©.ny.) H¥${_ `m H¥${V(3788-3751) nar{jV Cn[aMa dgw(3751-3709B©.ny.)(àVrn `m M¡Ú) OZ_oO` ~¥hÐW(3709-3637 B©.ny.)-amOYmZr {J[ad«O Hw$emJ«(3637-3567) ^r_goZ F$f^(3567-3497) gË`{hV(3497-3437) àVrn(3370-3310) nwÊ` `m nwîndÝV(3427-3394) emÝVZw(3310-3251) Xodm{n ~m‡rH$ gË`Y¥{V(3394-3351) J§Jm gË`dVr (npËZ`m§) gwYÝdm(3351-3308) {MÌm§JX(3248) {d{MÌdr`©(3238VH$) gd©(3308-3265) ^rî_(3238-3218) gå^d(3265-3222) nmÊSw>(3218-3213) OamgÝY (3222-3180) Y¥Vamï´>(3213-3174) ghXod(3180-3138) Xw`m}YZ(3174-3138) (_JY H$m ~mh©ÐW d§e) Y_©amO `w{Y{ð>a(3138-3102) (_hm^maV 1/95/74-82-àVrn go) AÝ` _w»` d§e-(1) {_{Wbm-BúdmHw$ Ho$ 10d| nwÌ {Z{_ go Amaå^ hþAm & d{gð> Am¡a {Z{_ Zo EH$ Xygao H$mo {dXoh(eara-a{hV) hmoZo H$m emn {X`mŸ& CZHo$ eara _ÝWZ go CËnÞ nwÌ {_{W H$hm J`mŸ& AV: Bg joÌ H$mo {_{Wbm

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82

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3.doXm§J Am¡a gm§»` 85 AV: ~«÷ doX Ho$ 4 nmX-F$H²$, `Ow:, gm_, AWd©Ÿ& ~«m÷U(~«÷ H$m {ddÎm©)-_ÝÌ, ~«m÷U, AmaÊ`H$, Cn{ZfX²Ÿ& eãX ê$n _| doX F${f`m| Ûmam {Z{_©V hmoZo na ^r ~«m÷U Ûmam Anm¡éfo` hmoVo h¢ 1.{d{^Þ F${f`m| Ûmam AbJ àg§Jm| _| ì`döV eãXm| H$m ~«m÷U J«ÝWm| Ûmam EH$sH¥$V AW© {H$`m OmVm h¡ , {Oggo ì`{º$JV é{M, ^yb, àd¥{Îm Xya hmoVr h¡Ÿ& 2._ÝÌ {dMma Ho$ IÊS> `m H$U h¢, Bg Ñ{ï> go do nyU© Zht h¢Ÿ& 3 àH$ma Ho$ ~«m÷U J«ÝWm| Ûmam do nyU© hmoVo h¢-~«m÷U J«ÝW Ûmam H$_©(^m¡{VH$ {H«$`m) H$s ì`m»`m, AmaÊ`H$ Ûmam ^{º$(H$_©+kmZ)& {díd Ho$ H$mb-MH«$ Ho$ AZwgma h_ H$m`© H$aVo h¢Ÿ& Cn{ZfX Ûmam kmZ ({gÕmÝV) H$s ì`m»`m hmoVr h¡Ÿ& 2.Xe©Z H$m H$m`©,^oX-AbJ AbJ àg§Jm| H$s nyU© ì`m»`m ~«m÷U J«ÝWm| Ho$ Ûmam h¡Ÿ& gånyU© H$s EH$ gmW ì`m»`m Xe©Z h¡Ÿ& doX H$mo lw{V H$hVo h¢Ÿ& ldm H$m AW© gab aoIm `m {Xem h¡-{H$gr {Xem _| kmZ nmZm lw{V h¡Ÿ& g^r {XemAm| H$m gm_mÝ` kmZ Xe©Z h¡Ÿ& doX H$o {H$gr gyº$ H$m {Z_m©U ^r Xe©Z h¡-F${f _ÝÌ H$m Ðï>m h¡Ÿ& Xe©Z H$s Xmo Ymam`| h¢-AmpñVH$(doX `m ^JdmZ _| {dídmg H$aZo dmbm), VWm ZmpñVH$ (doX H$mo à_mU Zht _mZZodmbm)& `h n[a^mfm ^«m_H$ h¡ , Š`m|{H$ H$m¡Ëg Ho$ AZwgma doX Ho$ eãXm| H$m H$moB© {ZpíMV AW© Zht h¡-CZHo$ AW© ^«m_H$ `m {dnarV h¡, AV: CZH$m {ZîH$f© ~oH$ma h¡Ÿ& na `mñH$ Ho$ AZwgma doX Ho$ eãXm| H$m Zht , ì`m»`m H$aZo dmbo H$m Xmof h¡-`{X EH$ AÝYm Iå^o go Q>H$amVm h¡ , Vmo Cg_| Iå^o H$m Xmof Zht h¡ŸA{dñnï>mW©ÎdmV², AZW©H$ÎdmV², {dà{V{fÕmW©H$ÎdmÀM, {d{Y_ÝÌ`mod}XmW© àË``m` emómaå^mo {ZaW©H$:(H$m¡Ëg-1/15)Ÿ& Z øof ñWmUmoanamYm o `XoZ_ÝYmo Z ní`{V, nwéfmnamY: g ^d{V(`mñH$ H$m {Zéº$ 1/16) na `mñH$ Zo ^r d¡H$pënH$ AW© ñdrH$ma {H$`m h¡A{n dm C^`{dYm: ñ`w: (7/8/7)Ÿ& A{n dm nwéf {dÚmZm_od gVm§ H$å_m©Ë_mZ EVo ñ`w:,`Wm `kmo `O_mZñ`(7/8/8)& Ì`r (3 doX VWm _yb AWd©) _| g~H$m _yb ApñV `m A_¥V H$hm J`m h¡ , Š`m|{H$ BgH$m Zme Zht hmoVmAW gdm©{U ^yVm{Z næ`£jV²Ÿ& g Ìæ`m_od {dÚm`m§ gdm©{U ^yVmÝ`ní`V²Ÿ& AÌ {h gd}fm§ N>ÝXgm_mË_m, gd}fm§ ñVmo_mZm§, gd}fm§ n«mUmZm§, gd}fm§ XodmZm_²Ÿ&

86 gm§»`-Xe©Z H$m d¡km{ZH$ AmYma EVÛm ‘ApñV’Ÿ& EV{Õ ‘A_¥V_²Ÿ’& `{Õ ‘A_¥V_²’, V{Õ ‘ApñV’Ÿ& EVXwVV², `V²- ‘_Ë`©_Ÿ² ’& (eVnW ~«m.10/4/2/21) àOmn{V ñdodXo § gdª `{XX§ {H$ÄM (eV.6/4/2/5) `ñ_mÞ OmV: namo AÝ`mo ApñV ` Am{ddoe ^wdZm{Z {dídmŸ& àOmn{V: àO`m g§aamUór{U Á`moVt{f gMVo g fmoS>er (dm.`Ow.8/36) A_¥V Ho$ A{V[aº$ AÝ` ^mJ _Ë`© h¡-`h g_má hmoVm h¡ , AV: ‘ZmpñV’ h¡Ÿ& àOmn{V hr g~H$mo CËnÞ H$aVm h¡Ÿ& ñWm`r gd©ì`mnr VÎd ag h¡, Cg_| j{UH$ H$ånZ ~b h¡Ÿ& ag Ho$ 3 VÎd h¢-_Z(MoVZm H$m H$ånZ), àmU (e{º$), dmH²$({H«$`m `m CgH$m joÌ)Ÿ& ~b Ho$ H$maU {díd aMZm Ho$ ^r 3 VÎd h¢-ê$n (AmH$ma), H$_©, Zm_Ÿ& BZH$o AmYma na 3-3 Xe©Z h¢àOmn{V AmË_m {díd (ag, A_¥V, ApñV) (~b, _Ë`©, ZmpñV) 1.emaraH$-_Z ê$n-O¡Z `m Amh©V² 2.àmYm{ZH$-àmU H$_©-~m¡Õ 3.d¡e{o fH$-dmH²$ Zm_-Mmdm©H$ 3.XedmX-XodVmAm| Ho$ nyd© gmÜ`-`wJ Wm Omo `k `m CËnmXZ {dkmZ H$mo hr _w»` _mZH$a Cgr H$s CnmgZm H$aVo Wo`koZ `k_O`ÝV XodmñVm{Z Y_m©{U àW_mÝ`mgZ²Ÿ& Vo h ZmH§$ _{h_mZ: gMÝV `Ì nyd} gmÜ`m: gpÝV Xodm:Ÿ& (nwéf gyº$-16,F$H²$ 1/164/50, 10/90/16, dm.`Ow.31/16, Am{X) `h `wJ AmÚ `wJ Ho$ nyd© _{UOm gä`Vm H$m H$mb WmŸ(`wJ-MH«$, n¥ð> 49)& gmÜ`m| _| ~«÷m CËnÞ hþ`Ÿo & `k Ho$ AmYma na {díd CËn{Îm Ho$ 10 H$maU _mZo J`o {OZH$m CëboI ZmgXr` gyº$ (F$H²$.10/129/1-7, V¡{Îmar` ~«m÷U 2/8/9/3-9) _| h¡ VWm 10 àH$ma Ho$ Xe©Z hþ`-o ZmgXmgrÞmo gXmgrV² VXmZt ZmgrÐOmo Zmo ì`mo_m namo `V²Ÿ& {H$_mdard: Hw$h H$ñ` e_©Þå^: {H$_mgrX²JZ§ J^ra_²Ÿ&1Ÿ& Z _¥Ë`wamgX_¥V§ Z V{h© Z amÍ`m A• AmgrV² àHo$V:Ÿ& AmZrXdmV§ ñdY`m VXoH$§ Vñ_mÕmÝ`Þ na: qH$ M ZmgŸ&2Ÿ&

3.doXm§J Am¡a gm§»` 87 V_ AmgrV² V_gm Jyùh_J«o@àHo$V§ g{bb§ gd©_m BX_²Ÿ& VwÀNçoZmäd {n{hV§ `XmgrV² VngñVÝ_{hZmOm`V¡H$_²Ÿ&3Ÿ& H$m_ñVXJ«o g_dV©Vm{Y _Zgmo aoV: àW_§ `XmgrV²Ÿ& gVmo ~ÝYw_g{V {Za{dÝXZ² ö{X àVrî`m H$d`mo _ZrfmŸ&4Ÿ& {VaíMrZmo {dVVmo apí_aofm_Y: pñdXmgr3Xwn[a pñdXmgr3V²Ÿ& aoVmoYm AmgZ² _{h_mZ AmgZ² ËñdYm AdñVmV² à`{V: nañVmV²Ÿ&5Ÿ& H$mo AÕm doX H$ Bh à dmoMV² Hw$V AOmVm Hw$V B`§ {dg¥{ï>:Ÿ& Adm©½Xodm Añ` {dgO©ZoZm@Wm H$mo doX `V Am~^ydŸ&6Ÿ& B`§ {dg¥{ï>`V© Am~^yd `{X dm XYo `{X dm ZŸ& `mo Añ`mÜ`j: na_o ì`mo_Z² Ëgmo A“ `{X dm Z doXŸ&7Ÿ& BZHo$ AmYma na n§. _YwgXy Z AmoPm Zo XedmX-ahñ` VWm g^r dmXm| na AbJ AbJ nwñVH|$ {bItŸ& {dkmZ H$s n¥ð>^{y _ ê$n _| B{Vd¥ÎmdmX (g¥{ï> H$m dmñV{dH$ H«$_) VWm {ZîH$f© ê$n _| {gÕmÝV dmX {_bmH$a AhmoamÌdmX J«ÝW Ho$ AÝV _| 12 dmXm| H$s JUZm H$s h¡B{Vd¥Îm§ gXgX² dm aOmo {d`X² dmna§ VWmdaU_²Ÿ& Aå^mo@_¥V_¥Ë`y dm@hmoamÌmo X¡dg§e`mo ~«÷Ÿ&& EVo ÛmXe dmXm: emóo@pñ_Z² ~«÷{dkmZoŸ& 1.B{Vd¥ÎmdmX, 2.gXgÛmX, 3.aOmodmX, 4.ì`mo_dmX, 5.AnadmX, 6.AmdaU dmX, 7.Aå^modmX, 8.A_¥V-_¥Ë`wdmX, 9.AhmoamÌdmX, 10.X¡ddmX, 11. g§e`dmX, 12.{gÕmÝVdmXŸ& n§. _moVrbmb emór, dmgwXod eaU AJ«dmb, n§. {J[aYa e_m© Am{X Ho$ gmam§em| Ho$ AZwgma 10 dmXm| H$m g§{já n[aM` Bg àH$ma h¡1.gXgÛmX-gV² H$m AW© h¡ XrIZodmbm `m AZw^d hmoZo bm`H$Ÿ& AZw^d gr_m Ho$ nao AgV² h¡-A{V gyú_, {ZamH$ma , A{VXya, àH$me hrZ Am{XŸ& AWd©dXo Ho$ ñH$å^-gyº$ (10/7/21-25) _| BZH$mo gV² Am¡a AgV² emIm H$hm J`m h¡Ÿ& eVnW ~«m.(6/1/1/1) Ho$ AZwgma g¥pîQ> H$m _yb F${f AgV² àmU h¡Ÿ& V¡{Îmar` Cn.(2/7/1) _| ^r-AgÛm BX_J« AmgrV²Ÿ& VVmo gXOm`VŸ& _Zwñ_¥{V(3/201) _| AgV² F${f go g¥{ï> H«$_ h¡-F${fä`: {nVamo OmVm: {nV¥ä`mo XodXmZdm:Ÿ& Xodoä`íM OJËgdª Ma§ ñWÊdZwnyd©e:Ÿ&&

88 gm§»`-Xe©Z H$m d¡km{ZH$ AmYma `hr _V F$H²$(1/9/5) _| h¡-Ag{XÎmo {d^w à^w:Ÿ& F$H²$ 9/8/86,10/ 72/3/V¡.~«m.2/2/9 _| ^r h¡Ÿ& EH$ AÝ` {dMma h¡ {H$ gV² H$s CËn{Îm AgV² go Zht hmo gH$Vr, _yb ^r gV² hmoZm Mm{h`o-gVmo Aä`m gÁOOmZ(V¡{Îmar` g§.4/6/2/3)F$H²$ 1/96/ 7,8/101/11,9/31/6,9/86/5,10/53/1, V¡{Îmar` C.(2/6) ^rŸ g¥{ï> _| n[adV©Z Am¡a pñWaVm XmoZm| XrIVo h¢, AV: gV²-AgV² `w½_ _yb h¡gVíM `mo{Z_gVíM {díd: (dm.`Ow. 13/3)Ÿ& eVnW10/4/1 _| ^rŸ& gXgÛmX J«ÝW H$s ^y{_H$m _| n§. _YwgXy Z AmoPm Zo BZ 3 dmXm| Ho$ 7 àH$ma Ho$ {d_em] Ûmam 21 ^oX ~Vm`o h¢ ,Omo g^r Xe©Zm| H$m _yb h¡{d_e© gV²/AgV²/gXgV²-dmX _V 1.àË`` {ZË`{dkmZmÛ¡V ~«m÷U j[UH${dkmZmÛ¡V l_UH$ AmZÝX{dkmZmÛ¡V d¡km{ZH$ 2.àH¥${V H$å_m©Û¡V d¡Zm{eH$ ~«÷mÛ¡V A{dZm{eH$ Û¡VmÛ¡V d¡Zm{eH$dmX{dZm{e 3.VmXmËå` {^Þm{^ÞËd Yå_m©Yå_u ag-~b H$m A^oX ~bgmaËd ~b H$s àYmZVm aggmaËd agàmYmÝ` 4.A{^H$m`© AgËH$m`©dmX d¡e{o fH$ gËH$m`©dmX àmYm{ZH$ {_Ï`mH$m`©dmX emaraH$ 5.JwU AgÝ_ybmg¥{ï> àmU_ybH$g¥{ï> gÝ_ybmg¥{ï> dmL²>_ybH$g¥{ï> gXgX¡H$mËå`_ybmg¥{ï> _Zmo_by H$g¥{ï> 6.gm_ÄOñ` àmJ^mdg_wpÀMVH$maUdmX A^mdnydH© $^mdmoËn{Îm gå^y{V{dZmedmX CËn{Îm{dZmeàdmh {dÚm-A{dÚmdmX gd©OJX^mdmË_H$^md_ybH$g¥{ï> 7.Aja gm¡JV g¥{ï>~rOñ`mjañ`mì`º$~bê$nËd

3.doXm§J Am¡a gm§»` 89 (7.Aja) H${nb g¥{ï>~rOñ`mjañ`O‹S>àYmZê$nËd ~mXam`U g¥{ï>~rOñ`mjañ`MoVZnwéfê$nËd 2.aOmodmX-aO H$m AW© Yy{b H$U,J{V,YZ Am{X h¡Ÿ& g^r bmoH$(AH$meJ§Jm, Vmam, `m J«h) Yy{b H$Um| Ho$ g_mZ AmH$me _| {dMaU H$a aho h¢Ÿ, AV: CÝh| ^r aO H$hm J`m h¡-aOm§{g d¡ bmoH$m:(dm.`Ow.11/6, eVnW ~«m.6/3/1/18)Ÿ& J{V Ûmam hr g§gma H$r aMZm hþ`r h¡Ÿ& àH¥${V Ho$ 3 JwUm| _| gËd kmZ h¡, V_moJwU O‹S> h¡, Ho$db {H«$`merb aOmoJU w Ûmam hr g¥{ï> hmo gH$Vr h¡Ÿ& aOmodmX Ho$ g_W©H$ dmŠ`-`: nm{W©dm{Z [d__o g EVemo aOm§{g Xod: g{dVm _{hËdZm (F$H²$.5/ 81/3)Ÿ& VrZ YmVw-AH©$póYmVw aOgmo {d_mZ:(F$H²$.3/26/7) {ddV}Vo aOgr (F$H²$.6/9/1)Ÿ& AÝ` h¢-F$H²$(1/164/6,14;1/35/ 2,9; 10/32/2), eVnW ~«m.(6/3/18)Ÿ& 3.ì`mo_dmX-gyú_ AmH$me hr g¥{ï> H$m _yb h¡Ÿ& ì`mo_ H$m AW© Á`mo{Vf _| eyÝ` hmoVm h¡Ÿ& na_ ì`mo_ g¥pîQ> H$m _yb ê$n `m Aja h¡-F$Mmo Ajao na_o ì`mo_Z² (F$H²$.1/164/39)Ÿ& BgHo$ ghò ê$n ~ZVo h¢-ghòmjam na_o ì`mo_Z² (F$H²$.1/164/41)Ÿ& `h AmYma h¡-na_o ì`mo_Þ AmYma`ÐmoXgr gwX§gm: (F$H²$.1/62/7)Ÿ& AÝ`-F$H²$(1/143/2; 10/129/7;6/8/2) 4.AnadmX-na H$m AW© h¡ AmË_m , Am¡a Ana àH¥${V h¡Ÿ& BZ XmoZm| go CËnÞ hmoZo Ho$ H$maU Bgo na-Ana dmX ^r H$hVo h¢Ÿ& ^m¡{VH$ OJV² àmH¥${VH$ h¡, AV: BgH$m CX²J_ ^r àH¥${V go hr h¡Ÿ& àH¥${V H$mo ñd^md, {Z`{V(n[aUm_ dmX), `ÑÀN>m(AmH$pñ_H$) ^r H$hVo h¢Ÿ& àH¥${V Ho$ _hmZ, Ah§H$ma Am{X ê$nm| go g¥{ï> H$m dU©Z gm§»` H$m {df` h¡Ÿ& Añ`-dm_r` gyº$ (F$H²$.1/164/17-19) _| na-Ada Ûmam g¥{ï> H$m dU©Z h¡Ÿ& AÝ`-H¥$Umo{V nyd_© na§ eMr{^:(F$H²$.6/ 47/15)Ÿ& H$m`©-H$maU H$m A^oX eVnW ~«m.(6/1/2/27) _| g_Pm`m h¡-C^`§ h¡VX²^d{V-{nVm M nwÌíMŸ& àOmn{VíMm{¾íM, A{¾íM àOmn{VíM, àOmn{VíM XodmíM, XodmíM àOmn{VíMŸ& AÝ`-F$H²$.(10/18/5),(8/ 27/14) Am{XŸ& 5.AmdaUdmX-AmdaU H$m AW© h¡ nXmW© H$m ~mø ê$nŸ& AmdaU H$mo d`wZ H hm J`m h¡Ÿ& {d{^Þ VÎdm| Ho$ nañna {_bZ H$mo d`Z(dó ~wZZm) H$hVo h¢-d`m§{g VX² ì`mH$aU§ {d[M̧ _Zw_Z© rfm _ZwOmo {Zdmg:-^mJdV nw.w (2/1/36)

90 gm§»`-Xe©Z H$m d¡km{ZH$ AmYma d`wZ `m AmdaU N>ÝX h¡-`h Xoe-H$mb H$s _mn h¡; Bgo AÜ`m` 2 _| g_Pm`m J`m h¡Ÿ&AmdaU go T>§H$m nXmW© d`moZmY h¡, VWm Cgo ~mÝYZo dmbm àmU d` h¡ (eVnW ~«m.8/2/2/8)Ÿ& AV: d` H$m AW© Am`w ^r h¡Ÿ& AmdaU `m N>ÝX _m`m h¡-Bggo ^rVar nXmW© {N>n OmVm h¡, AV: _m`m H$m AW© ^«_ h¡Ÿ& _m`m go g¥{ï> hmoZo go `h _mVm h¡Ÿ& AmdaU H$mo M_© `m e_©(eVnW.3/2/1/8) ^r H$hm J`m h¡& _m`m ê$nr V_ go g¥{ï>-V_ AgrÎm_gmJyùh_J«o(F$H²$10/129) AÝ`-F$H²$-(1/143/6;1/55/8;2/87/4;9/74/2), _Zwñ_¥{V (1/51)-Amgr{XX§ V_mo^yV_àkmV_bjU_²Ÿ& AàVŠ`©_{ZXo©í`§ àgwá{_d gd©V:Ÿ& 6.Aå^modmX-g¥{ï> H$m _yb nXmW© g_ê$n hmoZo go ag(V¡{Îmar` Cn.2/7/2) `m An² H$hm J`m h¡Ÿ& Bg_| H$ånZ hmoZo go `h Aå^ h¡, Cg_| bha AmZo go g{bb, CËnÞ nXmW© Ðßg(drops) `m ~wb~wbm h¡Ÿ& _yb go {ZH$bZo Ho$ H$maU `h ñH$ÝX `m À`wV h¡Ÿ& An² H$m {dñVma g_wÐ h¡, {OgHo$ ê$n Z^ñdmZ², gañdmZ², AU©d VWm CZH$m Am{XË`(Am{X H$aZodmbm) àmU A`©_m, déU, {_Ì VrZ Ym_m|ñd`å^y, na_oð>r, gm¡a _ÊS>b-_| h¢Ÿ& g_wX« O¡gm {dñVma _mVm H$m J^© h¡, Cg_| {Z_m©U H$m Ho$ÝÐ {nVm h¡Ÿ& Amnmo {h ð>m _`mo ^wd:(F$H²$.10/9/1,dm. `Ow.11/50, 36/14), à gwd Amnmo _{h_m_wÎm__²(F$H²$.10/75/1)Ÿ& AÝ`-F$H²$.6/50/7; 1/100/1; eVnW 11/1/6/1; 1/1/1/14; 6/1/1/8; 10/5/4/15; 10/5/4/14; 4/5/2/14Ÿ& 7.A_¥V-_¥Ë`wdmX-ag ê$n ñWm`r `m A_¥V h¡; Cggo CËnÞ g¥{ï> j{UH$ `m _¥Ë`w h¡Ÿ& A_¥V ag Ho$ g_wÐ go _wº$ hmoZo go `h _wÀ`w h¡, {Ogo namoj _| _¥Ë`w H$hm J`m h¡ (JmonW ~«m.ny.1/7)Ÿ& g^r g¥ï> nXmW© ja `m _¥Ë`w VWm _yb òmoV A_¥V h¡-nmXmo@ñd {dídm ^yVm{Z {ÌnmXñ`m_¥V§ [X{d(nwéf gyº$ 3)Ÿ& gV² ^md _¥Ë`w h¡; AgV² A^md {H$ÝVw A_¥V h¡Ÿ& XmoZm| gmW-gmW ahVo h¢-AÝVa§ _¥Ë`moa_¥V§ _¥Ë`md_¥Vm_{hV_²(eVnW 10/5/2/4)Ÿ& {Zdoe`Þ_¥V§ _Ë`©ÄM (dm.`Ow. 34/31)Ÿ& AÝ`-F$H²$1/83/5; 3/1/14; eV.(10/1/4/1) 8.AhmoamÌdmX-_yb Aì`º$ go ì`º$ H$s g¥{ï> ~«÷m H$m {XZ VWm CgH$m nwZ: Aì`º$ _| brZ hmoZm am{Ì h¡-Aì`º$mX² ì`º$`: gd} à^dÝË`hamJ_oŸ&amÍ`mJ_o àbr`ÝVo VÌ¡dmì`º$ g§kH$o(JrVm8/18Ÿ)Ÿ& {d{^Þ àH$ma Ho$ {Z_m©U MH«$ hr

3.doXm§J Am¡a gm§»` 91 H$mb H$s _mn h¢Ÿ& AWd© g§.(19/53,54) Ho$ Xmo gyº m| _| H$mb H$m {dñVma go dU©Z h¡Ÿ& {Z_m©U {H«$`m H$mo gå^y{V, gÄMa VWm b` H$mo Agå^y{V, à{VgÄMa Am{X ^r H$hVo h¢Ÿ& BZH$m MH«$ Xe©-nyU_© mg `k h¡-Xe© (A_mdmñ`m) go ny{U©_m VH$ MÝÐ Ho$ àH$m{eV ^mJ H$m {dñVma {Z_m©U VWm {dnarV H«$_ b` h¡Ÿ& `k _| Ap½Z(gr_m _| KZr^yV) VWm gmo_({dH$sU© nXmW©) H$m {_bZ hmoVm h¡Ÿ&A{¾ _| [dñVma H$s àd¥{Îm A§{Jam VWm gmo_ Ho$ g§H$moM H$s àd¥{Îm ^¥Jw h¡Ÿ& 9.XoddmX-àmU e{º$ Ho$ ñVa XodVm h¢, CZH$m Aì`º$ A{Z`{_V {dñVma Agwa h¡Ÿ& àmU H$m KZr^yV Ho$ÝÐ gy`© h¡-CgHo$ gm_ `m à^md-joÌ _| COm© Ho$ 33 ñVa 33 XodVm h¢(AÜ`m` 2)Ÿ& à{V Xod-joÌ _| 3 àH$ma Ho$ Agwa h¢-AWm©V² 99 AgwaŸ& XodVmAm| go hr g¥{ï> hmoVr h¡, Agwam| go ZhtŸ& AV: g¥ï> {díd 4 nmX _| 1 nmX h¡-F${fä`: {nVamo OmVm: {nV¥ä`mo Xod-XmZdm:Ÿ& Xodäo `íM OJËgdª Ma§ ñWmÊdZwnyd©e:Ÿ&(_Zwñ_¥{V 3/201) nmXmo@ñ` {dídm ^yVm{Z {ÌnmXñ`m_¥V§ {X{d(nwéf gyº$ 3) 10.g§e`dmX-H$B© àH$ma Ho$ dU©Zm| Ho$ H$maU g§gma Ho$ dmñV{dH$ ê$n Ho$ ~mao _| gÝXoh ahVm h¡Ÿ& BgH$m {ZíM` Zht {H$`m Om gH$Vm, Š`m|{H$ Cg g_` Xod ^r CËnÞ Zht hþ`o WoŸ&(ZmgXr` gyº y $ 6,7) VH©$ H$s gr_m Ho$ nma OmZo Ho$ H$maU ^r g§e` ahVm h¡-A{MÝË`m: Ibw `o ^mdm Z Vm±ñVH}$U gmY`oVŸ² & àH¥${Vä`: na§ `ñVw VX{MÝË`ñ` bjU_²Ÿ&(_hm^maV^rî_.5/12, dm`wnaw mU) BZHo$ A{V[aº$ AmYma ê$n ({dkmZ-) B{Vd¥ÎmdmX Ho$ AZwgma {dkmZ Ûmam hr {díd Ho$ {Z_m©U H$m H«$_ {ZYm©[aV hmoVm h¡Ÿ& _Zwî` ^r `k-{dkmZ Ûmam Hw$N> ^r ~Zm gH$Vm h¡Ÿ&{dídm{_Ì Ûmam ~«÷m go ñdVÝÌ g¥{ï> H$m dU©Z nwamUm| _| AmVm h¡Ÿ& Ah§ Vm {díd§ MH$a_² (F$H²$4/42/6) AÝ`-F$H²$ 10/49/1,9; 10/ 48/1,4; 10/19/2; 10/184/3; 4/26/1 Am{X h¢Ÿ& BZ g^r {gÕmÝVm| H$m g_Ýd` ~«÷-{gÕmÝV _| h¡Ÿ& Bg H$m {dñVma go n§. _YwgXy Z AmoPm Zo ~«÷-{gÕmÝV _| dU©Z {H$`m h¡ ,{OgH$s n§.{J[aYa e_m© MVwdX} r Ûmam g§ñH¥$V ì`m»`m hþ`r VWm CgH$m {hÝXr AZwdmX CZHo$ nwÌ XodrXÎm MVwdX} r Zo [H$`m h¡ (amOñWmZ n{ÌH$m àH$meZ)Ÿ& BgHo$ AZwgma ~«÷ hr {díd H$m _yb òmoV, AmYma, CnH$aU, {Z_m©Vm g~ Hw$N> h¡Ÿ& CgHo$ 6 ñVa Ho$ {ddÎm© _m`m Ûmam hmoVo h¢Ÿ& CgHo$ 4 nmX h¡-namËna, Aì``, Aja, jaŸ&

92

gm§»`-Xe©Z H$m d¡km{ZH$ AmYma 4.Xg Am`m_m| Ho$ 6 Xe©Z-{díd Ho$ 10 Am`m_m| H$o H$maU Xe(10), Xem(pñW{V), {Xem Am{X g_ê$n eãX hþ`o h¢Ÿ& {H$gr pñW{V Ho$ EH$ {Xem _| _mn H$mo Am`m_ H$hVo h¢Ÿ&10 Am`m_m| H$m _yb h¡-3 {H«$`mË_H$ bmoH$ VWm 7 g§aMZmË_H$ bmoH$Ÿ& `m, AmH$me Ho$ 3 Am`m_ VWm 7 F${f `m 7 àmUm| Ho$ 7 Am`m_Ÿ& `m 5-5 Am`m_ 2 àH$ma Ho$ h¢-(1) gVV VWm H$U g_yh, (2) AZÝV a¡{IH$ `m gr{_V Jmobr` `m ~obZmH$maŸ& BZH$m ê$n h¡5 gVV 1.aoIm(J{V {Xem) `m AZÝV 2.n¥ð>(gVh) AmH$me Ho$ 3 Am`m_ 3.Am`VZ(ñVmo_,Am`w) 4.nXmW©-MVw_I w© ~«÷m-gmnojdmX _| AmH$me-H$mb H$m n[aUm_ 5.H$mb-nÄM_wI {ed-_hmH$mb ñdê$nŸ& 5 gr{_V 6.MoVZm -Omo M`Z `m {M{V H$ao-MoVZ nwéf-fð> Am`m_ `m H$U- 7.F${f(=añgr,AgV² àmU H$s ~b-aoIm)-gá_ Am`m_ g_yh 8.ZmJ(d¥Ì)-ñWmZr` KyUZ© -~b,AZÝV D$Om© H$mo gr{_V H$aoŸ& 9.aÝY«(ZÝX)-{N>Ð-Ag_ KZËd Ho$ H$maU {Z_m©U 10.AmZÝX(ag)-g¥pîQ> H$m _yb ê$n,nXmW©/D$Om© ñVa Ho$ AZwgma KZËd _| AÝVaŸ& AmYw{ZH$ ^m¡{VH$ {dkmZ _| H$mb-AmH$me Ho$ 4 Am`m_m| Ûmam hr nXmW© H$s CËn{Îm _mZr J`r h¡ , {H$ÝVw _mn H$s _yb BH$mB`m§ 5 hr h¢-AV: ^m¡{VH$ {dkmZ H$m `mpÝÌH$-g§gma 5 Am`m_r h¡Ÿ& CgHo$ ~mX Ho$ 5 Am`m_ MoVZm Ho$ 5 ñVa h¢Ho$db ^m¡{VH$ Am`m_m| Ûmam aMZm {~Ia OmVr h¡ (Cî_m-J{VH$s H$m {ÛVr` {Z`_), Cgo g§J{R>V H$aZo Ho$ {b`o MoVZm Oê$ar h¡Ÿ& H$_ go H$_ 5 Am`m_mo§ Ûmam `mpÝÌH$ {díd H$m nyU© dU©Z hmoVm h¡, nwéf Ho$ AÝ` ê$nm| H$m dU©Z AJbo 5 Am`m_m| H$mo H«$_e: {_bmZo go hmoVm h¡Ÿ& nwéf Ho$ 6 Am`m_m| H$mo H$maU 6 Xe©Z VWm 6 Xe©-dmH²$({b{n) hmoVr h¡ŸfQ²> nX§ VyîUt e§g§ e§g{V, fS²>{dYmo d¡ nwéf: fS>“ AmË_mZ_od fS>“§ {dH$amo{V (EoVao` ~«m.10/39) EH$ {ZamH$ma go 6 Ñí` bmoH$ (gË` go AÝ` 6 bmoH$) `m EH$ _yb F${f go 6 AÝ` F${f OmoS‹ >o _| CËnÞ hmoVo h¢-

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94 gm§»`-Xe©Z H$m d¡km{ZH$ AmYma H$m AZwgaU {H$`m, AV: CZH$m Zm_ Jm¡V_ hþAmŸ& _Zwî`m| Ho$ 4 ñVa Ho$ H$maU BgH r 4 emIm`| h¢-(H$)_mÜ`{_H$-{díd H$m nyU© `moJ eyÝ` h¡ (eyÝ`dmX)Ÿ& (I) {dkmZmpñV-~w{Õ Ûmam {díd H$m {Z_m©U hþAmŸ& gyÌm| na AmYm[aV hmoZo go gm¡ÌmpÝVH$ ^r H$hm OmVm h¡Ÿ& (J) `moJmMma-~mhar {díd _Z H$s H$ënZm _mÌ h¡Ÿ& _Z H$o {Z`ÝÌU Ho$ H$maU Bgo `moJmMma H$hVo h¢Ÿ& (K) d¡^m{fH$-{d^mfm ({dH$ën) go ^rVar-~mhar XmoZm| {díd H$s gÎmmŸ& 3.O¡Z `m ñ`mÛmX-~m¡Õ Xe©Z Ho$ 4 AmYma {ZUm©`H$ Zht h¢Ÿ& 6 Xe©Zm| H$s AnyUV© m Xya H$aZo Ho$ {b`o O¡Z _V _| gÎmm Ho$ 7 {dH$ënm| H$s H$ënZm H$s J`r h¡Ÿ& g^r {dH$ën OmZZo go nyU©Vm AmVr h¡, AV: Bgo gd©k `m Amh©V² H$hVo h¢Ÿ& 4.d¡e{o fH$-9 àH$ma Ho$ Ðì`m| Ho$ H$Um| Ho$ g§`moJ go ~Zo ja {díd _| Ðì`m| go Hw$N> {deof JwU ^r CËnÞ hmoVm h¡ Omo Ad`dm| _| Zht WmŸ& AV: Bgo d¡eo{fH$ H$hm OmVm h¡Ÿ& {díd H$Um| Ho$ ^moOZ(AX) go ~Zm h¡; `h {dMma XoZo dmbo Xme©{ZH$ H$mo H$UmX H$hm J`mŸ& 5.àmYm{ZH$ `m gm§»`-àYmZ `m _yb àH¥${V go CËn{Îm VWm h a dJ© Ho$ VÎdm§o H$r g§»`m H$s JUZm H$aZo Ho$ H$maU Bgo àmYm{ZH$ `m gm§»` H$hVo h¢Ÿ& `h 4 àH$ma H$m h¡(H$) Amf© àmYm{ZH$-gm§»`-`h H${nb Ho$ VÎd-g_mg VWm gm§»` gyÌ na AmYm[aV h¡Ÿ& `h Ho$db àH¥${V H$m dJuH$aU ~VmVm h¡, B©ída Ho$ ~mao _| Zht; AV: Bgo {Zarída gm§»` ^r H$hVo h¢Ÿ& (I) `moJ àmYm{ZH$-AmpË_H$ CÞ{V Ho$ {b`o Bg_| gm§»` VWm AÝ` kmZ H$m Cn`moJ h¡Ÿ& à{UYmZ(g_n©U) Ho$ {b`o Bg_| B©ída H$mo bú` _mZm J`m h¡Ÿ& (J) amO àmYm{ZH$-AmJ_ `m VÝÌ _| 3 _yb VÎdm| go g¥{ï> _mZr J`r h¡-{ed, e{º$, {dÝXwŸ& 5 VÝ_mÌm Ho$ AmYma na gm§»` _| 5•5=25 VÎd h¢Ÿ& AmJ_ `m e¡d Xe©Z _| MoVZm H$mo N>R>m VÎd _mZm J`m h¡; AV: Bg_| 6•6= 36 VÎd h¢Ÿ, {Og_| gm§»` Ho$ g^r 25 VÎd h¢& (K) nwamU àmYm{ZH$-nwamUm| _| nmÄMamÌ Xe©Z h¡ , {Og_| gm§»` Ho$ AZwgma g¥{ï> H$m H«$_ ~Vm`m J`m h¡Ÿ& _yb AmH$me `m dmg-ñWmZ dmgwXdo h¡Ÿ& {díd Ho$ H$Um| _| nañna AmH$f©U g§H$f©U h¡Ÿ& AmH$f©U Ho$ g§H$moM Ho$ H$maU àH$me_mZ

3.doXm§J Am¡a gm§»` 95 Vmam| H$m {Z_m©U hwAm-`h n«Úåw Z h¡Ÿ& CgHo$ ~mX g¥pîQ> Ho$ Agr{_V ê$n A{ZéÕ h¢Ÿ& 6.emaraH$(eara H$m ñdm_r ~«÷)-~mXam`U ì`mg Zo doX H$m gma `m doXmÝV H$mo ~«÷-gyÌm| _o§ nm[a^m{fV {H$`mŸ& doX Ho$ AbJ-AbJ dU©Zm| H$s EH$Vm 6 àH$ma go H$hr OmVr h¡Ÿ& BgHo$ A{V[aº$ {ed-e{º$ H$s EH$Vm 2 àH$ma go ~Vm`r OmVr h¡-(H$) e§H$a H$m AÛ¡V dmXŸ& (I) dëb^mMm`© H$m ewÕmÛ¡V, (J) am_mZwO H$m {d{eï>mÛ¡V, (K) ^mñH$a Am¡a {Zå~mH©$ H$m Û¡V-AÛ¡V, (L>) _Üd H$m Û¡V, (M) M¡VÝ` H$m A{MÝË` ^oX-A^oXŸ& BZ g^r Zo AnZo {gÕmÝV H$s ñWmnZm Ho$ {b`o 3 _yb òmoV-J«ÝWm| `m àñWmZ (Ohm§ go `mÌm Amaå^ hmo) H$s ì`m»`m H$s-JrVm, 10 _w»` Cn{ZfX², VWm ~«÷-gyÌŸ&lr dëb^mMm`© Zo {gÕmÝV H$mo Am¡a nwï> H$aZo Ho$ {b`o MVwW© àñWmZ ^{º$ Ho$ {b`o lr_X² ^mJdV nwamU H$s ^r ì`m»`m H$sŸ& (N>) A{^ZdJwá H$m àË`{^km,(O) VÝÌ `m e{º$ AÛ¡VŸ& 6.{dñV¥V dJuH$aU-gmYmaUV: 6 AmpñVH$ Xe©Zm| H$mo doX H$m 6 Cnm§J H$hm OmVm h¡Ÿ& BZHo$ 3 `w½_ h¢1.gm§»`-`moJ, 2.d¡e{o fH$-Ý`m`, 3.(nyd)© _r_m§gm-(CÎma _r_m§gm)doXmÝVŸ& BZ `w½_m| H$m àW_ ^mJ JUZmË_H$ kmZ h¡ ,{OgH$m ê$n JUoe h¡Ÿ& Xygam ^mJ Aì`º$ `m ag-ê$n h¡, {OgH$m àVrH$ gañdVr h¡Ÿ& AbJ-AbJ nwa H$Um| H$s JUZm H$m kmZ nwéf ê$n _| JUoe h¢Ÿ& ag H$m {dñVma joÌ ór ê$nr gañdVr h¡Ÿ& `moJ H$moB© AbJ Xe©Z Zht h¡, AnZr CÞ{V Ho$ {b`o `h g^r _mJm] H$m gma h¡Ÿ& Bgr àH$ma Ý`m` Xe©Z empãXH$ VH©$ Ho$ ê$n _o§ g^r {b{IV kmZ H$m AmYma h¡ŸŸ&Bggo Jm¡ar dmH²$(_pñVîH$ Jwhm Ho$ ^rVa dmH²$ Ho$ 3 nX-nam, ní`ÝVr, _Ü`_m) H$m MVwW© nX d¡Iar Ho$ ê$n({b{IV `m H${WV eãX) _| àH$Q>rH$aU h¡Ÿ& Bg_| Hw$N> VÎd bwá hmo OmVm h¡, AV: `h V_ h¡Ÿ& AV: `h Jm¡V_ Xe©Z h¡Ÿ& Ý`m`mb`m| _| BgH$m à`moJ hmoVm h¡ Ohm§ CObm H$mo H$mbm VWm H$mbm H$mo CObm {H$`m OmVm h¡Ÿ& 6 ZmpñVH$ Xe©Zm| H$s JUZm _| ~m¡Õ Xe©Z Ho$ 4 ^mJm| H$mo AbJ AbJ {JZm OmVm h¡Ÿ&

96 gm§»`-Xe©Z H$m d¡km{ZH$ AmYma AmpñVH$ Xe©Zm| H$m Vrgam `w½_ _r_m§gm H$hm OmVm h¡Ÿ& àW_ ^mJ H$_© _r_m§gm h¡ Omo d¡{XH$ dmŠ`m| VWm {H«$`mAm| H$s ì`m»`m H$aVm h¡Ÿ& na BZ H$o Ûmam ~«÷ H$s ì`m»`m hr BgH$m ApÝV_ CÔoí` h¡Ÿ& AV: `h ^r EH$ Xe©Z h¡Ÿ& {ÛVr` ^mJ doXmÝV ~«÷ Ho$ AbJ AbJ Zm_m| H$s EH$Vm {XImVm h¡Ÿ& _r_m§gm H$m _Ü` ^mJ ^{º$ H$hm OmVm h¡ {OgH$m AmYma ZmaX Am¡a empÊS>ë` Ho$ ^{º$ gyÌ h¢Ÿ& {dñVma _| Xe©Zm| Ho$ 6•6=36 dJ© h¢ (n§. _moVrbmb emór)1.ZmpñVH$-(1) bmoH$m`{VH$(Mmdm©H$), (2) d¡^m{fH$, (3) gm¡ÌmpÝVH$, (4) d¡km{ZH$ `m j{UH$, (5) _mÜ`{_H$, (6) ñ`mÛm[XH$Ÿ& 2.B©ída_m{ÌH$-(1) gm§»`, (2)e¡d, (3)ZHw$bre nmewnV, (4) H$méH$ {gÕmÝV, (5) H$mnm{bH$, (6) d¡e{o fH$Ÿ& ~rM Ho$ 4 _mhoída _V h¢Ÿ& 3.~«÷-àH¥${V gå~ÝY-(1) e§H$a H$m {Z{d©eof AÛ¡V, (2) am_mZwO H$m {d{eï>mÛ¡V, (3) _Üd H$m Û¡V, (4) dëb^ H$m ewÕmÛ¡V, (5) {Zå~mH©$ H$m Û¡VmÛ¡V, (6) M¡VÝ` H$m A{MÝË` ^oXm^oXŸ& _Ü` Ho$ 4 ^mJdV Xe©Z h¢Ÿ& 4.B©ída-{d^y{V-(1) gm¡a, (2) emº$, (3) e¡d, (4) d¡îUd, (5)JmUnË`, (6) ñ_mÎm©Ÿ& ~rM Ho$ 4 ànÞ(eaUmJV) h¢Ÿ& (5) VÝÌ (AåZm`)-(1) D$Üd©, (2) nyd©, (3) X{jU, (4) npíM_, (5) CÎma, (6) AYaŸ& ~rM Ho$ 4 X¡{eH$ h¢Ÿ& (6) EH$Ëd-(1) empãXH$(ì`mH$aU), (2) _r_m§gH$, (3)Ý`m` (4) Ab‘>m[aH$ (5) nm¡am{UH$, (6) Eo{Vhm{gH$Ÿ& _Ü` Ho$ 4 VH©$ AmYm[aV h¢Ÿ& 7.doX-emIm`|-g¥{ï> hr _yb doX h¡; CgHo$ 10 Am`m_m| Ho$ AmYma na doX H$s emIm`| h¢Ÿ&F$½doX _y{Îm© ê$n h¡Ÿ&AmH$ma H$s _mn Ho$ {b`o 21 emIm`| h¢-10 YZmË_H$ {Xem, 10 {dnarV F$UmË_H$ {Xem, VWm 1$ _yb Amaå^ {dÝXwŸ& `Owd}X _| J{V Ho$ Amaå^ VWm n[aU{V Ho$ 10-10 ñWmZ h¢-AV: 10•10=100 J{V ê$n h¢, 1 pñWa gÝX^© {_bmH$a 101 emIm`| h¢Ÿ& J{V 2 àH$ma H$s h¡-~mha go Omo XrIVr h¡ dh ewŠb VWm ^rVar J{V H¥$îU h¡Ÿ& ewŠb J{V 15 àH$ma H$s h¡-5 _hm^yVm| H$s 3-3 àH$ma H$s gmnoj J{V hmoJr-pñWa, Xya J_Z, AmJ_ZŸ& {díd Ho$ ~mhar ê$n H$m dU©Z nwéf H$s 15 H$bmAm| go hmoVm h¡-{díd Ho$ 5 ndm] H$o 33 _ZmoVm `m 3 dU©Zr` nwéfm| (Aì``, Aja, ja) H$s 5-5 H$bm`|Ÿ& EH$ g_Vb _| {H$gr {M• H$s 17 àH$ma H$s J{V Ûmam nyam Vb Koam Om gH$Vm h¡Ÿ&

3.doXm§J Am¡a gm§»` 97 Bgo AmYw{ZH$ ~rOJ{UV(CXmhaU Ho$ {b`o _mBHo$b Am{Q>Z© H$s nwñVH$) _| g_Vb _{U^ gmÜ` H$hm OmVm h¡Ÿ& MmXa `m Xrdmb na EH$ R>ßno go 17 àH$ma Ho$ {M• ^ao Om gH$Vo h¢Ÿ& AV: Bgo dmb-nona {Z`_ ^r H$hVo h¢ VWm ^maVr` Á`mo{Vf _| 17 H$mo KZ, _oK Am[X H$hVo h¢-17 àH$ma H$s J{V go _oK Ho$ g_mZ T>§H$ boJmŸ& 5 _hm^yVm| Ho$ 5•17=85 ê$n Vb _| XrI|Jo, BgHo$ A{V[aº$ 1 Aì`º$ ^r AÑí` hmoZo Ho$ H$maU H¥$îU J{V _| {JZm Om`oJmŸ& H¥$îU `OwdX} H$s 86 emImAm| H$s Vah 86 ZaH$ Hw$ÊS>, fS>er{V-_mg(df© Ho$ 4 IÊS> 91 {XZm| Ho$, CZ_| nmÄMamÌ Ho$ 5 {XZ H$_), {díd _| 1086 _yb-H$U h¢Ÿ& `OwdX} H$s 100 ì`º$ emIm`| hmoZo Ho$ H$maU BgHo$ ì`m»`m-J«ÝW H$mo eVnW ~«m÷U H$hm OmVm h¡Ÿ& gm_doX _{h_m `m à^md-joÌ H$m doX h¡Ÿ& 10pñW{V•10J{V•10 n«^md= 1000 emIm`| h¢Ÿ& AWd©dXo H$s 50(`m 9) emIm`| 5 _hm^yVm| H$m 10 Am`m_m| _| {dñVma h¡Ÿ& AmH$me _| {nÊS> H$m à^md 1000 JwUm VH$ _mZm OmVm h¡Ÿ& AhJ©U _mn go `h 2 H$m 10 KmV h¡, 3 ^rVar joÌ {JZZo na 13 AhJ©U hm|JoŸ& gm_ Vn©U _| 13 emIm`| H$hr J`r h¢ Am¡a eãX ê$n _| CVZo H$o hr Zm_ h¢Ÿ& AWd© ^r _yb {dñVma H$m doX h¡, 50 JwUm {dñVma Ho$ 6 AhJ©U ~mha (2 H$m 5 KmV 32 VWm 6 KmV 64 h¡, 6KmV H$s gr_m _| 50 hmoJm) VWm 3^rVa h¢Ÿ& AV: CgH$s 9 emIm`| h¢ Am¡a eãXê$n _| CVZr emImAm| H$m hr Zm_ h¡Ÿ& AÝ` g_Vwë` ì`m»`m h¡ {H$ AWd©dXo H$m Amaå^ 3•7 àH$ma Ho$ {díd go h¡-`o {Ìfám:n[a`pÝV {dídm:& AV: {díd_y{Îm© ê$n F$½doX H$s 21 emIm`| h¢& 3 doXm| H$m nañna gå~ÝY 3•3=9 àH$ma H$m hmoZo go AWd© H$s 9 emIm`| h¢Ÿ&$ 8.Hw$b Am¡a CnbãY emIm`|- F$½doX H$m ~«÷-gån«Xm`- n¡b 6.BÝÐà{_{V 1.~mîH${b 2.~moÜ` 3.A{¾_mVm 4.namea 5.`mkdëŠ` 21.em§Im`Z `m _mÊSy>H$o ` gË`ldm gË`{hV gË`{l` H$m¡frV{H$ 7.aWrVa 8.emH$ë` 9.^maÛmO 15.n¡bO 16.N>Ì~bmH$ 17.Amídb 18.VmnZmn 19.nÞJm[a 20.AmO©d 10._wX²Jb 11.JmoIb 12.gwVnm 13.dËg 14 e¡{e[a

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3.doXm§J Am¡a gm§»` 99 Am{XË` gåàXm` Ho$ AÝVJ©V ewŠb `OwdX} emIm-Am{XË` `moJrída `mkdëŠ` emL²>Im`Z H$Êd _mÜ`pÝXZ Am{X gm_ldm `m H$m¡W_w em¡ZH$ Am{X F$½doXr `OwdX} r gm_doXr AWd©doXr 1.Om~mb-Z_©Xm (O~bnwa)& 2.~m¡Y`o -aUmdQ> (X{jU JwOamV) & 3.H$Êd-H$U©dQ> `m H$Um©Q>H$(X{jU ^maV) & 4._mÜ`pÝXZ-àm`: gd©Ì(CÎma àXoe Ho$ ga`ynmarU Am{X) & 5.emno`-JwOamV Ho$ ZmJa & 6.Vmnm`Zr`-Z_©Xm Ho$ {ZH$Q> Zo_m‹S> (_Ü` àXoe) & 7.H$nmob-JwOamV Ho$ ^mJ©d& 8.nm¡ÊS´>dËg-nm¡ÊS´>dËg amÁ`,JwOamV Ho$ {Vdm‹S>r & 9.Amd{Q>H$m-lr_mbdr-JwOamV & 10.na_md{Q>H$m-AmÚ Jm¡S‹ >-_madm‹S> & 11.d¡ZYo`-H§$H$a ~m¡Ü` nd©V(? Amo[S‹ >em H$m ~m¡Y H$ÝY_mb) & 12.Jmbd-_mbdr-{dX^©, gm¡amï´> & 13.H$mË`m`Z-{dX^©& 14.namea-JwOamV, _madm‹S> & 15.~¡Odmn-Zmam`U gamoda(H$m{R>`mdm‹S>)& MaU-ì`yh _| gm_doX Ho$ ^oX amUm`Zr` gmb_w»` H$mbmn _hmH$mbmn H$m¡W_w bm“{bH$ gmam`Ur` dmVam`Ur` d¡Y¥V àmMrZ V¡Og A{Zï>H$ amUm`Zr` Ho$ 9 ^oX _| bm“b Am¡a H$m¡Ww_ H$ho J`o h¢Ÿ&AÝ` 7 ^oX h¢emQ>çm`Zr`,gmËdV,_m¡XJ² b,Iëdb,_hmIëdb,Jm¡V_,O¡{_Zr`Ÿ& gm_-Vn©U-{d{Y Ho$ 13 ^oX Bg àH$ma h¢-1.amUm`U, 2.emQ>ç_wÝ`, 3.ì`mg, 4.^mJw[a, 5.Am¡bwpÊS>, 6.Jm¡ëJwbdr, 7.^mZw_mZ Am¡n_Ý`d, 8.H$mam{Q>, 9._eH$ Jm½`©, 10.dmf©JÊ`, 11.Hw$Ww_, 12.em{bhmoÌ, 13.O¡{_Zr`Ÿ&

100

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3.doXm§J Am¡a gm§»` 105 4.Am¡eZg, 5.Am{“ag, 6.g§dÎm©, 7. bKw `_-ñ_¥{V, 8. AmnñVå~, 9.d¥hñn{V, 10.H$mË`m`Z, 11.nmamea, 12.ì`mg, 13.e§I, 14.{b{IV, 15.Xj, 16.Jm¡V_, 17.emVmVn, 18.~wYŸ& 10.B{Vhmg-nwamU-doX Ho$ d{U©V {gÕmÝVm| H$s ì`m»`m B{VhmgnwamU Ho$ dmñV{dH$ CXmhaUm| go hr hmoVr h¡B{ghmg nwamUmä`m§ doX§ g_wn~¥§h`oV²Ÿ& {~^oË`ënlwVmÛoXmo _m_`§ àh[aî`{VŸ& (_hm^maV,1/1/267) g¥{ï> H$m d¡km{ZH$ aMZmH«$_ nwamU h¡- nwamU§ H$ñ_mV²Ÿ& nwam Zd§ ^d{VŸ(`mñH$ {Zéº$,3/19)Ÿ& AWm©V² nwamZm ê$n Z`m H¡$go hþAm BgH$m AÜ``Z nwamU h¡Ÿ& Bggo {_bVm emó B{Vhmg h¡ {Og_| MoVZ _mZdm| H$m M[aÌ d{U©V h¡Ÿ& XmoZm| _| B{Vd¥Îm H$s àYmZVm h¡Ÿ& B{Vhmg=B{V+h+Amg=Eogm hr hþAm WmŸ& nwamU Ho$ 5 `m 10 bjU H$ho J`o h¢Ÿ& 5 bjU1.gJ©-g¥{ï> {dkmZŸ& 2. à{VgJ©-g¥{ï> H$m {dñVma, b` VWm nwZ: g¥{ï>Ÿ& 3. d§e- {d{^Þ Om{V`m| Am{X H$s d§emdbrŸ& 4. _ÝdÝVa- à{V _Zw H$s Ad{Y Am¡a Cg g_` H$s KQ>Zm`|Ÿ& 5. d§emZwM[aV-gy`©, MÝÐ d§e Am{X Ho$ amOmAm| H$m dU©ZŸ& 10 bjU1.gJ©-g¥{ï> {dkmZŸ& 2.{dgJ©-g¥{ï> {dñVma, _mZg, X¡dr, _mZwfr Am{X g¥{ï>Ÿ& 3. ñWmZ- ~«÷mÊS> H$s pñW{VŸ& 4. nmofU- Ordm| H$m Y_©, H¥$Ë`, gXmMma, gm_m{OH$ {Z`_Ÿ& 5.D${V- Ord H$s H$_© dmgZm, ñdJ© ZaH$ Am{X dU©ZŸ& 6. _ÝdÝVa-_ZwAm| H$m H$mb, M[aÌ Am¡a d§e {dñVmaŸ& 7. AdVma- {dîUw Ho$ AdVma Am¡a M[aÌŸ& 8. {ZamoY- AmË_ g§`_ Ho$ e_, X_, `moJ Am{X _mJ©Ÿ& 9. _w{º$- kmZ-`moJ, Xe©Z emóŸ& 10. Aml`-^{º$ _mJ©Ÿ&

106 gm§»`-Xe©Z H$m d¡km{ZH$ AmYma nwamUm| H$s 18 g§»`m Ho$ AZwgma 18 {Z`_ ^r H$ho J`o h¢-g¥{ï>, à{Vg¥{ï>, d§e, d§emZwM[aV, _ÝdÝVa, JmWm, H$ënew{Õ, nwamU, g§{hVm, S>m_a, `m_b, Á`mo{Vf MH«$, ^wdZH$mof, d¥{Îm, ajm, AÝVa, hoVw Am¡a Anml`Ÿ& 18 nwamUm| H$m H$B© àH$ma go dJuH$aU h¡gmpÎdH$-{dîUw, ZmaX, ^mJdV, Jé‹S>, nÙ, damhŸ& amOg-~«÷mÊS>, ~«÷d¡dÎm©, _mH©$ÊS>`o , ^{dî`V², dm_Z, ~«÷Ÿ& Vm_g-_Ëñ`, Hy$_©, {b“, {ed, ñH$ÝX, A{¾Ÿ& XodVm AZwgma~«÷m-~«÷, nÙŸ& gy`-© ~«÷d¡dÎm©Ÿ& A{¾-A{¾Ÿ& {ed-{ed, ñH$ÝX, {b“, Hy$_©, dm_Z,damh, ^{dî`, _Ëñ`, _mH©$ÊS>`o , ~«÷mÊS> {dîUw- ZmaX, ^mJdV, Jé‹S>, {dîUwŸ& {df` Ho$ AZwgma 5 ^oX h¢g¥{ï>dmX, _VdmX, AdVmadmX, Am`{VdmX, VWm Am`VZdmXŸ& nwamUm| H$m H«$_ VWm H$ën_mZ Bgr H«$_ _| h¡Ÿ& Amaå^ Ho$ 6 nwamU CŠW h¢(CŠW dh _yb h¡ {Oggo CËWmZ hmoVm h¡, ^moOZ H$m OyR>m)Ÿ& g~go nhbo ~«÷nwamU h¡ Š`m|{H$ ~«÷m g¥{ï> Ho$ àdÎm©H$ h¢Ÿ& ~«÷m H$m AmYma nÙ {ÛVr` nwamU h¡Ÿ& nÙ H$m AmYma {dîUw H$s Zm{^ h¡, AV: Vrgam {dîUw nwamU h¡Ÿ& {dîUw ^JdmZ eofZmJ na e`Z H$aVo h¢Ÿ& eofZmJ dm`w ê$n h¡Ÿ& {dîUw ê$nr gy`© AmH$meJ“m Ho$ AÝ` (eof) Vmam| Ho$ AmH$f©U VWm MH«$s` J{V(ZmJ) Ûmam AmH$me _| {ñWV h¡Ÿ& AV: dm`w nwamU H$m H«$_ Mm¡Wm h¡Ÿ& eofZmJ jragmJa (AmH$meJ“m-milkyway) _| pñWV h¢, dhr JmobmoH$ h¡ {OgH$m dU©Z nm§Md| ^mJdV nwamU _| h¡Ÿ& ^mJdV H$s àoaUm ZmaX Ûmam doXì`mg H$mo {_br, AV: ZmaX nwamU N>R>m h¡Ÿ& g¥{ï> Ho$ Amapå^H$ CËWmZ Ho$ ~mao _| 4 _V h¢Ÿ& àW_ _V Ho$ AZwgma gÎd, aO, V_-BZ VrZ JwUm| Ho$ {_lU go g¥{ï> hmoVr h¡-`h dU©Z _mH©$ÊS>`o nwamU _| h¡Ÿ& Cgr nwamU _| 3 JwUm| Ho$ AZwgma Xodr Ho$ 3 ê$nm| H$m dU©Z XwJm© gáeVr _| h¡Ÿ& Xygao _V Ho$ AZwgma A{¾ `m D$Om©(Primordial Fireball) Ûmam g¥{ï> hmoVr h¡Ÿ& AV: 8 dm§ A{¾-nwamU h¡Ÿ& nm{W©d g¥{ï> H$m _yb gy`© h¡ AV: Zd_ nwamU gy`©

3.doXm§J Am¡a gm§»` 107 (^{dî`) h¡Ÿ& doXmÝV Ho$ AZwgma BZ VrZm| H$m g_Ýd` _V h¡ {H$ `h g¥{ï> EH$ hr {ZamH$ma ~«÷ H$m {ddÎm© ({d{dY XrIVm hþAm ê$n) h¡Ÿ& AV: Xgdm§ nwamU ~«÷d¡dÎm© h¡Ÿ& {damQ²> ê$n {dîUw ^JdmZ Ho$ AdVma H«$_ Ho$ AZwgma AJbo 6 nwamU h¢- {b“, damh, dm_Z, Hw$_ma(ñH$ÝX), Hy$_© Am¡a _Ëñ`Ÿ& {b“ {ZamH$ma Ho$ gmH$ma ê$n H$mo H$hVo h¢_ybñdê$n{b“ËdmÝ_yb_ÝÌ B{V ñ_¥V:Ÿ& gyú_ËdmËH$maUËdmÀM b`ZmX²J_ZmX{nŸ&9Ÿ& bjUmËna_oeñ` {b“{_Ë`{^Yr`Vo(`moJ{eImon{ZfV² 2/9) {b“=brZ_² J_`{V-{Og_| brZ hmo dh [b“ h¡Ÿ& brZ§ J_`{V `pñ_Z² _ybñdê$no, g gyú_ê$nH$maU:-{díd H$m _yb gyú_ ê$n H$maU h¡, {díd Cgr _| nwZ: brZ hmoVm h¡, AV: dh {b“ h¡Ÿ& `h ñd`å^y _ÊS>b `m {b“ h¡Ÿ-{ZamH$ma go AmH$meJ“mAm| H$m g_yh ê$nŸ& brZ§ J_`{V `pñ_Z² {Xem`m_²-{Og {Xem _| brZ hmo dh ^r {b“ h¡Ÿ& J{V H$s {Xem H$mo ~mU go B§{JV {H$`m OmVm h¡, AV: `h ~mU qbJ h¡Ÿ& ñd`å^y qbJ EH$ hr h¡, na 3 Am`m_ Ho$ AmH$me _| J{V H$s 3 {Xem`| hm|Jr , AV: 3 ~mU qbJ h¡Ÿ& AmH$meJ§Jm go hr J{V H$m Amaå^ hmoZo go `h ~mU qbJ h¡Ÿ& brZ§ J_`{V `pñ_Z² ~mø AmdaUo(na_oída bjU:)-na_oída Ho$ bjU ê$n {Og ~mhar AmdaU _| dñVw brZ hmo dh ^r qbJ h¡Ÿ& dñVwAm| H$m ê$n AZÝV àH$ma H$m h¡, na gy`© Ho$ 12 am{e`m| _| 12 àH$ma H m VoO ê$n hmoZo go BZHo$ 12 dJ©(am{e=T>oa,g_yh)Ÿ& `h ê$n AbJ-AbJ h¢ , AV: Bgo BVa(other)qbJ H$hVo h¢Ÿ& F$½doX _| ~mø ê$n(_y{Îm©) H$m dU©Z hmoZo go BgH$m ~«m÷U EoVao` H$hbmVm h¡Ÿ& ^m¡{VH$ ê$n _| `h gy`© Á`mo{V Ho$ dJm] na AmYm[aV hmoZo go Á`mo{V{b©“ h¡Ÿ& gm¡a _ÊS>b H$s {d{dY g¥{ï Am¡a nm{W©d ê$n BVa qbJ h¢Ÿ&> eara _| _ybmYma MH«$ Ûmam _¡WwZr g¥{ï> hmoZo go `h ñd`å^y qbJ h¡Ÿ& dm`w Am¡a aº$ gÄMma H$m Ho$ÝÐ öX` ~mU qbJ h¡Ÿ& ~mø ê$nm| H$m kmZ _pñVîH$ Ho$ Amkm-MH«$ go hmoVm h¡, AV: Bgo BVa qbJ H$hVo h¢Ÿ& ^m¡{VH$ ê$n _| {ZamH$ma qbJ EH$qbJ(amOñWmZ Ho$ _odm‹S> _|) VWm gmH$ma ñd`å^y qbJ qbJamO(^wdZoída _| nwar Ho$ OJÞmW Ym_ H$s gr_m na)Ÿ& BgHo$

108 gm§»`-Xe©Z H$m d¡km{ZH$ AmYma {ZH$Q> ~mU ê$nr {ÌqbJ(Vobm§JZm) h¡Ÿ& nyao ^maV _| 12 Á`mo{V{b©“ h¢Ÿ& AmH$me Ho$ 3 Ym_-ñd`å^y, na_oð>r(~«÷mÊS>), VWm gm¡a-_ÊS>bm| H$m Am{X {Og {ZamH$ma _yb go hþAm dh Am{XË` h¡Ÿ& 3 _ÊS>bm| Ho$ Am{XË` h¢- A`©_m (ñd`å^y H$m), déU (~«÷mÊS> H$m), {_Ì (gm¡a H$m)Ÿ& {ZamH$ma go nXmW© Ho$ ^ÊS>ma ê$nH$mo damh H$hVo h¢ {Oggo g¥{ï> hþ`rŸ& ñd`å^y (AmH$meJ§Jm g_yh) H$m _yb nXmW© Am{Xdamh h¡Ÿ& AmH$meJ§Jm go g¥{ï> ê$nm| Ho$ {Z_m©U H$m `k Amaå^ hþAm, AV: Bgo `kdamh H$hVo h¢Ÿ& gy`© g_mZ VmamAm| go àH$me H$m {d{H$aU Amaå^ hþAm AV: BgH$m _yb ídoVdamh h¡Ÿ& n¥Ïdr J«h H$m {Z_m©U {Og joÌ Ho$ nXmW© go hþAm dh ^y damh h¡Ÿ& n¥Ïdr Ho$ A{V {ZH$Q> dm`w_ÊS>b _| dfm© Am{X go O¡d OJV H$m nmbZ hmoVm h¡, A{V {ZH$Q> hmoZo Ho$ H$maU `h E_yf damh h¡Ÿ& dm_Z-eara ê$nr aW _| AmË_m hr dm_Z h¡Ÿ& OJV² H$s AmË_m gy`© h¡-gy`© AmË_m OJVñVñWwfíM-dm.`Ow.7/42,13/46)Ÿ& gm¡a _ÊS>b H$m {dñVma gy`© H$m aW h¡Ÿ& Cg_| gy`-© {nÊS> dm_Z h¡Ÿ& R>mgo J«hm| H$m joÌ X{Y-dm_Z h¡-^mJdV nÄM_ ñH$ÝY _| X{Y g_wÐ H$m AmH$maŸ& n¥Ïdr na O¡d-g¥{ï> H$m¡_ma gJ© h¡Ÿ& `h 5 ndm] go {ZH$bZo Ho$ H$maU ñH$ÝX h¡Ÿ& Hy$_©-joÌ AmH$meJ“m H$m Am^m-_ÊS>b (Nutrino corona) h¡ Omo CgH$m 10 JwUm h¡_mZoZ Vñ` Hy$_©ñ` H$W`m{_ à`ËZV:Ÿ& e§H$mo: eVghòm{U `moOZm{Z dnw: pñWV_²Ÿ& (Zan{VO`M`m©, ñdamX` _| Hy$_©-MH«$) eyÝ` AmH$me Ho$ ag-g_wÐ _| ñdÀN>ÝX ê$n go V¡aVo ~«÷mÊS> hr _Ëñ` h¢Ÿ& _Ëñ`,dm_Z,damh,`k, {damQ²>-`o 5 {ZË` AdVma h¢Ÿ& n¥Ïdr na _Zwî` ê$n _| 10 AdVma h¢; 24 H$s ~‹S>r gyMr ^r h¡Ÿ& 17d| Jé‹S> nwamU _| Am`{VdmX `m J{V H$m dJuH$aU h¡Ÿ& Bg_| gÄMa(gO©Z) `m g¥{ï> {dH$mg, à{VgÄMa `m àb`, H$_©-nXmW© H$s CËn{Îm, CËH«$mpÝV (CËn{Îm), AZwËH«$mpÝV (_yb ê$n _| dmng hmoZm) AWm©V² _¥Ë`w Ho$ ~mX J{V Am¡a nwZO©Ý_ H$s ì`m»`m h¡Ÿ& 18d| Am`VZdmX H$m ~«÷mÊS> nwamU h¡Ÿ& {díd H$m ñdê$n ~«÷mÊS> h¡Ÿ& ~«÷mÊS> _| {d{^Þ bmoH$m| H$s pñW{V H$mo Am`VZ H$hm OmVm h¡Ÿ&

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bú_r 17,000 gá 24,000 Jmé‹S> 19,000 ^{dî` 12,000 `moJ 4,10,000 dm`w nwamU _| {ed nwamU H$s íbmoH$ g§»`m Xr J`r h¡Ÿ& dm`w nwamU H$m íbmoH$ {_bmZo na Hwb íbmoH$ g§»`m 4,32,000 hmoJrŸ& H${b`wJ _| gm¡a df© H$s g§»`m VWm F$½doX Ho$ eãXm| H$s g§»`m BVZr hr h¡Ÿ& 18 Cn-nwamU-1.gZËHw$_ma, 2.Zaqgh, 3.ZÝX, 4.{edY_©, 5.Xwdm©gm, 6.~¥hÞmaXr`, 7.H${nb, 8.CeZg², 9.déU, 10.H${d, 11._hoída,12. gm¡a, 14.namea, 15._marM, 16._mZd, 17.^mJ©d, 18.Xodr^mJdVŸ&

110 gm§»`-Xe©Z H$m d¡km{ZH$ AmYma Xodr CnmgH$ bmoJ ^mJdV Ho$ ~Xbo Xodr ^mJdV H$mo hr _hmnwamU _mZVo h¢Ÿ& CgH$s íbmoH$ g§»`m ^r 18,000 hr h¡Ÿ& Bg_| XwJm© gáeVr H$s {deX ì`m»`m h¡Ÿ& nadÎmu g_` Ho$ Hw$N> Am¡a Cn-nwamU h¢- 1.H$m{bH$m, 2.ZpÝXHo$ída, 3. d{gð>, 4.^mJ©d, 5.Am{X, 6._wXJ² b, 7._hm^mJdV, 8.~¥hÕ_m}Îma, 9. {dîUwY_m}Îma(`h g§^dV: {dîUwnaw mU H$m bwá A§e h¡ {OgHo$ AZwgma ~«÷Jwá Zo AnZm Á`mo{Vf J«ÝW ~«m÷-ñ\w$Q>-{gÕmÝV {bImŸ& ~«÷Jwá Am¡a ^mñH$a Am{X Ho$ J«ÝWm| H$m ApÝV_ g§emo{YV ê$n MÝÐeo²Ia H$m {gÕmÝV-Xn©U h¡Ÿ&). 10.namZÝX, 11.newn{V, 12.h[ad§e(_hm^maV H$m n[a{eï>)Ÿ& doXì`mg Zo doX na AmYm[aV EH$ hr nwamU g§{hVm Ho$ 18 ^mJ {H$`oŸ& Cg nwamU g§{hVm H$m bmoH$ _| gyV Zo àMma {H$`mŸ& gyV Ho$ {eî`m| Zo Cº$ 18 {d^mJm| Ho$ A{V[aº$ 3 AÝ` g§{hVm`| ^r ~Zm`tŸ& àYmZ nwamU g§{hVm Ho$ àMmaH$ gyV amo_hf©U Ho$ Zm_ go {d»`mV hþ`,o CÝhm|Zo 6 nwéfm| Ho$ nañna g§dmX H«$_ go 7 nwamUm| H$s aMZm H$s WrŸ& CgHo$ ~mX gyVnwÌ CJ«ldm Zo nwZ: {ÛVr` nÙnwamU,MVwW© dm`wnaw mU,VWm nÄM_ AmnnwamU H$s AÝ` ZdrZ aMZm H$sŸ& ~mH$s Aï>_ Am{X nwamU `WmdV ahoŸ& Bg H$maU nÙnwamU 2 àH$ma H$m, dm`w 2 àH$ma H$m, Am¡a Amn ñWmZr` ^mJdV ^r 2 àH$ma Ho$ hþ`-o EH$ {dîUw gå~ÝYr ^mJdV, Xygam Xodr ^mJdVŸ& AÝ` nwamU 1-1 hr ahoŸ& ~mX _| {dH«$_m{XË` H$mb _| ~oVmb ^Å> Ûmam nwamUm| H$m nwZ: gånmXZ {dembm ZJar _| hþAm(n¥ð> 80)Ÿ& ^{dî` nwamU _| n¥ÏdramO H$mb H$s KQ>Zm`| A{YH$ h¢ VWm {dŠQ>m[o a`m H$mb H$m dU©Z h¡, AV: BZ H$mbm| _| ^r Hw$N> OmoS‹ >m J`m h¡Ÿ& 11. doXm“-doX Ho$ 6 A“ VWm 6 Cnm“ (Xe©Z) h¢Ÿ& doXm“-1.{ejm-`h doX H$s Zm{gH$m h¡Ÿ& BgH$m Cn`moJ XoX H$m ewÕ CÀMmaU H$aZo _| h¡Ÿ& ñda, ì`ÄOZ dUm] Ho$ CÀMmaU ñWmeZ, à`ËZ, ñda (CXmÎm,g_mhma, ñd[aV) Am{X Ho$ AZwgma CÀMmaU Ho$ {Z`_ Bg_| h¢Ÿ& Jm`Z Ho$ {b`o N>ÝX, b` Am¡a amJm| H$m dU©Z ^r h¡Ÿ& à{V doX Ho$ CÀMmaU Ho$ {Z`_ AbJ-AbJ h¢Ÿ& F$½doX Ho$ H«$_ nmR> H$s ì`dñWm O¡Jrfì` Ho$ {eî` nmÄMmb dm^«ì` `m Jmbd Zo H$s WrŸ& ^maÛmO {ejm H$m àH$meZ nwUo Ho$ ^ÊS>maH$a BÝñQ>rÀ`yQ> Zo {H$`m h¡Ÿ& àmo.H$sbhmZ© H$mo H$í_ra _| Mmam`Ur` {ejm H$s hñV{b{IV à{V {_br WrŸ&

3.doXm§J Am¡a gm§»` 111 Am{ne{b (amOeoIa H$s H$mì`_r_m§gm _| CëboI) Ho$ ~mX nm{U{Z {ejm {bIr J`rŸ& ñdm_r X`mZÝX Zo nm[UZr` {ejm H$m àH$meZ {H$`m WmŸ& BgH$m Cn`moJ F$½doX Ho$ {b`o h¡Ÿ& dmamUgr g§ñH¥$V {díd{dÚmb` Ûmam àH$m{eV {ejm g§J«h _| Jm¡V_, ZmaX(ZmaX nwamU H$m), _mÊSy>H$s` Am¡a ^maÛmO {ejm Am{X h¢Ÿ& `OwdX} H$s `mkdëŠ` {ejm, gm_doX H$s ZmaX {ejm, Am¡a AWd© doX H$s _mÊSy>H$s {ejm CnbãY h¢Ÿ& 2.H$ën-X¡{XH$ AZwð>mZm| Ho$ {b`o H$ën J«ÝWm| H$m {Z_m©U hþAm h¡Ÿ& ZmaX nwamU Ho$ nyd© ^mJ(2/51) Ho$ AZwgma 5 àH$ma Ho$ H$ën J«ÝW h¢1.ZjÌ H$ën _| ZjÌm| Ho$ ñdm_r Am{X H$m dU©Z h¡Ÿ& 2.doX H$ën _| F$½doX Am{X H$m {dYmZ h¡ Omo 4 nwéfmW©-Y_©, AW©, H$m_, _moj -H$s {g{Õ H$amVm h¡Ÿ& 3.g§{hVm H$ën _| _ÝÌm| Ho$ F${f, XodVm N>ÝX H$m {ZX}e h¡Ÿ& 4.Am{“ag H$ën _| ~«÷m Ûmam A{^Mma {d{Y Ho$ 6 H$_m] H$m dU©Z h¡Ÿ& 5. empÝV H$ën _| {Xì`, ^m¡_ Am¡a AÝV[aj Ho$ CËnmVm| H$s empÝV {d{Y h¡Ÿ& {d{^Þ `km| Ho$ {dYmZ Ho$ {b`o doX H$ën _| 3 àH$ma Ho$ gyÌ h¢-lm¡V gyÌ, J¥ø gyÌ, Y_© gyÌŸ& `k doXr {Z_m©U Ho$ {b`o ewë~ gyÌ h¡Ÿ(lm¡V H$_© H$m A§J)& ~m¡Ym`Z, AmnñVå~, H$mË`m`Z, Am¡a _mZd ewë~ gyÌm| H$m A§JO o« r AZwdmX VWm J{UVr` ì`m»`m Ho$ gmW ^maVr` {dkmZ AH$mX_r {Xëbr Ûmam àH$meZ hþAm h¡Ÿ& lm¡V `k J¥h-`k gmo_-g§ñWm h{d-g§ñWm `m nmH$-g§ñWm 1.A{¾ï>mo_ 1.A½Ý`mYo` 1.gm`§ hmoÌ 2.AË`{¾ï>mo_ 2. A{¾hmoÌ 2.àmVhm}Ì 3.CŠÏ` 3. Xe© 3.ñWmbrnmH$ 4.fmoS>er 4.nm¡U©_mg 4. Zd `k 5.dmOno` 5.AmJ«`U 5.d¡ídXod 6.A{VamÌ 6.MmVw_m©ñ` 6.{nV¥`k 7.Amámo`m©_ 7.new~ÝY 7.Aï>H$m BZ 21 `km| Ho$ Abmdm H$ën gyÌ _| 5 _hm`k Am¡a 16 g§ñH$ma `k(OÝ_,{ejm,

112 gm§»`-Xe©Z H$m d¡km{ZH$ AmYma CnZ`Z, {ddmh Am{X)- Hw$b 42 H$_m] H$m dU©Z h¡Ÿ& doX g§{hVm Am¡a emIm Ho$ AZwgma 1131 H$ën gyÌ hmoZo Mm{h`o, {H$ÝVw AmOH$b àm`: 40 CnbãY h¢5 Y_© gyÌ-AmnñVå~, {haÊ`Ho$er, ~m¡Ym`Z, Jm¡V_, d{gð>Ÿ& BZ_| dUm©l_ Y_©, AmMma, amOY_©, g§ñH$ma, {Z`_ Am{X h¢Ÿ& J¥ø gyÌm| _| N>mQo >o `k, 16 g§ñH$ma Am¡a Vrgao ^mJ _| {_l {df` O¡go J¥h {Z_m©U, lmÕ, {nV¥ `k Am{X h¢Ÿ& CnbãY J¥ø gyÌF$½doX-em§Im`Z, emå~ì`, Amídbm`ZŸ& H¥$îU `OwdX} -AmnñVå~, {haÊ`Ho$er, ~m¡Ym`Z, ^maÛmO, _mZd, d¡ImZgŸ& ewŠb `OwdX} -nmañH$aŸ& gm_doX-Jmo{^b, Im{Xa, O¡{_{ZŸ& AWd©dXo -H$m¡{eH$, d¡VmZŸ& {ZåZ{b{IV lm¡V gyÌ àH$m{eV h¢-Amídbm`Z, em§Im`Z, d¡VmZ, bmQ>çm`Z, H$mË`m`Z, AmnñVå~, AmnñVå~ `k-n[a^mfm-gyÌ VWm _mZd lm¡V-gyÌŸ& (3) ì`mH$aU-F$H²$-VÝÌ-ì`mH$aU(1/4) Ho$ AZwgma ì`mH$aU CËn{Îm H$m H«$_ h¡-~«÷m-~¥hñn{V-BÝÐ-^aÛmO-F${f-~«m÷UŸ& _hm^mî` Ho$ AZwgma ~¥hñn{V Zo BÝÐ H$mo à{V-nX-nmR> Ûmam eãX H$m CnXoe {X`m WmŸ& dhr ì`dñWm A~ ^r MrZ Am¡a OmnmZH$s ^mfmAm| _| h¡Ÿ& BZ_| {g\©$ eãX-{M• h¢, AbJAbJ Ajam| H$m {d^mOZ Zhr § h¡Ÿ& Bg àH$ma H$s ì`dñWm H${R>Z hmoZo Ho$ H$maU empãXH$ AmMm`© dm`w H$s ghm`Vm go BÝÐ Zo bjUmË_H$ ì`m»`m H$sŸ-dmH²$ H$s ì`m»`m Ho$ H$maU Cgo ì`mH$aU H$hm J`mŸ& Cg BÝÐ H$m g_` 13,000 df© go A{YH$ nwamZm h¡ (Ob-ßbmdZ H$m g_` 11,000 df© nyd)© Ÿ& ì`mH$aU 3 àH$ma Ho$ h¢Ÿ1.d¡{XH$ eãX [{df`H$-àm{Vem»` Am{XŸ& 2.bm¡{H$H$ eãX {df`H$-H$mVÝÌ Am{XŸ& 3.C^` eãX {df`H$-Am{ne{b, nm{U{Z Am{XŸ& àm{Vem»` àdº$m-1.F$H²$ àm{Vem»`-em¡ZH$ àUrVŸ& 2.dmOgZo`r (ewŠb `Owd}X emIm) àm{Vem»`-H$mË`m`ZŸ& 3.V¡{Îmar` àm{Vem»` (H¥$îU `Owd}X emImŸ)4& 4.gm_ àm{Vem»`Ÿ&

3.doXm§J Am¡a gm§»`

113

5. AWd© àm{Vem»`Ÿ& 6._¡Ìm`Ur` àm{Vem»` (H¥$îU `OwdX} emIm)Ÿ& 7.Amídbm`Z àm{Vem»` (F$H²$ emIm)& 8.dmîH$b àm{Vem»` (F$H²$ emIm)Ÿ& 9.Mmam`U àm{Vem»`(H¥$îU `OwdX} emIm)Ÿ& AÝ` N>ÝXmo (d¡{XH$) ì`mH$aU-1.F$H²$ VÝÌ-emH$Q>m`Z `m Am¡X~² m« {O H¥$VŸ& 2.bKw F$H²$ VÝÌ, 3.gm_-VÝÌ, 4.Aja VÝÌ-Am{ne{b H¥$VŸ& 5.AWd© MVwamÜ`m`r-em¡ZH$ `m H$m¡Ëg àUrVŸ& 6.à{Vkm-gyÌ, 7.^m{fH$ gyÌŸ& àm{Vem»` Am¡a d¡{XH$ ì`mH$aU J«ÝWm| _| nm{U{Z nyd© Ho$ 57 AmMm`m] H$m CëboI h¡Ÿ& nm{U{Z ì`mH$aU _| 10 VWm AÝ` ì`mH$aUm| _| 13 AÝ` AmMm`m] Ho$ Zm_ h¢1.BÝÐ, 2.dm`w, 3.^aÛmO, 4.^mJw[a, 5.nm¡îH$agm{X, 6.Mmam`U, 7.H$meH¥$ËñZ, 8.d¡`mK«nÚ, 9._mÜ`pÝX{Z, 10.am¡{‹T>, 11.em¡ZH$, 12.Jm¡V_, 13.ì`m{S>, 14.Am{ne{b, 15.H$mí`n, 16.Jmbd, 17.Jm½`©, 18.MmH«$d_©U, 19.^maÛmO, 20.eH$Q>m`Z, 21.emH$ë`,22.goZH$, 23.ñ\$moQ>m`ZŸ& àmMrZ ì`mH$aUm| _| ApÝV_ nm{U{Z H$m ì`mH$aU h¡Ÿ& `h {dH«$_ nyd© àm`: 2800 df© _| {bIm J`m WmŸ& BgHo$ 5 J«ÝW h¢-1.eãXmZwemgZ-8 AÜ`m`(Aï>mÜ`m`r), à{V AÜ`m` _| 4 nmX, Hw$b 4,000 gyÌŸ& 2.YmVwnmR>, 3.JUnmR>, 4.CUm{X gyÌ, 5.{b“mZwemgZŸ& nm{U{Z Ho$ ì`m»`m-J«ÝW1.dm{Îm©H$-nm{U{Z gyÌ H$s ì`m»`m `m CgH$s H$_r H$s ny{Îm© Ho$ {b`o Omo gyÌ {bIo J`o CÝh| dm{Îm©H$ H$hVo h¢Ÿ& nm{U{Z Ho$ nyd© dm{Îm©H$-H$mam| Zo nwamZo ì`mH$aU J«ÝWm| H$s ì`m»`m H$s WrŸ& àmMrZ J«ÝWm| _| 7 dm{Îm©H$H$mam| Ho$ Zm _ {_bVo h¢1.H$mË`m`Z(àm`: 2700 df© {dH«$_ nyd-© g~go {d»`mV), 2.^maÛmO, 3.gwZmJ, 4.H«$moï>m, 5.dm‹S>d, 6.ì`mK«^{y V,7.d¡`mK«nÚŸ& 2._hm^mî`-nm{U{Z gyÌ Am¡a nyaH$ dm{Îm©H$m| (àm`: H$mË`m`Z Ho$) H$r Jå^ra ì`m»`m JmoZX© (CÎmaàXoe Ho$ JmoÊS>m {Obm) Ho$ Jmo{UH$m-nwÌ nVÄO{b Zo H$sŸ& `h doX-ì`mg Ho$ g_H$mbrZ Wo Š`m|{H$ BZHo$ `moJ-gyÌ na ì`mg H$m ^mî` h¡Ÿ& nVÄO{b Zo MaH$g§{hVm, `moJ-gyÌ VWm ì`maU _hm^mî`-3 J«ÝW {bIo h¢-

114 gm§»`-Xe©Z H$m d¡km{ZH$ AmYma `moJoZ {MÎmñ` nXoZ dmMm _b§ earañ` Vw d¡ÚHo$Z& `mo@nmH$amoÎm§ àda§ _wZrZm§ nVÄOqb àmÄO{bamZVmo@pñ_Ÿ&(^moO H$m amOdm{Îm©H$) _hm^mî` bwá hmoZo Ho$ ~mX Jm¡S‹ > nmX(CZHo$ àoV `m naånam Ûmam) Ho$ CnXoe go MÝÐe_m (© MmÝÐ-ì`mH$aU Ho$ aM{`Vm) Zo nwZ: _hm^mî` {bIm (H$Wm-g[aËgmJa VWm amOVa{“Ur)Ÿ& `h g§Ý`mg Ho$ ~mX Jmo{dÝXnmX hþ` o(e‘>amMm`© Ho$ Jwéàm`: 600 B©.ny)Ÿ& AV: Bg_| nwî`{_Ì ew“(1218-1158 B©.ny.) Ho$ Aíd_oK `k H$m dU©Z h¡Ÿ& 3._hm^mî` Q>rH$m-^Îm©h¥ [a(Jmo{dÝXnmX Ho$ nwÌ, 457B©.ny. Ho$ lrhf© {dH«$_ Ho$ ~‹S>o ^mB©) H$s _hm^mî`-Xr{nH$m H$s nmÊSw>{b{n ~{b©Z nwñVH$mb` _| h¡Ÿ& CgHo$ A{V[aº$ àm`: 20 ì`m»`m`| hþ`tŸ& CZ_| g~go {d»`mV h¡ H¡$`Q> CnmÜ`m` H$m _hm^mî`-àXrnŸ& ~mX_| àXrn H$s hr àm`: 15 Q>rH$m`| hþ`tŸ& ZmJoe ^Å> H$s àXrnmoÚmoV ì`m»`m Mm¡Iå~m àog dmamUgr Ûmam àH$m{eV h¡Ÿ& 4.d¥{Îm-J«ÝW- ñd`§ nm{U{Z Zo AnZo gyÌm| H$s d¥{Îm (g§{já ì`m»`m) {bIr Wr Omo A^r CnbãY Zht h¡Ÿ& _hm^mî` Ho$ nhbo Hw${U Am¡a _mWwa d¥{Îm hþ`r WrŸ& ~mX _| Mwpëb, ^{Å>, {Zbya© , Am{X d¥{Îm hþ`r WrŸ& g~go [d»`mV d¥{Îm h¡ H$m{eH$mŸ& CgHo$ àW_ 5 AÜ`m` O`m{XË` Am¡a ~mH$s 3 AÜ`m` dm_Z Ûmam {b{IV h¢Ÿ& gå^dV: CZH$s AbJ-AbJ nyU© ì`m»`m`| WtŸ& AÝ` CnbãY d¥{Îm`m§ h¢{d_b`{V, ^Îm¥h© [a H$s ^mJd¥{Îm, nwéfmoÎm_Xod H$s ^mfmd¥{Îm, eaUXod H$s XwKQ© > d¥{Îm, AÞ_^Å> H$s {_Vmjam, Amoa_ ^Å> H$s ì`mH$aU Xr{nH$m, ñdm_r X`mZÝX H$m Aï>mÜ`m`r ^mî`, ~«÷XÎm {Okmgw Ûmam {hÝXr Q>rH$mŸ& H$m{eH$m d¥{Îm H$s 2 ì`m»`m CnbãY h¢-{OZoÝÐ~w{Õ H$m Ý`mg VWm haXÎm H$r nmX_ÄOar-XmoZm| H$m àH$meZ Cñ_m{Z`m {díd{dÚmb`, h¡Xam~mX go hþAm h¡Ÿ& 5.à{H«$`m-J«ÝW-Aï>mÜ`m`r H$m gyÌ-H«$_ N>mS‹o >H$a à{H«$`m (g§km, {H«$`m, àË`` Am{X) Ho$ AZwgma ì`m»`m hr àm`: 500 dfm] go àM{bV h¡Ÿ& BgHo$ _w»` J«ÝW h¢{dH«$_ 12 dt eVmãXr-Y_©H$s{Îm© H$m ê$nmdVmaŸ& [dH«$_ 16 dt eVmãXr àW_ MaU-am_MÝÐH$s à{H«$`m-H$m¡_Xw rŸ& [dH«$_ 16 dt eVmãXr 2,3 MaU-^Å>m{o O Xr{jV H$s {gÕmÝV-H$m¡_Xw rŸ& [dH«$_ 16 dt eVmãXr MVwW© MaU-Zmam`U ^Å> H$m à{H«$`m-gd©ñdŸ& à{H«$`m-H$m¡_Xw r na eofH¥$îU Am¡a {dÆ>b H$s Q>rH$m`| h¢Ÿ& {gÕmÝV H$m¡_Xw r H$s

3.doXm§J Am¡a gm§»` 115 Q>rH$m`|-J«ÝWH$ma Ûmam àm¡T‹ >-_Zmoa_m, dmgwXdo Ûmam ~mb-_Zmoa_m, kmZoÝÐ gañdVr H$s VÎd-à~mo{YZr VWm ZmJoe ^Å> H$m bKweãXoÝXw-eoIaŸ& 6.nm{U{Z Ho$ ~mX Ho$ ñdVÝÌ J«ÝWH$mVÝÌ-ì`mH$aU- {dH«$_H$mbrZ H$mË`m`Z (daé{M) ÛmamŸ& A{¾ Am¡a Jé‹S>nwamU _| Bg ì`mH$aU H$mo H$m¡_ma Am¡a ñH$ÝX H$hm J`m h¡Ÿ& MmÝÐ-ì`mH$aU-{dH«$_ go 1000 df© nyd© H$í_ra amOm A{^_Ý`w(1234-1182 B©.ny.) Ho$ AmXoe go ~m¡Õ {dÛmZ MÝÐJmo{^ Ûmam {bIm J`m WmŸ& {g\©$ 6 AÜ`m` CnbãY h¢Ÿ& O¡ZoÝÐ-{dH«$_ 500-550 _| AmMm`© XodZpÝX ÛmamŸ&BgH$s 4 Q>rH$m`| CnbãY h¢Ÿ& {dlmÝV-{dÚmYa-dm_Z({dH«$_ nyd© 600 df©) A{^Zd emH$Q>m`Z-A_moKdf©({dH«$_ 871-924) amÁ` _| O¡Z AmMm`© nmë`H$s{Îm© ÛmamŸ& gañdVr-H$ÊR>m^aU-Ymamn{V ^moO({dH«$_ 1075-1110) Ûmam EH$ Ab‘>ma J«ÝW ^r Bgr Zm_ H$m h¡Ÿ& ho_-eãXmZwemgZ-JwOamV Ho$ O¡Z AmMm`© ho_MÝÐ Ûmam({dH«$_ 1145-1220) gmañdV-{d.g§.1300 _| AZw^y{Vñdê$nmMm`© ÛmamŸ& Om¡_ma-H«$_Xrída Ho$ g§{jßgma na {dH«$_ 1200 _| Ow_amZÝXr H$s gañdVr d¥{ÎmŸ& _w½Y~moY-{d.14dt eVmãXr Ho$ nydm©Y© _| ~monXod H$m g§{já ì`mH$aUŸ& n[a{eï> J«ÝW-Am{ne{b Am¡a nm{U{Z Ho$ YmVwnmR>Ÿ& nm{U{Z YmVwnmR> H$s jrañdm_r, _¡Ì`o a{jV, Am¡a gm`U d¥{Îm h¡Ÿ& MmÝÐ YmVwnmR>, emH$Q>m`Z, O¡ZÝo Ð, ho_MÝÐ, Am{X Ho$ n[a{eï> h¢Ÿ& àm`: g^r Ho$ JUnmR>, CUm{X-gyÌ Am¡a {b“mZwemgZ ^r h¢Ÿ& ì`mH$aU Xe©Z-g§Jh« -ì`m{S> `m Xmjm`U Ho$ g§Jh« _| àm`: 10,000 nXmWm] H$s narjm h¡Ÿ& dmŠ`nXr`-^Îm¥h© [a Ûmam 3 H$mÊS> _| h¡Ÿ-~«÷H$mÊS>, nXH$mÊS>, àH$sU©H$mÊS>Ÿ&CgHo$ Cna nwÊ`amO Am¡a hobamO H$s ì`m»`m h¡ Omo n§. aKwZmW e_m© H$s Q>rH$m Ho$ gmW dmamUgr g§ñH¥$V {díd{dÚmb` go àH$m{eV h¡Ÿ& bKw _ÄOyfmZmJmo{O ^Å> ÛmamŸ&

116 gm§»`-Xe©Z H$m d¡km{ZH$ AmYma 4.{Zéº$-_yb eãX-H$mof {ZKÊQw> h¡-BgH$s ì`m»`m {Zéº$ h¡Ÿ, Omo eãX H$m AW© Am¡a ì`wËn{Îm ~VmVm h¡Ÿ& A^r Ho$db `mñH$ H$m {ZKÊQw> Am¡a {Zéº$ CnbãY h¡ {Ogna XwJm©Mm`© H$s ì`wËn{Îm h¡Ÿ& `mñH$({dH«$_ nyd© 2800) Ho$ nhbo H$m H$moB© ^r {ZKÊQw> `m {Zéº$ CnbãY Zht h¡Ÿ& `mñH$ Ho$ ~mX nhbm Aja-H«$_ H$m eãXH$mof lr MÝXeoIa CnmÜ`m` Ûmam 1940-55 _| {bIm J`m Omo 1995 _o§ ZmJ àH$meZ {Xëbr Ûmam 3 IÊS>m| _| àH$m{eV hþAmŸ& BgHo$ nhbo _m¡[ag ãby_\$sëS> H$s d¡{XH$ eãX-gyMr VWm 1927 _| n§. h§gamO VWm ^JdÔÎm H$s ~«m÷U J«ÝW H$s eãXgyMr d¡{XH$-H$mof Ho$ Zm_ go àH$mseV hþ`rŸ& ~Zmag {hÝXy {díd{dÚmb` Ûmam gy`H© $mÝV H$m d¡{XH$ H$mof ^r 1970 _| àH$m{eV hþAmŸ& 5.N>ÝX-Aja-n[a_mU H$mo N>ÝX H$hm OmVm h¡Ÿ& H$mË`m`Z H$s gdm©ZHw $« _{UH$m _| 7 d¡{XH$ N>ÝXm| H$m dU©Z h¡-Jm`Ìr go OJVr VH$Ÿ& doX H$m AÝ` Zm_ N>ÝXg h¡Ÿ& bm¡{H$H$ Jmfm _| AZwïw>n² N>ÝX H$s àW_ aMZm dmë_r{H$ am_m`U(4500 B©.ny.) h¡Ÿ& H$mË`m`Z Ho$ ~mX N>ÝX-emó Ho$ {d»`mV {Z_m©Vm {n“b hþ`,o {n“b eãX N>ÝX-emó H$m n`m©m` ~Z J`m h¡Ÿ& {n“b Ho$ N>ÝX-emó _| 8 AÜ`m`, Am¡a 308 gyÌ h¢Ÿ& Cg_| CÕ¥V AÝ` AmMm`© h¢- EHo$, H$mí`n, H«$m¡ï>w {H$, VpÊS>, `mñH$, amV, _mÊS>ì`, EoVH$Ÿ& N>ÝX-emó na hbm`wY ^Å> H$s ì`m»`m h¡Ÿ& A{¾, Jé‹S> VWm ZmaX nwamUm| _| àm`: d¡gm hr N>ÝX dU©Z h¡Ÿ& ~mX Ho$ {dñV¥V J«ÝW h¢-N>ÝX H$m¡ñVw^, d¥Îm aËZmH$a, N>ÝX _ÄOarŸ& H$m{bXmg (fîQ> eVmãXr Ho$ ^moOamO Ho$ g_H$mbrZ) H$m N>mQo >m J«ÝW lwV~moY h¡Ÿ& 6.Á`mo{Vf-_Zwî` Ho$ A“m| Ho$ g_mZ doX Ho$ A“m| H$s VwbZm-ZoÌ-Á`mo{Vf, H$mZ-{Zéº$, ZmH$-{ejm, _wI-ì`mH$aU, hmW-H$ën, n¡a-N>ÝXŸ& Á`mo{V H$m AW© Á`mo{V: {nÊS> AWm©mV² J«h ZjÌm| H$s pñW{V, O{V Am¡a CZHo$ à^md H$m AÜ``Z h¡Ÿ& doX H$m dmñV{dH$ d¡km{ZH$ AW© Á`moVf Ûmam hr _mby_ hmoVm h¡Ÿ& Á`mo{Vf ê$nr ZoÌ Ho$ {~Zm doX n‹T>Zo dmbm dmñVd _| AÝYm h¡Ÿ& doX Ho$ àm`: à{V gyº$ Ho$ 3 àH$ma Ho$ AW© hmoVo h¢- AmH$me {nÊS> VWm bmoH$ gå~ÝYr(Am{YX¡{dH$), _mZd eara gå~ÝYr (Amû`mpË_H$), VWm Ñí` dmVmdaU g_mO Am{X go gå~pÝYV (Am{Y^m¡{VH$)Ÿ& CgHo$ AZwgma Á`mo{Vf Ho$ 3 IÊS> h¢-J{UV IÊS> _| J«h pñW{V, J{V JUZm, Xoe-H$mb-{XH²$ {ZU©`, J«hU, `w{V Am{X, g¥{ï> H$s CËn{Îm Am¡a AmH$me Am{X H$m dU©Z h¡Ÿ& \${bV Á`mo{Vf _|

117 3.doXm§J Am¡a gm§»` J«h pñW{V H$m _mZd OrdZ Ho$ Cna à^md H$m AÜ``Z hmoVm h¡Ÿ& g§{hVm _| amï´> H$m ^{dî`, ew^ _whÎÿ m©, nd© Cndmg Am{X H$m {ZU©` hmoVm h¡Ÿ& J{UV Á`mo{Vf Ho$ 3 IÊS> h¢-{gÕmÝV J«ÝW _| H$ën Amaå^ go(432 H$mo{Q> df© H$m ~«÷m H$m {XZ {Og_| 198 H$mo{Q> df© ~rV MwH$o h¢Ÿ) ~rVo g_` Ho$ AZwgma J«h J{V H$s JUZm hmoVr h¡Ÿ& dÎm©_mZ {gÕmÝV J«ÝWm| H$m AmYma gy`© {gÕmÝV h¡ {OgH$m CnXoe {ddñdmZ² Ûmam _` Agwa H$mo amo_H$-nÎmZ(CÁO¡Z go 900 nyd© a~mV, a~=a{d `m gy`,© BgHo$ {ZH$Q> haHw$bg `m {dîUw gy`© H$m ñVå^ Wm) _| 9,223 B©.ny._| (gË``wJ _| O~ 121 df© ~mH$s Wo) {X`m J`m WmŸ& Bg H$maU ^maV go boH$a _opŠgH$mo VH$ Á`mo{Vf Ho$ Zm_, {Z`_, {gÕmÝV EH$ hr h¢Ÿ& Bg_| n¥Ïdr H$s Aj-À`w{V, n¥Ïdr H$jm H$m XrK©dÎ¥ mmH$ma, X¡{ZH$ J{V H$m _mZ Am{X Ob-àb` Ho$ ~mX Cgr H$mb Ho$ h¢Ÿ& ApÝV_ {gÕmÝV Amo{S>em Ho$ lr MÝÐeoIa gm_ÝV Ûmam 1870 _| {gÕmÝV Xn©U h¡ Omo H$bH$Îmm {díd{dÚmb` Ûmam 1899 _| àH$m{eV hþAm VWm BgH$m AZwdmX Am¡a ì`m»`m AéU Hw$_ma CnmÜ`m` Ûmam 1998 _| àH$m{eV hþAmŸ& VÝÌ J«ÝW _| `wJ `m H${b Amaå^ (17.18-2-3102 B©.ny. CÁO¡Z _Ü`am{Ì) go ~rVo H$mb Ûmam J«h pñW{V H$s JUZm hmoVr h¡Ÿ& àW_ CnbãY VÝÌ J«ÝW damh{_{ha(6-3-95 B©.ny. _| OÝ_) H$r nÄM{gÕmpÝVH$m h¡Ÿ& CgHo$ ~mX Am`©^Q> Ûma 499 B©. _| Am`©^Q>r` {bIm J`mŸ& BgHo$ nhbo EH$ Am¡a Am`©^Q> Wo {OZH$s aMZm CnbãY Zht h¡Ÿ& ~mX _| Vrgao Am`©^Q> H$m Am`©^Q> {gÕmÝV CnbãY h¡Ÿ& H$aU J«ÝW _| {H$gr {ZH$Q> g_` go gab JUZm hmoVr h¡Ÿ& Bgo AmOH$b gaH$mar H$m`m©b`m| _| h¡ÊS>~Hw $ `m _¡ZA w b H$hm OmVm h¡Ÿ& AmJ_ Am¡a {ZJ_ gå~ÝYr AZwð>mZ F$Vw MH«$ na AmYm[aV h¢Ÿ& F$Vw df© H$s JUZm doXm“ Á`mo{Vf H$m CÔoí` h¡Ÿ& Bg_| àË`oH$ AY©-df© _| MÝÐdf© Ho$ ~mX Ho$ ~Mo g_`-F$Vweof H$s JUZm hmoVr h¡Ÿ& J«hm| H$s pñW{V, J{V, ZjÌ Am{X Ho$ AZwgma VmËH$m{bH$ AZwð>mZ hmoVo h¢- BgH$s JUZm {gÕmÝV Á`mo{Vf (`m VÝÌ, H$aU) _| h¡Ÿ& CgHo$ Ûma XrK©H$m{bH$ `wJ, df© Am{X H$s JUZm hmoVr h¡Ÿ& ì`mdhm[aH$ _mZ{MÌ ~ZmZo Ho$ {b`o n¥Ïdr H$mo g_Vb _mZH$a Cg na ñWmZ, J«h Am{X H$m A‘>Z O¡Z Á`mo{Vf H$m CÔoí` h¡Ÿ& Á`mo{Vf H$s `h VrZ Ymam`| nañna nyaH$ h¢ VWm H$_ go H$_ 10,000 dfm] go EH$ gmW àM{bV h¢Ÿ&

118

gm§»`-Xe©Z H$m d¡km{ZH$ AmYma 12.doX Ho$ Cnm“-doX Ho$ Cnm“Ho$ ê$n _| 6 Xe©Z h¢ {OZHo$ AmYma J«ÝW {ZåZ{b{IV h¢1._r_m§gm-`m nyd© _r_m§gm-ì`mg {eî` O¡{_{Z Ûmam _r_m§gm gyÌ-12 AÜ`m`, 909 A{YH$aU,2644 gyÌŸ& 2.doXmÝV `m CÎma _r_m§gm-~mXam`U ì`mg H$m ~«÷-gyÌ `m emaraH$ gyÌ-4 AÜ`m`,16 nmX, 223 A{YH$ma, 564 gyÌŸ& 3.Ý`m`-AjnmX Jm¡V_ H$m Ý`m` gyÌ-5 AÜ`m`, 10 Am{•H$, 530 gyÌ, 95 dm{Îm©H$Ÿ& 4.d¡e{o fH$-Am¡bŠy ` H$UmX Ûmam-10 AÜ`m`, 20 Am{•H$, VWm 370 gyÌŸ& 5.g§»` Xe©Z-H$[nb Ho$ VÎd g_mg _| 22 `m 24 gyÌ h¢Ÿ(1 gyÌ 3 ^mJ _| {d^º$)Ÿ& H${nb gm§»` gyÌ _| 6 AÜ`m` Am¡a 523 gyÌ h¢Ÿ& H${nb {eî` Amgw[a Ho$ {eî` nÄM{eI (_hm^maV goH$w N> g_` nyd)© Zo H${nb {ejm H$m {dñVma {H$`mŸ& EH$ _V go gm§»` gyÌ CÝht H$m {bIm h¡Ÿ& CgHo$ ~mX df©JÊ` Zo f{ï>VÝÌ {bImŸ& Bg_| 60 AÜ`m` `m 60,000 íbmoH$ h¢Ÿ& `m Bg_| àYmZ àH¥${V Ho$ 10 bjU, _Zwî` Ho$50 Ae{º$ Vw{ï> Am{X Hw$b 60 VÎdm| H$m dU©Z h¡Ÿ& `h J«ÝW CnbãY Zht h¡Ÿ& CgH$m g§jno B©ídaH¥$îU(2800 B©.ny.) Zo 70 íbmoH$m| H$s gm§»`H$m[aH$m _| {H$`mŸ& A^r gm§»` Xe©Z àm`: Bgr H$mo H$hm OmVm h¡Ÿ& BgH$s g~go à{gÕ Q>rH$m dmMñn{V {_l (300 B©.ny.) H$s gm§»`-VÎd-H$m¡_Xw r h¡Ÿ& 6.`moJ Xe©Z-{haÊ`J^©(JrVm 6/8, _hm^maV 12/349/65) gyÌ Ho$ AmYma na nVÄO{b (3300-2800 B©.ny.-àm`: 500 df© Am`w) Zo `moJ Xe©Z {bImŸ& Cg_| 4 nmX Am¡a 195 gyÌ h¢Ÿ& BgH$s g~go à{gÕ ì`m»`m ì`mg ^mî` h¡ , {OgH$s ì`m»`m dmMñn{V {_l H$s VÎd-d¡emaXr Am¡a {dkmZ {^jw H$m VÎddm{Îm©H$ h¡Ÿ& AmYw{ZH$ H$mb _| ^moOamO(12dt eVmãXr) Zo amO_mÎm©ÊS> {bImŸ& nmíMmË` Xe©Z-^maVr` Xe©Z _| VÎdm| H$sì`m»`m h¡ VWm CgHo$ 3 VÎd h¢AmË_m (MoVZ Ord), O‹S> àH¥${V, Am¡a {damQ²>Ÿ& BgHo$ 4 CÔoí` h¢Ÿho`(Ë`mÁ`)-Xw:I H$m ñdê$n ho` hoV-w Xw:I H$m H$maU hmZ-Xw:I Ho$ A^md H$m ñdê$n hmZmonm`-Xw:I {Zd¥{Îm H$m gmYZŸ&

3.doXm§J Am¡a gm§»` 119 nmíMmË` Xe©Zm| _| OrdZ H$m AmMma emó Am¡a _moj AdñWm H$m {dMma Zht h¡, `h Amgwar Xe©Z naånam h¡Ÿ& dhm§ ì`{º$ H$s Vm{H©$H$ Am¡a ~m¡{ÕH$ loð>Vm H$m àXe©Z hr Xe©Z h¡Ÿ& Mmdm©H$ Xe©Z ^r O‹S>dmXr hmoZo Ho$ H$maU H$B© ~ma Mmdm©H$ H$mo ^r Agwa H$hm J`m h¡Ÿ& {H$ÝVw CgZo ^r VÎd H$mo àYmZVm Xr h¡Ÿ VWm ì`{º$JV nmIÊS> H$m {damoY {H$`mŸ h¡, AnZr _hmZVm H$m àXe©Z ZhtŸ& AmMma Am¡a _moj ^maV _| Xe©Z H$m na_ bú` h¡, Amgwar gä`Vm _| Cgo ZrMo ñWmZ {X`m J`m h¡ (relegate) Bg AW© _| dh ao{bOZ (religion) h¡Ÿ& `h e{º$hrZ godH$ ê$n Am¡a kmZeyÝ` nwam{hVm| H$m$ H$m`© _mZm OmVm h¡Ÿ& nmíMmË` Xe©Z 2 àH$ma H$m h¡-VÎd _r_m§gm (metaphysics) g§gma H$s CËn{Îm H$m Xe©Z h¡Ÿ& Xygam h¡ VH©$ ~w{Õ H$m AmYma (metamathematics )Ÿ& `h ^maV Ho$ AZrídadmXr 6 Xe©Zm| Ho$ dJ© H$m {^Þ ê$n h¡Ÿ& nmíMmË` {dMmaYmam H$m _yb h¡ {_l Xoe(Egypt) H$m kmZŸ& dhm§ {haÊ`H${enw H$m Agwa amÁ` Wm, CgHo$ nwÌ à‡mX H$mo J«rH$ ^mfm _| {b{~`m H$hVo h¢, Omo {_l Ho$ npíM_ Ho$ EH$ Xoe H$m Zm_ h¡Ÿ& {_l _| AÜ``Z H$a J«rH$ {dÛmZm| AañVy, Woëg, ßboQ>mo, {nWmJmoag Am{X Zo Cgo AnZr ^mfm _| {bImŸ& J«rH$ naånam H$m o amo_Z amÁ` Zo Omar aImŸ& CÝhm|Zo {_l go {ZîH$m{gV `hÿXr Om{V Ho$ Y_© g§ñWmnH$ B©gm _grh H$mo \$m§gr XoH$a ~mX _| AnZo H$mo BZH$m AZwJm_r Kmo{fV H$a {X`mŸŸ& A^r ^r `hÿXr B©gm Ho$ AZw`m`r `hÿ{X`m| Ho$ X_Z _| bJo hþ`o h¢Ÿ& CgHo$ ~mX npíM_ E{g`m H$s n¡Jå~a naånam _| _whå_X Am`oŸ& CZHo$ {déÕ ^r B©gm Ho$ VWmH${WV AZw`m`r B©amH$, VwH$u _| Y_©`Õ w H$aVo aho h¢Ÿ& Bg H$maU nmíMmË` boIH$ ^maVr` B{Vhmg _| ^r Am`©-Ð{d‹S> g§Kf© Am{X H$s PyR>r H$ënZm`| H$aVo ahVo h¢Ÿ& npíM_ E{g`m H$s {_lr naånam AmYw{ZH$ `wJ _| Bgbm_ Ho$ ê$n _| {dH${gV hþ`rŸ& {_l Am¡a ^maV Ho$ gr_m joÌ BamZ _| {e`m ({ed `m H$mí_ra e¡d) gåàXm` VWm doXmÝV Ho$ g_mZ gy\$s (gy\$=JoéAm , ImH$s dó) gåàXm` H$m OÝ_ hþAm Omo Bgbm_ Ho$ A§J h¡Ÿ& Bgbm_ à^m{dV BgmB© gåàXm` _| ^r Xmo àH$ma Ho$ dmX {dH${gV hþ`-o 12dt eVmãXr _| \«$mpÝgñH$Z _| amoOa ~oH$Z VWm S>m{o _{ZH$Z gåàXm` _| Q>m_g E{¹$ZmŸ& 15dt eVmãXr _| BQ>br Ho$ {b`moZmS>m} Xm qdMr Zo d¡km{ZH$ à`moJdmX H$s Ztd S>mbrŸ & 17 dt eVmãXr _| AÛ¡V ^m¡{VH$dmX _| hm¡ãg VWm Q>>mob¡ÊS>, AÛ¡V

120 gm§»`-Xe©Z H$m d¡km{ZH$ AmYma {dkmZdmX _| pñnZmoOm, Û¡VdmX _| bm¡H$ Am¡a ~w{ÕdmX _| XoH$mÎm© VWm {b~{ZËO hþ`Ÿo & 18dt eVmãXr _| `yamon Ho$ Xme©{ZH$ Wo- {dkmZdmX _| ~H©$bo Am¡a H$mÊQ>, gÝXohdmX _| øy_Ÿ& 19 dt eVmãXr _| 4 _Vm| H$m àMma hþAm-{\$»Q> VWm hrJob Ûmam {dkmZdmX, ZrËeo Ûmam Û¡VdmX, ñnoÝga Ûmam Ako`VmdmXŸ& ^m¡{VH$dmX H$m OÝ_ ~wIba, bwS>{dH$ \w$Ea~mI VWm H$mb© _mŠg© Ûmam hþAm, {Ogna gmå`dmX H$s amOZr{V AmYm[aV h¡Ÿ& 20dt eVmãXr _| ìhmBQ>hSo > VWm `yH$Z Ûmam B©ídadmX, ~O©gm§ VWm ~Q´>Ê© S> agob Ûmam gÝVwbZdmX(Nihilism), {d{b`_ Ooåg Ûmam Û¡VdmX VWm E§Oëo g_mŠg© Ûmam ÛÝÛmË_H$ ^m¡{VH$dmX H$m {dH$mg hþAmŸ& BgHo$ A{V[aº$ ^m¡{VH$ {dkmZ H$s Xmo Z`r YmamAm| Ho$ H$maU {díd Ho$ ~mao _| d¡km{ZH$ YmaUm ~Xb J`rŸ& ¹$mÊQ>_ _oH$m{ZŠg H$m {gÕmÝV h¡- nXmW©, COm©, g_` Ho$ _mn H$s Ý`yZV_ gr_m, nXmW© COm© H$m EH$Ëd, VWm A{ZíM` {gÕmÝV(hoOZo ~J©)Ÿ& AmBÝgQ>mBZ Ho$ gmnojVmdmX H$m {ZîH$f© h¡-àH$me J{V A{YH$V_ h¡, AmH$me({XH²$) Am¡a H$mb gå~pÝYV VWm gmnoj h¡Ÿ& 13. CndoX-MaU-ì`yh _| 4 CndoX H$ho J`o h¢F$H²$-Am`wdX} , `Ow:-YZwdX} , gm_-JÝYd©dXo , AWd©-AW©emñÌŸ& {H$ÝVw gwlVw , ^mdàH$me VWm MaH$ Ho$ AZwgma Am`wdX} AWd©dXo H$m CndoX h¡Ÿ& `h _V R>rH$ bJVm h¡ , Š`m|{H$ AWd© doX _| {M{H$Ëgm VÎd ^ao n‹S>o h¢Ÿ& AV: AW©emó H$mo F$½doX H$m CndoX _mZZm C{MV h¡Ÿ& AW©emó H$s naånam-{ÌdJ© (Y_©, AW©, H$m_) H$s ì`m»`m Ho$ {b`o ~«÷m Zo 1 bmI AÜ`m`m| H$m emó {bIm WmŸ(ñdm`å^wd29,000 B©.ny. `m Cggo nyd©)Ÿ& CgHo$ ~mX 3 AbJ-Ab naånam`| Amaå^ hþ`t~«÷m-1 bmI AÜ`m` H$m {ÌdJ© Y_©emó AW©emó H$m_emó ñdm`å^wd_Zw {dembmj={ed Ûmam 12,000 AÜ`m` & BÝÐ H$m ~mhþXÝVH$ J«ÝW(5 `m 12 hOma AÜ`m`)Ÿ& XmZd nwbmo_m & ~¥hñn{V Ûmam ~mhþXÝVH$ H$m g§jno -3000 AÜ`m` _|& CeZm H${d(ewH«$)-1000 AÜ`m`&

121 3.doXm§J Am¡a gm§»` ZmaX `m {newZ(MwJbr) ~wY nwÌ nwéadm gwYÝdm Am{“ag _éV² _Zw-ñdm`å^wd, àmMoVg, d¡dñdVŸ& d{gð> H$m MVw{dªe{V ì`dhma {ZU©`Ÿ& ^aÛmO H$m 700 AÜ`m` H$m AW©emóŸ& Jm¡a{eam H$m 400 AÜ`m` H$m Ÿ& namea H$m Z¥nemó, ì`mg Ûmam 300 AÜ`m` _| g§jonŸ& ^rî_, H$m¡UnXÝV, ÐmoU ^maÛmO, CÕd dmVì`m{YŸ& emå~ì` (F$½doX H$m H$ën gyÌ, Am`wdX} Am¡a AW©emó)& emb‘>m`Z-Z¥nemó& {dîUwJwá H$m¡{Q>ë` H$m AW©emó (1625 B©.ny.)& H$m¡{Q>ë` AW©emó g§nyU© VWm CeZm H$m ewH«$Zr{V g§{jáê$n _| CnbãY h¡Ÿ& ^rî_ H$m amOZr{V H$m CnXoe _hm^maV Ho$ empÝVnd© _| {dñVma go h¡Ÿ& AÝ` H$B© {dXwa, Hw${UH$ Am{X H$s Zr{V _hm^maV VWm AÝ` J«ÝWm| _| CÕ¥V h¡Ÿ& Am`wdX} naånam-gwlwV g§{hVm Ho$ AZwgma ~«÷m Zo 1000 AÜ`m` VWm 1 bmI íbmoH$m| _| Am`wdX} emó {bIm WmŸ {OgHo$ 8 IÊS> Wo-1.eë` VÝÌ, 2. embmŠ` VÝÌ, 3.H$m`{M{H$Ëgm VÝÌ, 4.^yV{dÚm VÝÌ, 5.H$m¡_ma^¥Ë` VÝÌ, 6.AJX VÝÌ, 7.agm`Z VÝÌ, VWm 8.dmOrH$aU VÝÌŸ& Bg Aï>m“ Am`wdX} _| XohVÎd, eara {dkmZ, eó {dÚm, ^ofO Am¡a Ðì` JwUVÎd, {M{H$Ëgm VÎd VWm YmÌr -{dÚm ^r h¡Ÿ& AmYw{ZH$ {M{H$Ëgm àUmbr Ho$ g_mZ gÑe {M{H$Ëgm (hmo{_`mon¡Wr), {damoYr {M{H$Ëgm (Ebmon¡Wr) Am¡a Ob- {M{H$Ëgm ^r h¡Ÿ& ~«÷m go Xj àOmn{V, CgHo$ ~mX XmoZm| ApídZr-Hw$_ma-ZmgË` Am¡a XòAm¡a CgHo$ ~mX BÝÐ Zo grImŸ& Agwam| _| ^mJ©d CeZm Am`wd}X Ho$ AmMm`© WoŸ& nwZd©gw AmÌo`, YÝdÝV[a Am¡a ^aÛmO àm`: g_H$mbrZ WoŸ& amoJ ~‹T>Zo na {h_mb` _| ^aÛmO H$s AÜ`jVm _| F${f`m| H$s g^m hþ`rŸ (MaH$ g§{hVm)& AmÌo` nwZd©gw Ho$ AZwamoY na ^aÛmO BÝÐ Ho$ nmg Am`wdX} grIZo J`o Š`m|{H$ ^aÛmO Ho$ {nVm

122 gm§»`-Xe©Z H$m d¡km{ZH$ AmYma Am{“ag ~¥hñn{V XodJwé WoŸ& nwZ: ^aÛmO go nwZd©gw AmÌo` VWm AÝ` F${f`m| Zo Am`wdX} grImŸ& {XdmoXmg YÝdÝV[a Zo AnZo _mZd OÝ_ _| ^aÛmO go Am`wdX} grImŸ& nydd© Îmu YÝdÝV[a g_wÐ-_ÝWZ Ho$ g_` ^JdmZ Ho$ AdVma Ho$ ê$n _| àH$Q> hþ`o WoŸ& nwZd©gw AmÌo` go 1. A{¾doe, 2.ídoV, 3.OmVyH$U©, 4.namea, 5.hmarV, 6.jmanm{U Zo Am`wdX} grImŸ& OmVyH$U© Am¡a namea ^mB© Wo, namea Ho$ nwÌ ì`mg hþ`oŸ& A{¾doe ÐþnX VWm ÐmoU Ho$ Jwé WoŸ Am¡a Am`wd}X Ho$ ^r AmMm`© WoŸ& hmarV gm§»` naånam _| nÄM{eI Ho$ {eî` Wo VWm BgHo$ A{V[aº$ CZH$m Am`wd}X VWm Y_©gyÌ ^r h¡Ÿ& A{¾doe go Am`wd}X VÝÌ H$m nwZb}IZ d¡eånm`Z Zo MaH$ g§{hVm Ho$ ê$n _| _hm^maV `wÕ Ho$ Hw$N> ~mX {H$`mŸ& d¡eånm`Z H$mo MaH$ H$hm OmVm h¡, g§^dV: CZHo$ g§ñWmZ _| nVÄO{b Zo {bImŸ& {XdmoXmg YÝdÝV[a go CZHo$ {eî` gwlwV Zo Am`wd}X grIm VWm gwlwV-g§{hVm {bIrŸ& CgHo$~mX _w»² `V: MaH$ Am¡a gwlVw g§{hVm H$s hr ì`m»`m hþ`rŸ& ì`m»`mAm| H$m H$mb-H«$_ Bg àH$ma h¡1. Amfm‹T> d_m©, gwdra, ZpÝX, damh, h[aíMÝÐ, ñdm{_Xmg, MoëbXod, {h_XÎm, H$m{Îm©H$ Hw$ÊS>Ÿ& 2. OoÁPQ> ({dH«$_ 100) 3. J`Xmg, ^mñH$a (XmoZm| npÄOH$m- H$ma), _mYdH$a (Amo{S‹ >gm Ho$)Ÿ& 4. ~«÷Xod , JmodÕ©Z (H$m¡_Xw r Am¡a aËZ_mbm), JXmYaŸ& 5. MH«$nm{U ({dH«$_ g§. 1100) 6. S>ëhU,d¥ÝXŸ& 7. ho_m{П& OoÁPQ> Ho$ Jwé dm½^Q> H$m Aï>m“ g§Jh« , MH«$nm{U H$m MH«$XÎm Am¡a S>ëhU Am{X Ho$ J«ÝW {d»`mV h¢Ÿ& 3.YZwdX} -~ñVr (CÎma àXoe) Ho$ n§. YZamO(1924) Ho$ AZwgma YZwdX} Ho$ 3 àmMrZ J«ÝW Wo- YZwdX} , YZwf-MÝÐmoX` VWm YZwf-àXrnŸ& àW_ Xmo J«ÝWm| _| 60-60 hOma íbmoH$ WoŸ& _YwgXy Z gañdVr Ho$ àñWmZ-^oX Ho$ AZwgma {dídm{_Ì Ho$ YZwdX©o Ho$ 4 nmX Wo-

3.doXm§J Am¡a gm§»` 123 Xrjm, g§Jh« , {g{Õ Am¡a à`moJŸ& Xrjm nmX _| YZwf H$m AW© 4 àH$ma Ho$ Am`wY h¢-1._wº$-MH«$ Am{X AóŸ& 2.A_wº$-IS²>J, JXm Am{X AóŸ& 3._wº$m_wº$eë` `m AmYw{ZH$ `wJ Ho$ Am¾o`mñÌ {OgH$m _w»` ^mJ à`moJH$Îmm© Ho$ nmg ah OmVm h¡Ÿ& 4. `ÝÌ_wº$-[_gmBb `m `ÝÌ _wº$ {Xì`móŸ& ^maÛmO H$m `ÝÌ-gd©ñd H$m 40 dm§ AÜ`m` d¡_m{ZH$ àH$aU h¡ {Og_| 8 AÜ`m`, 100 A{YH$ma VWm 500 gyÌ h¢Ÿ& Bg_| `wÕ VWm AÝ` Cn`moJm| Ho$ {b`o {d_mZm| H$m dU©Z h¡Ÿ& AÝ` nydd© Îmu AmMm`m] Ho$ Zm_ Bg_| h¢-Zmam`U(Za-Zmam`U F${f ~ÝYw) H$s {d_mZ-MpÝÐH$m, em¡ZH$ (nwamU gånmXH$) H$m ì`mo_-`mZ-VÝÌ, JJ© (H¥$îU Ho$ Jwé) H$m `ÝÌ-H$ën, dmMñn{V H$m `mZ{dÝXw, MmH«$m`U (CfpñV) H$m IoQ>`mZ-àXr{nH$m VWm KwpÊS>ZmW H$m ì`mo_`mZmH©$-àH$meŸ& AÝ` 25 J«ÝWm| _| à_wI h¡-AJñË` H$m A§e_w VÝÌ, AmH$me-emó VWm `ÝÌ-gd©ñd, emH$Q>m`Z H$m dm`wVÎd-àH$aU, ZmaX H¥$V d¡ídmZa VÝÌ, Yy_-àH$aU Am{XŸ& ^aÛmO H$s A§e~w mo{YZr _| d{U©V ÜdmÝV-à_mnH$ `ÝÌ H$s d¡km{ZH$ ì`m»`m ñnoŠQ´>m_o rQ>a Ho$ ê$n _| BpÊS>`Z OZ©b Am¡\${hñQ´>r Am¡\$ gmBÝg Ho$ {Xgå~a, 1994 A§H$ _o§ H$s h¡Ÿ& YZwdX} Ho$ AÝ` AmMm`©-^mJ©d CeZm H${d, A{¾doe, eaÛmZ² Am¡a CZHo$ nwÌ H¥$n, ^aÛmO nwÌ ÐmoU, O_X{¾ Am¡a naewam_Ÿ& 4. JÝYd©dXo -`h gm_doX H$m Cnm“ h¡Ÿ& BgHo$ 4 AmMm`© à{gÕ h¢-gmo_ío da ({ed?), ^aV, hZw_mZ, Am¡a H$pëbZmWŸ& ^aV H$m ZmQ>ç-emó àW_ CnbãY J«ÝW h¡Ÿ& Bg_| F$½doX go nmR>çdñVw, gm_doX go JmZ, `Owd}X go A{^Z` Am¡a AWd©doX go ag {b`m J`m h¡Ÿ (ZmQ>çemó 1/ 17)& BgHo$ Am{X AmMm`© {ed h¢Ÿ& CgHo$ ~mX ZmaX, hZw_mZ, JÝYd© Vwå~wé Am{X Zo grImŸ& 14. AmJ_ `m VÝÌ-AmYw{ZH$ `wJ _| AmJ_ emó H$m àMma H$_ h¡, CgH$m {dH¥$V ê$n A{YH$ XrIVm h¡Ÿ& {ZJ_ _yb kmZ h¡ Omo gy`© go n¥Ídr H$s Va\$ AmVm h¡, AWm©V² ~mhar gË` H$m AÝVO©JV² _| AZw_d h¡Ÿ& AmJ_ ì`mdhm[aH$ emónm{W©d kmZ h¡ AWm©V² dh AmÝV[aH$ e{º$ Ûmam ~mhar OJV² H$mo à^m{dV H$aVm h¡Ÿ& {ZJ_ H$s AZw^y{V ñd`§ hmoVr h¡Ÿ, AmJ_ H$s {ejm Jwé naånam go hmoVr h¡Ÿ& AmJ_ H$m \$b VwaV {_bVm h¡, Cg_| AnZr hr e{º$ àH$Q> hmoVr h¡Ÿ& AmYw{ZH$àMbZ Ho$ AZwgma {ZJ_ H$mo gmBÝg VWm AmJ_ H$mo BÄOr{Z`[a¨J

124 gm§»`-Xe©Z H$m d¡km{ZH$ AmYma H$hm Om gH$Vm h¡Ÿ& XmoZm| nañna gå~pÝYV h¢Ÿ& AmJ_ gm{hË` Ho$ 6 _w»` IÊS> VWm CgHo$ 120 CnIÊS> h¢Ÿ1.g§{hVm J«ÝW-18-B{Vhmg, VmpÎdH$ {df` Am{XŸ& 2.{gÕmÝV-14-agm`Z Am{X d¡km{ZH$ {df`Ÿ& 3.H$ën J«ÝW-6-6 AmåZm`Ÿ& 4.`m_b J«ÝW-10-d¥{ï> {dkmZ Am{X Z¡{_{ÎmH$ {dkmZŸ& 5. S>m_a J«ÝW-8-A{^Mma {dÚmŸ& 6.VÝÌ J«ÝW-64-_{U, _ÝÌ, AmofY-{dkmZŸ& Bï> Xod ^oX go 3 àH$ma Ho$ AmJ_ h¢-1.d¡îUd, 2.e¡d, 3.emº$Ÿ& BgHo$ A{V[aŠ 4.gm¡a VÝÌ VWm 5. JmUnË` VÝÌ ^r h¢ {H$ÝVw CZH$m àMma H$_ h¡Ÿ& Ad¡{XH$ AmJ_m| _| 6.~m¡Õ VWm 7.O¡Z VÝÌ h¢Ÿ& d¡îUd AmJ_ _| nmÄMamÌ,d¡ImZg, Am¡a lr_X²^mJdV nwamU _w»` h¢Ÿ& nmÄMamÌ Zm_ H$m {ZåZ{b{IV H$maU h¡1.gm¡a df© (gy`©={dîUw) _| 365 {XZ h¢, gmdZ df© _| 360 {XZ (12 _mg•30 {XZ) h¢Ÿ& ApÝV_ 5 {XZ dfm©ÝV H$s Nw>Å>r h¢ {Og_| `k hmoVm h¡Ÿ& {H«$g_g VWm hO Bgr àH$ma dfm©ÝV Ho$ `k VWm Nw>Å>r h¢Ÿ& gmdZ df© Ho$ ~mX gm¡a df© Ho$ ~Mo 5 {XZ hr nmÄMamÌ h¢Ÿ& 4 df© _| EH$ ~ma 6 {XZ A{YH$ hmoVo h¢-`h EoVao` VWm JmonW ~«m÷U Ho$ AZwgma fS>mh h¡Ÿ& 2.AkmZ=am{Ì,nÄM CgH$m ZmeH$ h¡Ÿ& 3.A{dÚm Ûmam 5 am{Ì hmoVr h¡, CZH$m Zme nmÄMamÌ H$aVm h¡Ÿ&({dîUwVÝÌ,1/ 77-79) 4.^JdmZ Ho$ 5 Am`wY 5 F${f`m| Ho$ ê$n _| àH$Q> hþ`-o empÊS>ë`, Am¡nJm`Z, _m¡ÄOm`Z,H$m¡{eH$, Am¡a ^maÛmOŸ& à{V H$mo 1-1 {XZ _| 1-1 emó H$m CnXoe {X`m J`mŸ& 5 am{Ì`m§ h¢-~«÷am{Ì, {edam{Ì, BÝÐam{Ì, ZmJam{Ì, Am¡a F${fam{ÌŸ& dm`wXdo Ûmam g§H$f©U H$mo doX Ho$ AZwgma 3 {Xì` emóm| H$m CnXoe {X`m J`m WmŸgmËdV, nm¡îH$a, O`m»`Ÿ& gmËdV g§{hVm H$mo EH$m`Z doX H$hm OmVm h¡-dh doX d¥j H$m EH$_mÌ _yb h¡Ÿ& g§H$f©U Zo 7 F${f`m| Ûmam g§gma _| nmÄMamÌ H$m àMma {H$`m Wm-gZH$, gZV², gwOmV, gZÝX, gZãX, gZËHw$_ma, H${nbŸ&

3.doXm§J Am¡a gm§»` 125 4 àH$ma Ho$ emó h¢-1.gmpËdH$-36-dmgwXdo Ûmam CnXoeŸ& 2.amOg-36-gmpËdH$ H$m AW© {dñVmaŸ& 3.Vm_g-36-F${f {Z{_©VŸ& 4._Zwî` {Z{_©VŸ& {df` Ho$ AZwgma nmÄMamÌ Ho$ 4 ^oX h¢1. AmJ_ {gÕmÝV J«ÝW _| 4 ì`yh (dmgwXdo , g§H$f©U, àÚwåZ Am¡a A{ZéÕ) H$s AmamYZm h¡Ÿ& `h Jwé naånam go Am`m h¡Ÿ& 2. _ÝÌ {gÕmÝV- Bg_| AÝ` XodVmAm| H$s CnmgZm h¡Ÿ Omo erK« \$b XoVr h¡Ÿ& 3. VÝÌ g§{hVm- dmH²$ _ÝÌ Ûmam ^JdmZ Ho$ ê$n, _y{Îm© H$s nyOmŸ& 4.VÝÌmÝVa {gÕmÝV- _y{Îm©, Xod-n[adma, Am`wY, ^yfU Am{X H$s nyOmŸ& d¡ImZg AmJ_-dmZàñW AdñWm (50-75 df©) Ho$ {b`o d¡ImZg eãX H$m ì`dhma hmoVm h¡Ÿ& nÄ Mqde ~«m÷U (14/4/7) Ho$ AZwgma nm¡am{UH$ F${f`m| Ho$ EH$ Hw$b H$m Zm_ d¡ImZg WmŸ& V¡{Îmar` AmaÊ`H$ (1/23/3) _| ^r CgH$s MMm© h¡Ÿ& H¥$îU `Owd}X Ho$ J¥ø gyÌ H$mo d¡ImZg J¥ø gyÌ H$hVo h¢Ÿ& d¡ImZg Y_© gyÌ VWm lm¡V gyÌ ^r h¢Ÿ& d¡{XH$ d¡ImZg emIm H$m H«$_ Bg àH$ma h¡Zmam`U (damh ^JdmZ=d¡ImZg) ~«÷m d¡ImZg F${f H$í`n ^¥Jw A{Ì _ar{M d¡ImZg AmJ_ _| _pÝXa {Z_m©U, _y{Îm© aMZm Am¡a à{Vð>m, AM©Zm Am {X H$m {deX dU©Z h¡Ÿ& 2.e¡d AmJ_-{ed Ho$ 5 _| 3 _wI {MV², AmZÝX Am¡a kmZ ê$n h¢Ÿ& CZHo$ {d{^Þ àH$ma {_bZ go 10 {ed AmJ_ hmoVo h¢Ÿ& BÀN>m Am¡a {H«$`m ê$n AÝ` Xmo _wI {_bmZo go 5 _wIm| Ho$ {d{^Þ {_bZ Ûmam 18 am¡Ð AmJ_ hmoVo h¢Ÿ& 4 _wI ( B©emZ, VËnwéf, gÚmoOmV, Am¡a dm_Xod) H$m 5d| _wI AKmoa _| b` hmoVm h¡Ÿ& b` `m pñW{V àË`oH$ _wI _| 2 ^oX h¢Ÿ& AV: 4 _wIm| Ho$ 2•2•2•2=16 ^oX h¢Ÿ& dmUr (eãX) Ho$ 4 àH$ma Ho$ ^oX-CËn{Îm H$s 2 AdñWm-nam Am¡a ní`ÝVr ê$n _| ~mha {ZH$bZo Ho$ {b`o àñVwV VWm _Ü`_m Am¡a d¡Iar ê$n _| àH$Q>Ÿ& dmUr {ZH$bZo Ho$ ~mX ^r 2 ^oX h¢- lmoVm Ûmam J«hU, à{V{H«$`mŸ& Hw$b 16•4=64 ^oXm| Ho$

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128 gm§»`-Xe©Z H$m d¡km{ZH$ AmYma H$m¡b {ZU©`, H$m¡b VÝÌ, Hw$bmU©d VÝÌŸ& 2.{_l _V-gm§»` Xe©Z H$m AmYma F$½doX, ídoVmídVa Cn{XfX² H$m gyº$ h¡AOm_oH$m§ bmo{hV ewŠb H¥$îUm_² .... Ÿ& AWm©V² àH¥${V EH$ h¡, {H$ÝVw CgHo$ 3 JwU `m a§J Ho$ AZwgma 3 ê$n h¢H¥$îU-H$mbrŸ& ewŠb-VmamŸ& bmo{hV-lr{dÚm, fmoS>er `m {Ìnwa gwÝXarŸ& AO `m {damQ²> nwéf Ho$ ^r 3 ê$n h¢-H¥$îU `m {dîUw, ~«÷m Am¡a {edŸ& 3 e{º$ ê$nm| Ho$ 3 _ÝÌ `m {dÚm h¢H$m{X {dÚm ( H$ go _ÝÌ H$m Amaå^)- H$ E B© b õt-H$mbrŸ& hm{X {dÚm-h g H$ h b õt-{Ìnwa gwÝXarŸ& gm{X {dÚm- g H$ b õt-VmamŸ& H$m{X {dÚm H$m ~§Jmb, hm{X {dÚm H$m H$í_ra VWm gm{X {dÚm H$m {Vã~V _| A{YH$ àMma Wm, AV: BÝh| CÎma AmåZm` (Am_Zm-gm_Zm) H$hVo h¢Ÿ& 3.g_` _V-`h ~«÷dmXr AmMma H$m dJ© h¡Ÿ& BgH$s 5 _w»` g§{hVm`| h¢-d{gð> g§{hVm, ewH$ g§{hVm, gZV g§{hVm, gZÝXZ g§{hVm VWm gZËHw$_ma g§{hVmŸ& à_wI J«ÝW h¡- ew^mJ_ nÄ MH$Ÿ& Xg _hm{dÚmAm| Ho$ AbJ-AbJ _ÝÌ h¢, CZH$s CnmgZm MÝÐ_m H$s am{e Ho$ AZwgma hmoVr h¡Ÿ& BZHo$ _ÝÌ, ê$n, J«ÝW {ZåZ {b{IV h¢1.H$mbr-ñne©_{U, {MÝVm_{U, gÝV{VàXm, {g{ÕXm, Jwø, h§g, X{jU Am¡a ^ÐH$mbr ê$nŸ& H«$s¨ ~rOŸ& _ÝÌ-H«$s¨ H«$s¨ H«$s¨ õt õt õt hÿ§ hÿ§Ÿ& H$m_H$bm H$mbr Ho$ 11 gmYH$ h¢-BÝÐ, déU, Hw$~oa, ~«÷m, _hmH$mb, ~mU, amdU, `_, MÝÐ, {dîUw Am¡a _h{f©JUŸ& BgHo$ àm`: 30 J«ÝW h¢ {OZ_| _w»` h¢-_hmH$mb g§{hVm, 2 IíS>m| _| H$m_H$bm VWm JwøH$mbr IÊS>Ÿ& 2.Vmam-6 ê$n-CJ«Vmam, ZrbgañdVr, EH$OQ>m, ewŠbVmam, ZrbVmam, Am¡a {MÌmŸ& › ~rOŸ& › õt õt hþ§ \$Q²>Ÿ& BgHo$ àm`: 26 J«ÝW emó Am¡a g§{hVm h¢-Vmam VÝÌ, Zrb gañdVr VÝÌ Am{XŸ& 3.fmoS>er-Bgo {Ìnwa gwÝXar `m H$m_oídar ^r H$hVo h¢Ÿ& BgHo$ 3 ê$n h¢-~mbm,

3.doXm§J Am¡a gm§»` 129 gwÝXar Am¡a ^¡adrŸ& ~mbm, Hw$_mar Am¡a `wdVr ê$n gÎd, aO Am¡a V_ JwU Ho$ àVrH$ h¢Ÿ& VrZ Hy$Q>m| Ho$ AbJ-AbJ ~rO _ÝÌ h¢-dm½^d Hy$Q>-E|Ÿ& H$m_amO Hy$Q>-ŠbtŸ& e{º$ Hy$Q>-gm¡:Ÿ&fmoS>er _ÝÌ Ho$ 3 ^mJ H$m{X, hm{X, gm{X BZ 3 Hy$Q>m| Ho$ _ÝÌ h¢Ÿ& BgH$m `ÝÌ lr `ÝÌ g¥{ï> H$m àVrH$ h¡Ÿ& VrZ {dÚmAm| Ho$ J«ÝW h¢H$m{X {dÚm-{Ìnwamon{ZfX², ^mdZmon{ZfX²Ÿ& hm{X {dÚm-{ÌnwaVm{nZr Cn{ZfX²Ÿ& gm{X {dÚm-VÝÌamO VÝÌ, _mV¥H$mU©d VÝÌ, `mo{JZr öX` VÝÌ, {ÌnwamU©d VÝÌŸ& 4.^wdZoídar-gm§»` Xe©Z H$s àH¥${V, doX H$s A{X{VŸ& ~rO-õtŸ& J«ÝW-^wdZoídar ahñ`, ^wdZoídar ñVmoÌ, ^wdZoídar nm[aOmVŸ& 5.{Ìnwa ^¡adr-`h {Ìnwa gwÝXar H$m àH$Q> ê$n h¡Ÿ& BgHo$ 3 Hy$Q>m| Ho$ ~rO _ÝÌ h¢h²ò¢, h²ñŠb¥§, h²g²lm¡:Ÿ& `h 3 _ÝÌ ~«÷ J«pÝW (_ybmYma, ñdm{Yð>mZ), {dîUw J«pÝW (_{Unya, AZmhV, {dew{Õ) VWm éÐ J«pÝW (Amkm, ghòma) Ho$ _ÝÌ h¢Ÿ& J«ÝW-{Ìnwa ^¡adr VÝÌ, {Ìnwa ^¡adr `m_b, {Ìnwa Vm{nZr VÝÌŸ& 6.{N>Þ_ñVm-naewam_ H$s _mVm aoUHw $m, àMÊS> MÊS>rŸ& 3 J«pÝW `m g§H$ën, {H«$`m, \$b ê$nr H$_© ~ÝYZ Ho$ d¥j H$mo H$mQ>Zo dmbr e{º$Ÿ& ~rO-h§ `m hÿŸ§ & _ÝÌ-gm AO`m gmo@h§Ÿ& J«ÝW-e{º$g§J_ VÝÌ, {N>Þ_ñVm öX`, {N>Þ_ñVm IÊS>Ÿ& 7.Yy_mdVr-`moJ_m`m, V_g (H$mbam{Ì `m _moham{Ì), A{dÚmŸ& ~rO-YyŸ§ & _ÝÌ-Yy§ Yy§ Yy_mdVr \$Q²> ñdmhmŸ& J«ÝW-Yy_mdVr VÝÌ, àmUVmo{fUr VÝÌŸ& 8.~Jbm_wIr-ñVå^Z e{º$Ÿ& ~rO-h²bŸ§¥ & g§»`m`Z VÝÌ, ~Jbm_wIr VÝÌ, emº$ à_moX, ~JbmH«$_ H$ëndëbrŸ& 9._mV§Jr-dm½dm{XZr, _pÝÌUr, gw_wIr, _hm[nem{MZrŸ& ~rO-ht, hÿ§Ÿ& _mV§Jr VÝÌ, _mV§J öX`, emº$ à_moX, _mV§Jr ghòZm_Ÿ& 10. H$_bm-bú_rŸ& ~rO-lrŸ& VÝÌgma, emaXm{VbH$, H$_bmpË_H$m VÝÌŸ& 4.gm¡a VÝÌ-gy`© {dîUw H$m dh ê$n h¡ {Oggo g¥{ï> H$m nmbZ hmoVm h¡Ÿ& gm¡a nyOm H$m dU©Z gmå~ nwamU _| h¡Ÿ& H¥$îU Ho$ nwÌ gmå~ Zo Hw$ð> amoJ Xya H$aZo Ho$ {b`o Amo{S‹ >gm Ho$ H$moUmH©$ _| gy`© nyOm H$s WrŸ& am_m`U b§H$mH$mÊS> _| amdU H$mo namñV H$aZo Ho$ {b`o AJñË` Zo am_ H$mo Am{XË` öX` H$dM {X`m WmŸ& gy`© go e{º$ àmá H$aZm hr N>mÝXmo½` Cn{ZfX² H$s _Yw{dÚm h¡Ÿ& gm¡a VÝÌ Ho$ _yb J«ÝW-

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144 gm§»`-Xe©Z H$m d¡km{ZH$ AmYma Aja na~«÷-Zm gXmgrÞmo gXmgrÎmXmZt, ZmgrÐOmo Zmo ì`mo_m namo `V²Ÿ& {H$_mdard: Hw$h H$ñ` e_©Þå^: {H$_mgrX² JhZ§ J^ra_²Ÿ&1Ÿ& Z _¥Ë`wamgrV² A_¥V§ Z V[h©, Z amÍ`m A• AmgrV² àHo$V:Ÿ& VÎd H$bm CÝ_of gyº$ ewÕ VÎd àW_ CÝ_of AmZrXdmV§ ñdY`m VXoH$§ Vñ_mÕmÝ`§ Z na: 1.{ed emÝË`VrVm AÜ`mË_^md {H$ÄMZmgŸ&2Ÿ& V_ AmgrÎm_gm Jyùh_J«o 2.e{º$ A{Y^yV ^md @àHo$V_² g{bb gd© _m BX_²Ÿ& {ÛVr` CÝ_of VwÀN²>`Zo mä`{n{hV§ `XmgrV², VngñgÝ_3.gXm{ed Ah_²-BX§ {d_e© {hZm@Om`XoH$_²Ÿ&3Ÿ& H$m_ñVXJ«o g_dV©Vm{Y, V¥Vr` CÝ_of 4.B©ída empÝV Ah_² {d_e© _Zgmo aoV: àW_§ `XmgrV²Ÿ& 5.ewÕ {dÚm BX_² {d_e© ewÕmewÕ VÎd gVmo~ÝYw_g{V {Za{dÝXZ² , 6._m`m ö{X àVrî`m H$d`mo _Zrfm:Ÿ&4Ÿ& 7.H$mb _m`m AgV² {VaíMrZmo {dVVmo apí_aofm, 8.H$bm Ho$ 5 {dÚm lr_ØmJdV² _Y: pñdXmgr Xwn[apñdXmgrV²Ÿ& 9.{Z`{V H$ÄMwH$ H$bm JrVmoº$ aoVmoYm AmgZ² _{h _mZ AmgZ², 10.{dÚm nam àH¥${V ñdYm AdñVmV² à`{V: nañVmV²Ÿ&5Ÿ& 11.amJ 12.nwéf Ord^md({edgyÌmoº$ em§^d,emº$,AmUd) AewÕ VÎd(Anam àH¥${V) -3 OrdmoÝ_of 13.Aì`º$-VrZ JwUm| H$s gmå`mdñWm H$mo AÕm doX H$ Bh àdmoMV²Ÿ, 14._hV² --- {df_mdñWm Hw$V AOmVm Hw$V B`§ {dg¥{ï>:Ÿ& 15.g_{ï> Ah‘>ma -- {ÌJwUmË_H$ Adm©½Xodm Añ` {dgO© ZoZmW, 16 --_Z - gmpÎdH$ Ah‘>ma go à{Vð>m H$mo doX `V Am~^ydŸ&6Ÿ& 17-21.5kmZopÝÐ`m§ amOg Ÿ H$bm B`§ {dg¥{ï>`V© Am~^yd, 22-26. 5H$_}pÝÐ`m§ Ah‘>ma go `{X dm XYo `{X dm ZŸ& 27-31.5 VÝ_mÌm-Vm_g Ah‘>ma go `mo Añ`mÜ`j: na_o ì`mo_Z² 32-35.AmH$me, dm`w, A{¾, Amn gmo A“ doX `{X dm Z doXŸ&7Ÿ&

4.VÎd-g_mg 145 36.n¥{Wdr-Vm_g-{Zd¥{ÎmHbm-{d_fm©{d_fm}© Zm_ {dídmH$maoU {díd àH$meZoZŸ {dídg§hmaoU dm AH¥$V`mo@h{_{V ñ\w$aU_²Ÿ&& H$bm Am¡a CÝ_of-`o eãX e¡d Xe©Z Ho$ h¢ Am¡a D$na H$s gyMr _| gm§»` Xe©Z go A{XamoY hmoZo Ho$ H$maU BZH$m CëboI hþAm h¡Ÿ& H$bm-H$b² YmVw H$m empãXH$ AW©-1.{JZZm,2.eãX H$aZm (ädm{X JU), Mwam{XJU _|-1.YmaU H$aZm,boZm,aIZm,2.{JZZm,{hgm~ bJmZm, 3.g§^mbZm, 4.OmZZm, g_PZm, gmoMZm, 5. AmXa H$aZm, 6.ghZ H$aZm, à^m{dV H$aZm, 7.gånmXZ H$aZm, 8.OmZm, Amgº$ hmoZm, boQ>Zm, gpÁOV hmoZm,Ÿ& H$bm=H$b²+AM²+Q>mn²Ÿ&1.{H$gr dñVw H$m N>mQo >m IÊS>, Qw>H$‹S>m, bd_mÌ, 2. MÝÐ_m H$s EH$ aoIm, _ybYZ na ì`mO, 4.g_` H$m N>mQo >m A§e(1/60 XÊS>), 5.H$moU H$m N>moQ>m ^mJ (am{e H$m 30dm§ ^mJ A§e, A§e H$m 60dm§ ^mJ H$bm), 6.à`moJmË_H$ H$bm, 7.Hw$ebVm,_oYm{dVm, 8.OmbgmOr, 9. N>ÝXemó _|_mÌm N>ÝX, 10.{H$íVr, 11.aO:òmdŸ& H$bm H$s VmpÝÌH$ ì`m»`m-1. g^r naVÝÌ MrO| H$m`© h¢Ÿ& H$m`© 3 àH$ma Ho$ h¢Ord new H$hbmVm h¡Ÿ, Š`m|{H$ dh nme~Õ h¡Ÿ& Ord Ho$ JwUm| H$mo {dÚm H$hVo h¢Ÿ& JwU ñm[hV n¥Ïdr Am{X O‹S> Ðì`m| H$mo H$bm H$hVo h¢Ÿ& MoVZ Ho$ AYrZ ahZo dmbr H$bm Ho$ 2 ^oX h¢- H$m`© Ho$ ê$n _| H$bm ({df` ê$nm H$bm) VWm H$maU Ho$ ê$n _| H$bm (BpÝÐ` ê$nm H$bm) Ho$ 10 ^oX h¢-n¥Ïdr Am{X nÄM VÎd (_hm^yV) VWm ê$n Am{X 5 JwU (VÝ_mÌm)Ÿ& H$maUm»` H$bm Ho$ 13 ^oX h¢-5 kmZopÝÐ`m§, 5 H$_}pÝÐ`m§ VWm 3 àH$ma Ho$ AÝ:H$aU{MÎmd¥{Îm`m§ AÜ`dgm` A{^_mZ g‘>ën (`m {ZíM`) (eara H$mo AmË_m g_PZm) AÝV:H$aU ~w{Õ Ah‘>ma _Z 2.kmZ àmá H$aZo Ho$ ñVa na H$bm Ho$ AZwgma kmVm Ho$ 7 ^oX h¢-1.{ed à_mVm, _ÝÌ _hoída, 3._ÝÌoída, 4._ÝÌ, 5.{dkmZmH$b, 6.àb`mH$b, 7.gH$bŸ& _b H$s {d{^Þ H$bm `m A§e dmbo ApÝV_ 3 ^oX Ord `m new Ho$ h¢Ÿ& {dkmZmH$b _| Ho$db EH$ AmUd _b hmoVm h¡Ÿ, àb`mH$b _| 2 AWm©V² AmUd Am¡a _m`r` _b VWm gH$b _| AmUd, _m`r` Am¡a H$m`© VrZm| _b hmoVo h¢Ÿ& _b Ho$ H$maU AmË_m H$m dmñV{dH$ ñdê$n Zht nVm MbVm h¡Ÿ& `h _yb AWm©V² H$maU H$m CëQ>m H$m`©

146 gm§»`-Xe©Z H$m d¡km{ZH$ AmYma `m {dH$ma h¡Ÿ& AmUd _b H$m AW© h¡, AmË_m Ho$ ewÕ ê$n Ho$ ~Xbo AUw _bm| H$mo o hr AmË_m g_PZmŸ& _b `m {dH$ma 16 àH$ma Ho$ h¢ {Og àH$ma nhbo én`o _| 16 AmZm (AmUd) hmoVo WoŸ& _m`m Ho$ AmdaU Am¡a g§H$moM Ho$ H$maU ^«mpÝV hmoVr h¡, dh _m{`H$ _b h¡Ÿ& H$_© Ho$ H$maU CËnÞ dmgnm`o § H$m{_©H$ _b h¢Ÿ& 3.g¥{ï> Ho$ ^mJ Ho$ AZwgma 5 àH$ma H$s H$bm`| h¢H$bm VÎd ^wdZ dU© _ÝÌ,nX 1.{Zd¥{Îm 1.n¥Ïdr-1 16 H$mbm{¾ éÐ-{ZåZV_ 1.i `m j 1 2.à{Vð>m 2 go 24-Ob go 56 23-h go Q> VH$ 5 àH¥${V VÎd-23 3.{dÚm 25-31 nwéf go 28 7-^ go K VH$ 1 _m`m VH$-7 4.emÝVm 23-34 ewÕ{dÚm 18 3-H$,I,J 1 B©ída,gXm{ed-3 5.emÝË`VrVm 35,36-{ed,e{º$-2 --16-ñda dU© 2 5 H$bm 36 VÎd 118 ^wdZ 50 dU© 10 _ÝÌ {Zd¥{Îm g~go ^rVa H$s H$bm h¡Ÿ& ~mX H$s H$bm`| nhbo H$mo Mmam| Va\$ go Koao hþ`o h¢Ÿ& 4.VÎd ê$n _| H$bm H$m AW© H$Îm¥Ë© d `m gmYH$Vm H$m g§H$moM h¡Ÿ& {ed _| dV©_mZ e{º$ AUw `m Ord _| e{º$ H$m g§H$w {MV ê$n 1.gd© H$Îm¥Ë© d H$bm `m {H$[ÄMËH$Îm¥Ë© d 2.gd©kËd {dÚm `m AënkËd 3.{ZË`Ëd amJ `m {df`m| _| Amg{º$ 4.nyU©Ëd H$mb `m A{ZË`Ëd 5.ì`mnH$Ëd {Z`{V=Xoe Am¡a H$maU H$m ~ÝYZ 5.g¥{ï> H$bm Ho$ D$na ~Vm`o J`o 50 dUm] Ho$ 8 dJm] H$s 8 e{º$`m§ h¢Ÿ Omo 8 {g{Õ`m§ XoVt h¢Ÿ(gyÌ 15)Ÿ& BZ e{º$`m| Ho$ _m`m AmdaU go AmË_m H$m ñdê$n Zht XrIVmŸ-1.~«m÷r- H$ dJ©, 2._mhoídar-M dJ©, 3.H$m¡_mar-Q> dJ©, 4.d¡ î Udr-V dJ© , 5.dmamhr-n dJ© , 6.BÝÐmUr-` dJ© ( AÝV:ñW), 7.Mm_wÊS>m-e dJ©(D$î_), 8._hmbú_r-A dJ© (ñda)Ÿ&

4.VÎd-g_mg 147 6.H$bm H$m AW© h¡ JwUm| H$m H«${_H$ {dH$mg {Oggo EH$ dñVw Am¡a Xygao _| ^oX {H$`m Om gHo$Ÿ& H$bmAm| H$s nyUV© m {dÝXw h¡ {Og_| 16 H$bm h¢Ÿ& Bg_| n[adV©Z Zht hmoVmŸ& 1 go 15 VH$ H$bm`| MÝÐ {V{W Ho$ g_mZ H«$_e: 1 go 15 VH$ ~‹T>Vr h¢ VWm 15 go 1 VH$ KQ>Vr h¢Ÿ& 1 go 14 VH$ H$s O‹S> Am¡a B©ída H$s H$bmAm| Ho$ g§`moJ go 14 àH$ma Ho$ Ordm| H$s g¥ï> hmoVr h¡Ÿ(gyÌ 18)Ÿ& 7. Ord H$s CÞ{V H$s H$bm`|-24 O‹S>-VÎdm| _o B©ída `m nwéf (MoVZ VÎd) H$s 14 H$bm`| {_bZo go 38 H$bm`| nyU© {dH${gV Ord H$s hmoVr h¢Ÿ& A_¥V {dÝXw * VWm 0 k `o H$bm`| h¢Ÿ& _Zwî` _| 8 H$bm`| nhbo go {gÕ hmoVr h¢Ÿ& {dÝXwnmV go 0 (AZwñdma) hmoVm h¡Ÿ {OgH$s 8 H$bm`| h¢Ÿ&k(MÝÐ{dÝXw) H$s 8 H$bmAm| H$m {dH$mg Xod Mjw H$m {dH$mg h¡Ÿ& H«$_ Ho$ {hgm~ go EH$ {dÝXw 16 H$bm h¡Ÿ& AZwñdma g{hV 16 H$bm`| H«$_ ê$n _| 32 H$bm`| h¢Ÿ& . 32 H$bm h¡ Am¡a _pñVîH$ H$m Mjw h¡Ÿ& `h AmË_m VWm nwéf ^md h¡Ÿ& BgHo$ ~mX Mmam| Amoa Ho$ 4 Mjw, n[a{Y Am¡a {dH$saU-6 H$bm`| {_b H$a 38 h¢ {Ogo {bIm OmVm h¡Ÿ& Ord {dH$mg H«$_1 H$bm Ho$ {~Zm Ord H$m {dH$mg Zht hmoVm h¡Ÿ(C{X²^O, ñdoXO 1)Ÿ& nhbo H$bm Ho$ Am^mg go Ord H$s CËn{Îm hmoVr h¡Ÿ(_eH$ Am{X -ídmg ñdoX go OÝ`) 2.H$bm go Ord(1-4 H$bm)-n¥Ïdr H$m (AÊS>O 2), D$na H$s Amoa e§I _wI dmbr H$bmŸ& 3.H$bm go Ord(5-8 H$bm)-P{Q>H$m (Oam`wO 3) H$s ŸH$bm & 4.H$bm go Ord(9-12 H$bm)-_Zwî` 4-XodbmoH$ H$s H$bmŸ& 5.H$bm go Ord(13-16 H$bm)-Xod _Zwî`-àW_ Xrjm H$s namdñWm, H$bm`| XodbmoH$ go AmVr h¢Ÿ& 6.H$bm go Ord(17-32 H$bm)-Xygar Xrjm Ho$ ~mX (XodVm)-H$bm`| Y«dw bmoH$ Ho$ D$na go AmVr h¢Ÿ& 7.H$bm go Ord(33-38 H$bm)-Vrgar Xrjm Ho$ ~mX (XodVm)-H$bm`| JmobmoH$ Ho$ D$na go AmVr h¢Ÿ& MH«$ H$bm {dH$mg H$m H$maU 1.MH«$m^mg 0-1 ---2.N>moQ>m MH«$ 1-8 àH¥${V 3.~‹S>m MH«$ (N>mQo >m) 9-12 H$_© `m nwéfmH$ma

148 gm§»`-Xe©Z H$m d¡km{ZH$ AmYma 4.~‹S>m MH«$ (N>mQo >m) 13-16 H¥$nm=kmZ Xrjm-1 5.~‹S>m MH«$(_Ü`_) 17-32 Ÿ&& -2 6.~‹S>m MH«$ (~‹S>m) 33-38 Ÿ&& -3 7.{dÝXw `m eyÝ` {ZîH$b ----------8. AÝ` H$bm`|-50 dUm] `m _mV¥H$mAm| H$mo e{º$ H$s 50 H$bm`| H$hm OmVm h¡Ÿ& ì`mH$aU Ho$ àË`mhma `m _mhoída gyÌm| Ho$ ñdam| H$mo õñd-XrK©-ßbwV ^oX {JZZo na 64 dU© hmoVo h¢Ÿ& A.B,C - õñd,XrK©,ßbwV ^oX 9 F$, b¥ - õñd,XrK© 4 8 Hw$b-21 E, Amo,Eo,Am¡ - XrK©,ßbwV BZHo$ CXmÎm, g_mhma, ñd[aV ^oXm| go 63 ^oX hþ`Ÿo & › OmoS‹ >Zo go 64 ^oX hþ`Ÿo & BgH$s 3 _mÌmAm| go g§JrV _| 66 ñda hþ`Ÿo & BZ 64 H$bmAm| Ho$ AZwê$n e{º$ H$s 64 H$bm`| 64 `mo{JZr h¢Ÿ& CgHo$ g_mZ hr 64 ^¡ad MH«$, 64 {eën H$bm`| h¢Ÿ& {ed Am¡a e{º$ Ho$ ê$nm| Ho$ AZwgma ^r 12 {ede{º$ (12 Á`mo{V{b©“) VWm 52 e{º$nrR>-Hywb 64 e{º$`m§ h¢Ÿ& 84 bmI `m 84 `mo{Z`m| Ho$ AZwê$n {g{Õ H$s 84 H$bm`| h¢Ÿ& 84 {gÕ H$ho OmVo h¢Ÿ& 40 H$bm VH$ _Zwî` VWm Vnñ`m go 84 H$bm VH$ nhþ§MZo na B©ída hmoVm h¡Ÿ& 9.CÝ_of-CÝ_of H$m AW© CÝ_rbZ `m Am§I ImobZm h¡Ÿ&^mdmW©-g¥{ï> H$m Amaå^Ÿ& e¡d `moJ _|-AmpË_H$ MoVZm H$m ñ\w$aU `m {dH$mgŸ& Am§I nyar Vah ~ÝX `m {Z_rbZ H$s AdñWm g¥{ï> go nhbo {ZamH$ma ~«÷ `m na_{ed AdñWm h¡Ÿ& CgHo$ ~mX 6 CÝ_of h¢B©ída ^md Ho$ 3-àW_ CÝ_of _| -AÜ`mË_ VWm A{Y^yV ^mdŸ& {ÛVr` _|-Ah§+BX§ H$m {d_e©(g§`wº$) V¥Vr` _|- Ah§, BX§ {d_e© (AbJ-AbJ) Ord Ho$ ^r 3 CÝ_of `m kmZ H$s AdñWm Ho$ AZwgma {g{Õ Ho$ Cnm` h¢emå^dmonm`-{Og_| gmYH$ H$m {ed `m ~«÷ ^md h¡Ÿ& emº$monm`-{Og_| emº$ ^md h¡, Hw$ÊS>{bZr {H«$`merb h¡Ÿ& AmUdmonm`-O‹S> nXmWm] H$s {^ÞVm (AUw) _| AmË_m H$m ^mdŸ&

4.VÎd-g_mg 149 10.ewÕ VWm AewÕ VÎd-36 VÎdm| H$mo 3 dJm] _| ~m§Q>m J`m h¡(1) ewÕ VÎd AWm©V² An[a{_V AZw^d (ewÕ AÜd) Ho$ VÎd, Ohm§ VH$ na_oída `m na_{ed VÎd H$m JmonZ Zht hmoVmŸ& BgHo$ 5 ^oX na_{ed H$s 5 àH$ma H$s e{º$`m| Ho AZwgma$ h¢{MV² `m AmË_ àH$meZ - {ed `h A{^Þ h¢Ÿ& AmZÝX `m ñdmVÝÍ` - e{º$ BÀN>m `m gO©Z H$s àd¥{Îm -gXm{ed (Ah§ àYmZ, BX§ Añ\w$Q>) kmZ -B©ída (BX§ àYmZ, Ah§ Añ\w$Q>) {H«$`m - g{ÛÚm `m ewÕ {dÚm -BX§, Ah§ g_mZŸ& {H«$`m _o § H$moB© ^r AmH$ma J«hU hmo gH$Vm h¡Ÿ& (2) n[a{_V AZw^d Ho$ VÎd-6-11-_m`m Am¡a CgHo$ 5 H$Ä MwH$Ÿ& _m`m H$m AW© _mnZ H$aZm, n[a{_V `m n¥WH²$ H$aZm h¡Ÿ& Bg_| ewÕ Am¡a AewÕ XmoZm| AÜdm h¢Ÿ& Bg_| Ah§ Am¡a BX§ n¥WH²$ hmo OmVo h¢Ÿ& BX§ gånyU© OJV² Zht, n[a{_V dñVw hmo OmVr h¡Ÿ& _m`m Ho$ 5 H$Ä MwH$m|-H$bm, {dÚm, amJ, H$mb VWm {Z`{V-go Ord H$s e{º$ g§Hw${MV hmoH$a ^oX ~w{Õ hmoVr h¡Ÿ& (3) n[a{_V ì`{º$ `m OrdZ Ho$ VÎd-doXH$, doÚŸ& `h gm§»` Ho$ 25 VÎd h¢Ÿ& _m`m go nyar Vah g§Hw${MV {ed hmoZo Ho$ H$maU `h AewÕ VÎd H$ho OmVo h¢Ÿ& g§Hw${MV Ah§ doXH$ `m MoVZ nwéf h¡Ÿ& dh g§Hw${MV BX§ `m O‹S> VËd àH¥${V h¢ {OZHo 24 ^oX 3 JwUm| go hmoVo h¢Ÿ& Bg_| 3 àH$ma Ho$ VÎd h¢1._mZg ì`mnmaHo$ VÎd- 3-~w{Õ, Ah§H$ma, _ZŸ& 2.àñ`j H$aZo Ho$ 15 VÎd-Ah§H$ma na gÎd, aO, V_ JwUm| Ho$ à^md go 3 àH$ma Ho$ ^oX hmoVo h¢gÎd Ah§H$ma - 5 kmZopÝÐ`m§ aO Ah§H$ma - 5 H$_}pÝÐ`m§ V_ Ah§H$ma - 5 VÝ_mÌm`| 3.^m¡{VH$ VÎd- 5 _hm^yV 5 VÝ_mÌmAm| go hþ`o h¢eãX -AmH$me eãX+ñne© -dm`w eãX+ñne© +ê$n -A{¾ `m VoO

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4.VÎd-g_mg 151 àm`: Hw$N> Zht h¡-Bggo nXmW© CËnÞ hmoZo na hr CgH$s ~mhar gVh, {dabVm VWm eãX ê$n Va§J e{º$ H$m Am^mg hþAmŸ& (2) Z _¥Ë`wamgrV² A_¥V§ Z V{h© Z amÍ`m A• AmgrV² àH$oV:Ÿ& AmZrXdmV§ ñdY`m VXoH$§ Vñ_mÕmÝ`Þ na: qH$ M ZmgŸ&&2Ÿ&& g¥{ï> Ho$ nhbo Z _¥Ë`w (n[adÎm©Zerb) Z A_¥V ({ZË`) WmŸ& AV: amV Am¡a {XZ, gy`© VWm J«h Zht WoŸ& J¡_md Ho$ AZwgma Amapå^H$ Vmam| _o§ àH$me {d{H$aU VWm Ý`yŠbr` e{º$ Ho$ H$maU àgma VWm JwéËdmH$f©U Ho$ H$maU g§H$moM hmoVm h¡Ÿ, {Ogo CgZo ídmgàídmg Ho$ g_mZ dU©Z {H$`m h¡Ÿ& BgH$mo F$Mm _| {~Zm dm`w Ho$ AnZr e{º$ go ídgZ H$hm J`m h¡Ÿ& ñdYm=AnZr e{º$Ÿ& e{º$ H$m AW© Omo CËnÞ H$a gHo$Ÿ& _m`m ~b Cgo H$hVo h¢, {OgH$m à^md {XIm`r Xo `m _mnm Om gHo$Ÿ& àb` _| `h ag _| {_b OmVm h¡,Ÿ O¡go emÝV g_wÐ _| Va“Ÿ& AV: ñdYm Vmao H$s Ý`yŠbr`a e{º$ h¡, {Oggo nXmW© H$s g¥{ï> hþ`rŸ& (3) V_ AmgrV² V_gm Jyùh_J«o@àHo$V g{bb§ gd© _m BX_²Ÿ& VwÀNço Zmäd {n{hV `XmgrV² VngñVÝ_{hZm Om`V¡H$_²Ÿ&3Ÿ& ewé _| {g\©$ AÝYH$ma Wm, Cggo {Kao nXmW© H$m kmZ _wpíH$b WmŸ& dh g{bb AWm©V² Va§{JV (~XbVo KZËd H$m) nXmW© WmŸ& {dab nXmW© _o § AgÝVwbZ Ho$ H$maU g{bb hþAmŸ& JwéËdmH$f©U Ho$ H$maU ~‹S>o J¡g {dÝXw (2-3 àH$me df© ì`mg) Ho$ ~Zo Omo ~mhar nXmW© H$s VwbZm _| KZo WoŸ& Bgo Am^w (Amg_ÝVmV² ^d{V B{V Am^w) H$hm h¡Ÿ& Vn AWm©V² Vmn-COm© (heat) go dh \¡$b J`mŸ& (4) H$m_ñVXJ«o g_dV©Vm{Y _Zgmo aoV: àW_§ `XmgrV²Ÿ& gVmo ~ÝYw_g{V {Za{dÝXZ² ö{X àVrî`m H$d`mo _ZrfmŸ&4Ÿ& H$m _ `m g¥{ï> H$aZo H$s BÀN>m AÑí` _Z Ho$ ~rM go CËnÞ hþ`r, {Og àH$ma AgV² go gV² CËnÞ hwAmŸ& XyaXeu F${f`m| Zo _Z Am¡a {MÎm _| Jå^ra {dMma H$a `h {ZîH$f© {ZH$mbm h¡Ÿ& gyú_V_ AmU{dH$ AgÝVwbZ `m Va§J (bKwV_ ~rO) go {dab J¡g Ho$ {dñVma go H«$_~Õ à{H«$`m ewé hþ`r , {Oggo g¥{ï> H«$_ hþAmŸ& gyú_V_ e{º$ H$mo H$m_ H$hm J`m h¡Ÿ& `h _Z(minute = N>moQ>m) go hþAmŸ&

152 gm§»`-Xe©Z H$m d¡km{ZH$ AmYma (5) {VaíMrZmo {dVVmo apí_aofm _Y: pñdXmgr3 Xwn[a pñdXmgr3V²Ÿ& aoVmoYm AmgZ² _{h_mZ AmgZ² ñdYm AdñVmV² à`{V: nañVmV²Ÿ&5Ÿ& Am^w go àH$me {H$aU| apí_ {ZH$bt (`m nXmW© Ho$ bÀN>)o Ÿ& `o apí_`m§ {VaN>r, D$na, ZrMo \¡$btŸ& BZ_| ~rO Ho$ YmaU go {dH$mg hþAmŸ& Omo AbJ aho (ñdmZ² Yma`{V B{V ñdYm) do N>mQo >o ah J`o, `m N>mQo >o {nÊS> ~‹S>m| _| {_b J`o (ñdmZ² XYm{V B{V ñdYm)Ÿ& ~‹S>o {nÊS> AnZo AmH$f©U Ho$ H$maU Am¡a ~‹S>o hþ`Ÿo & AmH$meJ§Jm _| nXmW© Hr$ apí_`m| Ho$ \¡$bZo go gnm©H$ma Zo~bw m ~Zm h¡ , Omo g^r {XemAm| _| h¡Ÿ, AWm©V² {Xem ~XbVr ahVr h¡Ÿ& (6) H$mo AÕm doX H$ Bh à dmoMV² Hw$V AOmVm Hw$V B`§ {dg¥{ï>:Ÿ& Adm©½Xodm Añ` {dgO©ZZo m@Wm H$mo doX `V Am~^ydŸ&6Ÿ& XodVm ^r g¥{ï> Ho$ ~mX hr CËnÞ hþ`,o AV: OJV² Ho$ _yb H$maU Ho$ {df` _| H$m¡Z {ZíM` nydH© $ H$h gH$Vm h¡? (7) B`§ {dg¥{ï>`V© Am~^yd `{X dm XYo `{X dm ZŸ& `mo Añ`mÜ`j: na_o ì`mo_Z², Ëgmo A§J doX `{X dm Z doXŸ&7Ÿ& {Oggo g¥{ï> {ZH$br, dh BgH$m AmYma h¡ `m Zht ? Cggo nao ì`mo_ _| ahZodmbm Bgo OmZVm h¡ `m Zht ? gm¡a _ÊS>b AnZo òmoV AmH$meJ§Jm _| h¡Ÿ& CgHo$ ~mX Ho$ AmYma H$m h_| nVm Zht h¡Ÿ& h_mam AmYma n¥Ïdr Ama n¥Ïdr H$m AmYma gy`© h¡Ÿn¥{Wdr Ëd`m Y¥Vm bmoH$m, Xo{d Ëd§ {dîUwZm Y¥VmŸ& gå~pÝYV gyÌ-gm§»` H$m[aH$m 3_ybàH¥${Va{dH¥${V_©hXmÚm: àH¥${V {dH¥$V`: gáŸ& fmoS‹ >eH$ñVw {dH$mamo Z àH¥${VZ© {dH¥${V: nwéf:Ÿ& 4 àH$ma Ho$ VÎd-Ho$db àH¥${V - _yb àH¥${V àH¥${V+{dH¥${V = _hmZ², Ah§H$ma,5 VÝ_mÌm-7 Ho$db {dH¥${V 16-_Z, 5 H$_}pÝÐ`, 5 kmZopÝÐ`, 5 _hm^yVŸ& Z àH¥${V Z {dH¥${V= nwéf (`h nwéf H$s EH$ n[a^mfm hþ`r) gm§»` gyÌ 1/61gËdaOñV_gm§ gmå`mdñWm àH¥${V:, àH¥$Vo_©hmZ², _hVmo@h§H$mamo@h§H$mamV² nÄM VÝ_mÌmÊ`w^`{_pÝÐ`_², VÝ_mÌoä`:ñWyb^yVm{Z, nwéf B{V nÄMqde{VJ©U:Ÿ&

4.VÎd-g_mg 153 gËd, aO, V_ H$m gmå` àH¥${V --_hmZ²--Ah§H$ma-5 VÝ_mÌm _Z 5 _hm^yV 5 H$_}pÝÐ` 5 kmZopÝÐ` g¥{ï> H«$_ gm§»`H$m[aH$m 22 _| {X`m h¡ŸàH¥$Vo_h© mZ² ñVVmo@h§H$mañVñ_mX² JUíM fmoS‹ >eH$:Ÿ& Vñ_mX{n fmoS‹ >mH$mZ² nÄ Mä` nÄ M^yVm{ZŸ&& `h gyÌ H$m D$na {Z{X©ï> H«$_ h¡Ÿ& nwéf H$m ñdê$n-e¡d Xe©Z _| O~ {ed _m`m Ûmam A~Zo H$mo bwá H$a n[a{_V `m n[apÀN>Þ à_mVm (Ðï>m) ~ZVm h¡ V~ CgH$mo nwéf H$hVo h¢Ÿ& {ed Am¡a _m`m Ûmam nañna VÎd JmonZ hmoZo go gm§»` Ho$ 25 VÎd hr ~ZVo h¢, AV: CZ_o§ H$moB© ^oX Zht h¡Ÿ& {damQ²> nwéf `m {dîUw Ho$ 12 Am{XË` ê$n Bgr àH$ma h¢-EH$ nwéf Am¡a 11 {ed VÎdm| Ho$ g_Ýd` go 12 Am{XË`Ÿ& nwéf Ðï>m h¡ `m MoVZ VÎd Am¡a CgH$m {df` `m Ñí` àH¥${V (14 VÎd) h¢Ÿ& gm§»` _| nwéf Ho$ 3 àH$ma AW© {H$`o OmVo h¢-(1) ewÕ MoVZ `m kmZ ñdê$n-O‹S> VÎd go nyU©V: _wº$Ÿ& `WmEVmdmZñ` _{h_mVm oÁ`m`m±íM nyéf:Ÿ& nmXmo@ñ` {dídm ^yVm{Z {ÌnmXñ`m_¥V§ {X{dŸ&&(F$H²$10/90/3,nwéf gyº$) `h {damQ²> {díd go ^r ~‹S>m h¡Ÿ& gånyU© {díd Am¡a ^yV CgHm EH$ nmX h¡Ÿ& CgHo$ AÝ` 3 nmX A_¥V-ñdê$n AnZo àH$me _| h¢Ÿ& (2) {damQ²> {díd `m MoVZ ~«÷mÊS> hr {damQ²> nwéf, na_mË_m `m {dîUw H$hm OmVm h¡Ÿ& nwéf gyº$-1(F$½doX 10/90/1) `m ídoVmídVa Cn.(3/14) _|ghòerfm© nwéf: ghòmj: ghònmV²Ÿ& g ^yq_ {dídVmo d¥Ëdm@Ë`{Îmð>Ôem“xb_²Ÿ&& `h nwéf hOmam| {ga, hOmam| ZoÌ VWm hOmam| nmdm| dmbm h¡Ÿ& dh Bg ~«÷mÊS> H$mo Mmam| Amoa go KoaH$a ^r Cggo 10 A“xb A{YH$ Xya h¡Ÿ&(`m [díd VÎd go {Kam hþAm h¡ {Og_| 10 go A{YH$ `m 11 A“xb h¢ , AWm©V² 11 {ed VÎd h¢Ÿ&) g=nwéf, ^y{_=24 VÎd(^=24 dm§ Aja, _ go 25 VÎd nyU)© (3) ì`{ï> `m earam| go {_{lV MoVZ VÎd-`h _wº$ AdñWm _| AmË_m VWm ~Õ AdñWm _| Ord H$hbmVm h¡Ÿ& `h g^r àm{U`m| Ho$ öX` _| pñWV h¡Ÿ& V¡{Îmar` Cn.(1/6/1)-g ` Efmo@ÝVö©X` AmH$me:Ÿ& Vpñ_Þ`§ nwéfmo

154 gm§»`-Xe©Z H$m d¡km{ZH$ AmYma _Zmo_`:Ÿ& A_¥Vmo {haÊ_`:Ÿ& EH$ Am¡a ~hþV nwéf-{damQ²> Am¡a MoVZ nwéf EH$ hr h¡Ÿ& {^Þ earam| _| Cgr Ho$ ~hþV go ê$n XrIVo h¢, O¡go EH$ hr gy`© Ho$ H$B© ê$n Ob-Va§Jm| go namd{V©V hmoH$a XrIVo h¢Ÿ& gm§»` gyÌm| (1/149-155) _| ì`{º$ nwéf H$m ~hþËd VWm CZH$s g_ê$nVm {XIm`r h¡149-OÝ_m{X ì`dñWmV: nwéf ~hþËd_²Ÿ& 150-Cnm{Y ^oX@o ß`ZoH$ñ` ZmZm `moJ AmH$meñ`od KQ>m{X{^:Ÿ& 151-Cnm{Y{^©ÚVo Z Vw VÛmZ²Ÿ& 152-Ed_oH$ËdoZ n[adV©_mZñ` Z {déÕ Y_m©Ü`mg:Ÿ& 153-AÝ` Y_©Ëdo@{n ZmamonmV² VpËg{ÕaoH$ËdmV²Ÿ& 154-ZmÛ¡Vlw{V{damoYmo Om{V naËdmV²Ÿ& 155-{d{XV ~ÝY H$maUñ` ÑîQ>çm VÐÿn_²Ÿ& nwéf Ho$ ~hþV go ê$n OÝ_, Cnm{Y, `moJ, AmH$me H$m KQ> (gr{_V ñWmZ) Am{X Ho$ H$maU h¢Ÿ& `o g~ nwéf Ho$ ^oX Zht h¢, Ðï>m Ho$ H$maU h¢Ÿ& gmYZm Ûmam CgHo$ EH$ ê$ n H$mo XoIm OmVm h¡Ÿ& JrVm (18/61) Ho$ AZwgma ^r g^r àm{U`m| Ho$ öX` ñWmZ _| B©ída h¡B©ída: gd©^yVmZm§ öÔoeo@Ow©Z {Vð>{VŸ& ^«m_`Z² gd© ^yVm{Z `ÝÌmê$‹T>m{Z _m``mŸ& {dÛmZ² g^r ê$nm| H$mo EH$ hr XoIVm h¡(JrVm 5/15){dÚm{dZ`gånÞo ~«m÷Uo J{d hpñV{ZŸ& ew{Z M¡d ídnmHo$ M npÊS>Vm: g_X{e©Z:Ÿ& `moJr g^r ^yVm| _| AmË_m H$mo VWm g^r ^yVm| H$mo AmË_m _o§ XoIVm h¡ (JrVm 6/ 29,32)& Bg H$maU g^r ^yVm| H$mo g_mZ XoIVm h¡ VWm gwI-Xw:I _| g_ ahVm h¡Ÿ-gd©^yVñW_mË_mZ§ gd©^yVm{Z MmË_{ZŸ&B©jVo `moJ`wº$mË_m gd©Ì g_Xe©Z:Ÿ& AmË_m¡nå`oZ gd©Ì g_§ ní`{V `mo@OwZ© Ÿ&gwI§ dm `{X dm Xw:I§ g `moJr na_mo _V:Ÿ H$R>mno {ZfX²(2/2/10) _| {Og àH$ma EH$ hr A{¾ `m dm`w g^r ^wdZm| _| à{dï> hmoH$a CZHo$ g_mZ AbJ-AbJ ê$n hmo ahm h¡, Cgr àH$ma g^r ^yVm| Ho$ AÝXa EH$ hr AmË_m ~mha go AbJ-AbJ ê$nm| _| XrIVr h¡A{¾`©W¡H$mo ^wdZ§ à{dï>mo ê$n§ ê$n§ à{Vê$nmo ~^ydŸ& EH$ñVWm gd© ^yVmÝVamË_m ê$n§ ê$n§ à{Vê$nmo ~^ydŸ& dm`w`©W¡H$mo ...................

4.VÎd-g_mg 155 B©emdmñ`mon{ZfX² (6,7) _| ^r JrVm H$m hr gma h¡`ñVw gdm©{U ^yVm{Z AmË_Ý`odmZwní`{VŸ& gd©^yVofw MmË_mZ§ VVmo Z {dOwJwßgVoŸ& `pñ_Z² gdm©{U ^yVm{Z AmË_¡dm^y{ÛOmZV:Ÿ& VÌ H$mo _moh: H$: emoH$: EH$Ëd_Zwní`V:Ÿ&& Omo g^r ^yVm| H$mo AmË_m (ñd`§ `m B©ída) _| VWm AmË_m H$mo g^r àm{U`m| _| XoIVm h¡, dh {H$gr go K¥Um Zht H$aVmŸ& Bg pñW{V _| g^r àmUr VWm B©ída EH$ ê$n XrIVo h¢ VWm H$moB© _moh `m emoH$ Zht hmoVmŸ& nwéf Ho$ bjU-(1) Z àH¥${V, Z {dH¥${V (gm§»` H$m[aH$m 3) (2) 3 JwUm| go _wº$Ÿ-Ì¡JÊw `{df`m doXm {Zó¡JÊw `mo ^dmOwZ© (JrVm 2/45) (3) {ZË`, {ZîH$m_, {Z{d©H$ma Am{XŸ& (4) MoVZ VÎd Omo g^r Ho$ ^rVa h¡ , {H$ÝVw nyar g¥{ï> go nao h¡Ÿ(nwéf gyº$)& g~go ~‹S>m Am¡a g~go N>mQo >m ê$n AmË_m-na_mË_m `m IwX-IwXm H$hm OmVm h¡AUmoaUr`mÝ_hVmo_hr`mZmË_mñ` OÝVmo{Z©{hV§ Jwhm`m_²Ÿ& V_H«$Vw: ní`{V drVemoH$mo YmVw àgmXmÝ_{h_mZ_mË_Z:Ÿ& (H$R>mno {ZfX² 1/2/20, ídoVmídVa Cn.3/20) Ordm| Ho$ öX` _| pñWV AmË_m gyú_ go gyú_ VWm _hmZ² go ^r _hmZ² h¡Ÿ& CgH$s _{h_m H$mo YmVw (YmaH$ na_mË_m) H$s H¥$nm go H$m_Zma{hV Am¡a emoH$ a{hV gmYH$ XoI gH$Vm h¡Ÿ&

5. Ì¡JÊw `_² AW©-Ì¡JwÊ`_²={ÌJwU+î`Äm²-1.{VJwZmnZ, VrZ YmJm| `m JwUm| Ho$ EH$Ì hmoZo H$m ^md, 2.VrZ JwUm| H$m g_mhma, 3.VrZ JwUm| (gÎd, aO, V_ H$s g_{ï>)Ÿ& {Ì=3-Omo EH$ Am¡a Xmo g§»`mAm| H$mo nma H$aZo na AmVm h¡ (`mñH$ {Zéº$ 3/ 10) JwU(JwU² +AM²)-1.Y_©,ñd^md,gJwU `m XwJw©U, 2.loð>Vm, CËH$f©, 3.Cn`moJ, bm^, 4.à^md, n[aUm_, 5.YmJm, añgr, N>mao , 6.YZwf H$s S>mao r, 7.dmÚ-`ÝÌ Ho$ Vma, 8.ñZm`w, 9.Iy~r ({deofU), 10.{deofVm, g^r nXmWm] H$m Y_© `m bjU, d¡e{o fH$ Ho$ 7 nXmWm] _| EH$(24 JwU h¢), 11.àH¥${V H$m Ad`d `m CnmXmZ, g_ñV dñVwAm| Ho$ 3 JwUm| _| go EH$, 12.~Îmr, gyV, 13.BpÝÐ`m| Ho${df`(ê$n, ag Am{X), 14.Ad¥{Îm, JwUm,15.Jm¡U VÎd, 16.Am{YŠ`, 17. gpÝY Ho$ H$maU ñdam| _| n[adV©Z, B H$m E, C H$m Amo Am{XŸ& 18.Ab‘>ma _|

156 gm§»`-Xe©Z H$m d¡km{ZH$ AmYma ag Ho$ JwU, 19.eãX-g_yh H$m AW©, 20.amOZr{V Ho$ JwU, 21.VrZ g§»`m, 22.Á`m{_{V _| Mmn, 23.kmZopÝÐ`, 24.agmoB`mŸ& ì`m»`m-gm§»` _| àH¥${V VÎdm| H$s VrZ pñW{V`m| H$mo JwU H$hm J`m h¡Ÿ& `hr AW© doXmÝV VWm `moJ _| ^r h¡Ÿ& d¡eo{fH$ _| `h EH$ nXmW© h¡Ÿ& `hm§ JwU nXmW© H$s dh pñW{V h¡, {Ogo _mnm Om gHo$, AWm©V² VÎdm| H$s pñW{V`m| H$s H$moB© gr_m aoIm Zht h¡Ÿ& CXmhaU ñdê$n ñne© H$aZo na R>§T>m, J_© `m g_-VrZ AdñWm`| hmoVt h¢, bo{H$Z {H$go R‹§T>m `m J_© H$hm Om`Jm, dh h_mar AnZr n[apñW{V na (gmnoj) h¡Ÿ& `ÝÌ go VmnH«$_ _mnZo na hr R>rH$ kmZ hmoJmŸ& H$moB ^r {dÚm VÎdm| H$s VrZ pñW{V`m| Ho$ AÜ``Z go hmoVr h¢Ÿ& O¡go JrVm(2/45) _| H$hm h¡Ì¡JÊw ` {df`m doXm {Zó¡JÊw `mo ^dmOwZ© Ÿ& VrZ àH$ma H$s pñW{V`m| H$m dU©Z H$B© àH$ma go {H$`m Om gH$Vm h¡, AV: CZH$m ñnï> Zm_ Zht {X`m h¡Ÿ& gw{dYm Ho$ {b`o {H$gr ^r {dMma go nXmW© H$s Hw$b pñW{V`m§ VrZ hmoZo na BÝh| gÎd, aO, V_ H$m Zm_ {X`m J`m h¡Ÿ& `h _yb {dMma hmoZo Ho$ H$maU BgH$s n[a^mfm eãXm| _| Zht Xr Om gH$VrŸ& CgHo$ bjU {X`o J`o h¢Ÿ& gm§»`gyÌ(1/61) _|VrZm| JwUm| H$m Zm_ XoH$a CZH$s gmå` AdñWm H$mo àH¥${V H$hm J`m h¡-ŸgÎdaOñV_gm§ gmå`mdñWm àH¥${V: ....& gwI Xw:I AdñWm Ho$ AZwgma BZHo$ bjU h¢gm§»` gyÌ 1/127-àrË`àr{V {dfmXmÚ¡JU ©w mZm_Ý`moÝ`§ d¡Yå`©_Ÿ² & gm§»` H$m[aH$m 12-àrË`àr{V{dfmXmË_H$m: àH$me àd¥{Îm {Z`_mWm©:Ÿ& AÝ`moÝ`m{^^dmíM OZZ {_WwZ d¥Îm`íM JwUm:Ÿ& gm§»` gyÌ 1/127 na {dkmZ{^jw ^mî` _| nÄM{eImMm`©gÎd§ Zm_ àgmXbmKd{^îd“-àr{V-{V{Vjm-gÝVmofm{X ê$nmZÝV ^oX§ g_mgV: gwImË_H$_², aO: emoH$m{X ZmZm^oX§ g_mgVmoX:w ImË_H$_², V_mo{ZÐm{XZmZm^oX§ _mohmË_H${_{VŸ& AWm©V², gÎd H$m AW© àr{V `m gwI h¡Ÿ& aO H$m AW© Aàr{V `m Xw:I h¡ , {H$ÝVw Bg_| {H«$`m h¡Ÿ& V_ H$m AW© {dfmX AWm©V² Xw:I Ho$ H$maU {ZpîH«$`Vm `m _moh h¡Ÿ& gm§»` gyÌ 1/128-b¿dm{X Y_£aÝ`moÝ`§ gmYå`©_² d¡Yå`© {_Vaofm_²Ÿ& gm§»` H$m[aH$m 13-gÎd§ bKw àH$me{_ï>_nw ï>å^H§$ Mb§ M aO:Ÿ&

4.VÎd-g_mg 157 Jwé daUH$_od V_ àXrndÀMmWm} d¥{Îm:Ÿ&& `moJ Xe©Z gyÌ 2/18-{deofm{deof {b“_mÌm{b“m{Z JwU ndm©{UŸ& AWm©V², gÎd=bKw, àH$meH$Ÿ& aO=Mb, Cnï>å^H$(n[adÎm©H$ `m CÎmoOH$) V_=Jwé Am¡a AmdaUH$marŸ& Am`wdX} _| ^moOZ Ho$ VrZ àHma Bgr Zm_ JwU Ho$ h¢gmpÎdH$ ^moOZ-bKw, gwnmÀ`Ÿ& amO{gH$ ^moOZ-e{º$Xm`rŸ& Vm_{gH$ ^moOZ-^mar, Ambg `m _moh H$aZodmbm (_Ú VWm ^mar ^moOZ, ~mgr Am{X)Ÿ& BZ VrZ JwUm| H$s {d^mOH$ aoIm Zht h¡Ÿ, H$hm§ gÎd g_má hmoH$a aO Amaå^ hþAm `h Zht H$hm Om gH$Vm h¡Ÿ& VrZm| JwU Hw$N> A§em| _| gXm CnpñWV h¢Ÿ& H$^rH$^r H$moB© EH$ JwU AÝ` Xmo H$mo à^m{dV H$a à~b hmo OmVm h¡Ÿ& `moJ gyÌ 2/ 19 Ho$ AZwgma ^r BZ VrZ JwUm| _| H$^r ^oX Am¡a nhMmZ hmo nmVm h¡ H$^r ZhtŸ-{deofm{deof {b“_mÌm{b“m{Z JwUndm©{UŸ& Xodr ^mJdV (3/8) _| ^r h¡AÝ`moÝ` {_WwZm: gd} gd} gd©ÌJm{_Z:Ÿ& aOgmo {_WwZ§ gÎd§ gÎdñ` {_WwZ§ aO:Ÿ& V_gíMm{n {_WwZo Vo gÎdaOgr C^oŸ& C^`mo: gÎdaOgm{_©WwZ§ V_ CÀ`VoŸ& Z¡fm`m{X: gåà`moJmo {d^mJmo dmonbä`VoŸ& AWm©V² g^r JwU ghMa h¢Ÿ& aO Ho$ gmW gÎd h¡, VWm gÎd H$m gmW aOŸ& gÎd Am¡a aO XmoZm| V_ Ho$ ghMa h¢ VWm XmoZm| H$m ghMa V_ h¡Ÿ& BZ JwUm| H$m Amaå^, CËn{Îm, g§`moJ `m {d`moJ ñnï> ê$n go Zht H$hm Om gH$VmŸ& 3 Am¡a 7 ^mJ-J{UV Ho$ AZwgma BZH$m {d^mJ g_PZm AmgmZ h¡Ÿ& nXmW© H$s g§»`m H$s Xmo pñW{V`m§ h¢-YZ(positive) `m F$U(negative)BZH$m g_Ýd` eyÝ` h¡& nyU© YZ H$mo `{X 1$hmo Vmo `o pñW{V`m§ h¢-1,0,-1, `m gÎd, aO, V_Ÿ& VrZm| JwUm| H$s pñW{V H$mo `{X 1,2,3 {M• {X`mOm` Vmo 7 ñVa hþ`-o -3,-2,-1, 0, 1, 2, 3 `hm§ nyU© ñVam| H$s MMm© hþ`r h¡, BZHo$ ^rVa {^Þ VWm Ag§»`o`(rational fraction, irrational) H$B© ñVa h¢Ÿ& O¡go 0,1 Ho$ ~rM 0.1, 0.25 Am{XŸ&

158 gm§»`-Xe©Z H$m d¡km{ZH$ AmYma nyam {díd VWm BgH$m kmZ BÝht ñVam| _| {d^m{OV h¡`o {Ìfám: n[a`pÝV [dídm:(AWd©dXo H$m àW_ gyº$)Ÿ& AWm©V² 3 VWm 7 go {díd AmoVàmoV h¡Ÿ& `hm§ 3 H$m AW© 3 JwU-gÎd, aO, V_ VWm 7 H$m AW© OJV² Ho$ _yb 7 nXmW©n¥Ïdr, Amn, VoO, dm`w, AmH$me, VÝ_mÌm VWm Ah§H$ma h¢Ÿ& BZHo$ Cn^oX {_bH$a àH¥${V Ho$ 24 ^oX hmoVo h¢Ÿ& 7 nXmWm] H$s 3 AdñWm go 21 VÎd hw`o {OgHo$ AZwgma F$½doX H$s 21 emIm`| h¢Ÿ& F$½doX gÎd ñdê$n h¡ AWm©V² VÎdm| H$s pñW{V _mÌ ~VmVm h¡Ÿ& `Owd}X {H«$`m ê$n (`k) _| aO: JwU h¡-7+3 VÎdm| go AÝ` VÎdm| VH$ J_Z H$s 10•10 pñW{V hmoJrŸ&EH$ g_Ýd` {d{Y {_bmH$a `OwdX} H$s 101 emIm`| h¢Ÿ& AV: BgH$m ~«m÷U eVnW H$hm OmVm h¡Ÿ& {H«$`mAm| H$s nwZ: 10 à{V{H«$`m `m [dH$ma AmZo go gmå` `m {ZpîH«$` AdñWm AmVr h¡Ÿ {OgH$o ~mX H$moB© AJbr {H«$`m Zht hmoVrŸ& `h V_moJwU gm_doX h¡, AV: CgH$s 10 VÎd•10 {H«$`m•10 à{V{H«$`m=1000 emIm`| h¢Ÿ& AWd©doX VrZm| go nao H$s AdñWm h¡ , AWm©V² g_Ýd` h¡Ÿ& 3 doX•3 JwU H$m g_Ýd` go BgH$s 9 emIm`| h¢Ÿ& AWd©dXo H$m `h gyÌ eara H$m ~b ~‹T>mZo Ho$ àg§J _| h¡Ÿ& AV: `hm§ eara Ho$ 21 VÎd ~mha Ho$ 21 VÎdm| go gå~pÝYV h¢Ÿ& eara H$r 3 AdñWmAm| H$mo _Z, àmU, dmH²$ H$hVo h¢Ÿ, AWm©V² g§H$ën, {H«$`m, e{º$Ÿ& BgH$m Ñí` ê$n H$\$, dmV, {nÎm H$hm OmVm h¡Ÿ, {OgH$m g_Ýd` ñdmñÏ` Ho$ {b`o Oê$ar h¡Ÿ& 7 VÎd 7 YmVw`| `m ag h¢Ÿ& `o AÞ go ~ZVr h¢AÞ ag aº$ _m§g _oX hÈ>r _ÁOm dr`© 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 {H$Å> ^mJ-_b,_yÌ Am{X AmoO ñdmX Ho$ AZwgma 6 ag h¢ , Omo _yb ag Ob na AmYm[aV h¢Ÿ& Ob _Ywa, Aåb, Z_H$sZ, H$Qw>, {Vº$, H$fm`Ÿ& eara Ho$ 7 H$mof `m H«$_e; 7 gyú_ ê$n h¢Ÿ& `h 7 MH«$m| VWm 7 bmoH$m| go gå~pÝYV h¢Ÿ& BZHo$ H$ånZ ^oX Ho$ AZwgma g§JrV Ho$ gmV amJ h¢Ÿ& CZHo$ AZwgma {MÎm VWm àkm H$s 7 AdñWm`| h¢Ÿ&

4.VÎd-g_mg 159 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 eara H$mof- AÞ_` àmU_` _Zmo_` {dkmZ AmZÝX {MÎm AmË__` MH«$ - _ybmYma ñdm{Yð>mZ _{Unya AZmhV {dew{Õ Amkm ghòma bmoH$^y: ^wd: ñd: _h: OZ: Vn: gË`: amJfS²>O F$f^ JmÝYma _Ü`_ nÄM_ Y¡dV {ZfmX {MÎm AdñWm-ì`wËWmZ {ZamoY {Z_m©U àgÞ EH$mJ«Vm {N>Ð n[an¹$ àkm AdñWm-earakmZ àmU _Z {dkmZ AmZw^m{dH$ agmË_H$ AmË_ g§`_eara B{ÝÐ` àmU _Z ~w{Õ {MÎm AmË_ MoVZm H$s 4 AdñWm`| h¢-OmJ«V, ñdßZ, {ZÐm VWm Vwar`Ÿ& BZHo$ ~rM H$s 3 AdñWmAm| H$mo {_bmH$a {MÎm H$s 7 AdñWm`| h¢Ÿ& doXm| Ho${b`o Ì`r {dÚm H$m ì`dhma hmoVm h¡Ÿ& JwUm| Ho$ AZwgma CZHo$ ê$n h¢gÎd aO V_ {Zó¡JÊw ` F$H²$ gm_ `Owa² AWd© H$_© ê$n Zm_ kmZ dmH²$ àmU _Z (AmË_m) n¥Ïdr AÝV[aj ÚwbmoH$ AmH$me A{¾ dm`w Am{XË` ~«÷ VrZ bmoH$ VWm 7 bmoH$-h_mam {Zdmg n¥Ïdr ^y; _ÊS>b h¡Ÿ, `h gy`© _ÊS>b na AmYm[aV h¡Ÿ& BZ XmoZm| H$mo {_bm H$a VWm BZHo$ ~rM H$m AdH$me àW_ {ÌbmoH$s h¡Ÿ& gy`© {Og _ÊS>b H$m ^mJ h¡ ,dh {ÛVr` {ÌbmoH$s h¡Ÿ& gy`© H$m AmYma OZ:bmoH$ h¡ {OgH$m AmYma gZmVZ {díd `m na_oída h¡, {Ogo gË` bmoH$ H$hVo h¢Ÿ& `h Vrgar {ÌbmoH$s h¡Ÿ& Bg_| 4 _ÊS>b VWm 3 AÝV[aj h¢Ÿ& n¥Ïdr VWm gy`© Ho$ ~rM ^wd: bmoH$ _| déU, ~¥hñn{V Am{X Ho$ ~‹S>o ~‹S>o _ÊS>b h¢ {H$ÝVw n¥Ïdr H$m grYm gå~ÝY MÝÐ go h¡, AV: gmo_ `m MÝÐ-_ÊS>b nm§Mdm§ _ÊS>b _mZm OmVm h¡Ÿ& àW_ {ÌbmoH$s {ÛVr` {ÌbmoH$s V¥Vr` {ÌbmoH$s ^y: ^wd: ñd: _h: OZ: Vn: gË`: 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 n¥Ïdr MÝÐ gy`© AmH$meJ§Jm AZÝV{díd na_oð>r _ÊS>b ñd`å^y_ÊS>b

160 gm§»`-Xe©Z H$m d¡km{ZH$ AmYma _ÊS>b Aja nwéf ja nwéf ewH$« `m Aì`` ñd`å^y ~«÷m àmU dmH²$ na_oð>r {dîUw Amn An² gy`© BÝÐ dmH²$ A{¾ MÝÐ gmo_ AÞ An² n¥Ïdr A{¾ AÞmX dmH²$ nwéf H$s 5 H$bmAm| (ja `m Aja) Ho$ H«$_ Ho$ AZwgma n¥Ïdr Ho$ ~mX MÝÐ _ÊS>b {JZZm Mm{h`oŸ& VrZ {Ìbmo{H$`m| go O¡go 7 bmoH$ hw`o Cgr àH$ma VoO, An² Am¡a AÞ Ho$ ^r 3-3 ^oX boZo go gmV ^oX hþ`Ÿo & n¥Ïdr(AÞ) AÝV[aj(An²) Úw(VoO) ^y: ^wd: ñd: _h: OZ: Vn: gË`: AÞ An² VoO AÞ An² VoO AÞ An² VoO `h D$na dmbo H«$_ H$m hr AÝ` eãXmo _| VÎd ^oX go dU©Z h¡Ÿ& `h VÎdm§o `m nXmW© H$s gyú_Vm {XImVm h¡Ÿ& ^m¡{VH$ {dkmZ _| 3 H$m ^oX-(1) H$Um| H$s g§h{V (VÎd g_mg H$m EH$ AW©) Ho$ JwU H$m AÜ``Z gm§p»`H$ ^m¡{VH$ {dkmZ(Statistical Thermodynamics or Physics) _| {H$`m OmVm h¡Ÿ& {OZ H$Um| na H$moB© AmdoJ Zht h¡ CZH$s g§»`m CZH$s e{º$ Ho$ AZwgma ~XbVr h¡Ÿ(_¡Šgdob-~moëO_¡Z gyÌ)Ÿ& {OZH$m pñnZ nyU© g§»`m h¡ , CZ_| nañna ^oX H$aZm _wpíH$b h¡ VWm dh A{YH$ gå^m{dV pñW{V Ho$ nmg BH$Æ>o hmo OmVo h¢Ÿ& CÝh| ~mogmoZ (~mog-AmBÝgQ>mBZ gm§p»`H$s) H$hVo h¢Ÿ& BgHo$ {dnarV {OZH$m pñnZ nyU© A§H$m| H$m AmYm h¡ dh \${_©`Z H$ho OmVo h¢(\$_u-{S>amH$ gm§p»`H$s)Ÿ& (2) e{º$ (Vmn `m AÝ` D$Om©) A{YH$ Vmn Ho$ ñWmZ go H$_ VmnH«$_ VH$ OmVr h¡ , O¡go nmZr h_oem D§$Mo go ZrMo ~hVm h¡Ÿ& `ÝÌ Ûmam Bg e{º$-àdmh H$m Hw$N> A§e Cn`moJr H$m`© _| ~Xbm Om gH$Vm h¡Ÿ& Bg_| A{YH$ VmnH«$_ H$m ñWmZ (Source) H$mo gÎd, H$_ VmnH«$_ H$m ñWmZ (Sink) H$mo V_ VWm CgHo$ ^rVa Vmn Ho$ àdmh H$mo aO H$hm Om gH$Vm h¡Ÿ& VmnH«$_ H$m AÝVa Zht ahZo na H$m`© Zht hmo gH$VmŸ& Bg àH$ma gÎd, aO, V_ H$m ^oX Zht ahZo go g¥{ï> Zht

4.VÎd-g_mg 161 hmo gH$VrŸ& gm_mÝ` Jm‹S>r Ho$ BÄOZ _| B©ÝYZ ObZo go Vmn CËnÞ hmoVm h¡, dh AnojmH¥$V R>T§ >o dm`w_ÊS>b _| OmVm h¡Ÿ& Bg Vmn àdmh H$mo {Z`pÝÌV H$a Jm‹S>r H$m BÄOZ VWm MŠH$m MbVm h¡Ÿ& Bgr àH$ma J_© gy`© (gÎd) go {d{^Þ àH$ma H$s D$Om© R>§T>r n¥Ïdr na Am ahr h¡Ÿ& Cgr D$Om© àdmh Ho$ {d{^Þ ê$nmÝVam| go d¥j, OÝVw VWm `mpÝÌH$ BÄOZ Mb aho h¢Ÿ& Bg àH$ma gy`© (ñdbm}H$) gÎd, ^wd: (n¥Ïdr na H$s MoVZ g¥{ï>,_erZ|,dm`w_ÊS>b, g_wÐ _| J{V Am{X) aO VWm n¥Ïdr V_ hþAmŸ& `hr g~go ~‹S>m `k `m `mpÝÌH$ {H«$`m h¡Ÿ& (3) {dÚwV² Amdoe Ho$ AZwgma ^r nXmW© VWm CgHo$ H$U VrZ àH$ma Ho$ h¢-YZ, F$U Amdoe VWm {~Zm Amdoe H$mŸ& (4) na_mUw Ho$ A§Jr^yV H$U VrZ àH$ma Ho$ h¢\$moQ>moZ-eyÝ` Amdoe VWm _mÌmŸ& boßQ>mZo -H$_ _$mÌm, nañna {H«$`m (Weak interaction) ZhtŸ& hmS´>mZo -A{YH$ _mÌm, e{º$embr à{V{H«$`m (Strong interaction)Ÿ& (5) na_mUw H$Um| Ho$ _yb VrZ àH$ma Ho$ h¢ŠdmH©$-_yb H$U-^mJŸ& hmS´>mZo Am{X- ñWm`r H$UŸ& ½byAmoZ-ŠdmH$m] H$mo OmoS‹ >Zo dmbo H$UŸ& ŠdmH©$ VWm ½byAmoZ Ho$ ^r àH¥${V Ho$ VrZ JwUm| H$s Vah VrZ a§J H$ho OmVo h¢ {Oggo BZH$m 8 àH$ma H$m {_bZ hmoVm h¡Ÿ& VrZ a§J bmb, nrbm, Zrbm Bg{b`o Zm_ {X`m J`m h¡ Š`m|{H$ BZ _yb a§Jm| H$s Vah `o JwU ^r {_bH$a EH$ Xygao H$mo eyÝ` H$a XoVo h¢Ÿ& Bgr àH$ma _yb àH¥${V Ho$ VrZ ê$nm| H$m dU©Z h¡ VWm CZHo$ 8 àH$ma Ho$ ^oX h¢AOm_oH$m§ bmo{hVewŠb H¥$îUm§ ~ˆr àOm: g¥O_mZm§ gê$nm:Ÿ& AOmo øoH$mo Owf_mUmo@ZweoVo OhmË`oZm§ ^wº$^moJm_Omo@Ý`:Ÿ&& (ídoVmídVa Cn.4/5) AWm©V² EH$ hr àH¥${V (AOm) h¡ Omo bmo{hV (bmb), ewŠb (g\o$X `m nrbm?), H¥$îU (H$mbm `m Zrbm) ê$nm| _| àOm H$s g¥{ï> H$aVr h¡Ÿ& H¥$îU ê$n-H$mbr, ewŠb-gañdVr, bmo{hV-bú_rŸ& J{UV _| {ÌJwU-(1) VH©$emó _| dñVw VrZ àH$ma go à_m{UV hmoVr h¡-

162 à_m{UV gË` Truth

gm§»`-Xe©Z H$m d¡km{ZH$ AmYma Aà_m{UV g§e` {_Ï`m A{ZU©` False

Undecided

(2) Ý`m` Xe©Z _| ^r 3 à_mU H$ho J`o h¢-àË`j, Anw_mZ, eãXŸ& (3) Xmo am{e`m| H$s VwbZm 3 àH$ma go H$a J{UV Ho$ {gÕmÝV à_m{UV {H$`o OmVo h¢-EH$am{e Xygar am{e go- H$_, ~am~a, A{YH$-VrZ hr àH$ma hmo gH$Vr h¡Ÿ& (4) ^mñH$amMm`© Zo brbmdVr _| H$hm h¡ {H$ gmam {díd Ì¡am{eH$(Ratio and proportion) goì`má h¡Ÿ& {Og àH$ma VrZ kmV am{e`m| Ho$ AZwnmV go Mm¡Wr AkmV am{e {ZH$bVr h¡ , Cgr àH$ma Ì`r(F$H²$,gm_, `Owa)² Ho$ Cn`moJ go AWd©dXo hmoVm h¡Ÿ-Ì¡am{eHo$Z¡d `XoVXwº$§ ì`m᧠ñd^oXh¡ [© aUod {díd_²Ÿ& (brbmdVr, N>m`m ì`dhma) eara _o§ fQ²>MH«$-{dÝXw go boH$a ~«÷mÊS> H$s àmUe{º$ AmkmMH«$ _| BH$Æ>m hmoVr h¡, Omo e{º$ òmoV H$m H$m_ H$aVm h¡Ÿ& `h gÎd h¡ (kmZ `m gañdVr)Ÿ& BgH$m AÝV g~go H$_ e{º$ Ho$ _ybmYma _| hmoVm h¡Ÿ& dhm§ AÝV _| àmU e{º$ O_m hmoZo H$m Hw$ÊS> (Sink) h¡ AV: Cgo Hw$ÊS>{bZr H$hm OmVm h¡Ÿ& Hw$ÊS>{bZr àm`: gwá ahVr h¡, Omo V_moJwU Am¡a H$mbr ê$n h¡Ÿ& CgHo$ ~rM _| e{º$-àdmh hmo ahm h¡Ÿ& CgHo$ Cn`moJ Ho$ {b`o g^r BÄOZ MH«$ _| MbVo h¢, AV: Cn`moJ `ÝÌm| H$mo MH«$ H$hm OmVm h¡Ÿ& VrZ Am`m_ Ho${díd _| EH$ hr _mJ© (gab aoIm) h¡, 6 Am`m_Ho$ {díd _| 3 A{YH$ AWm©V² 4 _mJ© hmo gH$Vo h¢, AV; 4 {H«$`m MH«$ h¢Ÿ& D$na Ho$ Am`m_m| go Amaå^ H$a MH«$ h¢-{dew{Õ, AZmhV, _{Unya, ñdm{Yð>mZŸ& Bg_| _Ü`_ MH«$ aOmoJwUr bú_r (AZmhV) `m {dîUw ê$n gy`© (_{Unya) Ho$ h¢Ÿ& Hw$ÊS>{bZr H$m OmJaU hmoZo na dhm§ H$s gpÄMV e{º$ H$m àdmh CëQ>r {Xem _| hmoVm h¡Ÿ& `h g¥{ï > H«$_ Ho$ {dnarV g§hma H«$_ H$hm OmVm h¡Ÿ& gm§»` VWm doXmÝV H$m MVw:gyÌr-doXmÝV Ho$ àW_ 4 gyÌ MVw:gyÌr H$ho OmVo h¢Ÿ& Bgr àH$ma VÎd-g_mg Ho$ 2-5 gyÌ MVw:gyÌr H$ho OmVo h¢Ÿ&BZH$s VwbZm h¡(1) AWmVmo ~«÷ {Okmgm-~«÷ H$s {Okmgm Amaå^ hmoVr h¡Ÿ& gm§»`-nwéf:-nwéf ^r ~«÷ H$m hr Zm_ h¡Ÿ& (2) OÝ_mÚñ` `V:-Aï>m¡ àH¥$V`:-àH¥${V ~«÷ H$m hr Xygam ê$n h¡ {Oggo g¥{ï> hmoVr h¡Ÿ&

4.VÎd-g_mg 163 (3) emó `mo{ZËdmV²-`h emó go kmV hmoVm h¡Ÿ& Ì¡JwÊ`_²-H$m AW© ^r 4 doX h¢Ÿ& (4) VÎmw g_Ýd`mV²-fmoS‹ >e {dH$mam:-BZH$m VWm {nN>bo VÎdm| H$m g_Ýd` hr nyU© àH¥${V h¡Ÿ& dñVwV: BgH$s Á`mXm g_mZVm àW_ gyÌ -AWmV: VÎdg_mg:go h¡Ÿ&

6.gÄMa: à{VgÄMa: AW©-gÄMa: = g_²+Ma²+H$Ÿ& 1._mJ©, EH$ am{e go Xygar na ñWmZmÝVa, 2.amñVm,nW, 3.g§H$sU© nW, 4.àdoe Ûma, 5.eara, 6.hË`m, 7.{dH$mgŸ& à{VgÄ Ma:-à{V+g_²+Ma²+Q>Ÿ& 1. nr N>o _wS‹ >Zm, 2.nwZíMyfU, 3.{deofV: {damQ²> OJV² H$m {\$a go àH¥${V Ho$ ê$n _| brZ hmo OmZmŸ& AV: gÄMa H$m AW© _yb àH¥${V VWm nwéf go g¥{ï> H$m {dH$mg VWm à{VgÄ Ma H$m AW© CgH$m b` hmoVm h¡Ÿ& gÄMa {dH$mg h¡, à{VgÄMa õmg `m brZ hmoZm h¡Ÿ& EH$ AmJo H$s {H«$`m, EH$ nrN>o H$s {H«$`m h¡Ÿ& XmoZm| H«$_ go EH$ Xygao Ho$ ~mX AmVo h¢, Bg {b`o EH$ gyÌ _| hr dU©Z h¡Ÿ& EH$ AÝ` nmR> _| Ì¡JÊw ` gÄMa: VWm à{VgÄMa: AbJ-AbJ gyÌ h¢Ÿ& BgH$m AW© h¡ {H$ VrZ JwUm| Ho$ H$maU g¥{ï> hmoVr h¡ VWm CgHo$ ~mX b` H$m H«$_ AmVm h¡Ÿ& ì`m»`m-1.nwéf Ho$ g§H$ën `m BÀN>m Ho$ H$maU àH¥${V Ho$ VrZ JwU àH$Q> hþ`o Omo nañna gÝVwbZ Ho$ H$maU àH$Q> Zht WoŸ& VrZ JwUm| Ho$ H$maU àH¥${V Ho$ H$B© ^oX àH$Q> hþ`o VWm CZH$s g§h{V go g¥{ï> hþ`rŸ& Bg àH$ma H$m g¥{ï> H«$_ N>mÝXmo½` Cn{ZfX² (6/3) _| {XIm`m J`m h¡VX¡jV ~hþñ`m§ àO`o`o{V VÎmoOmo@g¥OVŸ& VÎmoO EojV ~hþñ`m§ àOm`o`o{V VXnmo@g¥OVŸ& Vñ_mX² `Ì Šd M emoM{V ñdoXVo dm nwéfñVoOg Ed VXÜ`mnmo Om`ÝVoŸ&3Ÿ& Vm Amn EojÝV ~ˆ`; ñ`m_ àOm`o_hr{V Vm AÞ_g¥OÝVŸ& Vñ_mX² `Ì Šd M df© {V VXod ^y{`ð>_Þ§ ^dË`X²>ä` Ed VXÜ`ÞmÚ Om`VoŸ&4Ÿ& CgZo B©jU {H$`m-_¢ ~hþV hmo OmD±$, àOmdmbm hmoD±$Ÿ& CgZo VoO H$mo aMmŸ& Cg VoO Zo B©jU {H$`m-_¢ ~hþV hmo OmD±$, àOmdmbm hmoD±$Ÿ& CgZo Ob H$mo aMmŸ& Bg{b`o Ohm± H$ht nwéf J_© hmoVm h¡, Cgo ngrZm AmVm h¡, VoO go hr Ob CËnÞ hmoVo h¢Ÿ&3Ÿ& Cg Ob Zo B©jU {H$`m-_¢ ~hþV hmoD±$, àOmdmbm hmoD±$Ÿ& CgZo n¥{Wdr H$mo aMmŸ& Bg{b`o Ohm± H$ht dfm© hmoVr h¡ , dhm± ~hþV AÞ AWm©V² nm{W©d nXmW© CËnÞ hmoVo h¢Ÿ&4Ÿ&

164 gm§»`-Xe©Z H$m d¡km{ZH$ AmYma `hm± EH$ EH$ VÝ_mÌm ~‹T>Zo go nm§M _hm^yVm| H$s CËn{Îm {XIm`r J`r h¡eãX +ñne© +ê$n +ag +JÝY ì`mo_ `m eyÝ` AmH$me dm`w VoO Ob n¥{Wdr àW_ Xmo VÎd eãX VWm ñne© JwU dmbo h¢ , Omo H«$_e: eyÝ` AmH$me Ho$ e{º$joÌ (JwéËdmH$f©U, {dÚwËMwå~H$s`, Zm{^H$s` bKw VWm Jwé e{º$) VWm `mpÝÌH$ H$ånZ h¢Ÿ, Omo AÑí` h¢Ÿ& ApÝV_ VrZ VÎd Ñí` h¢, {OgH$m dU©Z H$a CZH$s ì`mdhm[aH$ {H«$`mAm| go VwbZm H$s J`r h¡Ÿ& (2) {damQ²> {díd H$s g¥{ï> VWm àb` MH«$dV² hmoVo h¢Ÿ& `h g~go ~‹S>m MH«$ h¡Ÿ& CXmhaU Ho$ {b`o JrVm, AÜ`m` 8 _|Am~«÷^wdZmëbmoH$m: nwZamd{V©Zmo@OwZ© &_m_wnËo ` Vw H$m¡ÝVo` nwZO©Ý_ Z {dÚVoŸ&16Ÿ& ghò `wJ n`©ÝV_h`©X~² ÷ « Umo {dXw:&amqÌ `wJ ghòmÝVm§ Vo@hmoamÌ{dXmo OZm:Ÿ&17Ÿ& Aì`º$mX²>ì`º$`:gdm©:à^dÝË`hamJ_oŸ&amÍ`mJ_o àbr`ÝVo VÌ¡dmì`º$g§kHo$Ÿ&18Ÿ& ^yVJ«m_:g Edm`§ ^yËdm ^yËdm àbr`VoŸ&amÍ`mJ_o@de:nmW© à^dË`hamJ_oŸ&19Ÿ& na~«÷ Ho$ A{V[aº$ ~«÷bmoH$ go boH$a g^r bmoH$ nwZamdVu ñd^md dmbo h¢Ÿ& ~«÷m H$m {XZ 1000 MVw`w©Jr H$m VWm BVZo hr Ad{Y H$s amV hmoVr h¡Ÿ& g^r Ñí` ^yV ~«÷m H$m {XZ Amaå^ hmoZo na _yb àH¥${V go CËnÞ hmoVo h¢ VWm am{Ì Amaå^ hmoZo na nwZ: Cgr _| brZ hmo OmVo h¢Ÿ& (3) gÄMa AWm©V² g¥{ï> H$m AW© h¡nwéf+_yb àH¥${V 7 àH¥${V{dH¥${V 16 {dH¥${V BgH$s {dnarV {H«$`m à{VgÄMa `m àb` h¡16 {dH¥${V(11 BpÝÐ`m§+5ñWyb ^yV) 7 àH¥${V{dH¥${V _yb àH¥${V gÄMa H$m H$maU V_ na aO H$m A{YH$ à^md h¡ VWm à{V-gÄMa H$m H$maU aO na V_ H$m à^md h¡Ÿ& ~«÷gyÌ AÜ`m` 4, nmX 2, gyÌ 1-5 _| H$hm J`m h¡ {H$ àb` go 7 àH¥${V`m§ Ho$db d¥{Îm ê$n go b` hmoVr h¢ Z {H$ ñdê$n go, {Og àH$ma ñdßZ _| ì`{º$ AÝV_w©I hmoH$a AnZo H$mo ^yb OmVm h¡, Zï> Zht hmoVmŸ& (4) gÄMa VWm à{VgÄMa {_bmH$a EH$ MH«$ h¡Ÿ& {díd H$s àm`: g^r {H«$`m`| MH«$ h¢ `m MH«$m| H$m g_Ýd` h¢Ÿ& eara H$m MH«$ Zm‹S>r- ñnÝXZ, ídmg-àídmg, nmMZ H$_© (AnM`), OrdZ-_aU-OrdZ Am{X h¢Ÿ& ha e{º$ ñWmZr` `m

4.VÎd-g_mg 165 J{Verb Va§J H$m H$ånZ h¡Ÿ& Vm n_| H$U AnZo hr ñWmZ na H$ånZ H$aVo h¢Ÿ& eãX `m {dÚwV² Mwå~H$s` Va§J CX²J_ go AmJo ~‹T>Vo OmVo h¢Ÿ, {OgHo$ H$maU J_Z Ho$ _mJ© _| Omo _mÜ`_ h¡ , CgHo$ H$Um| na H$ånZ H$m à^md AmJo ~‹T>Vm h¡Ÿ& {XZamV ^r àH$me-AÝYH$ma (ê$n VÝ_mÌm) H$m `m g¥{ï>-àb` H$m MH«$ h¡Ÿ& CgHo$ H$maU _Zwî` _| OmJaU-gwf{w á (_Z BpÝÐ`) H$m MH«$ h¡Ÿ& na_mUw _| CgH$s Zm{^ Ho$ H$Um| H$m ì`dhma ^r MH«$dV² h¡Ÿ& g_` Ho$ {OVZo _mn {XZ, df© (F$Vw MH«$), `wJ-g^r g¥{ï>-àb` Ho$ MH«$ h¢Ÿ& (5) ha amgm`{ZH$ n[adV©Z XmoZm| {XemAm| _| hmoVm h¡Ÿ& BpÀN>V {Xem H$mo gÄMa VWm {dnarV {Xem H$s {H«$`m H$mo à{V gÄMa H$hm Om gH$Vm h¡Ÿ& n[apñW{V`m| Ho$ AZwgma H$moB© ^r à{V{H«$`m {Xem gÄMa `m aOmoJU w A{YH$Vm dmbr _mZr Om`JrŸ & Cg {H«$`m H$mo gÄMa {Xem _| MbmZo Ho$ {b`o Cn`wº$ Vmn (ñne©VÎd), àH$me (ê$n VÎd), X~md (n¥Ïdr VÎd) Am{X hmoZm Mm{h`oŸ& BZ VÎdm| H$s _mÌm ~XbZo go à{VgÄMa {H«$`m A{YH$ hmoJr, {Ogo àb` H$hm Om gH$Vm h¡Ÿ& (6) àb` Zm_ Ho$ H$maU `h Zht g_PZm Mm{h`o {H$ à{VgÄMa AdmÄN>Zr` h¡ VWm Ho$db gÄMa hmoZm Mm{h`oŸ& ^mJdV JrVm, AÜ`m` 4 _| H$hm h¡AnmZo Owˆ{VàmU àmUmo@nmZoVWmnao&àmUmnmZJVr éÕmàmUm`m_ nam`Um:Ÿ&19Ÿ& Anao {Z`Vmhmam: àmUmÝàmUofw Owˆ{VŸ& gd}ß`oVo `k{dXmo `kj{nV H$ë_f:Ÿ&20Ÿ& AÝ` bmoJ àmU H$mo AnmZ _| VWm AnmZ H$mo àmU _| hdZ H$aVo h¢Ÿ& H$B© àmU Anm Z H$s J{V H$mo {Z`pÝÌV H$a àmUm`m_ H$aVo h¢Ÿ& `h g^r `k H$m R>rH$ ê$n H$a aho h¢Ÿ, {Oggo CZHo$ {dH$ma Zï> hmo aho h¢Ÿ& àmU 6 àH$ma Ho$ h¢, eara 7 àH$ma Ho$ h¢, VWm {dH$ma 16 àH$ma Ho$ h¢Ÿ& Bg àH$ma BZ `km| Ho$ H$B© àH$ma Ho$ AW© h¢Ÿ& AÞ_` H$mof Ho$ {b`o àmU H$m AW© h¡, AÞ go àmá hmoZo dmbr e{º$Ÿ& ^moOZ Ho$ ê$n _| Omo àmU AmVm h¡, CgH$m Ad{eï> A§e AnmZ dm`w go _b Ho$ ê$n _| Zï> hmoVm h¡Ÿ& Bg àH$ma AÞ H$m {dH$ma Zï> hmo J`mŸ& AÞ_` àmU ½byH$moO, dgm Am{X Ho$ ê$n _| eara _| g§{MV ahVm h¡, dh àmU H$m AnmZ _| hdZ h¡Ÿ& O~ eara H$s BpÝÐ`m§ H$m_ H$aVr h¢, Vmo g§{MV e{º$ IM© hmoVr h¡, Omo AnmZ H$m àmU _| hdZ h¡Ÿ& Bggo eara ñdñW Am¡a {H«$`merb ahVm h¡ VWm H$m`© H$m _b H$m~©Z S>m`ŠgmBS> Ho$ ê$n _| ~mha {ZH$bVm h¡Ÿ& dgm H$m H$_ hmoZm ^r _b {ZH$bZm h¡Ÿ&

166 gm§»`-Xe©Z H$m d¡km{ZH$ AmYma ídmg-àídmg {H«$`m ^r àmU_` H$mof H$m EH$ `k MH«$ h¡Ÿ& àmU amoH$Zo go ^r eara H$o AÝ` MH«$ {H«$`merb hmoVo h¢Ÿ& g~go gyú_ hdZ-`k _| {dÝXw hmoH$a {díd H$s àmU e{º$ AmVr h¡ VWm Hw$ÊS>{bZr e{º$ D$na ghòma VH$ M‹T>Vr h¡Ÿ& (7) ^m¡{VH$ {dkmZ Ho$ D$î_m-J{VO{gÕmÝV(Thermodynamics) Ho$ AZwgma {OVZr ^r `mpÝÌH$ {H«$`mAm| _| Cn`moJr H$m`© hmoVm h¡, dh MH«$ _| hr H$m_ H$a gH$Vr h¢Ÿ& e{º$ gÄMa òmoV Hw$ÊS> 1 Cn`moJr H$m`© 2 à{VgÄMa Hw$ÊS> òmoV 2 H$m`© e{º$ 3 (8) BboŠQ´>m°{ZH$ Va§J(waves) CËnÞ H$aZo H$m ~H©$hmCgoZ {Z`_ h¡ {H$ {H«$`m Ho$ à^mdH$m Hw$N> A§e(Feedback)Cgo MH«$dV² J{V _| bmZo Ho$ {b`o ì`dhma{H$`m OmVm h¡Ÿ&{H«$`m Ho$ \$b H$s g_rjm `m CgH$s à{V{H«$`m H$m AÜ``Z emgZ VWm ì`dgm` à~ÝY H$m _yb {gÕmÝV h¡Ÿ&{H«$`m=gÄ MaŸ&Ÿà{V{H«$`m=à{VgÄ MaŸ& (9) `moJgmYZm ^r AmYw{ZH$ ^mfm _| nwZ:à`moJ (Feedback) VWm JrVm H$s ^mfm _| AnmZ H$m àmU _| hdZ h¡Ÿ&`moJ-gyÌm| H$s g§»`m ~Jb _| h¡Ÿ& B©ída(1/24-28) nwéf `m MoVZ (1/3,2/20,21) àH¥${V(2/18,19) _hV²({damQ²> ~w{Õ) {MÎm(ì`{º$JV ^mdZm, 2/21) {deof `m ^oX A{deof _Z ~w{Õ Ah§H$ma qbJ VWm {deof AqbJ, A{deof n¥Ïdr Amn VoO dm`w AmH$me JÝY ag ê$n ñne© eãX H$_}pÝÐ` kmZopÝÐ` hmW n¡a dmUr OZZ _b H$mZ ZmH$ Or^ Am§I M_© à{V{H«$`m-_Z,~w{Õ, Ah§H$ma _moj `m AndJ© VrZ JwUm| H$m à^md-^moJ, amJ(2/12,22,23) (1/3,2/20-22,43) (1/4,3,31) OÝ__¥Ë`wMH«$(2/22,23,34)

4.VÎd-g_mg 167 (10) H$^r -H$^r gÎd, aO, V_ H$m ^oX H$aZm _wpíH$b hmoVm h¡Ÿ& {H$gr EH$ H$mo gÎd _mZ H$a ~mH$s H$mo aO, V_ _mZm Om gH$Vm h¡Ÿ& g¥{ï> {H«$`m Ho$ H$maU hr àb` H$m Amaå^ hmoVm h¡Ÿ& aO ~‹T>Vo ~‹T>Vo V_ _| ~Xb OmVm h¡Ÿ& ~«÷mÊS> H$m {dñVma ~«÷m gÎd JwU h¡Ÿ& nXmWm] Ho$ Xya hQ>Zo go CZH$m ñdVÝÌ ApñVËd h¡Ÿ& EH$ gm¡a _ÊS>b na {H$gr Xygao gm¡a _ÊS>b H$m à^md àm`: Zht hmoVm h¡ , AV: Cg gy`© H$s H$jm _| J«h A~m{YV hmoH$a Ky_Vo ahVo h¢Ÿ& Bgr àH$ma na_mUw H$s Zm{^ Ho$ Mmam| Amoa BboŠQ´>mZm| H$s H$jm`| gå^d h¢, dh {ZH$Q> H$s H$jm _| ahH$a na_mUw H$m AmH$ma {ZYm©[aV H$aVo h¢Ÿ& BgH$m H$maU h¡ {H$ ~«÷mÊS> \¡$b ahm h¡ Am¡a R>§T>m hmo ahm h¡Ÿ& gm_mÝ`V: {díd H$m H$moB© ^r A§e N>mS‹o > XoZo na dh ^oX(Order) go A^oX `m {~Iamd(Disorder) H$s pñW{V _| OmZo bJVm h¡Ÿ& W_m}S>m`Zm{_Šg Ho$ AZwgma àH¥${V _| BgH$m {dnarV gå^d Zht h¡Ÿ& Á`mXm ñVam| _| {d^mOZ (Order) hr OrdZ Ho$ CÀM {dH$mg H$m {M• h¡Ÿ& `h àH¥${V Ho$ JwUm| Ho$ H$maU Zht hmo gH$VmŸ& BgH$m H$maU MoVZ VÎd h¡ {Ogo {dîUw `m aOmoJU w Zm_ {X`m J`m h¡Ÿ& aOmoJU w Ho$ H$maU {H$gr g§h{V H$s e{º$ IM© hmoVo hmoVo dh {ZpîH«$` AdñWm _| nhþ§M OmVr h¡Ÿ& gÄMa-à{VgÄMa H$s MH«$dV² {H«$`mAm| go H$mb H$m kmZ hmoVm h¡Ÿ& ~ma ~ma Eogr {H«$`mAm| go nXmW© ^oXa{hV {~Iamd H$s AdñWm _| nhþ§M OmVm h¡Ÿ& AV: H$mb H$m AW© g_` VWm _¥Ë`w (V_g) h¡Ÿ& V_moJwU ê$nr H$mb {ed H$m ñdê$n h¡Ÿ&

7.AÜ`mË__{Y^yV_{YX¡d§ M eãXmW©-AÜ`mË_=A{Y+AmË_Z²=AmË_m `m ì`{º$ go gå~ÝY aIZodmbmŸ& AÜ`mË__² Aì`` h¡, {OgH$m AW© AmË_m go gå~Õ nXmW© `m na~«÷ `m AmË_mna_mË_m H$m gå~ÝY h¡Ÿ& AmË_Z²=AV²+_{ZU²Ÿ& 1.AmË_m, Ord, 2.ñd, AmË_, 3.na_mË_m, ~«÷, 4.gma, 5.M[aÌ {deofVm, 6.ñd^md, 7.ì`{º$, `m g_ñV eara, 8._Z, ~w{Õ, 9.{dMma e{º$, 10.XoI^mb, à`ËZ, 11.gy`©, A{¾, `m dm`wŸ& A{Y CngJ© H$m AW© h¡ D$na CR>Zm, A{YH$Vm, AmYm[aVŸ& AV: AÜ`mË_ H$m AW© hþAm AmË_m, ì`{º$, eara `m ñd^md go gå~pÝYV, CZ na AmYm[aV `m {Z^©a {H«$`m, \$b, JwU Am{XŸ& A{Y^yV-^yV H$m AW© Omo {Z{_©V `m hmo MwH$m h¡Ÿ& Omo Hw$N> {Z_m©U h¡, R>rH$ `m

168 gm§»`-Xe©Z H$m d¡km{ZH$ AmYma ~rVm hþAm dh ^yV h¡Ÿ& g§km ê$n _| BgH$m AW© h¡-1.{ed, 2.àmUr, Ord, 3.àoV, ^yV, {nemM, XmZd, 4. nm§M _hmVÎd, 5.AVrV, 6.g§gma, 7.Hw$ebjo_Ÿ& A{Y^yV H$m AW© ^yV H$m AmYma h¡, AWm©V² na_oída `m CgH$m à^md h¡Ÿ& AÝ` AW© h¡ O‹S> VÎdm| na AmYm[aV JwU, {H«$`m `m \$bŸ& A{YX¡d-X¡d H$m AW© Xod go gå~pÝYV `m ^m½` h¡Ÿ& Xod H$m AW© XodVm, BÝÐ, {Xì` nwéf, emgH$, gå_m{ZV Cnm{Y Am{X h¡Ÿ& A{YX¡d H$m AW© hþAm XodVmAm| na AmYm[aVŸ& ‘M’ H$m AW© h¡, BVZo hr VrZ ^oX g¥{ï> `m Xw:I Am{X Ho$ h¢Ÿ& ì`m»`m-{nN>bo gyÌ H$s g§J{V go Bg H$m AW© g¥{ï> H$m àH$ma h¡Ÿ& gm_mÝ`V: BZ eãXm| H$m ì`dhma VrZ àH$ma Ho$ Xw:Im| Ho$ {b`o hmoVm h¡, O¡g-o X¡{hH$ X¡{dH$ ^m¡{VH$ VmnmŸ& am_ amÁ` Zqh H$mhþ{h ì`mnmŸ&& (am_M[aV_mZg, CÎmaH$mÊS>) ApÝV_ VÎd-g_mg gyÌ _| ^r {Ì{dY Xw:I H$m CÝ_ybZ hr gm§»` H$m \$b H$hm J`m h¡Ÿ& {ed H$s àmW©Zm Bgr àH$ma H$s OmVr h¡Ì`: eyb {Z_yb© Z§ eybnm{U:Ÿ&(am_M[aV_mZg, CÎmaH$mÊS>) _r_m§gm Xe©Z _| AmË_m H$mo gwI-Xw:I H$s Cnm{Y go {Kam hþAm _mZm OmVm h¡Ÿ& e¡d Xe©Z _| Bgo _b H$hm J`m h¡, Omo M¡VÝ` ê$nr gwdU© H$mo T>§H$ boVm h¡Ÿ& B©emdmñ`mon{ZfX² _| ^r h¡-{haÊ_`oZ nmÌoU gË`ñ`m{n{hV§ _wI_²Ÿ& e¡d Xe©Z H$m _b VrZ àH$ma H$m h¡-AmUd _b, _m`r` _b, VWm H$m_ _bŸ& `h VrZ àH$ma Ho$ Xw:Im| Ho$ g_mZ h¡-AmÜ`mpË_H$ `m ì`{º$JV, Am{YX¡{dH$ VWm Am{Y^m¡{VH$Ÿ& ^JdX²JrVm, AÜ`m` 8 _| VrZ àH$ma Ho$ H$_m] Ho$ê$n _| BZ eãXm| H$m à`moJ h¡qH$ VX² ~«÷ {H$_Ü`mË_§ qH$ H$_© nwéfmoÎm_Ÿ& A{Y^yV§ M qH$ àmoº _{YX¡d§ {H$_wÀ`VoŸ&1Ÿ&

A{Y`k: H$W§ H$mo@Ì Xohpo ñ_Z² _YwgXy ZŸ&2Ÿ& Aja§ ~«÷ na_§ ñd^mdmo@Ü`mË_ CÀ`VoŸ& ^yV^mdmoX²^dH$amo {dgJ©: H$_© g§{kV:Ÿ&3Ÿ&

A{Y^yV§ jamo ^md:nwéfñ`m{YX¡dV_²Ÿ& A{Y`kmo@h_odmÌ Xoho Xoh^¥Vm§ daŸ&4Ÿ& AWm©V² 4 àH$ma Ho$ H$_© h¢-1.AÜ`mË_-Aja na_ ~«÷ H$m ñd^md, Ah§^mdŸ& 2.A{Y^yV-dñVwAm| _| ^yV^md g_PZmŸ& 3. A{YX¡d-ja nwéf `m Xod ^mdŸ& 4.A{Y`k-Xoh Am¡a Xohr EH$ hr na_ nwéf h¢Ÿ&

4.VÎd-g_mg 169 àW_ VrZ àH$ma Ho$ H$_m] go VrZ àH$ma Ho$ Xw:I hmoVo h¢Ÿ& gm§»` gyÌ 1/1 BZ Xw:Im| Ho$ dU©Z go hr Amaå^ hmoVm h¡AW {Ì{dY Xw:ImË`ÝV{Zd¥{ÎmaË`ÝV nwéfmW©:Ÿ& VrZ àH$ma H$s g¥{ï> H$m dU©Z V¡{Îmar` Cn.{ejmdëbr, AZwdmH²$ 7 _| h¡n¥{Wì`ÝV[aj§ Úm¡{X©emo@dmÝVa{Xe:Ÿ& A{¾dm©`wam{XË`íMÝÐ_mZjÌm[UŸ& Amn AmofY`mo dZñnV` AmH$me AmË_mŸ& BË`{Y^yV_²Ÿ& AWmÜ`mË__²Ÿ& àmUmo ì`mZmo@nmZ CXmZ: g_mZ:&Mjw: lmo̧ _Zmo dmH²$ ËdH²$Ÿ& M_© _m§g§ ñZmdmpñW _ÁOmŸ&EVmX{Y{dÚm` F${fadmoMV²&nm§º$§ dmBX§ gd©_&² nm§º$o Z¡d nm§º$§ ñn¥UmoVr{V& Am{Y^m¡{VH$ Am¡a AmÜ`mpË_H$ AWdm {damQ²> Am¡a {nÊS> XmoZm| H$m gå~ÝY hŸ¡& XmoZm| H$s 3-3 lo{U`m§ h¢ VWm àË`oH$ Ho$ 5-5 A§J h¢Ÿ& ~mø ^m¡{VH$ OJV² Ho$ 3 {d^mJ h¢-A{YbmoH$, A{YÁ`mo{Vf, A{Y^yVŸ& BZHo$ 5-5 A§J (nm§º$) h¢A{YbmoH$-n¥Ïdr, AÝV[aj, Úm¡, {Xem`|, AÝVa {Xem`|Ÿ& A{YÁ`mo{Vf-A{¾,dm`w,Am{XË`,MÝÐ, ZjÌ (dm`w {dÚwVM² åw ~H$s` {d{H$aU h¡Ÿ) A{Y^yV-Ob, Am¡f{Y`m§,dZñn{V`m§, AmH$me, AmË_m (AÝV:H$aU)Ÿ& AmÜ`mpË_H$ Ho$ 3 ñVa VWm nm§º$ h¢A{YàmU-àmU, ì`mZ, AnmZ, CXmZ, g_mZŸ& A{YX¡d-Mjw, lmoÌ, _Z, dmH²$, ËdMmŸ& A{YXoh-M_©, _m§g, ñZm`w, ApñW, _ÁOmŸ& `hm§ Ho$ VrZ ñVa h¢-AmÜ`mpË_H$,(VrZm| ñVa), A{Y^yV VWm A{YX¡d (A{YbmoH$+A{YÁ`mo{Vf) BZ g¥{ï>`m| Ho$ H$_m] Ho$ gå~ÝY go VrZ àH$ma Ho$ Xw:I h¢ (`m gwI)AmÜ`mpË_H$, Am{Y^m¡{VH$, Am{YX¡{dH$Ÿ& AmÜ`mpË_H $3 àH$ma H$m h¡-emar[aH$ `m A{YXoh, _mZ{gH `m A{YàmU Am¡a A{YX¡dŸ& eara H$m ~bdmZ, \w$Îmubm VWm ñdñW hmoZm emar[aH$ gwI h¡Ÿ& eara H$m Xw~©b, AñdñW, Am¡a amoJr hmoZm emar[aH$ Xw:I h¡Ÿ& ew^ g§H$ën, empÝV, d¡am½` Am{X _mZ{gH$ gwI h¢Ÿ & B©î`m©, V¥îUm, emoH$, amJ Am{X _mZ{gH$ Xw:I h¢Ÿ& Am{Y^m¡{VH$ gwI Xygao àm{U`m| g {o _bVm h¡Ÿ-O¡go Jm¡ Am{X go XyY, K¥V, KmoS‹ >o Am{X go gdmar H$m, Am{Y^m¡{VH$ VWm Xw:I gn©, {~ÀNy> Am{X Ho$ H$mQ>Zo go hmoVm

170 gm§»`-Xe©Z H$m d¡km{ZH$ AmYma h¡Ÿ& Am{YX¡{dH$ gwI àH$me d¥{ï> Am{X go hmoVm h¡Ÿ& Am{YX¡{dH$ Xw:I A{Vd¥{ï> Am¡a {~Obr Am{X Ho$ {JaZo go hmoVm h¡Ÿ&

8.nÄMm{^~wÕ`: AW©-A{^~w{Õ=~w{Õ `m kmZ H$s BpÝÐ`Ÿ& `hm§ Bg H$m AW© ~w{Õ H$s d¥{Îm {H$`m OmVm h¡Ÿ& ì`m»`m-(1) nmVÄ Ob `moJ gyÌ, g_m{Y nmX _| d¥{Îm H$m AW© {MÎm d¥{Îm hr H$hm J`m h¡Ÿ& gyÌ 2 _| `moJ H$m CÔoí` hr {MÎm H$s d¥{Îm`m| H$m {ZamoY ~Vm`m J`m h¡-`moJpíMÎmd¥{Îm {ZamoY:Ÿ& gyÌ 5-11 _| d¥{Îm`m| Ho$ ^oX VWm CZH$s n[a^mfm Xr J`r h¡Ÿd¥Îm`: nÄMVæ`: pŠbï>mpŠbï>m:Ÿ&5Ÿ& d¥{Îm`m§ 5 àH$ma H$s h¢Ÿ& `o g^r pŠbï> (Xw:IX) `m ApŠbï> (gwIX) hmo gH$Vr h¢Ÿ& {MÎm H$s gmå`mdñWm _| JwUm| Ho$ H$maU AÝVa `m {djon hmoVm h¡, dhr d¥{Îm h¡Ÿ& àH¥${V Ho$ H$maU pŠbï> d¥{Îm`m§ hmoVr h¢, nwéf CÝh| ApŠbï> ~ZmZo H$s Moï>m H$aVm h>¡Ÿ& à_mU {dn`©` {dH$ën {ZÐm ñ_¥V`:Ÿ&6Ÿ& d¥{Îm`m| Ho$ H$maU h¢-1.à_mU, 2. {dn`©`, 3.{dH$ën, 4.{ZÐm, 5.ñ_¥{VŸ& àË`jmZw_mZmJ_m: à_mUm{ZŸ& 7Ÿ& à_mU `m gå`H²$ kmZ 3 àH$ma go hmoVm h¡-àË`j, AZw_mZ VWm AmJ_ `m emóŸ& {dn`©`mo{_Ï`mkmZ_VÐÿnà{V{ð>V_²Ÿ&8Ÿ& {dn`©` H$m AW© {_Ï`mkmZ h¡ Omo nXmW© H$mo CgHo$ à{V{ð>V ê$n _| Zht XoIVm h¡Ÿ& eãXkmZmZwnmVr dñVweyÝ`mo {dH$ën:Ÿ&9Ÿ& {dH$ën {g\©$ eãXOmb h¡ , {OgH$m ñnï> AW© Zht h¡Ÿ& A^mdàË``mbå~Zm d¥{Îm{Z©ÐmŸ&10Ÿ& {dMmam| VWm kmZ H$m ghO A^md {ZÐm h¡Ÿ& AZw^yV {df`mgåà_mof: ñ_¥{V:Ÿ&11Ÿ& nwamZo AZw^d {H$`o J`o {df`m| H$m nwZ: {dMma ñ_¥{V h¡Ÿ& 5 VÝ_mÌm(V_) (2) `hm§ àH¥${V Ho$ VÎdm| _| àH¥${V • _hmZ •² Ah§H$ma _Z+10 BpÝÐ`(aO) 5 ^yV (gÎd) H$ho J`o h¢Ÿ& BZ_| {MÎm `m ~w{Õ H$s MMm© Zht h¡Ÿ& _hmZ² nXmW© H$m ~mhar `m

4.VÎd-g_mg 171 gånyU© ñdê$n h¡, Ah§H$ma ^rVar JwU h¡Ÿ& Bgo AmYw{ZH$ Cî_m-J{VH$s (Thermodynamics) `m ì`dñWm {gÕmÝV (System Theory) _| ~mø JwU (Extrinsic) VWm AÝV: JwU (Intrinsic Quality) H$hVo h¢Ÿ& `hm§ JwU H$m AW© àd¥{Îm `m Ñí` bjU h¡Ÿ& ^rVar d¥{Îm, bjU `m JwU H$mo AÝV:H$aU `m {MÎm H$hm J`m h¡Ÿ& VrZ AÝV:H$aU `m {MÎm h¢-_Z, ~w{Õ, Ah§H$maŸ& Bg_| ewÕ Ah§H$ma H$s H$moB© d¥{Îm Zht h¡, `m CgHo$ 21 ê$nm| H$s d¥{Îm H$hZm gå^d Zht h¡Ÿ& {MÎm _| _Z VWm ~w{Õ H$s d¥{Îm`m§ hmoVr h¢Ÿ& ~w{Õ H$s d¥{Îm`m§ 5 D$na H$hr J`t VWm _Z H$s d¥{Îm`m§ 2 h¢-gwI (ApŠbï>) VWm X:wI(pŠbï> )Ÿ& gm§»` gyÌ 2/33 ^r nmVÄ Ob gyÌ 1/5 hr h¡d¥Îm`; nÄ MVæ`: pŠbï>m ApŠbï>míMŸ& BgH$s ì`m»`m doXmpÝV _hmXod, {dkmZ {^jw VWm ZmJoe ^Å> Zo ~w{Õ d¥{Îm Ho$ ê$n _| H$s h¡, Omo Bg g_mg gyÌ _| à`wº$ h¡Ÿ& Bgo `moJ _| {MÎm d¥{Îm H$hm J`m h¡ Omo dñVwV: EH$ hr h¡Ÿ& gm§»` H$m[aH$m _| 3 àH$ma Ho$ AÝV:H$aU H$ho J`o h¢Ÿ& gm§.H$m.37 _| ~w{Õ H$mogdm}ÀM H$aU _mZm J`m h¡, AWm©V² d¥{Îm `m H$m`© _| `hr g_W© h¡Ÿ& gm§»`H$m[aH$m 33-AÝV:H$aU§ {Ì{dY§ XeYm ~mø§ .... !! 37-gdª àË`wn^moJ§ `ñ_mV² nwéfñ` gmY`{V ~w{Õ:Ÿ& g¡d g {d{eZ{ï> nwZ: àYmZ nwéfmÝVa§ gyú__²Ÿ&& AWm©V² 3 AÝV:H$aU VWm 10 ~mø (H$aU) h¢Ÿ& ~w{Õ nwéf Ho$ g^r ^moJ gånm{XV H$aVr h¡ VWm àH¥${V nwéf H$m gyú_ ^oX àH$Q> H$aVr h¡ (AV: ~w{Õ gdm}ÀM H$aU h¡)Ÿ& (3) ^mdmJUoe Zo Bg gyÌ H$m AW© Bg àH$ma {H$`m h¡A{^~w{Õ, A{^_mZ, BÀN>m, H$Îm©ì`Vm, {H«$`m-5 A{^~w{Õ h¢Ÿ& A{^~w{Õ H$m AW© A{^_wIr ~w{Õ h¡ , AWm©V² `h Adí` H$aZm h¡, Bg àH$ma H$m g§H$ënŸ& _¢ H$aVm hÿ-§ `h d¥{Îm A{^_mZ h¡Ÿ& g§H$ën H$m _yb `m Amaå^ BÀN>m h¡Ÿ& kmZopÝÐ`m| H$s eãX Am{X {df`m| _| d¥{Îm H$mo H$Îm©ì`Vm H$hVo h¢Ÿ& dMZ Am{X bjU dmbr H$_}pÝÐ`m| H$s d¥{Îm H$mo {H«$`m H$hVo h¢Ÿ& gdm}nH$m[aUr d¥{Îm (AkmV) Ho$ AZwgma BgH$m AW© h¡~w{Õ go {OgH$m kmZ hmoVm h¡ dh A{^~w{Õ h¡Ÿ& Bg àH$ma A{^~w{Õ H$m AW©

172 gm§»`-Xe©Z H$m d¡km{ZH$ AmYma ~wÕrpÝÐ` `m kmZopÝÐ` h¢Ÿ& BZH$s g§»`m 5 h¡ VWm CZgo kmV hmoZo dmbo VÎd `m VÝ_mÌm`| ^r 5 h¢Ÿ& A{^~w{Õ-- - Am§I H$mZ ZmH$ Or^ ËdMm CZgo kmV VÎd- ê$n eãX JÝY ag ñne© Bg ì`m»`m Ho$ AZwgma AJbo gyÌ H$m nmR> ‘ nÄ MH$_©`moZ`:’ h¡, VWm AW© 5 H$_}pÝÐ`m§ {H$`m J`m h¡, {H$ÝVw àm`: `hr AW© 11d| gyÌ -nÄ MH$_m©Ë_mZ:- H$m h¡, AV: C{MV Zht bJVmŸ&

9.nÄ Mѽ`moZ`: eãXmW©-ÑJ² `m ÑH²$-Ñe² YmVw H$m AW© XoIZm VWm kmZ Ho$ AW© _| h¡Ÿ& nm{U{Z gyÌ -Ñeo: ¹${Zn²(3/2/94)-ÑeoaZmbmoMZo H$L²> M-Bg_| ‘e²’ H$m XoIZoo VWm {dMma H$aZo Ho$ AW© _| ‘H²’$ ^r hm o OmVm hŸ¡& XoIZo Ho$ AW© _| BgH$m ê$n ní` ^r hmoVm h¡Ÿ& nadÎmu Aja Ho$ AZwgma ‘H²’$ H$m ‘J²’ hmoVm h¡Ÿ& BgH$m AW© {Xì` Mjw (kmZ) go XoIZm ^r h¡, O¡go JrVm, AÜ`m` 11 _|$ h¡Z Vw _m§ eŠ`go Ðïw>_ZoZd¡ ñdMjwfmŸ& {Xì`§ XXm{_ Vo Mjw: ní` _o `moJ_¡ída_²Ÿ&8Ÿ& Aní`X² XodXode o earao nmÊS>dñVXmŸ&13Ÿ& _mZ{gH$ kmZ Ho$ AW© _|- AmË_m dm Aao Ðï>ì`:(~¥hXmaÊ`H$ Cn.2/4/5) `mo{Z (`w+{Z)-`w H$m AW© h¡-1{_bZm `m {_bmZm, 2.AbJ-AbJ H$aZm, 3.~mÝYZm, {_bZm(AXm{X, OwhmoË`m{X VWm H«$çm{X JUm| _|)Ÿ& {Z H$m AW© àm`: CngJ© ê$n _| h¡-g_yh, Aml`, ~wamB©, {XImZm, ZrMo H$s Amoa J{V, gÝXoh, {ZíM` Am{X h¡Ÿ& `mo{Z H$m AW© hþAm-1.J^m©e`, 2._yb ñWmZ, CX²J_ `m H$maUgm `mo{Z: gd© d¡amUm§ gm {h bmoH$ñ` {ZF©${V: (CÎma am_M[aV 5/30, Hw$_magå^d 2/9,4/43), 3.ImZ, 4.Amdmg, AmYma `m nmÌ, 5.Ka, 6.Hw$b, d§e, JmoÌ, _Zwî` `mo{Z, 7. ObŸ& AÝ` AW©-1.`mo{Z F$½doX H$s dh AmYma-^yV F$Mm h¡ , {Og na gm_ H$m {Z_m©U hþAmŸ& 2. Vmå~m (V_moJwU), 3.kmZ H$m òmoV`mo{Zk© {áH$maU§-doXmo@{Ibmo Y_©_by -§ _r_m§gm gyÌ 2/22 na em~a-^mî`Ÿ& AV: ѽ`mo{Z H$m AW© hwAm XoIZm-kmZ-AZw^d H$m _yb H$maUŸ& Xygam AW© h¡ ÑJ² `m AZw^d H$m g_yhŸ&

4.VÎd-g_mg 173 ì`m»`m-(1) ѽ`mo{Z AWm©V² kmZ Ho$ òmoV (kmZmpÝÐ`m§) nm§M h¢ZoÌ, lmoÌ, K«mU, agZm Am¡a ËdMmŸ& BZgo ê$n, eãX, JÝY, VWm ñne© H$m kmZ hmoVm h¡Ÿ& (2) gm§»`-VÎd-{ddoMZ VWm VÎd-`mWmW©-XrnZ Am{X _| Bg gyÌ H$m nmR>‘nÄ M H$_©`moZ`:’-{X`m h¡Ÿ& H$_© go CËnÞ VWm H$_© H$mo CËnÞ H$aZo dmbr XmoZm| AW© _| H$_©`mo{Z 5 h¢-Y¥{V, lÕm, gwIm, A{d{Xfm VWm {d{d{XfmŸ& Y¥{V-Omo dmUr H$_© VWm g‘>ën _| à{V{ð>V h¡Ÿ& lÕm-BgHo$ bjU h¢-AZgy`m, ~«÷M`©, `OZ, `mOZ, Vn, XmZ, à{VJ«h ,hmo_Ÿ& gwIm-{H$gr CÔoí` Ho$ {b`o{dÚm, H$_© Am¡a Vn H$m AmMaU H$aZm VWm ^ybm| H$m gwYma H$aZmŸ& A{d{Xfm-doX kmZ H$s BÀN>m _| à{V~ÝYH$ {H«$`mŸ& {d{d{Xfm-`h AMoVZ EH$Ëd, n¥WH$Ëd, {ZË`, gyú_, gËH$m`© Am¡a Ajmoä` h¡`h OmZZo H$s BÀN>mŸ& Ho$db `hr _moj H$m H$maU h¢, ~mH$s 4 H$_©-`mo{Z`m§ ~ÝYZ H$aVr h¢Ÿ&

10.nÄ M dm`d: AW©-dm`w=dm+CU² `m `wH$² Ÿ& 1.hdm, ndZ, 2.ndZ _mJ© 7 àH$ma Ho$ h¢Amdh, àdh, g§dh, CX²dh, {ddh, n[adh, namdhŸ& 3.dm`w Xod, 4. OrdZ H$m AmYma `m e{º$, 5 àH$ma H$sàmU, AnmZ, g_mZ, ì`mZ, CXmZŸ& 5.dmV àH$mon `m dmV amoJ, 5. BgHo$ g_mZmW©H$ _éV² Ho$ 49 ^oX H$ho OmVo h¢Ÿ& ì`m»`m-(1) A{¾, àmU, dm`w, _éV²-BÝh| àm`: g_mZmW©H$ eãXm| Ho$ ê$n _| doXm| _| ì`dhma {H$`m J`m h¡Ÿ& g^r e{º$`m§ VWm {H«$`m`| àmU H$m hr ê$n h¢Ÿ& n[aM` Ho${b`o àmU H$mo e{º$ (Force,energy) H$hm Om gH$Vm h¡, Omo AË`ÝV gyú_ h¡Ÿ& dhr e{º$ O~ ñWyb ê$n go {dH${gV hmoVr h¡ Vmo Cgo am{e `m nXmW© (matter) H$hVo h¢Ÿ& àmU H$s Xmo Om{V`m§ nm`t OmVr h¢-Am¾o` àmU VWm gm¡å` àmUŸ& gmo_ gd©Ì ì`mnH$ h¡ (Energy field, force field)Ÿ& {H$gr ñWmZ na CgH$m BH$Æ>m ê$n A{¾ (potential energy)Ÿ `m AmÝV[aH$ COm© h¡Ÿ& ~mha go gmo_ Am`o `m AmÝV[aH$ COm© go {H«$`m hmo dh dmH²$ h¡Ÿ& dmH²$ go ì`mnH$ gmo_ _|

174 gm§»`-Xe©Z H$m d¡km{ZH$ AmYma {dMbZ(vibration, fluctuation) hmoVm h¡Ÿ& àmU H$s A{YH$Vm A{¾ h¡, dmH²$ H$s A{YH$Vm H$m joÌ gmo_ h¡-XmoZm| H$m gÝVwbZ _Z h¡Ÿ& (2) gmo_ VWm Am¡f{Y-gmo_ go Amof{Y CËnÞ hmoVr h¡Ëd{__m AmofYr: gmo_ {dídñËdnmo AOZ`§ñËdJm:Ÿ&(F$H²$ g§. 1/91/22) {OgH$m nm¡Ym erK« Zï> hmo VWm \$b Xoa VH$ R>hao dh Amof{Y h¡-AmofY`: \$bnmH$mÝVm:Ÿ& \$bm| Ho$ nH$Vo hr nm¡Ym Zï> hmo OmVm h¡-O¡go Omo¡, Johÿ§, Mmdb Am{XŸ& dZñn{V H$m nm¡Ym ñWm`r h¡, {H$ÝVw \$b Zï> hmo OmVm h¡-O¡go Am_, A_ê$X Am{XŸ& AV: Amof{Y`m| _| gmo_ àYmZ h¡, Omo ~b XoVm h¡Ÿ& dZñn{V`m| _| A{¾ àYmZ h¡, Omo ~w{Õ XoVm h¡Ÿ& Bg àH$ma àmU Amof{Y h¡, {OgH$m à`moJ 4 àH$ma go hmoVm h¡(H$) AmWd©Ur-AWdm©=A+Wdm©-AWm©V² {OgH$m {MÎm pñWa hmoŸ-{MÎm H$mo pñWa H$a Omo {M{H$Ëgm hmoVr h¡Ÿ& _ÝÌ ~b, _Zmodk¡ m{nH$ `m Ü`mZ go, Hw$N> A§e _| hmo{_`mon¡{WH$ XdmŸ& (I) Am{“agr = A§Jr, Ad`dm| `m BpÝX«`m| Ho$ ag goŸ& Ob, aº$, `m gyB© (Injection) go Ðd nhþ§Mm H$aŸ& eë` {H«$`mŸ& (J) X¡dr-Amn, VoO, dm`w Am{X Xodm| ÛmamŸ& Ob {M{H$Ëgm, gm¡a {M{H$Ëgm, Vmn, {H$aUm| go (Infrared), {dÚwV-² Mwå~H$ e{º$, H$ånZ (Mechanical vibration) Am{XŸ& (K) _Zwî`Om:-_Zwî` Ûmam ~Zm`r Xdm`|Ÿ& (3) g¥{ï> H«$_ _| àmU- eVnW ~«m÷U (6/1/1/1) Ho$ AZwgmaAgÛm BX_J« AmgrV²Ÿ& VXmhþ: qH$ VXgXmgrV² B{V & F$f`mo dmd Vo@J«o gXmgrV²Ÿ& VXmhþ: Ho$ Vo F$f` B{VŸ& àmUm dm F$f`:Ÿ& AgV² Ho$ ~mX O~ nXmW© VWm e{º$ ì`º$ ê$n _| Am`o Vmo e{º$ Ho$ àW_ ê$n H$mo F${f H$hm J`m Omo àW_ àmU hþAmŸ& _Zwñ_¥{V Ho$ AZwgma(3/201)-Ÿ F${fä`:{nVamo OmVm: {nV¥ä`mo Xod XmZdm:&Xodäo `íM OJËgdª Ma§ ñWmÊdZwndy e © :Ÿ& AWm©V² F${f àmU go {nV¥ àmU--Xod VWm Agwa àmUŸ& ~¥hXmaÊ`H$ Cn. _| `mkdëŠ` Zo Xod Agwa Ho$ ~mX JÝYd© àmU VWm CgHo$ ~mX _mZd àmU, new àmU Am{X H$hm h¡Ÿ& `h àm{U`m| Ho$ {dH$mg H$s lo{U`m§ h¢ ,{OÝh| 14 àH$ma H$m ^yVgJ©

4.VÎd-g_mg 175 H$hm J`m h¡Ÿ& BZHo$ AdmÝVa ^oX h¢ -F${f 7, {nV¥ 8, Xod 33, Agwa 99, new 5, JÝYd© 27Ÿ& (4) nwéf H$s H$bm`|-gm§»` _| nwéf H$m AW© MoVZ VÎd h¡Ÿ& {d{^Þ àm{U`m| _| MoVZ VÎd H$s _mÌm Ho$ AZwgma 16 H$bm`| h¢Ÿ& ñWm`r H$bm Ho$ A{V[aº$ KQ>Zo ~‹T>Zo dmbr 15 _bm`| MÝÐ_m H$s 15 H$bmAm| Ho$ g_mZ h¢Ÿ& ì`{º$ ê$n _| nwéf H$m AW© h¡, nwa _| e`Z H$aZo dmbm AWm©V² EH$ n[a{Y _| gr{_VŸ& {damQ²> nwéf EH$ hr h¡ Am¡a gd©Ì ì`má h¡; dh namËna nwéf hþAmŸ& M`Z Ho$ AZwgma CgHo$ 3 ê$n h¢-(1) Ohm§ Ho$db ñWmZ H$m n[aÀN>oX hþAm h¡, ~bm| H$m M`Z Zht, dh CÎm_ nwéf `m Aì`` nwéf H$hbmVm h¡Ÿ& (2) ~bm| na ~bm| H$m M`Z (AbJAbJ) hmoZo na dh Aja nwéf H$hbmVm h¡Ÿ& (3) ~bm| H$s J«pÝW n‹S> OmZo na dh ja nwéf H$hbmVm h¡ Omo ànÄ M (Ñí` OJV²) Ho$ ê$n _| n[aUV hmoVm h¡Ÿ& ja-Aja {d^mJ H$m dU©Z JrVm 8d| AÜ`m` Aja-~«÷ `moJ _| VWm CÎm_ nwéf H$m dU©Z 15d| nwéfmoÎm_ `moJ _| {H$`m J`m h¡Ÿ& Aì`` nwéf H$s 5 H$bm`| h¢-AmZÝX, {dkmZ, _Z, àmU, dmH²$Ÿ& Aja nwéf àmU àYmZ `m {H«$`m àYmZ h¡Ÿ& BgH$s H$bm`| B©ída H$hbmVr h¢~«÷m, {dîUw, BÝÐ, gmo_, A{¾Ÿ& ja nwéf H$s Aja H$s ghm`Vm go 5 H$bm`| hmoVr h¢-àmU, Amn, dmH²$, AÞ, AÞmXŸ& eVnW ~«m÷U H$mÊS> 6 _| BZH$s CËn{Îm H$m H«$_ Am{YX¡{dH$ VWm CgH$s Xmo Ymam`| Am{Y^m¡{VH$ Am¡a AmÜ`mpË_H$ ~Vm`r h¢Ÿ& Am{YX¡{dH$ _| BZH$m dhr Zm_ h¡ Omo Aja nwéf H$s H$bm`| h¢-~«÷m, {dîUw, BÝÐ, gmo_, A{¾Ÿ& Am{Y^m¡{VH$ ê$n _| 5 _ÊS>b h¢-ñd`å^y, na_oð>r, gm¡a, MmÝÐ, ^yŸ& BZHo$ nañna g§`moJ go CËnÞ hmoZo dmbo àmUr earam| H$s 5 H$bm`| h¢-~rO {M{V (H$maU eara), Xod {M{V (gyú_ eara), ^yV {M{V (ñWyb eara), àOm (gÝV{V), VWm {dÎm (gån{Îm)Ÿ& BZH$s _yb H$bm`| ja nwéf H$s hr H$bm`| h¢àmU, Amn², dmH²$, AÞ, AÞmXŸ& (5) àmU VWm dm`w-àmU e{º$ h¡; CgHo$ EH$ ñWmZ go Xygao ñWmZ VH$ OmZo H$m Zm_ dm`w h¡Ÿ& àmU Ho$ gÄMma H$m _mÜ`_ ^r dm`w `m ndZ H$hbmVm h¡Ÿ& _mÜ`_ A{ZË` hmoZo go A{Zb ^r H$hbmVm h¡Ÿ& 5 _ÊS>b VWm CZHo$ AmH$mem| H$mo {_bmH$a

176 gm§»`-Xe©Z H$m d¡km{ZH$ AmYma 7 bmoH$ h¢Ÿ& CZHo$ e{º$ gÄMma Ho$ _mÜ`_m| Ho$ AZwgma 7 dm`w h¡^ydm`wamdh Bh àdhñVXyÜd©: ñ`mXwÛhñVXZw g§dh g§kH$íMŸ& AÝ`ñVVmo@{n gwdh: n[anydH© $mo@ñ`mX²~mø: namdh B_o ndZm: à{gÕm:Ÿ& ({gÕmÝV {eamo_{U, JmobmÜ`m`, _Ü`J{V dmgZm) `hm§ dm`w_ÊS>b Ho$ {d{^Þ ñVam| Ho$ Zm_ h¢-1.Amdh, 2.àdh, 3. CX²dh, 4.g§dh, 5.gwdh, 6.n[adh, 7.namdhŸ& `hm§ n¥Ïdr H$m dm`w_ÊS>b Amdh h¡, {Og_| Yy_Á`mo{V-g{bb-_éV² H$m g{ÞnmV _oK h¡ (H$m{bXmg H$m _oKXyV,5)Ÿ& àdh Zm_H$ ñH$ÝY dm`w-_ÊS>b Ho$ ~mX gy`_© ÊS>b VH$ h¡Ÿ& gy`© Ho$ AmH$f©U _| J«h MbVo h¢Ÿ& AV: Á`mo{Vf J«ÝWm| _| Bg dm`w H$mo J«h J{V H$m H$maU H$hm J`m h¡Ÿ& CÛh gy`©_ÊS>b go MÝÐ _ÊS>b VH$ h¡Ÿ& CÛh H$m AW© D$na CR>Zm h¡Ÿ& `h gy`© go {ZH$bZodmbr dm`w, àH$me H$m X~md (Radiation pressure), A§Jmao Am{X h¢, VWm dñVwV: gy`© H$m dm`w_ÊS>b h¡Ÿ& gm¡a _ÊS>b Ho$ J«h àdh _| h¢& ZjÌ _ÊS>b VH$ g§dh h¡, Omo AmH$meJ§Jm H$m ~mhar dm`w_ÊS>b h¡Ÿ, {Og_o§ CgHo$ gy`© Am{X Vmao h¢Ÿ(_h: bmoH$)Ÿ&gwdh `m {ddh nm§Mdm§ _ÊS>b h¡ Omo AmH$meJ§Jm H$m AmH$f©U h¡Ÿ(OZ: bmoH$)Ÿ& nwamUm| _| `h ZjÌ _ÊS>b Ho$ D$na J«hm| (`m Vmam|) Ho$ _ÊS>b VH$ H$hm J`m h¡Ÿ& CgHo$ D$na gá{f© _ÊS>b(Xmo AmH$meJ§JmAm| Ho$ ~rM H$m AmH$f©U joÌ) VH$ n[adh h¡Ÿ& Y«dw _ÊS>b VH$ H$m namdh h¡ Omo gånyU© {díd _| ì`má h¡Ÿ& (6) dm`w VWm _éV²-dm`w Ho$ H$maU AÝ` nXmWm] na Omo Ñí` à^md hmoVm h¡ , dh _éV² H$hbmVm h¡Ÿ& `h à{V dm`w-_ÊS>b _| 7-7 _mZo J`o h¢, Bg{b`o 49 hmoVo h¢Ÿ& dm`w A{¾ H$m hr J{V ê$n h¡, AV: A{¾ Ho$ ^r 49 ê$nm| H$m dU©Z dm`w nwamU AÜ`m` 29- A{¾d§e _| h¡Ÿ& 67 d| AÜ`m` H$mí`nr` àOm-gJ© _| H$hmZr Ho$ ê$n _| 49 _éVm| H$m dU©Z h¡Ÿ& BÝÐ Ûmam ~{b Ho$ d§eOm| H$s hË`m H$a ~mU H$s amOYmZr bmo{hË`nwa na A{YH$ma hmoZo na {X{V Zo H$í`n go BÝÐhÝVm nwÌ H$s àmW©Zm H$sŸ& H$í`n Zo Cgo gm¡ df© VH$ d«V nmbZ H$aZo H$mo H$hmŸ& BÝÐ Zo CgH$m Xmof XoIZo Ho$ {b`o gm¡Vbo r _mVm {X{V H$s godm H$sŸ& EH$ {XZ _Ü`m• _| BÝÐ H$o godm H$aVo g_` {X{V CZHo$ XmoZm| n¡am| na {ga aIH$a gmo J`rŸ& ~mb {~IaZo na BÝÐ Zo AewÕ {X{V Ho$ J^© _| àdoe H$a J^© H$mo 7 Qw>H$‹S>m| _| H$mQ>mŸ& O~ J^© amoZo bJm Vmo BÝÐ Zo Cgo H$hm _V amo (_éV²), AV: CgH$m Zm_ _éV² n‹S>mŸ& {\$a CZ g^r Hmo 7-7 ^mJm| _| H$mQ>mŸ& Bg àH$ma 49 _éV² hþ`Ÿo & à{V dm`w Ho$ _éV² Bg

4.VÎd-g_mg 177 àH$ma h¢(dm`w nwamU 67/122-130)1.gÎdÁ`mo{V,Am{XË`,gË`Á`mo{V,(Ana?){V`©H$² Á`mo{V, gÁ`mo{V,Á`mo{Vî_mZ²Ÿ& 2.F$V²{OV², gË`{OV²,gwfU o , goZ{OV², gË`{_Ì, A{^{_Ì, h[a{_ÌŸ& 3.F$V, gË`, Y«dw , YVm©, {dYVm©, {dYma`, ÜdmÝVŸ& 4.Yw{Z, CJ«, ^r_, A{^`w, gm{jn, Amˆ`5.B©ÑH²$,AÝ`mÑH²$,à{VH¥$V²,`mÑH²$, F$H²$,g{_{V,g§aå^Ÿ& 6.B©ÑH²$,nwéf, AÝ`mÑj,MoVg²,g{_Vm,g{_d¥j,à{VÑjŸ& 7._é{VX²,gaV, {Xe,`Ow,AZwÑH²$,gm_, _mZwfm{de,(X¡Ë`,Xod-nyd© Ho)$o `hm§ A{X{V VWm {X{V Ho$ ~mao _| ~hþV _V^oX h¢Ÿ& A{X{V H$m AW© AIÊS> `m A{XË` h¡Ÿ& A{X{V:-Z Xr`Vo IÊS>çVo BhËdmV²Ÿ& VmÊS>ç _hm~«m.-XmVw§ N>Îo mw§ Z `mo½`m`m§ n¥{Wì`m§Ÿ& CgH$m CbQ>m AW© Xod h¡Ÿ& àmU AW© _| e{º$ H$m Omo AIÊS> ê$n `m àdmh h¡, dh A{X{V h¡Ÿ& nXmW©, Kf©U, AdamoY Am{X go Omo AbJ-AbJ ñWmZm| _| {d^º$ hmo OmVm h¡, dh {X{V h¡Ÿ& Bg àH$ma {X{V Ho$ gmoZo go `m CgH$m g_àdmh ~ÝX hmoZo go dm`w _| H$ht àMÊS> àdmh, H$ht {dÚwV,² H$ht CgH$m A^md Am{X hmoZo go _éV² Ho$ ^oX CËnÞ hmo OmVo h¢Ÿ& ZjÌm| _| nwZd©gw H$m XodVm A{X{V _mZm OmVm h¡Ÿ& CgHo$ Zm_ go bJVm h¡ {H$ nwZd©gw ZjÌ _| gy`© OmZo go (`m ny{U©_m H$m MÝÐ OmZo go {OgH$mo XoIm Om gH$Vm h¡) df© H$m Amaå^ hmoVm h¡Ÿ& nwamZm df© g_má hmoVm h¡Ÿ& gådËga Ho$ AIÊS> H«$_ (A{X{V) H$m ÚmoVH$ h¡A{X{VOm©V_² A{X{VO©{ZËd_²(empÝVnmR>, `m F$½doX 10/72/4 )_| h¡ {H$ A{X{V go Xj VWm Xj go A{X{V hþAmŸ& Xj A{X{V ê$n g§dËga H$o {d^mJ h¢ {OZgo H$_© H$m {d^mOZ hmoVm h¡Ÿ& `m AmH$me ê$n A{X{V hmoZo go am{e-MH«$ Ho$ {d^mJ h¢Ÿ& XmoZm| hr AWm] _| 12 _hrZo Ho$ gy`© Ho$ ê$n _| 12 Am{XË` h¢, Omo dñVwV: EH$ hr h¢ (Am{XË` AW©)Ÿ& Bg AIÊS> VÎd go Am{X hmoZo Ho$ H$maU ^r Am{XË` h¡Ÿ& _Zwî` Om{V _| g_Vm H$m ì`dhma H$aZo dmbo Am{XË` h¢ VWm ñdm_r-Xmg, amOm-àOm, nwéf-ór Am{X _| ^oX H$aZo dmbo X¡Ë` h¢Ÿ& {X{V go CËnÞ 49 _éVm| H$s Vah Ñí` OJV² _| 50 àH$ma Ho$ {dn`©`, Ae{º$, Vw{ï> VWm {g{Õ h¢ (EH$ _yb VÎd {_bm H$a)Ÿ& BZH$m dU©Z AJbo gyÌm| _| h¡Ÿ& 7.F${f ê$n _| eara àmU-eVnW ~«mm÷U (6/1/1/1) _| {bIm h¡ {H$ àmU 7 ê$nm| _| {d^º$ h¡-2-2 {_bH$a 4 _Ü` _| h¢, 2 n{j`m| _| nj n¡Xm H$aVo

178 gm§»`-Xe©Z H$m d¡km{ZH$ AmYma h¢, EH$ nwÀN> `m AmYma ê$n _| ZrMo bQ>H$Vm h¡Ÿ& BZ gmVm| H$m gma ^mJ lr ê$n go D$na {ZH$bVm h¡, AV: Cgo {ea H$hm OmVm h¡Ÿ& _Zwî` eara Ho$ Mmam| {d^mJm| _| 7-7 àmU VWm CZHo$ {ga h¢{eamoJhw m -2 Am§I + 2 Zm{gH$m {N>Ð _| -4 AmË_m ñWmZ _| h¢Ÿ& 2 H$mZ nj ê$n _| ~mha {ZH$bo h¢Ÿ& EH$ _wI nwÀN> ê$n _| ZrMo h¡Ÿ& BZ gmVm| H$s lr go g~H$m gma ^mJ ~«÷aÝY« h¡ {OgH$m gy`© àmU go AmdmJ_Z H$m gå~ÝY h¡, VWm Cg na ÜdO ê$n {eIm aIr OmVr h¡Ÿ& CamoJwhm-2 \w$ß\w$g (\o$\$‹S>m)+ 2 ñVZ=4 AmË_m ñWmZ _| h¢Ÿ& nj ê$n go 2 hmW ~mha {ZH$bo h¢Ÿ& nwÀN> ê$n öX` ZrMo bQ>H$m hþAm h¡Ÿ& gmVm| H$s lr H$ÊR> ê$n h¡Ÿ& dhm§ _w»` àmU h¡, {Og na AmKmV bJVo hr _¥Ë`w hmoVr h¡Ÿ& CXa Jwhm-2 Šbmo_+2 `H¥$V² (ßbrhm)=4 AmË_m ñWmZ _o§ h¢Ÿ& 2 nmíd© (Am_me` VWm AmÝÌ) nj ê$n _| ~mha h¢Ÿ& BZH$m nwÀN> Zm{^ h¡Ÿ& BZH$s lr öX` h¡Ÿ Omo {nN>bo Jwhm H$m nwÀN> h¡Ÿ& nmX Jwhm _|-2 _yÌpo ÝÐ` +2 AÊS>H$mof = 4 AmË_m ñWmZ _| h¢Ÿ& nj ñWmZ _| 2 n¡a h¢Ÿ& nwÀN> ê$n _| _bË`mJ H$s BpÝÐ` h¡Ÿ& gmVm| H$s lr _ñVH$ ñWmZr` Zm{^ h¡ Omo {nN>bo ^mJ H$m nwÀN> h¡Ÿ& gá{f© _ÊS>b Ho$ Vmam| H$s pñW{V ^r Bgr àH$ma h¡Ÿ& BZH$s lr ê$n _| 8 dm§ Y«dw Vmam h¡Ÿ& 8.{edê$nr àmU-edê$nr {ed _| e{º$ AmZo go dh {edê$n hmoVm h¡Ÿ& A{¾àYmZ dm`w éÐ h¡, dh AÝV[aj `m ^wd: _| h¡Ÿ& `h CnÐmdH$ `m amoJOZH$ h¡, AV: am¡Ð dm`w h¡Ÿ& na_oð>r _ÊS>b H$s gmo_ àYmZ dm`w empÝVàX hmoZo go gmå~-gXm{ed h¡Ÿ& Aå~ H$m AW© Ob ^r h¡Ÿ& nÄM_wIr {ed Ho$ ê$n _| 5 _w»` àmU eara _| h¢Ÿ, Omo AmH$me Ho$ 5 VÎd aIVo h¢Ÿ& gá{f© VWm Y«dw ,`m 7 bmoH$ VWm EH$ _w»` {_bmH$a 8 àmU H$ho OmVo h¢Ÿ& `o eara Ho$ 7 MH«$m|, 7 YmVwAm| Ho$ AZwê$n h¢-Bg ê$n _| {ed H$mo Aï>_{y Îm© H$hm OmVm h¡Ÿ& 11 éÐm| Ho$ ê$n _| 10 àmU VWm AmË_m h¢Ÿ& VrZ bmoH$m| Ho$ ê$n _| 3 _w»` àmU VWm 3 A{¾`m§ h¢Ÿ& 9.eara Ho$ àmU ^oX-3 _w»` àmUm| Ho$ gå~pÝYV VÎd h¢-¢

4.VÎd-g_mg 179 bmoH$- ^y: ^wd: ñd: àmU- àmU AnmZ ì`mZ VÎd- A{¾ dm`w Am{XË` _ÊS>b - _ybmYma _{Unya {dew{Õ ñdm{Yð>mZ AZmhV Amkm Zm‹S>r - B‹S>m {n“bm gwfwåZm {H«$`m- ídmg {H«$`m _b_yÌ Ë`mJ eara H$m nmofU nm§M àmU h¢-àmU, AnmZ, g_mZ, ì`mZ Am¡a CXmZŸ& BZHo$ gmW 5 CnàmU {_bH$a eara H$s 10 _w»` Zm{‹S>`m| go gå~pÝYV h¢Ÿ& 5 àmUm| Ho$ ñWmZ h¢àmU-öX`Ÿ& AnmZ-JwXmŸ& g_mZ-Zm{^Ÿ& CXmZ-H$ÊR>Ÿ& ì`mZ-gånyU© earaŸ& Xg _w»` Zm{‹S>`m§- B‹S>m-dm_ ídmgŸ& {n“bm-Xm{hZo ídmg _|Ÿ& _Ü` ídmg _| gwfåw ZmŸ& nyfm-X{jU H$U©Ÿ& `epñdZr-dm_ H$U©Ÿ& _wI _| Abå~wfmŸ& {b“ _| Hw$hÿŸ& JwXm _| e§{IZrŸ& àmU dm`w àmU H$m {dgJ© H$a nwZ: nyU© H$aVm h¡, ídmg-àídmg ê$n go öX` _| h¡Ÿ& `h {ZpíMV Ad{Y Ho$ ~mX à`mU H$aVm h¡, AV: àmU h¡Ÿ& AnmZ dm`w _Zwî`m| H$m Amhma ZrMo bo OmVm h¡, _yÌ VWm dr`© àdm{hV H$aVm h¡Ÿ& AV: BgH$m Zm_ AnmZ h¡Ÿ& g_mZ dm`w Im`o-{n`o `m gyK§ o hþ`o AÞ H$mo VWm Cggo ~Zo aº$-{nÎm-H$\-dm`w$ H$mo g_mZ ê$n go g^r A“m| _| nhþ§MmVm h¡Ÿ& AV: g_mZ Zm_ h¡Ÿ& CXmZ dm`w eara Ho$ D$nar ^mJ AYa Am¡a _wI _| ñnÝXZ bmVm h¡, ZoÌm| _| bm{b_m VWm __© C{Û¾ H$aVm h¡, AV: CXmZ Zm_ h¡Ÿ& ì`mZ dm`w A“m| H$mo PwH$mVm h¡, H$ÊR> _| dm`w amoH$Vm h¡ VWm gånyU© eara _| ì`má h¡Ÿ& ZmJ dm`w-S>H$maŸ& Hy_© dm`w-Am§I ImobZmŸ& H¥$H$a dm`w-^jU H$aZmŸ& XodXÎm{ZÐm, VÝÐmŸ& YZÄO`-nmofU, Kmof (Üd{Z) _aZo Ho$ ~m X ^r ahVm h¡Ÿ& 10 àmU (CnàmU g{hV) VWm AmË_m-eara Ho$ 11 éÐ h¢Ÿ& éÐm| Ho$ AÝ` ê$n h¢_pñVîH$ Ho$ 7 àmU-2 Am§I, 2 H$mZ, 2 ZmH$, 1 _wIŸ& ZrMo Ho$ 2 àmU-_b_yÌ Ho$ Ûma VWm 10dt Zm{^Ÿ-AÝV[aj H$m dm`wŸ& 11 dm§ àmUmË_m h¡Ÿ& Am{YX¡{dH$ 11 éÐ Vmam-_ÊS>bm| Ho$ ñdm_r h¢Ÿ& Am{Y^m¡{VH$ éÐ h¢-5 VÎd,

180 gm§»`-Xe©Z H$m d¡km{ZH$ AmYma -n¥Ïdr, Ob, VoO, dm`w, AmH$meŸ& gy`©, MÝÐ, {dÚwV² (`O_mZ)Ÿ& A{¾ Ho$ 3 ê$nŸ-nd_mZ, nmdH$, ew{MŸ& A{¾ Ho$ 3 ^oX Kmoa ê$n h¢Ÿ& àW_ 8 ê$nm| _| {ed Aï>_y{Îm© h¢Ÿ& {ed _wIm| go àmUm| H$m gå~ÝY{Xem`| nyd© X{jU npíM_ CÎma D$na/ZrMo {ed_wI VËnwéf AKmoa gÚmoOmV dm_Xod B©emZ/B©e Xodì`m{á B©ída éÐ {dîUw ~«÷m gXm{ed doX AWd© gm_ `Owa² F$H²$ gd©{dÚmË_H$ _hm^yV dm`w A{¾ Ob n¥Ïdr AmH$me àmU àmU ì`mZ AnmZ g_mZ CXmZ eara A“ Mjw lmoÌ dmH²$ _Z dm`w {damQ²> A“ Am{XË` MÝÐ A{¾ nO©Ý` AmH$me \$b AZm{X lr,`e ~«÷VoO H$s{Îm© AmoO àmUm| H$s {Xem`| N>mÝXmoÁ` Cn.(3/13) VWm {ed_wI VÝÌmbmoH$(15/204205) _| h¢Ÿ&

11.nÄ MH$_m©Ë_mZ: H$_© H$m AW© {H«$`m, dñVwAm| _| J{V `m ê$n n[adÎm©Z h¡Ÿ& AmË_mZ: H$m AW© hþAm AmË_m/ì`{º$/na_mË_m H$mŸ& ì`m»`m-(1) nÄMH¥$Ë` H$m AW© {Xì` e{º$`m|§ Ho$ nm§M H$m`© h¢g¥{ï>, pñW{V, g§hma, {VamoYmZ, AZwJ«hŸ& (2) nÄMH$_© H$m AW© Am`wdX} _| {M{H$Ëgm Ho$ nm§M àH$ma h¢-d_Z(CëQ>r H$s Amof{Y), aoMZ (em¡M bmZo H$s Amof{Y), Zñ` (N>tH$ bmZo H$s Amof{Y), AZwdmgZ (Vob `wº$ dpñV), {Zê$h ({~Zm Vob H$m dpñVH$_©)Ÿ& (3) gm_doX Ho$ N>mÝXmo½`mon{ZfX²> _| gm_JmZ àmU H$s {H«$`m H$hm J`m h¡Ÿ& {ÛVr` AÜ`m` _| BgHo$ 5 A“ H$ho J`o h¢-1.{h‘>ma, 2.àñVmd, 3.CX²JrW, 4.à{Vhma, 5.{ZYZŸ& O~ Jm`Z Ho$ 7 A“ hmoVo h¢, V~ àñVmd Ho$ ~mX Am{X VWm {ZYZ Ho$ nyd© CnÐd hmoVm h¡Ÿ& g^r àH$ma H$s {H«$`mAm| _| Bgr àH$ma 5 ^oX {H$`o J`o h¢Ÿ& bmoH$ _| àH¥${V Ho$ gm_JmZ Ho$ Amamoh H«$_ _|-n¥Ïdr {h‘>ma, A{¾ àñVmd, AÝV[aj CX²JrW, Am{XË` à{Vhma, VWm Úm¡ {ZYZ h¡Ÿ& Adamoh H«$_ _| CgH$m

4.VÎd-g_mg 181 CbQ>m h¡Ÿ& àmU gm_ _| àmU, dmH²$, Mjw, lmoÌ VWm _Z-5 A“ h¢Ÿ& BpÝÐ`m| _| àmU {h‘>ma, dmH²$ àñVmd, Mjw CX²JrW, lmoÌ à{Vhma VWm _Z {ZYZ h¡Ÿ& (4) _Yw {dÚm _| gy`© H$mo àmU e{º$ `m _Yw H$m _yb òmoV H$hm J`m h¡ (N>mÝXmo½` «Cn.3/1-11)Ÿ& Bg_o § Am{XË` Xodm| H$m _Yw h¡, Úm¡ bmoH$ {VaN>m ~m§g h¡, AmH$me N>Îmm VWm {H$aU| _Yw Zm{‹S>`m§ h¢Ÿ& nyd© [Xem-F$Mm _Yw_pŠI`m§, F$½doX nwîn VWm A_¥V Ob h¡Ÿ& BgHo$ ag h¢-§ `e, VoO, BpÝÐ`m| H$s e{º$, AÞ Am{XŸ& bmb ag H$mo dgw-JU A{¾ ê$nr _wI _| XoI H$a V¥á hmoVo h¢, brZ hmoVo h¢, CX` hmoVo h¢Ÿ& AmR> dgw h¢-A{¾, n¥Ïdr, dm`w, AÝV[aj, Am{XË`, Úm¡, MÝÐ_m VWm ZjÌŸ& X{jU {Xem _| `OwdX} _YwH$a Am{X h¢Ÿ& gy`© Ho$ ewŠb ag H$mo éÐ-JU BÝÐ-ê$nr _wh go XoIH$a V¥á, brZ, CX` hmoVo h¢Ÿ& (11 éÐ=11 BpÝÐ`m§) npíM_ {Xem _| gm_doX _YwH$a Am{X h¢Ÿ& gy`© Ho$ H¥$îU ag H$mo 12 Am{XË`JU déU ê$nr _wI go XoIH$a V¥á Am{X hmoVo h¢Ÿ& (12 am{e=12 Am{XË`) CÎma {Xem _| AWdm©{“ag _YwH$a Am{X h¢, B{Vhmg nwamU nwîn h¢Ÿ & gy`© Ho$ H¥$îU ag H$mo XoIH$a _éX²JU gmo_ ê$nr _wI go V¥á hmoVo h¢Ÿ& D$na OmZodmbr {H$aUm| _| Jwø AmXoe _YwH$a h¡, ~«÷ nwîn h¡, A_¥V Ob h¡Ÿ& CgH$m `e Am{X ag jwãY _Ü` ^mJ h¡Ÿ& Cgo gmÜ`-JU ~«÷m ê$nr _wI go XoIH$a V¥á hmoVo h¢Ÿ& D$na H$s {H$aU| CX`-AñV Zht hmoVr h¢Ÿ& gmÜ` 12 h¢_Z, _ÝVm, àmU, Za, AnmZ,dr`©dmZ², {d{Z^©`, Z`, g§g, Zmam`U, d¥f, à^w (A{¾ nwamU, JU^oX Zm_$ AÜ`m`) (5) ~¥hXmaÊ`H$ Cn{ZfX² (3/9) _| öX` H$s {d{^Þ {Xem Ho$ VÎdm|, {H«$`mAm|, XodVmAm| Ho$ Zm_ Bg àH$ma h¢öX` {Xem- nyd© {Xem X{jU npíM_ CÎma Y«wd {Xem VÎd- ê$n lÕm aoVg² gË` dmH²$ {H«$`m-Mjw X{jUm Ob Xrjm A{¾ XodVm-Am{XË` `k déU gmo_ `_ (6) ^mdmJUoe Ho$ AZwgma H$_m©Ë_m Ho$ AW©-d¡H$m[aH$, V¡Og, ^yVm{X, gmZw_mZ VWm {ZaZw_mZ h¢Ÿ&

182 gm§»`-Xe©Z H$m d¡km{ZH$ AmYma (7) eara Ho$ 5 H$_© h¢-~mobZm, nH$‹S>Zm, MbZm, _yÌË`mJ, _bË`mJŸ& BZH$s H$_}pÝÐ`m§ h¢-dmUr, hmW, n¡a, CnñW, JwXmŸ& (8) nÄMm{¾ h¢-X{jUm{¾(AÝdmhm`©nMZ), Jmh©nË`, AmdhZr`, gä`, Am¡a AmdgÏ`Ÿ& nÄMm{¾ {dÚm-N>mÝXmo½` 5/4-8) A{¾g{_Y Yy_ Ádmbm A“ma ñ\w${b“ ÚwbmoH$- Am{XË` {H$aU {XZ MÝÐ_m ZjÌ nO©Ý`dm`w ~mXb {dÚwV² dO« JO©Z n¥{Wdr - g§dËga AmH$me am{Ì {Xem AdmÝVa {Xem nwéfdmH²$ àmU {Oˆm Mjw lmoÌ órCnñW Cn_ÝÌU `mo{Z ^rVa H$aZm gwI (9) nXmW© {nÊS> H$s 5 àH$ma H$s J{V`m§ h¢-1. pñW{V- ñWmZ na ~Zo ahZm `m g_ J{V _| ahZm, 2.aoIm _| MbZm-~XbVr ^{V `m {Xem _|, 3.Ky_Zm (rotation)-~XbVr J{V `m {Xem, 4.\¡$bZm, 5.{gHw$S‹ >Zm - `h ^m¡{VH$ {dkmZ Ho$ AZwgma h¡Ÿ& d¡e{o fH$ Xe©Z Ho$ AZwgma ^r Bgr àH$ma Ho$ 5 H$_© h¡1.CËjonU (D$na \|$H$Zm), 2.AdjonU (ZrMo {JamZm), 3.AmHw$ÄMZ ({gH$mo‹S>Zm), 4.àgmaU (\¡$bmZm), 5.J_Z (AÝ` àH$ma H$s {H«$`m)Ÿ&

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4.VÎd-g_mg 189 BpÝÐ` Ae{º$ BpÝÐ` Ae{º$ lmoÌ d{YaVm dmH²$ _yH$Vm ËdH²$ Hw$ð>Vm/M_©amoJ nm{U hmW H$s {dH$bVm Mjw AÝYËd nmX nmX H$s {dH$bVm {Oˆm ñdmX H$m kmZ Z hmoZm CnñW Šbr~Vm Zm{gH$m gy§KZo H$s e{º$ Z hmoZm nm`w JwXm Xmof _Z {d{jáVm --------------------------------------------11 BpÝÐ` dY 11 ~w{ÕdY 9 Vw{ï> {dn`©` 9 ~y{XYdY 28 Ae{º$ 8 {g{Õ {dn`©` 8 ~w{ÕdY _pñVîH$ Ho$ D$nar ^mJ (Cortex) H$m gå~ÝY {d{^Þ BpÝÐ`m| go h¡Ÿ& CZ_| Xmof AmZo go CZ BpÝÐ`m| _| Ae{º$ AmVr h¡Ÿ& _Z ^«y_Ü` `m AmkmMH«$ _| h¡Ÿ& Cgo _pñVîH$ Ho$ ~m`|-Xm{hZo ^mJ (2 H$_b Xb) Ho$ ~rM gå~ÝY OmoS‹ >Zo dmbo VÝVwAm| Ho$ ê$n _| _mZm Om gH$Vm h¡Ÿ& _pñVîH$ Ho$ XmoZm| ^mJm| H$m g_Ýd` Z hmoZo go {d{jáVm hmoVr h¡Ÿ& bKw _pñVîH$ _| {d{^Þ {dÝXwAm| na g§`_ H$aZo go {d{^Þ àH$ma H$s {g{Õ`m§ àmá hmoVr h¢Ÿ, {OZH$m dU©Z `moJgyÌ Ho$ {d^y{V nmX _| h¡Ÿ& `h {dÝXw MH«$ H$m joÌ h¡Ÿ& _pñVîH$ Ho$ {d{^Þ joÌm| H$s Ae{º$`m| Ho$ AZwgma Ae{º$`m§ 28 àH$ma H$s h¢Ÿ& gmYZm {d{Y`m| Ho$ òmoV ê$n _| ^r 28 e¡d AmJ_ h¢-10 e¡d VWm 18 am¡Ð AmJ_Ÿ& {ed Ho$ 5 _wIm| H$s Vah _pñVîH$ Ho$ 5 ^mJ h¢Ÿ& Hw$N> bmoJ ^yV Om{V`m| H$s g§»`m Ho$ AZwgma àË``m| Ho$ ^oX ~VmVo h¢5{dn`©` 5 C{X²^X² Om{V 28 Ae{º$ 28 {V`©H$² Om{V 9 Vw{ï> 9 Xod Om{V(8 X¡d {dH$ën H$s JUZm 53 H$m[aH$m _| h¡) 8 {g{Õ 8 _Zwî` Om{V(EH$hr h¡ {H$ÝVw JwU-H$_© Ho$ AZwgma 4 {d^mJ) (2) `moJ gyÌm| _| ^r gmYZm H$s ~mYmAm| H$m dU©Z h¡ , na CZH$s Hw$b g§»`m 28 Zht hmoVrŸ& BZHo$ 3 àH$ma Ho$ ^oX h¢5 ~w{Õ H$s d¥{Îm`m§-à_mU, {dn`©`,{dH$ën, {ZÐm, ñ_¥{VŸ&

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4.VÎd-g_mg 193 _ÝÌ OmZ __ Ñ‹T> {dídmgmŸ& n§M_ ^OZ gmo doX àH$mgmŸ&& N>R> Xg grb {da{V ~hþ H$a_mŸ& {ZaV {ZaÝVa gÁOZ Ya_mŸ&& gmVd± g_ _mo{h _` OJ XoImŸ& _moVo gÝV A{YH$ H$a boImŸ&& AmR>d± OWm bm^ gÝVmofmŸ& gnZohþ§ Zqh XoIV na XmofmŸ&& Zd_ gab g~ gZ N>bhrZmŸ& __ ^amog {h` haf Z XrZmŸ&& 9 ag `m 9 ^md-am¡ÐmoX²^wVíMûm¥“mamo hmñ`§ dramo X`m VWmŸ& ^`mZH$míM dr^Ëg: emÝV: gào_ ^{º$H$:Ÿ& _Z H$s 9 àH$ma H$s ^mdZmAm| Ho$ AZwgma 9 ^{º$ H$s {H«$`m`| hmoVr h¢Ÿ-1.am¡Ð, 2.AX²^Vw , 3.ûm¥“ma, 4.hmñ`, 5.dra, 6.X`m, 7.^`mZH$, 8.dr^Ëg, 9.emÝV gào_ ^{º$Ÿ& ZmaX ^{º$-gyÌ 56 _| ^{º$ Ho$ JwU VWm {dH$bVm Ho$ AZwgma 3-3 àH$ma Ho$ ^oX Jm¡Ur ^{º$ Ho$ h¢Ÿ& JwU Ho$ AZwgma gmpËdH$, amO{gH$ VWm Vm_{gH$ ^{º$ h¢Ÿ& ^º$ H$s {dH$bVm `m BÀN>m H$s Vrd«Vm Ho$ AZwgma ^r 3 ^oX h¢-AmÎm©, {Okmgw VWm AWm©WuŸ&

15.Aï>Ym {g{Õ: Aï>Ym=8 àH$ma H$mŸ& {g{Õ=A^rï> {df` H$s àm{á `m H$_© _| g\$bVmŸ& _moj go WmoS‹ >o H$_ ñVa H$s CÞ{VŸ& ì`m»`m-(1) gm§»` gyÌ 3/44 BgH$m g_mZmW©H$ h¡-D$hm{X{^: {g{Õaï>YmŸ& g^r 8 H$s JUZm gm§»`H$m[aH$m 51 _| h¡D$h: eãXmo@Ü``Z§ Xw:I {dKmVm ñdßZ: gwöËàm{á:Ÿ& XmZ§ M {gÕ`mo@ï>m¡ {gÕo: nydm}@‘x>e{ó{dY:Ÿ&& BgHo$ AZwgma 8 {g{Õ`m§ 3 dJm] _| h¢(1) kmZ gå~ÝYr-D$h, eãX, AÜ``ZŸ& (2) AmË_ bm^-VrZ àH$ma Ho$ Xw:Im| H$m {ZdmaU-AmÜ`mpË_H$, Am{YX¡{dH$, Am{Y^m¡{VH$Ÿ& `h VrZ {g{Õ`m§ _w»` h¢, ~mH$s Jm¡U h¢Ÿ& (3) AÝ` gå~ÝYr-gwöËàm{á, XmZŸ& (2) {g{Õ H$m AW©-H$B© bmoJ D$na {bIo 8 {g{Õ`m| H$mo {g{Õ H$m Cnm` _mZVo h¢Ÿ& CZHo$ AZwgma 8 àH$ma go {g{Õ àmá hmo gH$Vr h¡Ÿ-VrZ àH$ma Ho$ kmZ go,

194 gm§»`-Xe©Z H$m d¡km{ZH$ AmYma AnZo VrZ àH$ma Ho$ Xw:I Xya H$aZo go VWm Jwé `m {gÕm| H$s ghm`Vm `m XmZ Ho$ H$maUŸ& {H$ÝVw `h ñd`§ hr {g{Õ h¢, CgH$m gmYZ ZhtŸ h¢Ÿ& {g{Õ Ho$ gmYZ nmVÄOb `moJ gyÌ 4/1 _| h¢-OÝ_m¡f{Y_ÝÌVn: g_m{YOm {gÕ`:Ÿ& AWm©V² {g{Õ 5 àH$ma go hmoVr h¡ , `m 5 àH$ma Ho$ {gÕ h¢(1) OÝ_ go hr (nyd© g§ñH$ma Ho$ H$maU)Ÿ& Hw$N> bmoJm| Zo Bgo hr D$hm g_Pm h¡ (dmMñn{V {_l H$s VÎd-H$m¡_Xw r Q>rH$m) (2) Am¡fY-Am¡fY go ^r g_m{Y H$m AZw^d hmo gH$Vm h¡Ÿ& AWd©dXo _| 4 àH$ma Ho$ Am¡fY h¢-X¡dr, _mZwfr, Am{“ag, AWd©UŸ& (3) _ÝÌ go-Bï> Xod Ho$ Zm_ `m ~rO _ÝÌ goŸ& `h AnZo g§ñH$ma, MoVZm pñW{V, VWm àd¥{Îm na {Z^©a h¡Ÿ& (4) Vn-`_, {Z`_, g§Ý`mg, Ë`mJ Am{X goŸ& (5) g_m{Y-YmaUm, Ü`mZ, g_m{Y goŸ& AÝ` ñWmZm| na {g{Õ`m§ 8 àH$ma H$s H$hr J`r h¢A{U_m _{h_m M¡d J[a_m b{K_m VWmŸ& àm{á: àmH$må`_r{eËd§ d{eËd§ Mmï> {gÕ`:Ÿ&&(A_aH$mof 1/1/36, ^mJdV11/1/4-5, _mH©$ÊS>o ` nwamU Am{X) 1.A{U_m-N>mQo >m ê$n YmaU H$aZmŸ& 2._{h_m-~‹S>m ê$nŸ& 3.J[a_m-^mar hmoZmŸ& 4.b{K_m-hëH$m hmoZmŸ& 5.àm{á-BpÀN>V dñVw H$mo bmZm `m àmá H$aZmŸ(^yV g§`_) 6.àH$må`-{~Zm éH$mdQ> BÀN>m nyU© H$aZm(^yV ñdê$n g§`_) 7.d{eËd-nm§Mmo ^yVm| VWm ^m¡{VH$ nXmWm] H$mo de _| H$aZm(gyú_ ê$n _| g§`_) 8.B©{eËd-^yV ^m¡{VH$ nXmWm] Ho$ CËn{Îm {dZme H$m gm_Ï`©(AÝd` _| g§`_ go) nmVÄOb `moJ gyÌ 3/44 _| BZH$s {g{Õ H$m Cnm` h¡ñWybñdê$n gyú_mÝd`mW©dÎd g§`_mX² ^yVO`:Ÿ& AWm©V², ñWyb ñdê$n, gyú_ AÝd`, Am¡a AW©dÎd-BZ nm§M _| g§`_ H$aZo go ^yVO` hmoVm h¡Ÿ& BgHo$ AZwgma 3/45 gyÌ _| {g{Õ`m| H$m dU©Z h¡VVmo@{U_m{X àmXw^m©d: H$m`gånV² VÕ_m©ZZ{^KmVíMŸ& {nN>bo gyÌ Ho$ AW©dÎd

4.VÎd-g_mg 195 g§`_ Ho$ AZwgma `hm§ J[a_m H$mo _hÎd _| {JZm OmVm h¡Ÿ& AmR>dt {g{Õ h¡`ÌH$m_mdgm{`Ëd-BgH$m AW© nyUH© $m_Ëd H$hm OmVm h¡, {OgH$m AW© H$m_ZmAm| H$m AÝV h¡-nyUH© $m_mo@pñ_ g§dV¥ :Ÿ& BgH$m EH$ AW© {H$`m J`m h¡ , EH$ nXmW© H$mo Xygao nXmW© _| BÀN>mZwgma ~XbZo H$s e{º$Ÿ& `h AW©dÎd _| g§`_ go àmá hmoVr h¡Ÿ& Aï> {g{Õ`m| Ho$ A{V[aº$ 29 {g{Õ`m| H$s MMm© `moJgyÌ Ho$ {d^y{V nmX _| hþ`r h¡Ÿ& AV: `hm§ ~Vm`r J`r {g{Õ`m§ CZ 30 {g{Õ`m| H$m 8 àH$ma go dJuH$aU hmoZm Mm{h`oŸ& (3) D$h Am{X {g{Õ-D$h H$m AW© VH©$ `m _ZZ e{º$ h¡Ÿ& Bgo VmaVma {g{Õ ^r H$hVo h¢Ÿ& `h àW_ àH$ma H$m kmZ h¡ {~Zm emó VWm AÜ``Z (Jwé Ho$ nmg) àmá hmoVm h¡Ÿ& Bg àH$ma H$s {g{Õ`m| Ho$ nmVÄOb `moJgyÌ _| C$XmhaU h¡{ZamoY-n[aUm_-{g{Õ-emÝVmo{XVmì`nXoí` Y_m©ZwnmVr Y_uŸ&(3/14) Ÿ& g§ñH$mam| go {MÎm H$s MÄMbVm hmoVr h¡Ÿ& Cgo emÝV H$a EH$mJ«Vm H$s AdñWm bmZm emÝV-àË`` h¡Ÿ& BgHo$ gmW {g{Õ`m| H$s BÀN>m Ho$ H$maU AÝV:H$aU CgHo$ {b`o gMoï> ahVm h¡ dh C{XV àË`` h¡Ÿ&BZH$m gÝVwbZ EH$mJ«Vm n[aUm_ h¡Ÿ&emÝV (AVrV),C{XV(dV©_mZ), Aì`nXoí`(^{dî`)-BZ g^r d¥{Îm`m| H$m {ZamoY Ÿ& nyd© OÝ_ H$m kmZ-g§ñH$magmjmËH$aUmV² nyd© Om{V kmZ_² (3/18) g§ñH$mam| Ho$ AÜ``Z go nyd© OÝ_ H$m kmZ hmoVm h¡Ÿ& kmZ àm{á-àm{V^mÛm gd©_Ÿ² & (3/24) Ü`mZ H$aZo na _Z _| EH$ Vmao H$m Xe©Z hmoVm h¡ {Ogo àm{V^ Vmam H$hVo h¢Ÿ& Bg na g§`_ H$aZo go g^r àH$ma H$mkmZ àmá hmoVm h¡Ÿ& VÝ_mÌm kmZ-VV: àm{V^ldU doXZm Xem©ñdmXdmVm© Om`ÝVo (3/37) BgH$s {d{Y h¡-gÎdnwéf`moaË`ÝVm g§H$sU©`mo: àË``m{deofmo ^moJ: namW©ÎdmV² ñdmW© g§`_mV² nwéf kmZ_²Ÿ& (3/36) ~w{Õ VWm nwéf _| ^oX H$aZo na `o {g{Õ`m§ {_bVr h¢àm{V^ {g{Õ-AVrV, AZmJV, {dàH¥$ï> (Complex), gyú_ (atomic) nXmWm] H$m kmZŸ& lmdU {g{Õ-ZmX, {Xì` Üd{Z, àUd H$m AZw^dŸ& doXZ {g{Õ-{Xì` ñne© kmZ& AmXe© {g{Õ-{Xì` Ñ{ï>Ÿ&

196 gm§»`-Xe©Z H$m d¡km{ZH$ AmYma AmñdmX {g{Õ-{Xì` ag kmZŸ& dmVm© {g{Õ-{Xì` JÝY kmZŸ& _ZmoO{dËd-VVmo _ZmoO{dËd§ {dH$aU^md: àYmZO`íM (3/49) {d{Y-J«hUñdê$nmpñ_VmÝd`mW© dÎdg§`_m{XpÝÐ` O`:(3/48) _yb àH¥${V, ñdê$n, Apñ_Vm na g§`_ H$aZo go eara, ~w{Õ VWm kmZopÝÐ`m| H$s J{V _Z Ho$ g_mZ VoO hmoVr h¡Ÿ(hZw_mZ² Ho$ g_mZ)Ÿ& gd©kVm-gÎdnwéfmÝ`Vm»`m{V_mÌñ` gd© ^mdm{Yð>mV¥Ëd§ gd©kmV¥Ëd§ M(3/50) gËd VWm nwéf Ho$ AÝVa na g§`_ H$aZo go g^r ^md pñW[V Am{X H$m nyU© kmZ hmoVm h¡Ÿ& {ÌH$mb kmZ-jU VWm CgHo$ H«$_ na g§`_ H$aZo go {ddoH$ kmZ hmoVm h¡ Omo Xoe H$mb H$s gr_m go ~mha h¡Ÿ& (2) eãX-eãX H$m AW© emó `m dmUr h¡Ÿ& Bgr ^md go lw{V H$m AW© doX h¡Ÿ& emóm| Ho$ AÜ``Z go Omo kmZ àmá hmoVm h¡, dh eãX kmZ h¡Ÿ& eãX kmZ nyU© kmZ Zht h¡, `h Ho$db eãXm| Ûmam ì`º$ h¡ŸeãXkmZmZwnmVr dñVweyÝ`mo {dH$ën: (1/9) AWm©V² AW© {dhrZ eãX kmZ {dH$ën H$hbmVm h¡Ÿ& `hm§ eãX {g{Õ H$m AW© eãX AWm©V² emó VWm CgH$m AW© h¡Ÿ& CXmhaU-àm[U`m| H$s ^mfm-eãXmW© àË``mZm{_Vao V amÜ`mgmV² g§H$añVËà{d^mJg§`_mV² gd©^Vy éV kmZ_²Ÿ& (3/17) AWm©V² eãX, AW©, {dMma Ho$ g_Ýd` na g§`_ H$aZo go g^r àm{U`m| H$s ^mfm H$m kmZ hmoVm h¡Ÿ& {MÎm H$s Aì`º$ dmUr-àË``ñ` na{MÎm kmZ_² (3/19) kmZ _| g§`_ H$aZo go Xygao Ho$ {MÎm `m {dMmam| H$m kmZ hmoVm h¡Ÿ& {Xì` lmoÌ-lmoÌmH$me`mo: gå~ÝY g§`_m{Ôì` lmoÌ_² (3/42) AmH$me Am¡a eãX na g§`_ H$aZo go {Xì` eãX gwZZo H$s e{º$ hmoVr h¡Ÿ& Bgo dmMñn{V {_l Zo gwVma {g{Õ H$hm h¡Ÿ& `moJ gyÌ _| Vma {g{Õ h¡VmaH§$ gd©{df`§ gd©Wm{df`_H«$_§ Mo{V {ddoH$O§ kmZ_² (3/55) {ddoH$ kmZ go `moJr {H$gr H«$_ go {H$gr {df` H$m ñnï> (VmaH$) kmZ àmá H$aVm h¡Ÿ&

4.VÎd-g_mg 197 (3) AÜ``Z-AÜ``Z=AnZr ~w{Õ e{º$ (D$h) +emó (eãX)+Jwé H$m {ZX}e `moJgyÌm| _| Jwé go {ejm H$s H$ht MMm© Zhr § h¡, {H$ÝVw g^r gyÌm| Ho$ AW©, à`moJ, ahñ` Am{X g_PZo Ho$ {b`o Jwé H$s Oê$aV h¡Ÿ& Bg AW© _|D$h=AnZr {dMma e{º$ nyd© OÝ_ Ho$ g§ñH$mam| Ho$ H$maUŸ& eãX=D$h+emóŸ& AÜ``Z=D$h+emó+ àH¥${VŸ& AWm©V² AÜ``Z _| AnZr VH©$ {dMma e{º$ go emó H$mo g_P H$a CgH$m narjU VWm Cn`moJ {H$`m OmVm h¡Ÿ& Bg AW© _| XÎmmÌo` Ho$ 24 Jwé gOrd Am¡a {ZOud Wo& `h Vma {g{Õ h¡ VWm hoVw (H$maU) _mZr OmVr h¡Ÿ& AÜ``Z {g{Õ Ho$ CXmhaUbmoH$m| H$m kmZ-^wdZ kmZ§ gy`} g§`_mV² (3/27) gy`© _| g§`_ H$aZo go {díd Ho$ gmV bmoH$m| `m eara H$o gmV MH«$m| H$m kmZ hmoVm h¡Ÿ& ZjÌ _ÊS>b-MÝÐo Vmam ì`yh kmZ_² (3/28)Ÿ& MÝÐ na g§`_ H$aZo go ZjÌ _ÊS>b H$m kmZ hmoVm h¡Ÿ& J{V H$m kmZ-Y«dw o VX²J{V kmZ_² (3/29) Y«wd na g§`_ H$aZo go CgH$r J{V H$m kmZ hmoVm h¡Ÿ& {H$gr dñVw H$mo pñWa _mZZo na CgH$s VwbZm _| AÝ` dñVwAm| H$s J{V _mnr OmVr h¡Ÿ& AWdm, Y«wd Vmam `m gZmVZ {díd na g§`_ H$aZo go n[adÎm©Zerb dñVwAm| H$m ñWmZ `m {Xem n[adÎm©Z OmZm Om gH$Vm h¡Ÿ& eara H$m Y«dw Amkm-MH«$ `m ZmgmJ« h¡-Cg na g§`_ H$aZo go AnZm `m Xygao H$m ^{dî` OmZm Om gH$Vm h¡Ÿ& (4) gwöËàm{á-`m gå`H²$ {g{Õ-dmMñn{V {_l Ho$ AZwgma Jwé-{eî` VWm ghmÜ`m[`Am| go {d_e© H$a EH$ _V hmoH$a Omo kmZ àmá hmoVm h¡ , dh gwöV²àm{á h¡Ÿ& BgH$m empãXH$ AW© Xygam| H$mo à^m{dV H$aZm, _¡Ìr H$aZm, CZHo$ {dMma OmZZm Am{X h¡Ÿ& `moJ-gyÌ Ho$ CXmhaUXygao H$m _Zmo^md OmZZm-àË``ñ` na{MÎmkmZ_² (3/19) -{MÎmd¥{Îm (hmd-^md) H$m gmjmV² H$aZo go Xygao Ho$ {MÎm H$m kmZ hmoVm h¡Ÿ& gwöV² {g{Õ-_¡Í`m{Xfw ~bm{Z (3/23) -_¡Ìr Am{X _| g§`_ H$aZo go _¡Ìr Am{X ~b àmá hmoVo h¢Ÿ& (1/32) Ho$ AZwgma _¡Ìr, H$éUm, _w{XVm, Cnojm-_| àW_ VrZ na g§`_ H$aZo

198 gm§»`-Xe©Z H$m d¡km{ZH$ AmYma go àm{U`m| H$s _¡Ìr, Xw:I Xya H$aZo H$s e{º$ VWm g_^md hmoVm h¡Ÿ& Hw$N> H$m {dMma h¡ {H$ Cnojm na g§`_ H$aZo go _Zmo~b `m AmË_~b {_bVm h¡Ÿ& (5) XmZ `m _hm_w{XV-X¡n² emoYZo (YmVwnmR> 1/656) Ho$ AZwgma BgH$m AW© g§e`, {dnarV kmZ VWm H$m_ZmAm| H$mo ewÕ H$a {ddoH$ H$s àm{á h¡ (dmMñn{V {_l) & AÝ` AW© h¡ Jwé `m {gÕ Ho$ AZwJ«h go(e{º$nmV, ì`{º$JV {ZXo©e) àmá {g{ÕŸ& EH$ AÝ` _V h¡-YZ àm{á H$s {g{Õ {Oggo bmoJm| H$mo BgH$m XmZ {X`m Om gHo$Ÿ& YZ àm{á H$s {g{Õ`m| àm{á VWm àmH$må` H$m dU©Z hmoMwH$m h¡Ÿ& AÝ` CXmhaU h¡ , {gÕm| H$m Xe©Z-_yY© (_yYm©) Á`mo{V{f {gÕ Xe©Z_² (3/33) _yYm© `m H$nmb Ho$ ~«÷aÝY« _| àH$me na g§`_ H$aZo go Úm¡ VWm n¥Ïdr bmoH$ Ho$ ~rM Ky_Zo dmbo {gÕm| H$m Xe©Z hmoVm h¡ VWm CZgo CnXoe `m AZwJ«h {_bVm h¡Ÿ& (6) VrZ àH$ma Ho$ Xw:Im|-AmÜ`mpË_H$, Am{Y^m¡{VH$ VWm Am{YX¡{dH$ H$mo Xya H$aZo dmbr {g{Õ`m| H$m Zm_ h¡-à_moX, _w{XV, VWm _moX_mZŸ& `o {g{Õ`m§ {g\©$ H$m`© h¢, AWm©V² AnZo {b`o Cn`moJr h¢Ÿ& à_moX-AmÜ`mpË_H$ H$m AW© AnZo eara VWm _Z H$m H$ï> Xya H$aZm `m CgH$m ~b ~‹T>mZm h¡Ÿ& BgHo$ CXmhaU A{U_m, _{h_m, J[a_m VWm b{K_m h¢Ÿ& AÝ`eara Xem kmZ-Zm{^MH«$o H$m`ì`yh kmZ_²(3/29) Zm{^-MH«$ _| g§`_ H$aZo go eara H$o ì`yh AWm©V² 7 YmVwAm| H$s pñW{V VWm 3 Xmofm|-dmV, {nÎm, H$\$ H$m kmZ hmoVm h¡Ÿ& ^yI ß`mg {_Q>mZm-H$ÊR>H$y no jwpËnnmgm {Zd¥{Îm: (3/30) H$ÊR>H$y n (Or^ Ho$ ZrMo H$ÊR> Ho$ Zr Mo H$m J‹T>m) _| àmU Am{X H$m ñne© hmoZo go ^yI-ß`mg bJVr h¡Ÿ& Cg na g§`_ H$aZo go ^yI-ß`mg Zht bJVrŸ& AÝ` _V h¡ {H$ {dew{Õ MH«$ H$m AmH$me VÎd Ho$ gmW gå~ÝY h¡, Cg na Ü`mZ H$aZo go AmH$me H$s àmU e{º$ ({dÝXw VWm AmkmMH«$ hmoH$a) `m A_¥V AmVm h¡Ÿ, {Oggo eara H$m g~ àH$ma go nmofU hmoVm h¡Ÿ; AV: ^yI ß`mg Zht bJVrŸ& pñWaVm-Hy$_© ZmS>çm§ ñW¡`_© Ÿ² (3/31)Ÿ& H$ÊR>-Hy$n Ho$ ZrMo N>mVr _| H$Nw>E Ho$ AmH$ma dmbr Zm‹S>r h¡, Cg_| g§`_ H$aZo go pñWaVm hmoVr hŸ& Hy$_© Zm‹S>r H$m H$m_ Am§I H$s nbH$ VWm nwVbr H$m H$m_ H$aZm h¡Ÿ(Hy$_© dm`w)Ÿ& ^JdmZ H$m Hy$_© -AdVma g_wÐ-_ÝWZ Ho$ g_` _H$amMb H$mo pñWa H$aZo Ho$ {b`o hþAm WmŸ& eara _| _ÝXamMb _oéXÊS> h¡ VWm ídmg-àídmg

4.VÎd-g_mg 199 CgH$mo Kw_mZo dmbo h¢Ÿ& AV: CgH$m AmYma ñdm{Yð>mZ MH«$ Hy$_© Zm‹S>r H$m AmYma hmoZm Mm{h`oŸ& Hy$_© Ob-ñWb XmoZm| H$m Ord h¡, AV: CgH$s e{º$ _ybmYmañdm{Yð>mZ (^y VWm Ob VÎd) Ho$ ~rM _| hmoZr Mm{h`oŸ& {H«$`m`moJ gmYZm _| Bgo H$m`m ñW¡`© H$hm OmVm h¡Ÿ& (7) Am{Y^m¡{VH$ Xw:I {ZdmaU `m _w{XV {g{Õ-_w{XV H$m AW© h¡,~mhar nXmWm] go àgÞŸ& ~mhar nXmWm] Ho$ H$maU Omo H$îQ> hmoVm h¡, Cgo Xya H$aZo H$s e{º$ hr `h {g{Õ h¡Ÿ& àH$må` `m d{eËd Bg àH$ma H$s {g{Õ h¢Ÿ& AÝ` CXmhaU h¢eara ~b-~bofw hpñV~bmXr{Z (3/25) ~b _| g§`_ H$aZo go hmWr Am{X H$m ~b àmá hmoVm h¡Ÿ& AÝ` n{j`m| `m ObMam| H$m ~b ^r Bgr àH$ma àmá hmoVm h¡Ÿ, {Oggo Ob, Wb, dm`w _| {dMaU VWm H$m`© H$aZo H$s e{º$ hmoVr h¡Ÿ& _mJ© ~mYmAm| go D$na CR>Zm-CXmZO`mÁObn‘>H$ÊQ>H$m{Xîdg“ CËH«$mpÝVíM(3/40) CXmZ dm`w H$mo OrVZo go Ob, H$sM‹S>, H$ÊQ>H$ Am{X nXmWm] H$m `moJr go ñne© Zht hmoVm VWm dh D$na CR> gH$Vm h¡Ÿ (`m àmU dm`w H$mo de _| H$a BÀN>m_¥Ë`w àmá H$aVm h¡)Ÿ& Bgr{b`o BgH$m Zm_ CXmZ dm`w h¡Ÿ& ÁdbZ-g_mZ O`mÁÁdbZ_² (3/41) g_mZ dm`w OrVZo go eara _| go VoO {ZH$bVm h¡Ÿ& `m Vmn Áda na {Z`ÝÌUŸ& (8) Am{YX¡{dH$ Xw:I {ZdmaU `m _moX_mZ-AmH$mer` `m {Xì` H$maUm| na {dO` go CZgo CËnÞ Xw:I Xya hmoVo h¢Ÿ& dh {gÕ g~ àH$ma go àgÞ hmoVm h¡Ÿ(_moX_mZ)& B©{eËd {g{Õ BgH$m Ma_ ê$n h¡Ÿ& AÝ` CXmhaU h¢AmH$me {g{Õ-H$m`mH$me`mo: gå~ÝY g§`_mëbKwVby g_mnÎmoíMmH$me J_Z_² (3/43)-eara VWm AmH$me Ho$ nañna gå~ÝY na g§`_ H$aZo go VWm ê$B© O¡go nXmW© H$s YmaUm go AmH$me _| J_Z hmo gH$Vm h¡Ÿ& naH$m`m àdoe-~ÝYZH$maU e¡{Wë`mV² àMma g§dXo ZmÀM {MÎmñ` na eara àdoe: (3/39)-~ÝYZ H$m H$maU {e{Wb H$a {MÎm Ho$ àdoe {ZJ©_ Zm‹S>r Ho$ kmZ go {MÎm Xygao eara _| àdoe H$a gH$Vm h¡Ÿ& ^yVO`-ñWyb ñdê$n gyú_mÝd`mW©dËd g§`_mV² ^yV O`:(3/45)

200 gm§»`-Xe©Z H$m d¡km{ZH$ AmYma nm§M VÎdm| H$s ñWyb, ñdê$n, gyú_ AÝd` Am¡a AW©dËd AdñWmAm| na g§`_ H$aZo go ^yVm| na O` hmoVm h¡Ÿ& Bgo B©{eËd ^r H$hm Om gH$Vm h¡ ({H$gr nXmW© H$m {Z_m©U `m Zme)Ÿ& AÝVYm©Z-H$m` ê$ng§`_mV² gX²Jm« øe{º$ñVå^o MjwîàH$megåà`moJ@o ÝVYm©Z_² (3/21) eara Ho$ ê$n _| g§`_ H$aZo go CgH$s J«mø e{º$ H$m ñVå^ hmo OmVm h¡, AV: Cgo Xygao H$s Am§I Zht nH$‹S> nmVr h¡Ÿ& Cgr àH$ma eãXm{X {df`m| na g§`_ H$aZo go `moJr Ho$ eara Ho$ eãX, ñne©, ê$n, ag, JÝY H$mo nmg _| ~¡R>m AmX_r Zht OmZ gH$VmŸ& {dXoh {g{Õ-~{haH$pënVm d¥{Îm_©hm{dXohm VV: àH$memdaUj`: (3/44) _hm{dXoh (eara hrZ AdñWm) _| MoVZm eara go ~mha ahVr h¡Ÿ& Cg na g§`_ H$aZo go kmZ Ho$ àH$me H$mo {N>nmZo dmbm AmdaU (Vm_{gH$ ñWyb eara H$s ~mYm) Zï> hmoVm h¡Ÿ& (4) {g{Õ Ho$ ^oX VWm ñdê$n-{g{Õ Ho$A{U_m Am{X ^oX à{gÕ h¢Ÿ& `hm§ D$h Am{X ^oX h¢-XmoZm| H$s g§»`m 8 h¡Ÿ& Š`m do EH$ hr h¢ ? {g{Õ H$maU, H$m`© h¡ `m CgH$s e{º$-_mÌ h¡? BZ àíZm| H$m nyU© g_mYmZ Zht hmo gH$Vm, Š`m|{H$ {g{Õ nmZo na hr BZH$m AW©, {d{Y Am{X ñnï> hmoJrŸ& gånyU© {gÕ na_-nwéf Ho$ A{V[aº$ H$moB© Zht h¡Ÿ& BZH$m n[aM` _mÌ ^r gå^dV: Ho$db H${nb H$mo hr Wm Omo Am{X-{dÛmZ² VWm ^JdmZ² Ho$ gm§»` AdVma WoŸ& à{V {g{Õ Hw$N> A§e VH$ hr àmá hmoVr h¡Ÿ& `moJ gyÌm| Ho$ AZwgma CZH$m dU©Z gmYZm {d{Y VWm MoVZm ñVa Ho$ AZwgma {H$`m J`m h¡Ÿ& gm§»`H$m[aH$m _| `h gmYZm H«$_ go {X`m J`m h¡Ÿ& `h H$maU-H$m`© H$m ^r H«$_ h¡Ÿ& `moJ-gyÌ _| A{U_m Am{X H$m dU©Z àm`: AÝV _| h¡Ÿ& CZ XmoZm| Ho$ g^r gå~pÝYV nXm| H$m àm`: g_mZ AW© _mZ H$a {g{Õ`m| Hm ê$n H$wN> A§e _| g_Pm Om gH$Vm h¡Ÿ& BZH$s VwbZm gmaUr ê$n _| H$maU VWm {d{Y H$o gmW H$s Om ahr h¡-

4.VÎd-g_mg gm§»` d{U©V {g{Õ H$maU 1.D$h (g§ñH$ma go) (Moï>m) 2.eãX(+ emó go) 3.AÜ``Z(+Jwé go) H$m`© 4.AmÜ`mpË_H$-AmÝV[aH$ Xw:I (ñd`§ H$m 5.Am{Y^m¡{VH$-~mhar nXmW© bm^) 6.Am{YX¡{dH$-AmH$mer` e{º$ H$m`©+H$maU 7.gwöV²àm{á-AÝ` go g_Ýd` AÝ` H$mbm^ 8.XmZ-AÝ` H$m H$ë`mU

201 `moJ d{U©V {g{Õ

1.A{U_m-AUmoaUr`mZ²=AmË_m 2._{h_m-_hV² kmZ-doX 3.J[a_m-Jwé VÎd 4.b{K_m-eara Ho$ ^rVar A“ 5.àm{á-~mhar nXmW© H$s àm{á 6. àmH$må`-H$ënd¥j ({Xì` e{º$) 7.B©{eËd-bmoH$m| na gm_mÝ` à^md 8.d{eËd-nyU©V`m de _| H$aZm `m gwYma

ì`mH$aU _hm^mî`-ajmohmJ_b¿dgÝXohm: à`moOZ_²(nñnem{•H$)-AWm©V² ì`mH$aU Ho$ 5 CÔoí` h¢- ajm,D$h, AmJ_, bKw, AgÝXohŸ& `hm§AmJ_=eãX+Jwé go AÜ``Z& bKw=b{K_m, AmÝV[aH$ gwIŸ& AgÝXoh-kmZ àm{á, {Xì` e{º$Ÿ& ajm-AÝ` H$m bm^Ÿ& (5) A‘x>e-gm§»`H$m[aH$m Ho$ AZwgma BgHo$ nydm}º$ 3 A‘x>e h¢{dn`©` (5), Ae{º$ (28), Vw{ï> (9)Ÿ& ñd`§ {g[Õ`m§ (8) ^r `moJ Ho$ bú` _moj (AWdm gm§»` Ho$ AZwgma kmZ àm{á) _| A‘x>e `m ~mYm h¢ŸVo g_mYmdwngJm© ì`wËWmZo {gÕ`: (3/38)Ÿ& `o {g{Õ`m§ _mZ{gH$ e{º$ Ho$ {dH$mg go hmoVr h¢ {H$ÝVw g_m{Y nmZo _| ~mYm h¢Ÿ& àbmo^Z go _Zwî` g_m{Y H$m Aä`mg N>mS‹o > XoVm h¡Ÿ& Bg àH$ma 5+28+9+8=50 A‘x>e g_m{Y `m kmZ AdñWm nmZo _| h¢Ÿ&

16.Xe _m¡{bH$mWm©: eãXmW©-Xe=Xem, ê$n `m pñW{VŸ& BZH$s g§»`m Xe hmoVr h¡, AV: Xe H$m AW© 10 h¡Ÿ& _m¡{bH$-_yb dñVw H$mŸ& `hm§ _yb dñVw`| Xmo h¢-nwéf VWm _yb àH¥${V (`m àYmZ)Ÿ& `hm§ BgH$m AÝ` nmR> _y{bH$ h¡ {OgH$m AW© ^r _yb^yV h¡Ÿ& gm§»` gyÌ 1/67 _| BgH$m AW© g_Pm`m J`m h¡ {H$ {Og nXmW© H$s CËn{Îm H$m _yb H$maU Zht h¡, Cgo _yb (àH¥${V) H$hVo h¢Ÿ-_ybo _ybm^mdmX_yb_²Ÿ&

202 gm§»`-Xe©Z H$m d¡km{ZH$ AmYma BgH$s ì`m»`m gå~ÝYr amOdm{Îm©H$ H$s n§{º$ _| _m¡{bH$mWm©: nmR> h¡Ÿ& CgHo$ ~Xbo My{bH$mWm©: gm§»`H$m[aH$m H$s `w{º$Xr{nH$m ì`m»`m _| h¡Ÿ& amOmZH$ aËZmH$a H¥$V ha{dO` H$mì` _| ^r àH¥${V nwéf dU©Z _| My{bH$mW© H$m à`moJ hþAm h¡àH¥$Vo: n¥WH²$ àH¥${V eyÝ`Vm§ JV:, à{V{fÕ dñVw JVY_© {ZpîH«$`:Ÿ& nwéfñËd_od {H$b nÄMqdeH$:, ñ\w$Q> My{bH$mW© dMZ¡{Z©JÚVoŸ&& _y{bH$=_yb+BZ², _m¡{bH$:=_yb+R>Äm²Ÿ& My{bH$-Mwb²+AZ²=My‹S>m (`hm§ ‘b’ H$m ‹ ‘‹S>’ hmoVm h¡), My{bH$=Mwb²+BZ²-_w»`, erf© `m _ybŸ& AW©-Ame`, à`moOZ, bú`, CÔoí`, 2.H$maU, 3.dñVw `m {df`, 4. YZ gån{Îm, 5.VmËn`©, gmam§e, 6.Cn`moJŸ& ì`m»`m-(1) Xg AW© Š`m|-`hm§ _y{bH$mWm©: H$m AW© _yb Ho$ JwU h¢Ÿ& nXmW© Hm$ Y_© ^r CgH$m JwU H$hm OmVm h¡Ÿ& _Zwñ_¥{V _| Y_© Ho$ Xg bjU ~Vm`o J`o h¢Y¥{V j_m X_mo ñVo`§ em¡M{_pÝÐ` {ZJ«h:Ÿ& Yr{d©Úm gË`_H«$moYmo XeH§$Y_© bjU_²Ÿ&&(6/92) `moJ-emó _| `_ VWm {Z`_-`o Y_© Ho$ nmbZ ê$n `moJ Ho$ àW_ Xmo A“ h¢Ÿ& _Z Ho$ ^r 5-5 AWm©V² Hw$b 10 A“ h¢Aqhgm gË`m ñVo`~«÷M`©mn[aJ«hm `_m: (2/30) em¡M gÝVmof Vn: ñdmÜ`m`oída à{UYmZm{Z {Z`_m: (2/32) `_ {ZfoY VWm {Z`_ CgH$m {dnarV {d{Y h¡Ÿ& Bgr àHma `hm§ ~Vm`o J`o _yb Ho$ Y_m] _| Hw$N> nañna {dnarV XrIVo h¢Ÿ& _Zwñ_¥{V VWm `moJgyÌ Ho$ bjU àm`: g_mZ h¢_Zw `moJ _Zw `moJ Y¥{V ---BpÝÐ` {ZJ«h ~«÷M`© j_m ---Yr ñdmÜ`m` X_ Vn {dÚm ---AñVo` AñVo` gË` gË` em¡M em¡M AH«$moY Aqhgm nwéf VWm _yb àH¥${V H$mo e¡d Xe©Z _| {ed VWm e{º$ H$hm J`m h¡Ÿ& BZHo$ ^oX 11 h¢ Omo e¡d Xe©Z Ho$ 11 A{V[aº$ VÎd h¢Ÿ& na_{ed H$mo N>mo‹S>H$a 10 ^oX

4.VÎd-g_mg 203 `hm§ ^r h¢Ÿ& `m {ed Ho$ 5 _wIm| H$s 2-2 gr_mAm| Ho$ ê$n _| 10 _hm{dÚm`| h§¢, Omo 10 _m¡{bH$ AWm] Ho$ g_mZ 5 nañna {dnarV gmYZm`| h¢Ÿ& 10 e¡dmJ_m| Ho$ g_mZ {dMma H$aZo H$s 10 {d{Y`m§ h¢ , {OgHo$ AZwgma 10 bjU h¢Ÿ& gm§»`gyÌ `m gm§»`H$m[aH$m _| H$ht ^r Xg bjUm| H$m dU©Z Zht h¡Ÿ& na ApÝV_ 72 dt gm§»`H$m[aH$m _| Bgo f{ï>VÝÌ na AmYm[aV ~Vm`m J`m h¡Ÿ& BgH$s VÎdH$m¡_Xw r -ì`m»`m _| dmMñn{V {_l Zo H$hm h¡ {H$ 25 VÎdm| Ho$ 60 JwU h¢Ÿ& Bg_| _yb (àH¥${V+nwéf) Ho$ A{V[aº$ AÝ` 23 VÎdm| Ho$ 50 JwUm| H$m dU©Z hmo MwH$m, ~mH$s 10 JwU _yb VÎdm| Ho$ h¢Ÿ& AÝ` _| 50 JwU h¢-5 {dn`©` (A{dÚm), 9 Vw{ï>, H$aUm| H$s 28 Ae{º$, VWm 8 àH$ma H$s {g{ÕŸ& BZ_| ^r nwéf VWm àH¥${V gpå_{bV h¡Ÿ& {H$ÝVw 10 AW© Ho$db Xmo _yb VÎdm| Ho$ h¢Ÿ& (2) _ybmW©-gyMr-Xg _m¡{bH$ AWm] H$s gyMr H$ht ^r Zht h¡Ÿ& {H$ÝVw gm§»`H$m[aH$m 72 H$s ì`m»`m _| EH$ AZwnbãY nwñVH$ amOdm{Îm©H$ Ho$ CÕaU go BZH$m Zm_ {X`m J`m h¡àYmZmpñVÎd_oH$Ëd_W©dÎd_WmÝ`VmŸ& nmamÏ`ª M VWmZ¡Š` {d`moJmo `moJ Ed MŸ&& eofd¥{ÎmaH$Îm¥Ë© d§ _m¡{bH$mWm©: ñ_¥Vm XeŸ& {dn`©`: nÄM{dYñVWmoº$m Zd Vwï>`:Ÿ& H$aUmZm_gm_Ï`©_ï>mqde{VYm ñ_¥V_²Ÿ& B{V f{ï>: nXmWm©Zm_ï>m{^: gh {g{Õ{^:&&

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18.MVwXe © {dYmo ^yVgJ©: AW©-MVwX©e-Mm¡Xh (4+10) {dYmo=àH$ma H$mŸ& {ZOud `m O‹S> nXmWm] Ho$ {b`o Ym H$m à`moJ hwAm WmŸ& {dY: H$m AW© h¡ H$m_ H$m H«$_ŸŸ& dh 14 àH$ma H$m h¡Ÿ& OrdZ H$s 14 àH$ma H$s {H«$`m`| h¢Ÿ& ^yV=Omo ^y (n¥Ïdr `m ‘ ^’ =24 VÎdm|) go {ZH$bm (V:) h¡Ÿ& ^y+MoVZ VÎd H$m A§e=^yVŸ& gJ©=MoVZ g¥{ï>Ÿ& ì`m»`m-(1) 14 àH$ma Š`m|-àH¥${V Ho$ 24 ^oXm| H$s 24 àH$ma H$s {H«$`m`| h¢Ÿ& CZ_| 10 bjU nwéf VWm _yb àH¥${V Ho$ h¢Ÿ& ~mH$s 14 AÝ` ^yVm| H$s {H«$`m`| hmoJ§ rŸ&

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g§jno _| ^m¡{VH$ g¥{ï> h¡-8 àH$ma H$s Xod `mo{Z 5 àH$ma H$s {V`©H²$ g¥{ï> 1 àH$ma H$s _Zwî`$ g¥{ï>Ÿ& Xod`mo{Z Ho$ àH$ma h¢-~«÷m, àOmn{V, BÝÐ, {nV¥`mo{Z, JÝYd©, amjg Am¡a {nemMŸ& {V`©H²$ g¥{ï>-new, _¥J, njr, garg¥n, VWm ñWmda (d¥j Am{X) h¢Ÿ& (3) bmoH$ VWm gJ©-AÜ`m` 1 n¥ð > 11 na 5 ~‹S>o _ÊS>bm| Ho$ 7 bmoH$m| H$m dU©Z {H$`m J`m h¡Ÿ& 7 N>mQo >o {dídm| H$mo hr 7 N>mQo >o bmoH$ _mZm Om gH$Vm h¡Ÿ& BZ 14 bmoH$m| Ho$ MoVZm ñVa Ho$ AZwgma 14 àH$ma H$s g¥{ï> h¡Ÿ& AWdm 13 {dídm| (5 ~‹S>o _ÊS>b, _Ü` _| _Zwî`, 7 N>mQo >o {díd) Ho$ 13 àH$ma Ho$ ^yVgJ©, VWm EH$ A{d^mÁ` ~«÷ h¡ Omo g^r {dídm| Ho$ {b`o g_mZ h¡Ÿ& gm§»`H$m[aH$m 54 _| bmoH$m| Ho$ 3 ^mJ {H$`o J`o h¢CÜdª gÎd{dembñV_mo{dembíM _ybgJ©:&_Ü`o aOmo{dembmo ~«÷m{XñVå~n`©ÝV:& CÜd© bmoH$m| _| gÎdàYmZ Am¡a AYmobmoH$m| _| V_: àYmZ g¥{ï> h¡Ÿ& _Ü` _| (_Zwî`) aOmo{demb h¡Ÿ& `hr ~«÷m go boH$a ñVå~ (jwÐ V¥U) n`©ÝV g¥{ï> h¡Ÿ& Bg íbmoH$ Ho$ g_mZmW©H$ gm§»`gyÌ h¢3/46-X¡dm{X à^oXmŸ& 3/47-Am~«÷ñVå~n`©ÝV§ VËH¥$Vo g¥{ï>am{ddoH$mV²Ÿ& 3/48-D$Üdª gÎd {demmbmŸ&

212 gm§»`-Xe©Z H$m d¡km{ZH$ AmYma 3/49-V_mo {dembm _ybV:Ÿ& 3/50-_Ü`o aOmo {dembm:Ÿ& (4) `mo{Z`m| H$m ñdê$n-_Zwî` go ZrMo H$r 5 `mo{Z`m§ V_ àYmZ h¢ Am¡a àË`j XrIVr h¢Ÿ& BÝh| {V`©H²$ ({VaN>r) `mo{Z H$hVo h¢Ÿ& _Zwî` BZgo AmJo ~‹T>m h¡ `m _Zwî` H$s VwbZm _| do ZrMo ({Vag²) h¢, AV: {V`©H$² Zm_ h¡Ÿ& g~go H$_ {dH${gV ñWmda d¥j h¢Ÿ& CgHo$ ~mX H«$_e: H$sQ>, garg¥n, new-njr h¢Ÿ& _Zwî` go D$na H$s `mo{Z`m§ ^r _mZ{gH$ {dH$mg H$m H«$_ h¢Ÿ& CZ `mo{Z`m| Ho$ Zm_ Ho$ bmoH$ ^r n¥Ïdr na h¢-{gÕnwa=_opŠgH$mo(gy`©{gÕmÝV Ho$ AZwgma CÁO¡Z go 1800 nyd©)>, `_H$mo{Q>nÎmZ-Ý`yOrb¡ÊS>Ÿ (900 nyd©) & npíM_ E{g`m _|- `_nwar=`_Z, Aå_mZ, CgH$s amOYmZr g§ ` _Zrnw a r(gmZm)Ÿ& ~« ÷ Xo e (~_m© , å`må_ma=_hmA_a)Ÿ& JÝYd©Xe o -A\$Jm{ZñVmZ _| JmÝYmaŸ& `j-{Vã~V, _Ü` E{g`mŸ& {H$Þa-MrZŸ& Jé‹S>, ZmJ-_Ü` E{g`mŸ& amjg `m Z¡F©$Ë`-X{jU A\«$sH$mŸ& Agwa-CÎma A\«$sH$m, npíM_ E{g`mŸ& X¡Ë`-npíM_ `yamon (Dutch, Deutchland)Ÿ& XmZd-nydu `yamon-S>Ý¡ `y~ ZXr (Danube) H$m nyd© CÎma joÌŸ Am{X& {H$ÝVw g^r ñWmZm| _| _Zwî`m| `m new-n{j`m| H$m ñdê$n EH$ hr hmoVm h¡Ÿ& {d{^Þ g_`m| _| CZHo$ {dH$mg, g§ñH¥${V H$s AdñWm _| ^oX hmoVm h¡ {H$ÝVw dh `mo{Z ^oX Zht _mZm Om gH$VmŸ& AmH$me Ho$ bmoH$m| H$s Vah n¥Ïdr gVh na ^r bmoH$m| Ho$ {d^mOZ h¡, `o {g\©$ àmH¥${VH$ {d^mJ h¢Ÿ& ^maVr` JmobmY© _| ^maV ^ybmoH$, MrZ ^wd:,VWm gmB~o[a`m-ê$g ñdJ©bmoH$ h¢Ÿ& BZHo$ nwZ: 3-3 {d^mOZ go 7 bmoH$ hþ`Ÿo & ^maV _| {dÝÜ` go X{jU ^y, {Vã~V ({Ì{dï>n) ñdJ© Am¡a ~rM _| ^wd: bmoH$ h¡Ÿ& MrZ _h; bmoH$ h¡ Š`m|{H$ ~«÷m Zo `hm§ Ho$ bmoJm| H$mo _hmZ (hmZ Om{V) H$hm WmŸ& _§Jmo{b`m OZ: bmoH$ h¡, AmH$me H m OZ:bmoH$ {nVam| H$m ApÝV_ ñWmZ h¡, _wHw$b (_wº$) `m _§Jmob H$m AW© Aa~r _| àoV (=à+BV:-`hm§ `m Bg eara go _wº$) hmoVm h¡Ÿ& AmH$me H$m OZ: hr Aa~r _| OÞV h¡Ÿ& gmB~o[a`m Vng² (Steppees) bmoH$ h¡, Š`m|{H$ `hm§ H$m OrdZ H${R>Z h¡Ÿ& CÎmar Y«dw gË` bmoH$ Ho$ g_mZ g~go R>T§ >m h¡Ÿ& `yamon _| ^r ^y_Ü`gmJa go gQ>m ^mJ ^ybmoH$ VWm ñdrS>Zo (ñWmZr` Zm_ ñdJ©- Sverge) ñd: bmoH$ VWm _Ü` H$m _¡XmZ ^wda² (Baveria)bmoH$ h¡Ÿ& X{jU A_o[aH$m _| ~«mOrb ({h~«y AW© bm¡h) ^ybmoH$, AO}ÊQ>mBZm (aOV, {h~«y, J«rH$ _| Argentum) ^wd: bmoH$ VWm X{jU Y«dw ñd:

4.VÎd-g_mg 213 h¡Ÿ& A\«$sH$m H$m ^r CÎma ^mJ bm¡h (_wa=bmohm-_moa¸$mo), X{jU ^mJ ñdU© ({Oå~m~do H$m Omå~yZX ñdU©) VWm _Ü` ^mJ ^wd: h¡Ÿ& AQ>bmpÊQ>H _hmgmJa Ho$ XmoZm| Va\$ 7 Vb(^maV Ho$ {b`o ZrMm) h¢Ÿ& AVb=BQ>br, Cg joÌ H$m AÝV hmoZo na AVbmÝVH$(Atlantic) gmJa {Og_| àmMrZ H$mb H$m AVbmpÝVg _hmÛrn WmŸ& Vb gå^dV: X{jU A\«$sH$m Wm Š`m|{H$ Vb-AVb Ho$ ~rM VbmVb CÎmar A\«$sH$m Wm (àMrZ {_l H$m joÌ {Vb-EV-Vb-A_Zm©)Ÿ& agmVb ^maV H$s {dnarV {Xem _| X{jU A_o[aH$m Wm, dhm§ g~go Á`mXm àdmh H$s Am_oOZ ZXr h¡Ÿ& gwVb, {dVb _Ü` A_o[aH$m Ho$ X{jU ^mJ VWm H$ZmS>m WoŸ& `moJ Xe©Z Ho$ AZwgma X¡d gJ© H$s `mo{Z`m§ h¢-~«m÷, àmOmnË`, EoÝÐ, X¡d, JmÝYd©, {nÍ`, {dXoh Am¡a àH¥${Vb`Ÿ& Xod dJ© H$m {dH$mg H«$_ h¡-JmÝYd©, {nÍ`, X¡d, EoÝÐ, àmOmnË`, ~«m÷, {dXoh VWm àH¥${Vb`Ÿ& àW_ 6 `mo{Z`m| H$m H«$_ bmoH$m| H$s gyú_Vm Ho$ AmYma na h¡Ÿ& ^ybmoH$ _Zwî` `mo{Z go gå~pÝYV h¡Ÿ& n¥Ïdr Ho$ dmVmdaU, àH$me, Vmn Am{X AdñWmAm| _| `h MoVZm H$m gdm©{YH$ àmH¥${VH$ {dH$mg h¡Ÿ& Cggo H«$_e: gyú_ MoVZm`| ^wd:, ñd:, _h:, OZ:, Vn:, gË`: bmoH$m| H$s h¡Ÿ& ApÝV_ Xmo AdñWmAm|-{dXoh VWm àH¥${Vb` _| `moJr H¡$dë` Vwë` pñW{V _| h¡Ÿ& AV: BZH$s {H$gr bmoH$ Ho$ gmW VwbZm Zht H$s J`r (`moJ Xe©Z, {d^y{V nmX gyÌ 26 H$m ì`mg-^mî`)Ÿ& _Zwî` go Amaå^ H$a XodbmoH$ H$s 6 `mo{Z`m§- eara Ho$ 7 H$mofm|, {MÎm H$s 7 AdñWmAm|, VWm g_m{Y Ho$ 7 ñVam| Ho$ g_H$j h¢Ÿ& Cn{ZfX² _| BZH$m AmZÝX H«$_e: {nN>bo go 100 JwUm ~Vm`m J`m h¡Ÿ& gyú_Vm Ho$ {dMma go AmZÝX Ho$ H$B© AdmÝVa ^oX h¢Ÿ& AV: {d{^ÞCn{ZfXm| _| ñVam| H$s {JZVr {^Þ-{^Þ h¡Ÿ& V¡{Îmar` Cn{ZfX²erjm~¥hXmaÊ`H$ Cn{ZfX² eVnW ~«m÷U dëbr,AZwdmH$² 8 4/3/2 14/7/1/31 1._Zwî` bmoH$ 1._Zwî` bmoH$ 1._Zwî` bmoH$ 2._Zwî`-JÝYd© 2.{nVa bmoH$ 2.{nVa bmoH$ 3.Xod-JÝYd© 3.JÝYd© bmoH$ 3.H$_© Xod 4.{nVaXod 4.AmOmZOXod 4.AmOmZOXod 5.AmOmZOXod 5.àOmn{VbmoH$ 5.AmZÝXXod 6.H$_©Xdo 6.~«÷m H$m bmoH$ 6.JÝYd© bmoH

214 gm§»`-Xe©Z H$m d¡km{ZH$ AmYma 7.AmZÝXX¡d -------7.àOmn{V 8.BÝÐbmoH$ -------8.~«÷ bmoH$ 9.~¥hñn{V bmoH$ ---------------10.àOmn{V bmoH$ --------------11.~«÷ bmoH$ ----------------e¡d Xe©Z _| BZ ñVam| H$mH«$_ h¡H«$_ VÎd à_mVm _b à_o` 1.nwéf go n¥Ïdr VH$ gH$bXodm| go AmUd,_m`r` àË`oH$ dñVw H$m EH$ boH$a d¥jm| VWm $ VWm H$m_© _b Xygao go VWm AnZo go I{ZO nXmWm] VH {^Þ hmoZo H$m kmZ 2._m`m VÎd eyÝ`, àb`mH$b AmUd VWm _m`r` eyÝ` 3._hm_m`m {dkmZmH$b AmUd,~moY h¡, àb`mH$bm| VWm gH$b H$Îm¥©Ëd Zht h¡ H$m kmZ 4.ewÕ {dÚm _ÝÌ,Ah§-BX§ {^Þ --àË`oH$ dñVw H$m ^oX, {H$ÝVw AmË_m H$m ê$n 5.B©ída_ÝoídaŸ& Ah-BX§ H$m -- {díd(BX§)Ah§ (AmË_m) kmZ àYmZ g_mZ kmZ, EH$Vm go n¥WH²$ Zht 6.gXm{ed _ÝÌ _hoídaŸ&Ah§ ñnï> {díd H$m Añ\w$Q> kmZ BÀN>m àYmZ {díd AnZm hr ê$n Omo AmË_~moY hr h¡Ÿ& 7.{ed {ed à_mVm g~ Hw$N> àH$me_`

19.{Ì{dYmo ~ÝY: AW©-{Ì=VrZ, Omo EH$ VWm Xmo g§»`m H$mo nma H$a Am`r h¡Ÿ& {dYmo=àH$ma, ñVa ê$n _|Ÿ& ~ÝY-~ÝYZ, AmË_m H$m àH¥${V Ho$ {d{^Þ ê$nm| go g§`moJ, nwéf H$m _wº$ ñdê$n kmZ _o ~mYmŸ& ì`m»`m (1) gm§»` gyÌ `m H$m[aH$m _| ~ÝY Ho$ VrZ ^oXm| H$s H$ht JUZm Zht h¡Ÿ& dmMñn{V {_l H$s VÎdH$m¡_Xw r ì`m»`m _| BgH$s MMm© h¡Ÿ& gm§»` H$m[aH$m 44 h¡Y_}U J_Z_yÜdª J_Z_YñVmX²^dË`Y_}U&kmZoZ MmndJm} {dn`©`m{Xî`Vo ~ÝY:Ÿ& Y_© go D$Üd© bmoH$m| VWm AY_© go AYmobmoH$m| _| J{V hmoVr h¡Ÿ& kmZ go AndJ© VWm

4.VÎd-g_mg 215 CgHo$ {dnarV AkmZ go ~ÝYZ àmá hmoVm h¡Ÿ& Eogm emó dMZ h¡Ÿ&D$Üd© bmoH$m| _| ~÷bmoH$ n`©ÝV J{V `m AY: bmoH$ H$s J{V-XmoZm| hr ~ÝYZ h¡,Š`m|{H$ ~ma-~ma g§gma _| AmZm n‹S>Vm h¡Ÿ(JrVm8/16)Am~«÷^wdZmëbmoH$m: nwZamd{V©Zmo@Ow©ZŸ&_m_wnoË` Vw H$m¡ÝVo` nwZO©Ý_ Z{dÚVoŸ& nyU© kmZ na_mË_m H$m hr kmZ h¡, AnyU© kmZ dmbm àH¥${V H$mo hr nwéf g_PVm h¡, {Oggo D$Üd© bmoH$m| VH$ OmH$a dmng AmZm n‹S>Vm h¡Ÿ& àH¥${V Ho$ {d^mJm| Ho$ H«$_ _| 3 àH$ma Ho$ ~ÝYZ h¢(H$) d¡H$¥ {VH$-Omo ^yV, _Z, BpÝÐ` Am{X 16 {dH$mam| _| Amgº$ hmo aho h¢ AWdm amOgr àd¥{Îm dmbo _Zwî` {OZHo$ H$_© gËdJwU V_moJU w XmoZm| go {_{lV h¢, do BZ dmgZmAm| Ho$ AYrZ Cgr ^y{_ _| _Zwî`bmoH$ _| OÝ_ boVo h¢Ÿ& d¡am½`mËàH¥${Vb`: g§gmamo ^d{V amOgÐmJmV² (gm§»`H$m[aH$m 45) AWm©V² , amOgr amJ go g§gma (MH«$) hmoVm h¡, d¡am½` (amJ Zht hmoZo go) àH¥${V H$s dmgZmAm| H$m b` hmoVm h¡Ÿ& VÎdH$m¡_Xw r _| {X`o J`o dm`wnaw mU CÕaU (dÎm©_mZ àH$m{eV nwamU _| CnbãY Zht h¡) Ho$ AZwgma {d{^Þ {dH$mam| H$moAmË_m g_P H$a CnmgZm H$aZo dmbo H$B© _ÝdÝVam| (71 MVw`w©Jr) VH$ AnZo nXm| na gwIr (Áda hrZ) ahVo h¢Ÿ& AmË_m Ho$ BpÝÐ` ê$n Ho$ CnmgH$10 _ÝdÝVa nÄM _hm^yVm| Ho$ CnmgH$ -100 _ÝdÝVa Ah‘>ma Ho$ CnmgH $ -1000 _ÝdÝVa ~w{Õ Ho$ CnmgH$ -10,000 _ÝdÝVa Aì`º$ àH¥${V Ho$ CnmgH$ -1 bmI _ÝdÝVa (I) Xm{j{UH$-Omo AmË_ gmjmËH$ma go eyÝ` hmH$a Ho$db gyú_ {df`m| (àH¥${V+ {dH¥${V)--_hV² (~w{Õ), Ah‘>ma VWm 5 VÝ_mÌm`|-_| Amgº$ h¢, CZH$m ~ÝYZ Xm{j{UH$ h¡Ÿ& do gH$m_ Bï>-nyV© Am{X namonH$ma VWm AqhgmË_H$ gmpËdH$ H$_m] _| bJo hþ`o h¢, do 6 X¡d gJm] _| gmpËdH$ dmgZm H$m \$b ^moJ H$a {\$a _Zwî` `mo{Z _| AmVo h¢Ÿ& Bgo JrVm _| X{jUm`Z J{V `m MÝÐbmoH$ H$m _mJ© H$hm J`m h¡Yy_mo am{ÌñVWmH¥$îU:fÊ_mgm X{jUm`Z_²Ÿ&VÌMmÝÐ_g§ Á`mo{V`m}Jr àmß` [ZdV©V&o (J) àmH¥${VH$-Omo Aì`º$ àH¥${V (_ybàH¥${V `m àYmZ) H$mo hr AmË_m g_PVo h¢, do gåàkmV g_m{Y H$s CÀMVa Am¡a CÀMV_ AdñWmAm| _| nhþ§MH$a ~hþV

216 gm§»`-Xe©Z H$m d¡km{ZH$ AmYma g_` VH$ {dXoh `m àH¥${V b` AdñWm _| ahVo h¢Ÿ& {H$ÝVw AmË_ gmjmËH$ma Ho$ {b`o CÝh| {\$a OÝ_ boZm n‹S>Vm h¡Ÿ, O¡go nmZr _| Sw>~H$s bJmZodmbm nwéf {\$aD$na CR>Vm h¡-Z H$maU b`mV² H¥$VH¥$Ë`Vm _¾dXwËWmZmV²Ÿ& (gm§»`gyÌ 1/54) H$maU b` hmoZo go H¥$VH¥$Ë`Vm (_moj-àm{á) Zht hmoVr, Cgo Sy>~o nwéf H$s Vah {\$a CR>Zm n‹S>Vm h¡Ÿ&

20.{Ì{dYmo _moj: AW©-{Ì{dY:-VrZ ñVa H$mŸ& _moj:-àH¥$[V Ho$ ê$nm| go nwéf `m AmË_m H$s _w{º$ `m ñdVÝÌVm,AmË_gmjmËH$maŸ& ì`m»`m-(1) VrZ àH$ma Ho$ ~ÝYZ h¢, AV: CZgo Ny>Q>Zo Ho$ VrZ àH$ma Ho$ _moj h¢Ÿ& ñWyb {df`m| go Amg{º$ hQ>mZm, amOgr-Vm_gr dmgZmAm| H$mo N>mS‹o >Zmd¡H$m[aH$ ~ÝYZ go _moj h¡Ÿ& gyú_ {df`m| _| Ag{º$ hmoZm VWm gmpËdH$ H$m`m] _| {ZîH$m_ ^md hmoZm Xm{j{UH$ _moj h¡Ÿ& gmZÝX VWm Apñ_Vm H$s pñW{V H$s g_m{Y Ho$ AmZÝX _| Amg{º$ go na_ d¡am½` Ûmam {MÎm H$mo hQ>mH$a ñdê$n pñW{V nmZm àmH¥${VH$ ~ÝYZ go _moj h¡Ÿ& (2) JrVm _| ~ÝYZ VWm _moj-JrVm(3/3) _| _w{º$ Ho$ Xmo _mJ© ~Vm`o J`o h¢bmoH@o pñ_Z²{Û{dYm{Zð>m nwam àmoº$m _`mZK&kmZ`moJZo gm§»`mZm§H$_©`moJZo `mo{JZm_²Ÿ {H$ÝVw 6/47 VWm 12/2 _| ^º$ H$mo BZ XmoZm| `mo{J`m| go loð> ~Vm`m J`m h¡Ÿ& `o VrZm| nañna gå~pÝYV h¢Ÿ& ^{º$ go kmZ hmoVm h¡-lÕmdmZ² b^Vo kmZ_² (JrVm 4/49) na_VÎd _| Amg{º$ go Cgo OmZZo H$s BÀN>m hmoJr, CgHo$ AZwgma Moï>m go kmZ àmá hmoJmŸ& kmZ`wº$ hmoZo na {ZîH$m_ H$_© hmoJm VWm Cg_| Hw$ebVm hmoJr Omo H$_© `moJ h¡Ÿ& Bgr àH$ma {ZîH$m_ H$_© go bmoH$ g§J«h VWm Cggo ^{º$ hmoVr h¡Ÿ& H _© Ho$ {d{Y, ñdê$n Am{X Ho${MÝVZ go kmZ hmoVm h¡Ÿ& kmZ hmoZo go ^r ^{º$ `moJ H$m _mJ© kmV hmoVm h¡Ÿ& (H$) H$_©`moJ-Bg `moJ _|~ÝYZ _wº$ hmoZo Ho$ {b`o H$_© Ho$ \$b _| Amg{º$ Zhr§, dV©_mZ H$_© _| hr bJm aho, bmoH$ g§J«h VWm H$Îm©ì` Ñ{ï> go H$m_ H$aoŸ& (I) kmZ `moJ-gV²-AgV², {ZË`-A{ZË` {ddoH$ Ûmam AgV² eara Am{X go AnZo H$mo AbJ AZw^d H$aoŸ& (J) ^{º$ `moJ-AnZo g{hV gmao g§gma H$mo ^JdmZ H$m hr ê$n _mZ H$a g^r H$_m] H$mo ^JdmZ H$mo hr An©U H$aoŸ&

4.VÎd-g_mg 217 (3) e¡d Xe©Z-Bg_| ~ÝYZ H$mo nme H$hm J`m h¡Ÿ& nme Ho$ AÝVJ©V 5 Jm¡U H$maU ~Vm`o J`o h¢(H$) _b-JÝXJr, {dH$ma `m Xy{fV nXmW©Ÿ& Bgo d¡H$¥ {VH$ ~ÝYZ H$h gH$Vo h¢Ÿ& (I) _m`m H$mo Ord AZw^d H$a gH$Vm h¡Ÿ& (J) H$_© Ho$ AYrZ nwéf ahVm h¡Ÿ& (K) {ZamoY _| ~ÝYZ h¡Ÿ (`h {ed H$m ^r VÎd h¡)& (L>) {dÝXw Amå^ VWm AÝV H$m òmoV h¡Ÿ& Bg_| VrZ àW_ à_wI h¢-_b, _m`m, H$_©Ÿ& ~Õ nwéf `m new Ho$ VrZ àH$ma h¢-1.gH$b new-Omo g^r {dH$mam| , JwUm|, _m`m VWm H$_m] Ho$ nme go ~ÝYm h¡Ÿ& 2.àb`mH$b new-Bg_| H$_© _b H$m b` hmoVm h¡, _m`m VWm AmUd _b ahVo h¢Ÿ& 3.{dkmZmH$bnew-Bg_| _m`m H$m _b ^r g_má hmo OmVm h¡Ÿ& Ho$db AmUd _b ahVm h¡Ÿ& BgHo$ ~mX _moj H$s 4 pñW{V`m§ ^r gyÌ 18 H$s ì`m»` Ho$ AÝV _| h¢Ÿ& _moj Ho$ 4 ê$nm| Ho$ AÝ` Zm_ h¢-(1) gmbmoŠ`-bmoH$ H$s àm{á, (2) gm_rß` H$m AW© h¡ {ZH$Q>Vm, (3) gmå` H$m AW© h¡ JwUm|, bjUm| H$mo AnZmZmŸ, (4) gm`wÁ` `m `moJ-EH$ hmoZmŸ&

21.{Ì{dY§ à_mU_² AW©-{Ì{dY§=VrZ àH$ma H$m, 3 ñVa H$mŸ& à_mU={ZpíMV kmZ, gË`, `WmW©Ÿ& _m-à{VfoY AW© H$m Aì`` h¡ (_m+{¹$n²) {H«$`m ê$n _|-_m=1._mnZm, 2.Zmn Vm¡b H$aZm, {M• bJmZm, gr_m‘>Z H$aZm, 3._mnXÊS> `m AÝ` go VwbZm H$aZm, 4.AÝXa hmoZm, AÝXa ñWmZ T‹ >y T‹§ >Zm, _wº$ `m g{hV hmoZmŸ& g§km ê$n-_m=_m+H$+Q>mn²-1.bú_r, 2._mVm, 3._mnŸ& _mn=bú_rn{V `m _mn, _mZgma _| {dîUw H$mo _mn H$m ê$n ~Vm`m J`m h¡Ÿ& à_m=à+_m+AL²>+Q>mn²=1.àË`j kmZ, ~moYŸ& 2.(VH©$ _|) {dewÕ kmZ& 3._mZ `m _mZH$Ÿ& 4.gr_m n[a_mUŸ& 5.gmú` à_mUŸ& 6.A{YH$mar, {ZUm©`H$ {OgH$m dMZ à_mU _mZm Om`Ÿ& 7.gË` kmZ, `WmW©Ÿ& 8.à_mU H$s ar{V, `WmW© kmZ

218 gm§»`-Xe©Z H$m d¡km{ZH$ AmYma àmá H$aZo Ho$ Cnm`Ÿ& 9._w»`, _ybŸ& 10.EH$VmŸ& 11.doX, emó, Y_©J«ÝWŸ& 12.H$maU, hoVwŸ& ì`m»`m-(1) gyÌ 8 _| A{^~w{Õ `m ~w{Õ H$s 5 d¥{Îm`m§ ~Vm`r J`r h¢Ÿ& Cg_| àW_ `m loð> d¥{Îm à_mU `m `WmW© kmZ h¡Ÿ& `hr nmVÄOb `moJ gyÌ 1/6 _| ^r h¡Ÿ& `moJgyÌ 7 _| CgHo$ 3 ^oX h¢-àË`j, AZw_mZ Am¡a AmJ_Ÿ& `h ^oX VWm bjU gm§»`H$m[aH$m 4 VWm 5 _| h¢Ñï>_Zw_mZ_m᧠dMZ§ gd©à_mU{gÕËdmV²&{Ì{dY§ à_mU{_ï>§ à_o` {g{Õ à_mUm{Õ Ñï> (àË`j), AZw_mZ VWm Amá dMZ (eãX à_mU _| hr AÝ` g^r à_mUm| H$m ^md hmoZo go-gm§»` _|)-`o VrZ à_mU _mÝ` h¢Ÿ& à_mU go hr à_o` H$s {g{Õ ({ZíM` kmZ) hmoVr h¡Ÿ& à{V{df`mÜ`dgm`mo Ñï>§ {Ì{dY_Zw_mZ_m»`mV_²Ÿ& V{ëb“{b{“nyd©H$_má lw{VamádMZ§ VwŸ&& {df` go gå~pÝYV BpÝÐ`m| na {Z^©a AÜ`dgm` (~w{Õ H$m Y_© `m d¥{Îm) Ñï> `m àË`j à_mU h¡Ÿ& AZw_m Z 3 àH$ma H$m-(nyd©dV², eofdV², gm_mÝ`Vmo Ñï>) h¡Ÿ& dh {b“ (AmH$ma `m AmH$me H$m joÌ) VWm {b“r ({b“ _| ì`má) nydH© $ kmZ ({MÎm d¥{Îm) h¡Ÿ& Amá dMZ H$m AW© h¡-Amám lw{V (AWm©V² `wº$-dmŠ` go CËnÞ AW© kmZ)Ÿ& BZ XmoZm| íbmoH$m| H$m ^md gm§»`gyÌ 1/87 _| h¡Û`omaoH$Vañ` dmß` g{ÞH¥$ï>mW© n[apÀN>{Îm: à_m, VËgmYH$V_§ `ÎmV² {Ì{dY§ à_mU_²Ÿ& Û`mo: H$m AW© h¡ Xmo àH$ma H$s BpÝÐ`m|-kmZ VWm H$_© H$s 5-5 go AZw^d {H$`m hþAm kmZ-àË`jŸ& EH$Vañ`-H$B© {dÚ_mZ {b“ `m {b“r _| C{MV H$m MwZmd-AZw_mZ `m A{n eãX H$m ^r `hr ^md h¡Ÿ& Ag{ÞH¥$ï> H$m AW© Añnï> `m d¡H$pënH$ AWm] _| go ñnï> gr{_V (n[apÀN>Þ) AW© àmá H$aZm h¡Ÿ& Bg H$_© H$m \$b à{_{V (`m à_o`) h¡Ÿ& Bg àH$ma H$m gmYZ `m {MÎmd¥{Îm à_mU h¡Ÿ& àË`j à_mU Am¡a à_m-{dkmZ {^jw H$o `moJdm{Îm©H$ _| àË`j à_mU H$s ì`m»`mà_mVm MoVZ: ewÕ: à_mU§d¥{ÎmaodMŸ&à_mWm©H$ma d¥ÎmrZm§ MoVZo à{V{~å~Z_²Ÿ& à{V{~på~V d¥ÎmrZm§ {df`mo _o` CÀ`VoŸ&d¥Îm`:gm{j^mñ`m:ñ`w:H$aUñWmZnojUmV²

4.VÎd-g_mg 219 gmjmÔe©Z ê$n§ M gm{jËd§ gm§»` gy{ÌV_²&A{dH$maoU Ðï¥>Ëd§ gm{jËd§ Mmnao OJw:Ÿ ewÕ MoVZ H$mo à_mVm (OrdmË_m ê$n _| à{V{~på~V AmË_m), d¥{Îm H$mo à_mU, VWm MoVZ _| AWm©H$ma d¥{Îm`m| H$m à{V{~å~ à_m H$hm OmVm h¡Ÿ& à{V{~på~V d¥{Îm`m| Ho$ {df` H$mo _o` AWm©V² à_o` H$hVo h¢Ÿ& H$aU AWm©V² BpÝÐ`m| Ûmam AZw^d Z H$s J`r d¥{Îm`m§ gm{j^mñ` hmoVr h¢Ÿ& gm§»` gyÌ _o§$ gmjmV² Xe©Z ê$n H$mo gmjr H$hm J`m h¡, {H$ÝVw Hw$N> A{YH$mar Ðï>m ê$n H$mo hr gmjr _mZVo h¢Ÿ& AZw_mZ-{b“-{b“r, gmYZ-gmÜ` `m H$m`©-H$maU Ho$ gå~ÝY go Omo `WmW© kmZ hmoVm h¡, Cgo AZw_mZ H$hVo h¢Ÿ& AZw_mZ 3 àH$ma H$m hmoVm h¡1.nydd© V²-Ohm± H$maU H$mo XoIH$a H$m`© H$m AZw_mZ hmo O¡go ~mXbm| H$mo XoIH$a dfm© H$m AZw_mZŸ& 2.eofdV²-H$m`© go H$maU H$m AZw_mZ, O¡go ZXr Ho$ _Q>_b¡ o nmZr H$mo XoIH$a dfm© H$m AZw_mZŸ& 3.gm_mÝ`Vmo Ñï>-Omo gm_mÝ` ê$n go XoIm J`m hmo {H$ÝVw {deof `m dV©_mZ _| Zht XoIm J`m h¡Ÿ& O¡go KQ> H$mo XoIH$a Cgo ~ZmZo dmbo Hw$åhma H$m AZw_mZŸŠ`m|{H$ àË`oH$ ~Zr hþ`r MrO H$m H$moB© MoVZ H$maU hmoVm h¡Ÿ& AZw_mZ H$m _yb nhbo {H$`m hþAm àË`j à_mU h¡Ÿ& àË`j à_mU _| 3 H$maU go ^«mpÝV Xmof hmoVo h¢1.{df` Xmof- nXmW© ~hþV Xya `m {ZH$Q> hmo, ~rM _| AdYmZ hmo, ~hþV gyú_ hmo, Á`mXm àH$Q> dñVw go {N>n Om` `m g_mZ dñVwAm| go {_{lV hmo- BZ AdñWmAm| _| Zht XrIVmŸ& gm§»`H$m[aH$m 7A{VXyamV² gm_rß`mX² BpÝÐ`KmVmÝ_Zmo@ZdñWmZmV²Ÿ& gm¡úå`mX² ì`dYmZmX² A{^^dmV² g_mZm{^hmamÀMŸ&& 2.BpÝÐ` Xmof-BpÝÐ`m| _| Aj_Vm hmoŸ& 3._Zmo Xmof-_Z Ho$ AgmdYmZ `m ApñWa hmoZo na nXmW© H$m R>rH$ R>rH$ kmZ Zht hmoVm h¡Ÿ& eãX à_mU-Abm¡{H$H$ {df` _| doX à_mU hmoVo h¢Ÿ& Bgo AmJ_ à_mU ^r H$hVo h¢Ÿ& doX Ho$ Am{lV F${f, _w{Z VWm AmMm`m] Ho$ dMZ ^r Bgr _| h¢Ÿ& bm¡{H$H$ {df` _| ^r Amá nwéf hr à_mU hmo gH$Vo h¢, Omo gË` OmZVo h¢Ÿ& {OVZo emó J«ÝW h¢, dh g_mO _| ~hþV {XZm| go ñdrH¥$V h¢, AV: CÝh| h_ R>rH$ _mZVo h¢Ÿ&

220 gm§»`-Xe©Z H$m d¡km{ZH$ AmYma à_mU kmZ hr gË` h¡Ÿ& AV: gË` ^r 3 àH$ma Ho$ h¢VrZmo H$mbm|-^yV, ^{dî`, dÎm©_mZ H$m gË`Ÿ& à{Vð>m (eãX), Zm_ê$n (AZw_mZ), VWm `kê$n (àË`j)Ÿ& gË` (Ho$ÝÐ _|, H$maU ê$n), F$V (àË`j `m _mnm hþAm-joÌ ê$n), VWm AZw_m{ZV `m AZw^d go naoŸ& gË` H$o {d{^Þ ê$nm| _| J^©ñW ^JdmZ² lrH¥$îU H$s ñVw{V XodVm Am| Zo lr_X²^mJdV nwamU (10/2/26) _| H$s h¡gË`d«V§ gË`na§ {ÌgË`§ gË`ñ` `moqZ {Z{hV§ M gË`oŸ& gË`ñ` gË`_¥VgË`Zo̧ gË`mË_H§$ Ëdm§ eaU§ ànÞm:Ÿ&& h_ gË`ê$n ^JdmZ² H$s eaU _| Am`o h¢Ÿ& dh gË`d«V h¢, AWm©V² CZHo$ d«V, g‘>ën VWm H$_© gË` h¢Ÿ& g~Ho$ na_ H$maU ê$n _| gË` h¢, `m gË` na AmYm[aV h¢Ÿ& VrZ ê$nm| _| (AÝV`m©_r, doX VWm gyÌmË_m) `m VrZ H$mbm| _| gË` h¢Ÿ& dh gË` Ho$ ^r (à{Vð>m, Zm_ê$n `k Ho$) H$maU h¢Ÿ& VrZm| gË`m| _| dh {Z{hV h¢Ÿ& dh gË` Ho$ ^r gË` h¢-H$maU Ho$ H$maU AWdm àOmn{V ê$n gË` Ho$ AmYma h¢Ÿ& F$V, gË` {OZHo$ ZoÌ h¢-`m BZ XmoZm| ZoVmAm|(apñg`m|) go {OgZo OJV² H$mo {Z`pÝÌV aIm h¡Ÿ&

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224

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240 gm§»`-Xe©Z H$m d¡km{ZH$ AmYma H$_© Ûmam _wº$ AmË_m H$m ~ÝYZ Zht hmoVm Š`m|[ H$_© AZmË_ nXmWm] H$m Y_© h¡Ÿ& `{X H$_© go _wº$ AmË_m H$m ~ÝYZ _mZm Om` Vmo A{Vàg{º$ hmoJr, AWm©V² gmYZ ~b go _wº$hmoZo Ho$ ~mX nwZ: ~ÝY hmoZo H$s g§^mdZm ahoJr, emídVr _w{º$ H$^r Zht hmoJrŸ& {d{MÌ^moJmZwnn{ÎmaÝ`Y_©ËdoŸ&1/17Ÿ& Xw:I^moJ ê$nr ~ÝY `{X {MÎm H$m Y_© hmo Vmo ^moJ-d¡{MÍ` H$s AZwnn{Îm hmoJrŸ& ^moJd¡{MÍ` H$s Cnn{Îm Ho$ {b`o `h _mZZm hmoJm {H$ nwéf H$o H$maU ~ÝY h¡Ÿ& dh ~ÝY à{V{~å~ ê$n h¡Ÿ& àH¥${V{Z~ÝYZmÀMoV² Vñ`m A{n nmaVÝÍ`_²Ÿ&1/18Ÿ& àH¥${V Ho$ H$maU ^r ~ÝYZ Zht _mZm Om gH$Vm Š`m|{H$ àH¥${V g§`moJ naVÝÌ h¡Ÿ&àH¥${V Ho$ gmW g§`moJ hmoZo na hr AmË_m ~ÝYZ-`wº$ hmoVm h¡Ÿ& àH¥${V Ho$ ApñVËd_mÌ go AmË_m H$m Xw:I`moJ ê$n ~ÝY Zht hmoVmŸ& g§`moJ {deof Ho$ {~Zm àH¥${V `{X ~ÝYH$m[aUr hmoVr Vmo àb` Am{X _| ^r Xw:I ê$n ~ÝY H$m àg§J hmoVmŸ& Z {ZË`ewÕ~wÕ_wº$ñd^mdñ` VÚmoJñVÚmoJmÑVoŸ&1/19Ÿ& {ZË`-~wÕ-ewÕ-_wº$-ñd^md AmË_m H$m Omo Xw:I`moJ ê$n-~ÝY hmoVm h¡, dh àH¥${V Ho$ `moJ Ho$ {~Zm Zht hmo gH$VmŸ& Zm {dÚmVmo@ß`dñVwZm ~ÝYm`moJmV²Ÿ&1/20Ÿ& A{dÚm go ^r _wº$ AmË_m H$m ~ÝY Zht hm o gH$Vm, Š`m|{H$ dh AdñVw h¡ (j{UH$ {dkmZdmX H$m _V) dñVwËdo {gÕmÝVhm{Z:Ÿ&1/21Ÿ& A{dÚm H$mo dñVw _mZZo go AnZo hr {gÕmÝV H$s hm{Z hmoVr h¡ (Š`m|{H$ CZHo$ _V go A{dÚm {_Ï`m go CËnÞ h¡) {dOmVr`Û¡Vmn{ÎmíMŸ&1/22Ÿ& A{dÚm H$mo dñVw _mZZo go {dOmVr` Û¡V H$s Amn{Îm hmoJrŸ& AWm©V² j{UH$ {dkmZ go AbJ Om{V Ho$ A{dÚm Zm_H$ {ÛVr` dñVw H$s H$ënZm H$aZr hmoJrŸ& Bggo -j{UH${dkmZgÝVmZ_mÌ_{ÛVr` VÎd_²-_V IpÊS>V hmoVm h¡Ÿ& {déÕmo^`ê$nm MoVŸ² &1/23Ÿ& (àíZ) A{dÚm gV²-AgV² ê$nr Xmo {déÕ Y_m] go `wº$ h¡ `m CZ XmoZm| go {dbjU?

6.gm§»`-gyÌ 241 Z VmX¥H$² nXmWm©àVrVo:Ÿ&1/24Ÿ& (CÎma) Eogm Zht _mZ gH$Vo Š`m|{H$ Eogo$ {H$gr nXmW© H$s àVr{V Zht hmoVrŸ& Z d`§ fQ²>nXmW©dm{XZmo d¡e{o fH$m{XdV²Ÿ&1/25Ÿ& (e‘>m) My§{H$ h_ d¡eo{fH$ H$s Vah 6 (`m Z¡`m{`H$m| H$m 16) nXmW© Zht _mZVo, AV: O¡gr BÀN>m hmo d¡gm nXmW© _mZ gH$Vo h¢-gV², AgV², gXgV², gXg{ÛbjU Am{XŸ& A{Z`VËdo@{n Zm`m¡{º$H$ñ` g§Jh« mo@Ý`Wm ~mbmoÝ_Îmm{X g_Ëd_²Ÿ&1/26Ÿ& (g_mYmZ) nXmW© H$s {ZË`Vm Zht _mZZo na ^r {~Zm `w{º$ Ho$ nXmWm] H$mo Zht _m Z gH$Vo, Š`m|{H$ Bggo e§H$m H$aZo dmbm Ak Am¡a CÝ_Îm Ho$ g_mZ hmoJmŸ& ZmZm{X {df`monamJ {Z{_Îmmo@ß`ñ`Ÿ&1/27Ÿ& _wº$ AmË_m H$m ~ÝYZ AZm{X {df` dmgZm go ^r Zht hmoVmŸ(EH$ àH$ma H$m ~m¡Õ_V h¡ {H$ j{UH$ ~mø {df` H$s dmgZm go Ord H$m ~ÝYZ hmoVm h¡)Ÿ& Z ~mømä`ÝVa`mo é naÄÁ`mo n aÄOH$^mdmo @ {n Xo e ì`dYmZmV² òw¿ZñWnmQ>{bnwÌñW`mo[adŸ&1/28Ÿ& BZ _Vm| H$m AmYma h¡ {H$ ~mø {df` Am¡a AÝV:ñW AmË_m H$m CnamÁ`-CnaÄOH$ ^md gå^d Zht h¡, O¡go òw¿Z Am¡a nmQ>{bnwÌ -BZ Xmo Xya ñWmZm| H$s dñVwAm| _| à^mdr gå~ÝY Zht hmo gH$VmŸ& Û`moaHo $XoebãYmo namJmÞ ì`dñWmŸ&1/29Ÿ& {df` _| OmZo go AmË_m {df` g§`moJ H$a Cggo CnamJ hmoVm h¡-`h _mZZo na ~ÝY-_moj H$s H$moB© ì`dñWm Zht hmo gHo$Jr-_wº$ ^r ~Õ hmo Om`JmŸ& AÑï>demÀMoVŸ² &1/30Ÿ& (e‘>m) `{X AÑï> Ûmam CnamJ _mZm Om` Vmo {df`-gh`moJ H$m gmå` ahZo na ^r AÑï> Ûmam CnamJ hmoJm AÝ`Wm ZhtŸ& Z Û`moaHo $H$mbm`moJmXwnH$m`m}nH$maH$^md:Ÿ&1/31Ÿ& (CÎma) j{UH$dmX Ho$AZwgma H$Îmm© Am¡a ^moº$m H$s pñW{V EH$ H$mb _| Zht hmoVr, AV: CnH$m`©-CnH$maH$ ^md Zht {gÕ hmoVmŸ& nwÌH$_©d{X{V MoVŸ² &1/32Ÿ& (e‘>m) nwÌ{o ï> `k Am{X go O¡go nwÌ H$m CnH$ma hmoVm h¡ Cgr àH$ma ì`{YH$aU (AÝ` _| ahZo dmbo) AÑï> go {df` H$m CnamJ Š`m| Z _mZ|? AWm©V² AÑï> H$Îmm©

242 gm§»`-Xe©Z H$m d¡km{ZH$ AmYma go AÑï> ^moº m $ Š`m| Zht CËnÞ hmo gH$Vm? ZmpñV {h VÌ pñWa EH$mË_m `mo J^m©YmZm{XZm(H$_©Um)g§pñH«$`oVŸ&1/33Ÿ& (CÎma) Eogm Zht hmo gH$Vm Š`m|{H$ (e‘>mH$mar _o _V go) J^m©YmZ go OÝ_ VH$ H$moB© EH$ hr pñWa AmË_m Zht hmo gH$Vm, AV: nwÌ H$_©dmbm Ñï>mÝV Zht KQ> gH$VmŸ&(j{UH$dmXr Ho$ _V go OÝ_ go CÎma H$mb VH$ {H$gr H$s gÎmm Zht ahVr)Ÿ& pñWaH$m`m© {gÕo: j{UH$Ëd_²Ÿ&1/34Ÿ& My{§ H$ H$m`© H$s pñWaVm {gÕ Zht hmoVr, Bg{b`o ~ÝY j{UH$ h¡(j{UH$dmX) AZw_mZ-~ÝY Am{X Xrn{eIm H$s Vah gËd hmoZo go$j{UH$ h¢Ÿ& Z àË`{^km~mYmV²Ÿ&1/35Ÿ& nhbo {Ogo XoIm Wm dhr AmO XoIVm hÿ§-`h àË`[^km h¡Ÿ& Bggo nXmW© H$m j{UH$Ëd IpÊS>V hmoVm h¡Ÿ& AV: ~ÝY Am{X pñWa {gÕ hmoVo h¢Ÿ& lw{VÝ`m`{damoYmÀMŸ&1/36Ÿ& j{UH$dmX lw{V Am¡a VH©$ H$o {déÕ h¡Ÿ& Ñï>mÝVm{gÕoíMŸ&1/37Ÿ& Xrn{eIm Ho$ Ñï>mÝV go `h {gÕ Zht hmoVmŸ& `wJnÁOm`_mZ`moZ© H$m`©H$maU ^md:Ÿ&1/38Ÿ& j{UH$VmdmX _mZZo na {_Å>r Ho$ KQ> H$m gd©bmoH$-{gÕ VWm H$m`© H$maU ^md ^r Zht {gÕ hmoJm, Š`m|{H$ V~ H$m`©-H$maU XmoZm| hr `wJnV² Om`_mZ(EH$ gmW CËnÞ) hmo Om`J|Ÿ& H$m`©-H$maU ^md _| nhbo H$maU V~ H$m`© hmoVm h¡Ÿ& nydm©nm`o CÎmam`moJmV²Ÿ&1/39Ÿ& j{UH$dmX _mZZo na H$maU H$m Zme hmoZo na hr H$m`© CËnÞ hmo gH$Vm h¡, na H$m`© gXm CnmXmZ (gm_J«r) H$maU go {_bm ahVm h¡Ÿ& VX²^mdo VX`moJmXw^`ì`{^MmamX{n ZŸ&1/40Ÿ& j[UH$dmX _| CnmXmZ H$maU VWm H$m`© XmoZm| H$m AdYmaU (EH$ gmW hmoZm) Zht hmo gH$Vm Š`m|{H$ O~ H$maU H$s pñW{V h¡ V~ CgHo$ ~mX CËnÞ H$maU H$m H$moB© gå~ÝY Zht hmo gH$VmŸ& nyd^ © md_mÌo Z {Z`_:Ÿ&1/41Ÿ& H$moB© nXmW© H$m`© Ho$ nyd© _| {ñWV h¡-Bgr go dh CnmXmZ H$maU Zht hmo OmVm,Š`m|{H$

6.gm§»`-gyÌ 243 {Z{_Îm H$maU ^r H$m`© go nhbo ahVm hr h¡&(20-41 gyÌ VH$ j{UH$dmX H$m IÊS>Z h¡Ÿ)Ÿ& Z {dkmZ_m̧ ~møàVr{V:Ÿ(Vo:)&1/42Ÿ& ~m¡Õg§JV {dkmZ_mÌ VÎd Zht h¡, Š`m|{H$ {Og àH$ma {dkmZ H$s àVr{V hmoVr h¡, Cgr àH$ma ~mø nXmWm] H$s ^r àVr{V hmoVr h¡Ÿ&({MÎm, _Z, {dkmZ H$m EH$ hr AW© h¡)Ÿ& VX^mdo VX^mdmÀNy>Ý`§ V{h©Ÿ&1/43Ÿ& ~mø àVr{V Z _mZZo na {dkmZ ^r AdñVw hr à_m{UV hmoJm, Š`m|{H$ ~mø dñVw Ho$ A^md go {dkmZ H$m A^md hmoVm h¡Ÿ& eyÝ`§ VÎd§ , ^mdmo {dZí`{V, dñVwY_©Ëdm{ÛZmeñ`Ÿ&1/44Ÿ& (e‘>m) eyÝ` H$mo VÎd VWm ^mdnXmW© H$mo Zída _mZ gH$Vo h¢ Š`m|{H$ {dZme (^md nXmW© H$m A^md hmoZm) hr dñVw H$m Y_© h¡Ÿ& AndmX_mÌ_~wÕmV²Ÿ&1/45Ÿ& (CÎma) ^md nXmW© H$m nyUV© : A^md hmoVm h¡-Eogm _mZZm _yIV© m h¡(^md {H$gr Z {H$gr ê$n _| Adí` ahoJm)Ÿ& C^`njg_mZjo_ËdmX`_{nŸ&1/46Ÿ& {dkmZdmX Am¡a j{UH$dmX {Og ê$n _| {ZañV hmoVo h¢, eyÝ`dmX ^r Cgr ê$n go {ZañV hmoVm h¡ (àË`{^km Am¡a ~mø àVr{V go)Ÿ& AnwéfmW©Ëd_w^`WmŸ&1/47Ÿ& ñdV: hmo `m Xygao go, eyÝ`Vm H$s nwéfmW©Vm g§^d Zht h¡Ÿ& Z J{V{deofmV²Ÿ&1/48Ÿ& J{V {deof (eara _| àdoe Am{X go) AmË_m H$m ~ÝYZ Zht _mZm Om gH$VmŸ& {ZpîH«$`ñ` VXgå^dmV²Ÿ&1/49Ÿ& Š`m|[ H$ {ZpîH«$` AmË_m H$s J{V Zht hmo gH$VrŸ& _yVË© dmX² KQ>m{XdV² g_mZY_m©nÎmmdn{gÕmÝV:Ÿ&1/50Ÿ& emó _| AmË_m Ho$ J_ZmJ_Z Ed§ CgHo$ A“xð>_mÌê$n H$s ~mV Am`r h¡Ÿ& ggH$m `h AW© Zhr h¡ {H$ AmË_m (nwéf) KQ> Am{X Ho$ g_mZ _yÎm© (n[apÀN>Þ) h¡, Š`m|{H$ Eogm _mZZo na dh gmd`d Am¡a {dZmer {gÕ hmoJmŸ& J{Vlw{Vaß`wnm{Y`moJmXmH$medV²Ÿ&1/51Ÿ&

244 gm§»`-Xe©Z H$m d¡km{ZH$ AmYma emó _| AmË_m H$s J{V (bmoH$m| _| J_ZmJ_Z) H$s Omo ~mV gwZr OmVr h¡, dh J{V Cnm{Y `moJ go _mZr OmVr h¡Ÿ& {Og àH$ma AmH$me gd©ì`mnr h¡, CgH$s J{V Zht h¡Ÿ& na KQ> Am{X Cnm{Y`m| H$s J{V XrIVr h¡Ÿ& Z H$_©Um@ß`VÕ_©ËdmV²Ÿ&1/52Ÿ& ~ÝY H$m H$maU H$_© (AWm©V² AÑï>=Y_©mY_©) Zht hmo gH$Vm, Š`m|{H$ AmË_m H$m H$moB© Y_© Zht h¡Ÿ& A{Vàg{º$aÝ`Y_©ËdoŸ&1/53Ÿ&(1/54) EH$ Ho$ Y_© go AÝ` H$m ~ÝYZ _mZZo na A{Vàg{º$ hmoJr, AWm©V² _wº$ H$m nwZ: ~ÝYZ àgº$ (H$m`_) hmoJmŸ& {ZJwU © m{XlwV{damoYíMo{VŸ&1/54Ÿ&(1/53) ~ÝY ñdm^m{dH$ h¡ `m _wº$ ñd^md Ho$ AmË_m Ho$ H$_© Am{X Ho$ H$maU hmoVm h¡-`h _mZZm R>rH$ Zht h¡; Š`m|{H$ BgH$m AmË_m Ho$ {ZJ©U w Vm, Ho$dbVm, Ag§JËd Am{X Ho$ lw{V dMZm| go {damoY hmoVm h¡Ÿ& VÚmoJmo@ß`{ddoH$mÞ g_mZËd_²Ÿ&1/55Ÿ& àH¥${V Ho$ gmW AmË_m H$m `h `moJ A{ddoHo $_ybH$ h¡Ÿ& _wº$ nwéf _| A{ddoH$ Zht hmoVm, AV: nwZ: ~ÝY Zht hmoVmŸ& AV: nydm}º$ Xmof Bg_| Zht hmoVoŸ& {Z`VH$maUmV² VXwpÀN>{VÜdm©ÝVdV²Ÿ&1/56Ÿ& g§`moJH$maH$ Bg A{ddoH$ H$m CÀN>Xo EH$ {ZpíMV Cnm` (AWm©V² {ddoH$) go hr {H$`m Om gH$Vm h¡Ÿ& {Og àH$ma AÝYH$ma Ho$db AmbmoH$ Ûmam hr Zï> hmo gH$Vm h¡, Cgr àH$ma {ddoH$ go hr A{ddoH$ H$m CÀN>Xo hmoVm h¡Ÿ& àYmZm{ddoH$mXÝ`m{ddoH$ñ` VÕmZo hmZ_²Ÿ&1/57Ÿ& `h A{ddoH$ ñWyb-gyú_ ê$n go ~hþ{dY h¡ Ed§ EH$ gyú_ A{ddoH$ AÝ` ñWyb A{ddoH$ H$m H$maU hmoVm h¡Ÿ& {MÐÿn nwéf Am¡a A{MV² àYmZ (=àH¥${V) H$mo EH$mË_ _mZZm _yb A{ddoH$ h¡, {Oggo AÝ` ñWyb A{ddoH(_¢ ê$ndmZ², _¢ YZr .. BË`m{X) CËnÞ hmoVo h¢Ÿ& _yb A{ddoH$ `{X Zï> hmoZo na Cggo CËnÞ g^r ñWyb A{ddoH$ Zï> hmoVo h¢Ÿ&Ÿ& {MV²-A{MV² H$m nmW©Š` kmZ ApÝV_ {ddoH$ h¡ ({ddoH$ H$m AW© nmW©Š` ^r h¡-`Wm Zra-jra {ddoH$) dmL²>_m̧ Z Vw (Vw Z) VÎd§ {MÎmpñWVo:Ÿ&1/58Ÿ& ~ÝY, A{ddoH$, {ddoH$-`o g^r {MÎm _| hr pñWV h¢Ÿ& {ZJwU © {MÐÿn nwéf _|~ÝYm{X

6.gm§»`-gyÌ 245 H$m Am¡nMm[aH$ à`moJ {H$`m OmVm h¡Ÿ& nwéf H$m ~ÝY VmpÎdH$ gË` Zht h¡Ÿ& `w{º$Vmo@{n Z ~mÜ`Vo {XL²>_T‹y >dXnamojmÑVoŸ&1/59Ÿ& Anamoj kmZ ({Z{XÜ`mgZnydH© $ VÎdm| H$m gmjmV² kmZ) Ho$ {~Zm ~ÝY Am{X ldU go `m `w[º$ go ~m{YV Zht hmoV;o {Og àH$ma {XL²>_T‹y > ì`{º$ {XemAm| Ho$ gmjmV² kmZ Ho$ {~Zm ^«_ go _wº$ Zht hmo gH$VmŸ& Cgr àH$ma {ddoH$ gmjmËH$ma Ho$ {~Zm A{ddoH$ H$m nyU© CÀN>Xo Zht hmoVmŸ& AMmjwfmUm_Zw_mZoZ ~moYmo Yy_m{X{^[ad d•o:Ÿ&1/60Ÿ& {Og àH$ma Yy_ Am{X go A{¾ H$m AZw_mZ hmoVm h¡ Cgr àH$ma, àH¥${V Am{X AVrpÝÐ` nXmWm] H$m {ZíM` AZw_mZ go hmoVm h¡Ÿ& gÎdaOgñV_gm§ gmå`mdñWm àH¥${V:, àH¥$Vo_h© mZ² , _hVmo@h‘>mamo@h‘>mamV² nÄM VÝ_mÌÊ`w ^ `{_pÝÐ`_² , VÝ_mÌo ä `: ñWy b ^y V m{Z, nw é f B{V nÄMqde{VJ©U:Ÿ&1/61Ÿ& gm§»`emñ _| 25 JU (nXmW© ì`yh) _mZo J`o h¢-àH¥${V,Omo gÎd-aO-V_; Zm_H$ VrZ JwU (~ÝYZmW© aÁOw) ê$n Ðì`m| H$m gmå`dñWm ê$n h¡; àH¥${VOmV _hmZ² (_hÎmÎd); _hV²-OmV Ah‘>ma; Ah‘>ma-OmV nm§M VÝ_mÌ-eãX-ñne©-ê$nag-JÝY; nm§M kmZopÝÐ`m§,nm§M H$_}pÝÐ`m§, Ed_² BpÝÐ`mYre _Z; VÝ_mÌ-OmV nm§M ñWyb ^yV-n¥{Wdr, An²,VoO, dm`w, AmH$me VWm BZ g^r go {dbjU nwéfŸ& ñWybmV² nÄMVÝ_mÌ ñ`Ÿ&1/62Ÿ& n¥Ïdr Am{X ñWyb ^yVm| H$mo XoIH$a CZHo$ H$maU^yV (CnmXmZ ê$n) nm§M VÝ_mÌm| H$m ~moY (AZw_mZ go) hmoVm h¡Ÿ& ~mømä`ÝVamä`m§ V¡íMmh‘>mañ`Ÿ&1/63Ÿ& (Xg) ~møopÝÐ`, Amä`ÝVa BpÝÐ` ê$n _Z Ed§ nm§M VÝ_mÌ ê$n H$m`© Ðì`m| H$mo XoIH$a Ah‘>maÐì` H$m kmZ (AZw_mZ go) hmoVm h¡Ÿ& VoZmÝV:H$aUñ`Ÿ&1/64Ÿ& Ah‘>ma-ê$n H$m`© Ðì` H$mo XoIH$a CgHo$ CnmXmZ ^yV _w»` AÝV:H$aU (_hÎmÎyd=~w{ÕVÎd) H$m AZw_mZ hmoVm h¡Ÿ& VV: àH¥$Vo:Ÿ&1/65Ÿ& _hÎmÎd ê$n H$m`© go CgH$m àH¥${V ê$n CnmXmZ H$maU AZw{_V hmoVm h¡Ÿ& g§hVnamW©ËdmV² nwéfñ`Ÿ&1/66Ÿ&

246 gm§»`-Xe©Z H$m d¡km{ZH$ AmYma g§h{VH$mar dñVw namW© hmoVr h¡-Bg {Z`_ go nwéf H$s gÎmm H$m AZw_mZ hmoVm h¡Ÿ&àH¥${V Am¡a CgHo$ H$m`© g§hV h¢, AV: do {H$gr na(nwéf VÎd) Ho$ {b`o hr h¢Ÿ& _ybo _ybm^mdmX_yb§ _yb_²Ÿ&1/67Ÿ& 23 VÎdm| go (^yV go _hV² n`©ÝV) H$m Omo _yb CnmXmZ h¡, CgH$m _moB© _yb Zht h¡Ÿ& AV: àH¥${V (àYmZ=Aì`º$) {ZîH$maU H$hbmVm h¡Ÿ&(àH¥${V H$m ^r _yb h¡-Eogm _mZZo go Aì`dñWm hmoJr)Ÿ& nmaån`}@ß`oH$Ì n[a{Zð>{o V g§km_mÌ_²Ÿ&1/68Ÿ& BZH$m CnmXmZ H$maU H$moB© h¡, CgH$m H$moB© AÝ` H$maU h¡-Bg àH$ma H$s H$maUnaånam XoIr OmVr h¡, na Bg naånam H$s n[a{Zð>m (g_m{á) H$ht Adí` hmoVr h¡Ÿ& `h g_m{á O‹S> {ÌJwU _o§ hr hmo gH$Vr h¡, An[aUm_r nwéf _| ZhtŸ& Ohm§ Bg H$maU naånam H$s g_m{á hmoVr h, CgH$m Zm_ àH¥${V h¡, Omo {ZË` h¡Ÿ& g_mZ: àH¥$VoÛ`© mo:Ÿ&1/69Ÿ& _yb Hm$aU H$o {dMma _| A{dÚm Am¡a àH¥${V H$m nj g_mZ h¡; na gyú_ {dMma go àH¥${V H$m OJV² H$maUËd VWm A{dÚm H$m {Z{_Îm H$maUËd hr {gÕ hmoVo h¢Ÿ& A{YH$m[a Ì¡{dÜ`mÞ {Z`_:Ÿ&1/70Ÿ& AZw_mZ Ho$ A{YH$mar VrZ àH$ma Ho$ hmoVo h¢-_ÝX, _Ü`_, CÎm_Ÿ& Bg ^oX Ho$ AZwgma AZw_mZ- à`moJ H$aZo _| ^oX hmoVm h¡Ÿ& _hXm»`_mÚ§ H$m`© VÝ_Z:Ÿ&1/71Ÿ& àH¥${V H$m àW_ {dH$ma^yV Omo _hÎmÎd h¡, dh (gm§»`r` gåàXm` _|) _Z: nX go ^r A{^{hV hmoVm h¡Ÿ& _ZZ (AÜ`dgm`={ZíM`) ê$n d¥{Îm Ho$ H$maU hr _Z: eãX à`wº$ hmoVm h¡Ÿ& Ma_mo@h‘>ma:Ÿ&1/72Ÿ& _hV² Ho$ ~mX Omo VÎd CËnÞ hmoVm h¡ dh A{^_mZ d¥{Îm dmbm Ah‘>ma h¡Ÿ& VËH$m`©Ëd_wÎmaofm_²Ÿ&1/73Ÿ& VÝ_mÌ Am{X CÎma H$m`© Ah§H$ma H$o _mZo OmVo h¢Ÿ& AmÚhoVVw m VX²Ûmam nmaån`}@ß`UwdV²Ÿ&1/74Ÿ& àH¥${V g^r {dH$ma^yV nXmWm] H$m ApÝV_ CnmXmZ h¡Ÿ& ^yV, VÝ_mÌ, _Z, BpÝÐ`, Ah§H$ma, _hV² Am{X {dH$mam| _| ^r AdmÝVa H$m`©-H$maU-naånam h¡Ÿ& Eogr Ñ{ï> AUwdmXr _| ^r h¡Ÿ& CZHo$ _V _| AUw Am{X_ H$maU h¡Ÿ& KQ> H$m gmjmV² H$maU

6.gm§»`-gyÌ 247 H$nmb h¡, AUw Zht (AUw go ÛçUwH$, Cggo ÌgaoU,w Bg H«$_ go H«$_e: H$nmb ~ZVm h¡Ÿ& nyd^ © m{dËdo Û`moaHo $Vañ` hmZo@Ý`Va `moJ:Ÿ&1/75Ÿ& Am{X_ CnmXmZ H$maU àH¥${V Ed§ gd© {Z{_Îm Ðï>m nwéf-`o Xmo {ZË` Ed§ AZm{X h¢Ÿ& nwéf {ZpîH«$` h¡, AV: H$m`© ê$n n[aUm_ Ho$ à{V CgH$m gmjmV² H$Îm©Î¥ d Zht h¡, gwVam§ {dH$mam| Ho$ gmW gmjmV² gå~ÝY àH¥${V H$m hr h¡Ÿ& òï¥>Ëd dñVwV: àH¥${V H$m h¡, na CgH$m CnMma nwéf _| hmoVm h¡Ÿ& n[apÀN>Þ§ Z gdm}nmXmZ_²Ÿ&1/76Ÿ& My§{H$ àH¥${V g^r H$m CnmXmZ h¡ AV: dh n[apÀN>Þ Zht h¡, AWm©V² dh Xoe Am¡a H$mb go AdpÀN>>Þ Zht hmoVrŸ (Aì`º$ àH¥${V H$m H$moB© AmYma Zht h¡Ÿ& Xoe H$mbmVrV _yb àH¥${V {Zad`d Ed§ AZm{lV h¡Ÿ)& VXwËn{ÎmlwVío MŸ&1/77Ÿ& n[apÀN>Þ ì`º$ nXmWm] H$s CËn{Îm hmoVr h¡, Eogr lw{V h¡Ÿ& (AnapÀN>Þ àH¥${V H$m H$moB© CnmXmZ H$maU Zht h¡; AV: -Hm$aU _| b` hmoZm-ê$n Zme ^r àH¥${V H$m Zht hmoVm h¡, dh Am{X hrZ VWm AÝVhrZ h¡)Ÿ& Zm@dñVwZmo dñVw{g{Õ:Ÿ&1/78Ÿ& A^md hr dñVw H$m H$maU h¡,Eogm _mZH$a ^mdê$n àH¥${V Ho$H$maUËd H$mIÊS>Z Zht {H$m Om gH$Vm, Š`m|{H$ A^md ê$n AdñVw go dñVw H$s {g{Õ Zht hmo gH$VrŸ& A~mYmXXwï>H$maUOÝ`ËdmÀM ZmdñVwËd_²Ÿ&1/79Ÿ& ñdßZ H$s Vah OJV² H$mo AdñVw Zht H$h gH$Vo, Š`m|{H$ OJV² H$m ~mY Zht hmoVmŸ& OJV² H$m kmZ BpÝÐ` Ûmam ^r Zht h¡, AV: OJV² AdñVw Zht hmo gH$VmŸ& ^mdo VÚmoJZo VpËg{Õa^mdo VX^mdmV² Hw$VñVpËg{Õ:Ÿ&1/80Ÿ& H$maU `{X ^md nXmW© hmo Vmo CgHo$ `moJ go H$m`© ^md^yV nXmW© hr CËnÞ hmoJmŸ& H$maU `{X A^md ê$n hmoJ Vmo dh {H$g ê$n go H$m`© CËnÞ H$aoJm ? Z H$_©U CnmXmZËdm`moJmV²Ÿ&1/81Ÿ& H$_© hr OJV² H$m H$maU h¡-àH¥${V ê$n CnmXmZ H$s Amdí`H$Vm Zht h¡-Eogm Zht H$hm Om gH$VmŸ& H$_© {H$gr H$m CnmXmZ Zht hmo gH$VmŸ& H$_© {Z{_Îm H$maU _mÌ h¡Ÿ& Bg àH$ma {_Ï`mkmZ ê$nm A{dÚm hr OJV² H$m H$maU h¡, Eogm Zht H$hm Om gH$VmŸ&

248 gm§»`-Xe©Z H$m d¡km{ZH$ AmYma ZmZwl{dH$mX{n VpËg{Õ: gmÜ`ËdoZmd¥{Îm`moJmXnwéfmW©Ëd_²Ÿ&1/82Ÿ& AmZwl{dH$ (doXmoº$) Cnm`m| go ^r na_ nwéfmW© H$s {g{Õ Zht hmo gH$Vr, Š`m|{H$ doXmoº$ `km{X-H$_m] Ho$ ~hþ{H«$`mgmÜ` hmoZo H$o H$maU CZgo nwZamd¥{Îm (g§gma _| nwZ: AmJ_Z) H$s gå^mdZm ahVr hr h¡Ÿ& {dZmer Ðì`-hoVHw $ `km{X H$_m] go {H$gr A{dZmer \$b H$s àm{á gå^d Zht h¡Ÿ& VÌ àmá{ddoH$ñ`mZmd¥{Îmlw{V:Ÿ&1/83Ÿ& H$_©-{deof Ho$ \$b Ho$ ê$n _| AZmd¥{Îmê$n _moj _| A{YJ_ H$m CëboI `{X emñÌ _o§ hmo Vmo `h g_PZm Mm{h`o {H$ gmYH$ Zo H$_©bãY ~«÷bmoH$mA{X _| {ddoH$ kmZ _| AÜ`mg {H$`m WmŸ, {Oggo CgH$mo AnwZamd¥{Îm ê$n _moj {_bmŸ& ~«÷bmoH$m{X _| kmZmä`mg H$mar CÀM gmYH$m| H$m CëboI nwamUm{X _| {_bVm h¡Ÿ& Xw:ImX² Xw:I§ Obm{^foH$dÞ OmS>ç {d_moj$:Ÿ&1/84Ÿ& `km{X H$_m] _| bmo^, qhgm Am{X Xmof h¢, AV: CZH$m Aml`H$mar _mojmWu EH$ Xw:I go AÝ` Xw:I _| {JaVm h¡Ÿ& erVpŠbï> ì`{º$ H$m Obm{^foH$ H$aZo na O¡gr AdñWm hmoVr h¡,g§gma Xw:I go N>Qy >Zo Ho$ {b`o Ðì``km{Xê$n H$_© H$m AZwð>mZ H$aZo dmbo H$s dhr AdñWm hmoVr h¡Ÿ& H$må`o@H$må`o@{n gmÜ`Ëdm{deofmV²Ÿ&1/85Ÿ& H$m_ gH$m_ hmo$ `m {ZîH$m_, Cggo Xw:I hr {_bVm h¡, Š`m|{H$ gH$m_ H$s Vah {ZîH$m_ H$_© ^r (O‹S> dñVw Ûmam hr) gmÜ` h¡Ÿ& {ZîH$m_ H$_© àm`: gÎdew{Õ H$maH$ h¡, na gÎdew{Õ-H$maH$ kmZ ^r {ÌJwUmË_H$ hmoZo go Xw:ImË_H hr$ h¡& Û`moaHo $Vañ` dm@ß`g{ÞH¥$ï>mW© n[apÀN>{Îm: à_m, VËgmYH$V_§ `V² VV² {Ì{dY§ à_mU_²Ÿ&1/87Ÿ& Aàmá dñVw H m$ nyar Vah YmaU à_m h¡Ÿ&`h AdYmaU ~w{Õ-nwéf ê$n XmoZm| VÎdm| H$m Y_© _mZm Om gH$Vm h¡, Ho$db nwéf `m Ho$db ~w{Õ H$m ^r _mZm Om gH$Vm h¡Ÿ& dñVw H$m AdYmaU ê$n kmZ ~w{Õ H$m EH$ n[aUm_ h¡Ÿ& `h nwéf ê$n {Z{d©H$ma hoVw Ho$ g{ÞYmZ (g§gJ©) go hr ì`º$ hmoVm h¡Ÿ& `h ~w{Õn[aUm_ê$n à_m nwéf _o§ CnM[aV_mÌ hmoVr h¡, AV: à_m H$mo {d{^Þ Ñ{ï>`m| go ~w{Õ H$m Y_©, nwéf H$m Y_©, `m ~w{Õ-nwéf-Y_© H$hm Om gH$Vm h¡Ÿ&Bg à_m H$m Omo gmYH$V_(\$b Ho$ gmW `wº$) H$aU h¡, dh à_mU H$hbmVm h¡Ÿ& `h à_mU àËdj, AZw_mZ, Am¡a eãX ê$n go {Ì{dY h¡Ÿ&

6.gm§»`-gyÌ 249 VpËgÕm¡ gd© {gÕoZm©{YŠ` {g{Õ:Ÿ&1/88Ÿ& VrZ à_mU go hr g~ àH$ma Ho$ {df`m| H$r {g{Õ hmo gH$Vr h¡, AV: Cn_mZ Am{X H$mo AbJ à_mU _mZZo H$s Amdí`H$Vm Zht h¡Ÿ& `V² gå~Õ{gÕ§ VXmH$mamoëbo{I {dkmZ§ VV² àË`j_²Ÿ&1/89Ÿ& Omo {dkmZ (~w{Õd¥{Îm) dñVw go gå~Õ hmoH$a CgHo AmH$ma H$m hmo OmVm h¡, dh àË`j à_mU H$hbmVm h¡Ÿ& `hm§ d¥{Îm hr àË`j à_mU h¡, Omo ñd-AW©g{ÞH$f©-O{ZV AmH$ma H$m Aml` h¡Ÿ& d¥{Îm àXrn{eIm Vwë` h¡, Omo AWm©H$ma H$s Cëbo{IZr hmoVr h¡Ÿ& `mo{JZm_~møàË`jËdmÞ Xmof:Ÿ&1/90Ÿ& {nN>bo gyÌ _| BpÝÐ` Ho$ àË`j H$m bjU ^r H$hm h¡Ÿ& `moJr _| `h bjU Zht XrIZm H$moB© Xmof Zht h¡Ÿ& `moJr H$m AVrV-AZmJV kmZñWyb ê$n _| dñVw Ho$ {dÚ_mZ Z ahZo na ^r hmoVm h¡Ÿ& brZ dñVw bãYm{Ve` gå~ÝYmÛm Z Xmof:Ÿ&1/91Ÿ& `moJr H$m {MÎm `moJOmV Eogo A{Ve` go `wº$ h¡ {H$ dh H$maU _| brZ dñVw Ho$ gmW ^r AnZm gå~ÝY H$a gH$Vm h¡ {Oggo dñVw H$m àË`j kmZ hmoVm h¡Ÿ& B©ídam{gÕo:Ÿ&1/92Ÿ& B©ída {ZË` kmZ `wº$ h¡, Am: CgHo$ àË`j hmoZo Ho$ {b`o g{ÞH$f© H$s Anojm Zht h¡Ÿ& e§H$mH$mar Ûmam ñdrH¥$V B©ída Ho$ Z hmoZo go àË`j bjU XmofhrZ hr h¡Ÿ& _wº$~Õ`moaÝ`Vam^mdm Þ VpËg{Õ:Ÿ&1/93Ÿ& e§H$mH$mar {Og àH$ma Ho$ nXmW© H$mo B©ída g_PVo h¢ dh Z _wº$ hmo gH$Vm h¡ Am¡a Z ~ÕŸ& ~Õ Am¡a _wº$ Ho$ Abmdm H$moB© AÝ` H$mo{Q> Zht h¡Ÿ& C^`Wm@ß`gËH$aËd_²Ÿ&1/94Ÿ& B©ídaH$mo _wº$ _mZZo go CgH$m OJV²-òïwËd CËnÞ Zht hmoVm Š`m|{H$ _wº$ nwéf _o§ BÀN>m-à`ËZ Am{X Zht hmo gH$VoŸ& `{X B©ída H$mo ~Õ _mZ| Vmo CgHo$ {b`o g¥{ï> H$aZm gå^d Zht h¡Ÿ& _wº$mË_Z: àe§gm Cnmgm {gÕñ` dmŸ&1/95Ÿ& B©ída Ho$ {df` _| Omo lw{V dMZ h¢ CZ_|H$w N> _wº$mË_m H$s àe§gm H$aVo h¢, Hw$N> [gÕ H$s CnmgZm H$o {b`o h¢Ÿ& VËg{ÞYmZmX{Yð>mV¥Ëd§ _{UdV²Ÿ&1/96Ÿ&

250 gm§»`-Xe©Z H$m d¡km{ZH$ AmYma nwéf Ho$ g{ÞYmZ go hr A{Yð>mV¥Ëd (g¥{ï>H$m[aËd) {gÕ hmoVm h¡, {Og àH$ma A`ñH$mÝV _{U g{ÞYmZ-_mÌ go hr eë` H$mo AnZr Amoa ItMVm h¡Ÿ& {deof H$m`}îd{n OrdmZm_²Ÿ&1/97Ÿ& {deof H$m`m] _| AWm©V² ì`{ï> g¥{ï> _| ^r Ordm| (AÝV:H$aU à{V{~på~V MoVZm|) H$m g{ÞYmZ ê$nA{Yð>mV¥Ëd ahVm h¡Ÿ& {gÕê$n~moÕË¥ dmÛmŠ`mWm}nXoe:Ÿ&1/98Ÿ& {haÊ`J^© Am{X AmMm`© `WmW© AW© OmZVo h¢, AV: CZH$m CnXoe à_mU h¡Ÿ& AÝV:H$aUñ` VXwÁÁd{bVËdmëbmohdX{Yð>mV¥Ëd_²Ÿ&1/99Ÿ& bm¡h {Og àH$ma A{¾g§`moJ Ûmam Vá hmoH$a ObmVm h¡, Cgr àH$ma {MXm^mg`wº$ O‹S> AÝV:H$aU Xohm{X H$m A{Yð>mVm hmoH$a CZH$mo MbmVm h¡Ÿ& à{V~ÝYÑe: à{V~ÕkmZ_Zw_mZ_²Ÿ&1/100Ÿ& à{V~ÝY Ho$ kmVm H$mo ì`má dñVw Ho$ Xe©Z Ho$ ~mX ì`mnH$ H$m Omo {ZíM` hmoVm h¡, dh AZw_mZ à_mU h¡Ÿ& AmámonXoe: eãX:Ÿ&1/101Ÿ& Amá(kmZr) H$m CnXoe ê$n Omo eãX h¡, Cggo àmá kmZ eãX à_mU h¢Ÿ& C^`{g{Õ: à_mUmV² VXwnXoe:Ÿ&1/102Ÿ& AmË_m Am¡a AZmË_m (nañna ^oX OmZZm) H$s {g{Õ à_mU go hmoVr h¡, Bg {b`o à_mU H$m {dMma {H$`m J`m h¡Ÿ& gm_mÝ`VmoÑï>mXw^`{g{Õ:Ÿ&1/103Ÿ& gm_mÝ`VmÑï> Zm_H$ AZw_mZ à_mU go àH¥${V-nwéf ê$n XmoZm| AVrpÝÐ` VÎdm| H$s {g{Õ hmoVr h¡Ÿ& gm_mÝ`V: XrIZo Ho$ H$maU Zht XrIZo na ^r {H$gr dñVw H$mo gd© ì`má _mZm Om`, `h gm_mÝ`Vmo Ñï> AZw_mZ h¡Ÿ& {MXdgmZmo ^moJ:Ÿ&1/104Ÿ& ^moJ ê$n {g{Õ H$s g_m{á {MV²ñdê$nnwéf _| hmoVm h¡Ÿ&(^moJê$n {dH$ma ~w{Õ _| hr ah nmVm h¡, Cggo nwéf {dH¥$V Zht hmoVmŸ& nwéf ^moJ H$m {Z{d©H$ma gmjr ê$n _| ahVm h¡Ÿ& ^moJ na_mW©V: ~w{Õ H$m h¡)Ÿ& AH$Vwa© {n \$bmon^moJmo@ÞmÚdV²Ÿ&1/105Ÿ& `Ú{n nwéf ~w{ÕñW ^moJm{X H$m H$Îmm© Zht h¡,VWm{n ~w{Õ go AbJ nwéf H$mo d¥{Îm \$b H$m ^moº$m _mZm OmVm h¡Ÿ& EH$ AÞCËnÞH$aVm h¡, AÝ` CgH$m ^moJ H$aVm

6.gm§»`-gyÌ 251 h¡-`h bm¡{H$H$ Cn_m Bgr àH$ma H$s h¡Ÿ& A{ddoH$mÛm VpËgÕo: H$Vw:© \$bmdJ_:Ÿ&1/106Ÿ& AWdm A{ddoH$ Ho$ H$maU nwéf H$m ^moº$¥ Ëd _mZm Om gH$Vm h¡Ÿ& nwéfJV ^moJ hr H$_©\$b h¡Ÿ& ~w{Õ Ho$ H$_© Ûmam nwéf _| \$b CËnÞ hmoVm h¡Ÿ& Zmo^`§ M VÎdm»`mZoŸ&1/107Ÿ& VÎdm| H$m gmjmËH$ma hmoZo na gwI-Xw:I ê$n ^moJ H$m CX²^d Zht hmoVmŸ& {df`mo@{df`mo@ß`{VXyamXohm©ZmonmXmZmä`m{_pÝÐ`ñ`Ÿ&1/108Ÿ& A{VXyaVm, A{V {ZH$Q>Vm Am{X Ho$ H$maU BpÝÐ`m| go {df`m| H$m kmZ Zht hmoVm; Bgr àH$ma BpÝÐ`m| H$m AnKmV (A_W©Vm) `m AÝ`_ZñH$Vm Am{X Ho$ H$maU ^r {df` kmZ Zht hmoVmŸ& gm¡úå`mV² VXZw nbpãY:Ÿ&1/109Ÿ& AË`ÝV gyú_ hmoZo (Ad`d Zht hmoZ)o Ho$ H$maU BZH$m AZw^d Zht hmoVmŸ& H$m`©Xe©ZmV² VXwnbãYo:Ÿ&1/110Ÿ& àH¥${V Am{X gyú_ nXmW© Zht ahZo na ^r CZHo$ Ûmam H$m`© hmoZo go CZH$m ApñVËd {gÕ hmoVm h¡Ÿ& dm{X{dà{VnÎmoñVX{g{Õ[a{V MoVŸ² &1/111Ÿ& (e§H$m) {Og gËH$m`©dmX go H$maU^yV {ZË` àH¥${V H$m AZw_mZ {H$`m OmVm h¡, `{X dh dmX hr A{gÕ hmo VmoŸ& VWmß`oH$VaÑï>çm EH$Va{gÕo Zm© nbmn:Ÿ&1/112Ÿ& (g_mYmZ) _V^oX {gÕ hmoZo na ^r `h {ZpíMV h¡ {H$ H$m`© hmoZo na CgH$m H$maU Adí` hmoJmŸ& {Ì{dY[damoYmnÎmo:Ÿ&1/113Ÿ& {H$gr H$m`© H$m {Ì{dY ì`dhma h¡-AVrV, dV©_mZ ,^{dî`Ÿ& `h ^oX CgHo$ AÜd(_mJ©) ^oX go hmoVo h¢, AV: H$m`© H$maU _| gyú_ê$n go h¡Ÿ& ZmgXwËnmXmo Z¥ûm¥“dV²Ÿ&1/114Ÿ& Omo nXmW© Zaûm¥“ H$s Vah AgV²({dÚ_mZ Zht) h¡, CgH$s CËn{Îm Zht hmoVr& CnmXmZ {Z`_mV²Ÿ&1/115Ÿ& CnmXmZ {Z`_ Ho$ H$maU _mZZm n‹S>Vm h¡ {H$ AnZo {ZpíMV CnmXmZ _| H$m`© (Aì`º$ ê$n _|) ahVm h¡Ÿ& KQ> {_Å>r go hr hmoVm h¡, nQ> VÝVw go hr CËnÞhmoVm h¡,

252 gm§»`-Xe©Z H$m d¡km{ZH$ AmYma AÝ`m| go Zht, AV: H$m`© AnZo CnmXmZ _| gyú_ ê$n go {dÚ_mZ h¡Ÿ& gd©Ì gd©Xm gdm© gå^dmV²Ÿ&1/116Ÿ& nydm}º$ CnmXmZ {Z`_ Z _mZZo na gd©Ì g~ Hw$N> CËnÞ hmoJm, {H$ÝVw Eogm Zht XrIVm, AV: CnmXmZ {Z`_ _mZZm n‹S>Vm h¡Ÿ {Oggo gËH$m`©dmX {gÕ hmoVm h¡Ÿ& eº$ñ` eŠ`H$aUmV²Ÿ&117Ÿ& eº$(H$m`© j_Vm dmbm) H$maU hr `mo½`VmZwê$n H$m`© H$mo CËnÞ H$a gH>Vm h¡Ÿ& `h e{º$ H$m`© H$s AZmJV AdñWm hr h¡Ÿ& AV: A{dÚ_mZ H$m`© H$s CËn{Îm Zht hmoVrŸ& H$maU^mdmÀMŸ&1/118Ÿ& CËn{Îm go nhbo H$m`© H$maU go {^Þ h¡-Eogr lw{V h¡, AV: AgV² go CËn{Îm Zht _mZ gH$VoŸ& Z ^mdo ^md`moJíMoVŸ² &1/119Ÿ& (e§H$m) H$m`© `{X CnmXmZ _| {dÚ_mZ h¡-Vmo Cgo {ZË` _mZZm n‹S>Jo mŸ& V~ ^mdê$n H$m`© _| CËn{Îm H$m gå~ÝY Zht h¡Ÿ& AWm©V² HmoB© nXmW© CËnÞ Zht hmo nm`oJmŸ& Zm{^ì`{º${Z~ÝYZm¡ ì`dhmamì`dhmam¡Ÿ&1/120Ÿ& `h e§H$m ~oH$ma h¡ Š`m|{H$ H$m`© CËnÞ hmoZm `m Zht hmoZm A{^ì`{º$-{Z~ÝYZ h¡Ÿ& AWm©V² H$m`© ñWyb ê$n _| àH$Q> hmoZo H$mo CËnÞ hmoZm H$hVo h¢Ÿ& Cgr àH$ma Aì`º$ ahZo na Cgo CËnÞ Zht _mZVoŸ& Zme: H$maUb`:Ÿ&1/121Ÿ& (gËH$m`©dmX H$s Ñ{ï> _|) Zme H$m AW© h¡-H$m`© H$m CnmXmZ H$maU _| b`Ÿ& nmaån`©VmoÝdofUm ~rOm‘x>adV²Ÿ&1/122Ÿ& (`{X gËH$m`©dmX Ho$ AZwgma) A{^ì`{º$ H$mo H$m`© _mZ| Vmo AZdñWm-Xmof hmoVm h¡Ÿ& V~ ~rOm‘x>anaånam-Ý`m` go CgH$m g_mYmZ hmoVm h¡Ÿ& CËn{ÎmdÛm@Xmof:Ÿ&1/123Ÿ& gËH$m`©dmX _| H$maU _| gyú_ ê$n go pñWV dñVw H$m ñWyb _y{Îm©ê$n H$m`© _mZZo na A{^ì`{º$ na Amjon hmoVm h¡Ÿ& `hr Xmof Amaå^dmX _| ^r h¡ Omo Z`o H$m`© H$s CËn{Îm _mZVm h¡Ÿ& {Og àH$ma go d¡e{o fH$ Am{X AgËH$m`©dmXr BgH$m g_mYmZ H$aVo h¢, Cgr àH$ma A{^ì`{º$ nj H$m ^r g_mYmZ hmo gH$Vm h¡Ÿ&

6.gm§»`-gyÌ 253 hoV_w X{ZË`§ (Aì`m{n) g{H«$`_ZoH$_m{lV§ {b“_²Ÿ&1/124Ÿ& {b“ ({OgH$m b` hmo-AWm©V² ì`º$ nXmW©) hoVw_mZ² (H$maU g{hV), A{ZË` (EH$ ê$n Z| Zht ahZo dmbm), Aì`mnr, g{H«$`, AZoH$ (àË`oH$ g¥{ï> _| {^Þ) Ed§ Am{lV h¡Ÿ& AmÄOñ`mX^oXVmo dm JwUgm_mÝ`mXoñVpËg{Õ: àYmZì`nXoemX² dmŸ&1/125Ÿ& H$maU go AbJ {b“ ê$n H$m`© H$ht ñnï> XrIVm h¡,H$ht AbJ JwU Am¡a gm_mÝ` {b“ go hmoVm h¡Ÿ& H$m`©-H$maU H$m ^oX-A^oX gå~ÝY ~VmZo Ho$ {b`o gm§»`mMm`m] Zo àH¥${V H$mo àYmZ H$hm h¡, AWm©V² Bg_o§ H$m`© AZw^yV hmoVm h¡ (àYr`Vo Apñ_Z² H$m`©_)² &H$m`© H$maU AbJ hmoZo na XmoZm| _| AmYma-AmYo` gå~ÝY Zht hmoJmŸ& {ÌJwUmMoVZËdm{X Û`mo:Ÿ&1/126Ÿ& Ë`º$ _hV²-Ah‘>ma Am{X nXmW© Am¡a Ë`º$ àH¥${V Am{X _o§ Hw$N> g_mZVm h¡XmoZm| {ÌJwU, A{ddo{H$`m| H$s Ñ{ï> _| {df`, gm_mÝ`, àgdY_u h¢Ÿ& àrË`àr{V{dfmXmÚ¡JU ©w mZm_Ý`mo@Ý`§ d¡Yå`©_Ÿ² &1/127Ÿ& VrZ JwU EH$ Xygao na Am{lV h¢Ÿ& V~ ^r CZHo$ Y_© AbJ h¢-g$Îd àr{V Y_©H$, aO Aàr{V H$maH$, VWm V_ {dfmX ~‹T>mZo dmbm h¡Ÿ& b¿dm{XY_£: gmYå`© d¡Yå`ª M JwUmZm_²Ÿ&1/128Ÿ& (b¿dm{XY_£aÝ`moÝ`§ gmYå`© d¡Yå`©{_Vaofm_²) g^r ì`{º$`m| _| gÎd bKwVm, aO J{V H$aVm h¡,V_ ^marnZ bmVm h¡&EH$ H$m gmYå`© AÝ` Xmo H$m d¡Yå`© h¡Ÿ& C^`m Ý`ËdmV² H$m`©Ëd§ _hXmXoKQ© >m{XdV²Ÿ&1/129Ÿ& àH¥${Vê$n _yb CnmXmZ Ed§ nwéf ê$n An[aUm_r MoVZ go Omo {^Þ h¡ dh H$m`© h¡Ÿ& _hV² Am{X `moJ h¡Ÿ, AV: nwéf Zht h¢Ÿ& `o {dZmer h¢, AV: àH¥${V Zht h¢Ÿ& n[aUm_mV²Ÿ&1/130Ÿ& _hV², Ah‘>ma, VÝ_mÌ Am{X H$m`© h¢, Š`m|{H$ do n[apÀN>Þ n[aUm_ dmbo h¢Ÿ& A_o` àH¥${V H$m àË`oH$ {dH$ma Agr_ hr hmoJmŸ& g_Ýd`mV²Ÿ&1/131Ÿ& g_Ýd` go ^r OmZm OmVm h¡ {H$ _hV², Ah‘>ma Am{X H$m`© h¢Ÿ& Cndmg Ûmam jrU ~w{Õ Am{X H$m g_Ýd` AÞ Am{X go hmoVm h¡Ÿ& AV: do H$m`© h¢Ÿ& gXm {~Zm Ad`d H$m hmoZo na Ad`dm| Ho$ àdoe go g_Ýd` Zht hmoVmŸ& e{º$VíMo{VŸ&1/132Ÿ&

254 gm§»`-Xe©Z H$m d¡km{ZH$ AmYma e{º$=H$m`©Ÿ& nwéf H$m H$aU Mjw Am{X ^r H$m`© h¢& _hV² VÎd `{X H$m`© hmo Vmo Cggo CËnÞ Ah‘>ma Am{X ^r H$m`© hr hm|JoŸ& VÕmZo àH¥${V: nwéfmo dmŸ&1/133Ÿ& `{X H$moB© nXmW© H$m`© Z hmo Vmo dh `m Vmo àH¥${V hmoJm (`{X O‹S> Ed§ n[aUm_r hmo), `m nwéf hmoJm (`{X An[aUm_r ^moº$m hmoŸ)& V`moaÝ`Ëdo VwÀN>Ëd_²Ÿ&1/134Ÿ& `[X H$moB© nXmW© H$m`© Zht h¡, gmW hr dh nwéf `m àH¥${V ^r Zht h¡, Vmo dh VwÀN>(eeûm¥“ H$s Vah H$mën{ZH$) hmoJmŸ& H$m`m©V² H$maUmZw_mZ§ VËgm{hË`mV²Ÿ&1/135Ÿ& _hV² Am{X H$m`© ê$n {b“ go CZHo$ CnmXmZ H$maU H$m AZw_mZ {H$`m OmVm h¡, Š`m|{H$ H$m`© gXm H$maU g{hV h¡Ÿ& Aì`º§$ {ÌJwUmpëb“mV²Ÿ&1/136Ÿ& VrZ JwUm| dmbr àH¥${V _hÎmÎd Ho$ H$maU go ^r A{YH$ gyú_ h¡Ÿ& _hV² Ho$ JwUm| H$m gmjmV² hmo gH$Vm h¡, àH¥${V Ho$ JwUm| H$m gmjmËH$ma Zht hmoVmŸ& VËH$m`©VñVpËgÕoZm©nbmn:Ÿ&1/137Ÿ& Aì`º$ àYmZ H$m ApñVËd AnZo _hV² Am{X H$m`m] go hr {gÕ hmoVm h¡Ÿ& AV: AZw^d _| Zht AmZo na ^r CgH$m Anbmn Zht {H$`m Om gH$VmŸ& gm_mÝ`oZ {ddmXm^mdmÕ_©dÞ (VV²) gmYZ_²Ÿ&1/138Ÿ& nwéf Ho kmVm hmoZo _| {ddmX Zht h¡, {Og àH$ma Y_©-gm_mÝ` _| H$moB© {ddmX Zht h¡Ÿ& MoVZ ê$n AmË_m H$m ApñVËd g~H$mo ñnï> h¡, CgHo$ {b`o VH©$ Oê$ar Zht h¡Ÿ& earam{Xì`{V[aº$: nw_mZ²Ÿ&1/139Ÿ& nwéf (^moº$m AmË_m) eara Am{X O‹S> nXmWm] go AbJ h¡Ÿ& g§hVnamW©ËdmV²Ÿ&1/140Ÿ& Š`m|{H$ àH¥${V, _Z, eara Am{X O‹S> nXmW© g§hV h¢, g§hV nXmW© namW© hmoVo h¢Ÿ& dh na Adí` Ag§hV hmoJm Omo O‹S>Ëd hrZ {MÐÿn nwéf (AmË_m) h¡Ÿ& {ÌJwUm{X{dn`©`mV²Ÿ&1/141Ÿ& {ÌJwU Am{X go {déÕ hmoZo Ho$ H$maU {MÐÿn nwéf H$s gÎmm _mZVo h¢Ÿ& eara Ho$ gwI Am{X Omo Y_© h¢, dh gwI Am{X Ho$ ^moº$m Ho$ Zht hmo gH$VoŸ& AV: ^moº m$ nwéf H$mo gÎd Am{X go AbJ dñVw _mZZm n‹S>Jo mŸ&

6.gm§»`-gyÌ 255 A{Yð>mZmÀMo{VŸ&1/142Ÿ& A{Yð>mZ go ^r {MÎm Am{X go AbJ nwéf {gÕ hmoVm h¡Ÿ& àH¥${V A{Y{ð>V h¡, CgH$m A{Yð>mZ H$aZo dmbm nwéf Cggo AbJ hmoJmŸ& ^moº$¥ ^mdmV²Ÿ&1/143Ÿ& ^moº$m ^md eara Am{X _| Zht hmoZo Ho$ H$maU eara go AbJ nwéf H$s gÎmm {gÕ hmoVr h¡Ÿ& H¡$dë`mWª àd¥Îmo (íM)Ÿ&1/144Ÿ& `{X eara Am{X ^moº$m hmoVo Vmo {dZmer eara Ho$ H¡$dë`(Xw:Im| H$m nyU© Zme) Ho$ {b`o {H$gr H$s àd¥{Îm Zht hmoVrŸ& O‹S>àH$me`moJmV² àH$me:Ÿ&1/145Ÿ& nwéf àH$me-ñdê$n h¡Ÿ& O‹S> _| Eogm àH$me Zht hmoVmŸ& {ZJwU © ËdmÞ {MÕ_m©Ÿ&1/146Ÿ& nwéf {ZJwU © h¡, dh àH$me `m VoO aê$n Zht h¡, Š`m|{H$ Cg_| Y_©-Y_u ^md Zht h¡Ÿ& AV: àH$meê$n {MV² CgH$m Y_© Zht H$hm Om gH$VmŸ& lwË`m {gÕñ` ZmnbmnñVËàË`j~mYmV²Ÿ&1/147Ÿ& nwéf {ZJw©U h¡-`h _V lw{V Ûmam g_{W©V h¡Ÿ& nwéf _| JwU `m Y_© lw{V Ûmam ~m{YV h¡Ÿ& gwfßw Ë`mÚgm{jËd_²Ÿ&1/148Ÿ& OmJ«V-ñdßZ-gwfw{á-BZ VrZ AdñWmAm| H$m gmjr hmoZo Ho$ Ho H$maU nwéf An[aUm_r h¡Ÿ& OÝ_m{Xì`dñWmV: nwéf~hþËd_²Ÿ&1/149Ÿ& AbJ AbJ OÝ_ Am¡a _aU go nwéf H$m ~hþËd {gÕ hmoVm h¡Ÿ& Cnm{Y^oX@o ß`oH$ñ` ZmZm`moJ:, AmH$meñ`od KQ>m{X{^:Ÿ&1/150Ÿ& `{X AmË_m EH$ h¡ Vmo AZoH$ Cnm{Y`m| Ho$ gmW CgH$m gXm `moJ _mZZm n‹S>Jo mŸ& {Og àH$ma EH$ KQ> ^§J hmoZo na AÝ` KQ> Ho$ gmW AmË_m H$m `moJ ahVm h¡Ÿ& Bg àH$ma EH$ AmË_m Ho$ {b`o ~ÝYZ _moj Zht hmoVmŸ& Cnm{Y{^©ÚVo Z Vw VÛmZ²Ÿ&1/151Ÿ& `{X AmË_m EH$ hr hmo Vmo dh ~Õ Cnm{Y go gå~Õ ahZo Ho$ H$maU ~Õ H$hbm`oJmŸ& Ed_oH$ËdoZ n[adV©_mZñ` Z {déÕY_m©Ü`mg:Ÿ&1/152Ÿ&

256 gm§»`-Xe©Z H$m d¡km{ZH$ AmYma AÝ`Y_©Ëdo@{n ZmamonmÎmpËg{ÕaoH$ËdmV²Ÿ&1/153Ÿ& gwIm{X ~w{Õ H$m Y_© hmoZo na ^r CZHo$ Amamon go AmYma nwéf H$mo EH$ Zht _mZm Om gH$Vm Š`m|{H$ Bggo ì`dñWm Zht ~ZVrŸ& ZmÛ¡Vlw{V{damoYmo Om{VnaËdmV²Ÿ&1/154Ÿ& AmË_m H$m EH$Ëd `m AÛ¡V ~VmZo dmbr AZoH$ lw{V`m§ h¢, na Eogo lw{V dmŠ` Om{VnaH$ hmoVo h¢Ÿ& àË`oH$ AmË_m EH$ hr O¡gm h¡, Cg_| H$moB© ^oX H$aZo dmbm Y_© Zht h¡Ÿ& CZH$s EH$ Om{V Ho$ ~mao _| hr AÛ¡VdmX H$s lw{V`m§ h¢Ÿ& {d{XV~ÝYH$maUñ` Ñï>çm VÐÿn_²Ÿ&1/155Ÿ& àË`oH$ nwéf Vwë` hmoZo na ^r ~Õ Ordm| H$s Ñ{ï> _| {^Þ bJVm h¡Ÿ& ZmÝYmÑï>çm Mjw î_Vm _Zw nb å^:Ÿ&1/156Ÿ& `{X àË`oH$ nwéf EH$ê$n h¡ Vmo dh XrIZm Mm{h`o, na CgHo$ AbJ AbJ ê$n XrIVo h¢Ÿ& AÝY Zht XoI gH$Vm Vo Am§Idmbm| Ho$ XoIZo H$mo ^yb Zht _mZZm Mm{h`oŸ& dm_Xodm{X_wº © mo ZmÛ¡V_²Ÿ&1/157Ÿ& `{X AmË_m _wº$ hmoVr Vmo dm_Xod Am{X _wº$ Am¡a AÝ` H$B© ~Õ Zht hmoVŸo & AZmXmdÚ`mdX^mdmX² ^{dî`Xß`od_²Ÿ&1/158Ÿ& `{X `h _mZ| {H$ AmO VH$ H$moB© ~Õ> AmË_m _wº$ Zhr § hþAm, Vmo ^{dî` _| ^r _wº$ Zht hmo nm`oJmŸ& BXmZr{_d gd©Ì ZmË`ÝVmoÀN>Xo :Ÿ&1.159Ÿ& Š`m|{H$ V~ AZw_mZ hmoJm {H$ O¡go Bg H$mb _| {H$gr H$m ~ÝYZ CÀN>Xo Zht hþAm Cgr àH$ma ^{dî` _| ^r Zht hmoJmŸ& ì`md¥Îmmo^`ê$n:Ÿ&1/160Ÿ& ~Õ Am¡a _moj -BZ Xmo AdñWmAm| _| nwéf H$m ñdê$n AbJ Zht hmoVmŸ& gmjmËgå~ÝYmV² gm{jËd_²Ÿ&1/161Ÿ& nwéf H$m H$Îmm©nZ ~w{Õ Ho$ H$maU h¡Ÿ& ~w{Õ H$m kmVm hmoZm nwéf H$o H$maU h¡Ÿ& {ZË`_wº$Ëd_²Ÿ&1/162Ÿ& nwéf Xw:I ê$nr ~ÝY go gXm _wº$ h¡Ÿ& Am¡XmgrÝ`§ Mo{VŸ&1/163Ÿ& H$m`©, g‘>ën, {dH$ën, lÕm Am{X go nwéf CXmgrZ (AbJ) h¡Ÿ&

6.gm§»`-gyÌ 257 CnamJmV² H$Îm¥Î© d§ {MËgm{ÞÜ`mpÀMËgm{ÞÜ`mV²Ÿ&1/164Ÿ& nwéf H$m Omo H$Îm¥Ë© d h¡ dh ~w{Õ Ho$ CnamJ Ho$ H$maU h¡Ÿ& ~w{Õ H$m JwU nwéf Ho$ H$maU h¡Ÿ&

{ÛVr` AÜ`m` {d_wº$ ({d)_mojmWª (+ñdmWª ) dm àYmZñ`Ÿ&2/1Ÿ& àYmZ (àH¥${V) H$s àd¥{Îm {ZË`_wº$ nwéf Ho$ {ddoH$mä`mgnydH© $ _moj Ho$ {b`o Ed§ AnZo {b`o (Xw:I go _w{º$ Ho$ {b`o) hmoVr h¡Ÿ& ñd^mdV: Xw:ImVrV nwéf H$s Omo _w{º$ h¡ , CgH$m AW© à{V{~å~ ê$n Xw:I go _w{º$ h¡Ÿ& {daº$ñ` VpËgÕo:Ÿ&2/2Ÿ& {d{dY Xw:I go Vá hmoZo na d¡am½` hmoJm Am¡a Cggo _moj {g{Õ hmoJrŸ& Z ldU_mÌmV² VpËg{ÕaZm{XdmgZm `m ~bdÎdËdmV²Ÿ(nQw>ËdmV²)&2/3Ÿ& Ho$db ldU go d¡am½` Zht hmoVm, Š`m|{H$ Ord AZm{XH$mb go dmgZm~Õ h¡Ÿ& ~hþ^Ë¥ `dÛm àË`oH$_²Ÿ&2/4Ÿ& {Og àH$ma EH$ J¥hñW Ho$ Ûmam ^aU `mo½` AZoH$ ór-nwÌ Am{X hmoVo h¢, Cgr àH$ma JwUm| go _wº$ hmoZo Ho$ {b`o Ag§»` nwéf h¡Ÿ& ~hþV go nwéf _wº$ hmoZo na ^r H$B© nwéf {dÚ_mZ ah|Jo, g¥{ï> naånam H$^r ~ÝX Zht hmoJrŸ& àH¥${VdmñVdo M nwéfñ`mÜ`mg{g[Õ:Ÿ&2/5Ÿ& g¥{ï> VrZ JwUm| go hmoZo Ho$ H$maU àH¥${V H$m hr Y_© h¡, {ZJ©wU nwéf dmñV{dH$ H$Îmm© Zht h¡Ÿ& H$m`©ñVpËg[Õ:Ÿ(Õo:)&2/6Ÿ& H$Îmm©nZ nwéf _| Zht àH¥${V _| h¡, Š`m|{H$ {ÌJwU `wº$ gV² nXmW© hr àYmZ H$maH$ h¡, dh {MÐÿn nwéf H$m H$m`© Zht h¡Ÿ& MoVZmonXoem{Þ`_: H$ÊQ>H$_mojdV²Ÿ&2/7Ÿ& {Og àH$ma Omo ì`{º$ Cnm` OmZVm h¡ CgH$mo H$m§Q>m go H$ï> Zht hmoVm, Cgr àH$ma {ddoH$s gmYH$ H$mo àH¥${V go H$ï> Zht hmoVmŸ& AÝ``moJ@o {n VpËg{ÕZm©ÄOñ`oZm`moXmhdV²Ÿ&2/8Ÿ& àH¥${V go g§`moJ hmoZo na ^r g¥{ï> {H«$`m àH¥${V H$m hr Y_© hmoVm h¡, nwéf H$m ZhtŸ& {Og àH$ma A{¾`wº$ bmohm O~ ObVm h¡ Vmo A{¾ ObVr h¡, bmohm ZhtŸ& amJ{damJ`mo`m}J: g¥{ï>:Ÿ&2/9Ÿ&

258 gm§»`-Xe©Z H$m d¡km{ZH$ AmYma amJ go g¥{ï> hmoVr h¡ Am¡a {damJ go ñdê$nmdñWmZ ê$n `moJ {gÕ hmoVm h¡Ÿ& _hXm{X H«$_oU nÄ M ^yVmZm_²Ÿ&2/10Ÿ& g¥{ï> H$m H«$_ h¡-àH¥${V go _hmZ², _hmZ² go Ah‘>ma, Ah§ go 11 BpÝÐ`m§ Ed§ 5 VÝ_mÌ, VÝ_mÌ go ^yV(gyÌ 1/16)Ÿ& AmË_mW©ËdmV² g¥ ï>o Z£ fm_mË_mW© Amaå^:Ÿ&2/11Ÿ& g¥{ï> AmË_mW© h¡Ÿ&Ÿ_hV² Am{X go Omo {dH$mam| H$s g¥{ï> h¡, dh AnZo {b`o Zht nwéf _moj Ho$ {b`o h¡Ÿ& My§[H$ _hV² Am{X {dZmer h¢, CZH$m _moj Zht hmoVmŸ& {XŠH$mbmdmH$mem{Xä`:Ÿ&2/12Ÿ& Omo IÊS> {XH²$ Am¡a H$mb h§, do AmH$me go CZ Cnm{Y`m| Ho$ `moJ go CËnÞ hmoVo h¢Ÿ& AÜ`dgm`mo ~w{Õ:Ÿ&2/13Ÿ& _hÎmÎd (~w{Õ) H$m bjU AÜ`dgm` ({ZíM`) h¡Ÿ& gyÌ _| Y_© Am¡a Y_u H$mo EH$ _mZH$a AÜ`dgm` H$mo hr ~w{Õ H$hm J`m h¡Ÿ& VËH$m`ª Y_m© {X:Ÿ&2/14Ÿ& Y_©-kmZ-d¡am½`-Eoíd`©-`o 4 _hÎmÎd ~w{Õ Ho$ (gmpÎdH$) H$m`© (ê$n) h¢Ÿ& _h Xw namJm{Û nar V_²Ÿ&2/15Ÿ& CnamJ go (V_ Ho$ à^md go) gÎd~hwb ~w{Õ VÎd _| AY_©-AkmZ-d¡am½`AZ¡íd`© ê$n 4 Y_© hmoVo h¢Ÿ& A{^_mZmo@h‘>ma:Ÿ&2/16Ÿ& Ah‘>ma (AÝV:H$aU H$m EH$ A§e) A{^_mZ Y_©H$ h¡ (A{^_mZ=Ah§, __Vm)Ÿ& EH$mXe nÄMVÝ_m̧ VËH$m`©_Ÿ² &2/17Ÿ& 5 kmZopÝÐ`, 5 H$_}pÝÐ`, 1 _Z (11 nXmW©) VWm 5 VÝ_mÌ (eãX-ñne©-ê$nag-JÝY) Ah‘>ma VÎd Ho$ H$m`© h¢Ÿ& gmpÎdH$_oH$m XeH§$ àdV©Vo d¡H$¥ VmXh‘>mamV²Ÿ&2/18Ÿ& 11 dt B[ÝÐ` _Z gmpÎdH$ Ah‘>ma go CËnÞ hmoVr h¡Ÿ& (AWm©V² 5 kmZopÝÐ` ,5 H$_}pÝÐ` amOg Ah‘>ma go hmoVo h¢)Ÿ& H$_}pÝÐ` ~wÕr pÝÐ`¡ amÝVa_o H$m XeH$_²Ÿ&2/19Ÿ& 5 kmZopÝÐ`, 5 H$_}pÝÐ` VWm 1 _Z ê$n AmÝVa B[ÝÐ` H$mo {_bmH$a BpÝÐ` 11 hmoVr h¢Ÿ& Amh‘>m[aH$Ëd lwVZo © ^m¡{VH$m{ZŸ&2/20Ÿ&

6.gm§»`-gyÌ 259 `o 11 BpÝÐ`m§ ^yV {Z{_©V Zht h¢, ~pëH$ Amh‘>m[aH$ h¢ , Š`m|{H$ lw{V _| Eogm H$hm J`m h¡Ÿ& XodVmb ` lw{V (Vo) Zm© aå^H$ñ`Ÿ&2/21Ÿ& lw{V Ho$ AZwgma BpÝÐ`m| H$m b` AnZo A{Yð>mV¥ XodVm _| hmoVm h¡Ÿ& AV: BpÝÐ`m| H$m CnmXmZ Ah‘>ma (fð> A{deof ê$n Apñ_Vm) Zht h¡-Eogm Zht H$hm Om gH$Vm, Š`m|{H$ Eogm dMZ AnZo H$maU _| b` Ho$ à{VnmXZ Ho$ {b`o Zht H$hm J`m h¡Ÿ& VXwËn{Îm lwV{o d©Zme Xe©ZmÀMŸ&2/22Ÿ& BpÝÐ`m§ CËnÞ hmoVr h¢ ({ZË` Zht h¢) Š`m|{H$ lw{V _| Eogm H$hm J`m h¡Ÿ& CZHo$ {dZme Ho$ H$maU ^r do A{ZË` h¢Ÿ& AVrpÝÐ`{_pÝÐ`§ ^«mÝVmZm_{Yð>mZo( Z_²)Ÿ&2/23Ÿ& dñVwV: BpÝÐ` AVrpÝÐ` (BpÝÐ` Ûmam gmjmËH$aUr` Zht) h¡Ÿ& BpÝÐ` Ho$ A{Yð>mZ (eara Ho$ `ÝÌ {deof Omo JmobH$ H$hbmVo h¢) H$mo Ak hr BpÝÐ` g_PVo h¢Ÿ& e{º$^oX@o {n ^oX{gÕm¡ Z¡H$Ëd_²Ÿ&2/24Ÿ& Eogm gÝXoh Zht hmo gH$Vm {H$ EH$ hr BpÝÐ` h¡ Omo e{º$^oX go {dbjU H$m`© H$aVr h¡, Š`m|{H$ e{º$^oX go e{º$_mZ _| ^oX ñdV: {gÕ hmo OmVm h¡Ÿ& (e{º$ hr BpÝÐ` h¡, ê$n-J«hU e{º$ hr Mjw BpÝÐ` h¡)Ÿ& Z H$ënZm {damoY: à_mU Ñï> ñ`Ÿ&2/25Ÿ& EH$ Ah‘>ma go AZoH$ BpÝÐ`m| H$s CËn{Îm _mZZo _| H$moB© {damoY Zht h¡, Š`m|{H$ `h à_mU {gÕ h¡(AbJ AbJ H$m`© go)Ÿ& C^`mË_H§$ _Z:Ÿ&2/26Ÿ& _Z kmZopÝÐ`-H$_}pÝÐ` XmoZm| h¡Ÿ& JwU n[aUm_ ^oXmÞmZmËd_dñWmdV²Ÿ&2/27Ÿ& _Z H$m ZmZmËd JwUm| Ho$ n[aUm_ ^oX go hmoVm h¡Ÿ& {Og àH$ma g§J ^oX go EH$ _Zwî` H$m_wH$, {daº$ Am{X hmoVm h¡Ÿ& ê$nm{X ag_bmÝV C^`mo:Ÿ&2/28Ÿ& kmZopÝÐ`m|-Mjw, ËdH²$, lmoÌ, {Oˆm, Zmgm- Ho$ {df` h¢-ê$n-ñne©-eãXag-JÝYŸ& H$_}pÝÐ`m| Ho$ {df` h¢-dmH²$ H$m dº$ì`, nm{U H$m AmXmVì`, nmX H$m JÝVì`, nm`w H$m CËg¥ï>ì`, CnñW H$m AmZÝX{`Vì`Ÿ& ApÝV_ H$m H$m`©

260 gm§»`-Xe©Z H$m d¡km{ZH$ AmYma _b CËgJ© h¡Ÿ& Ðï¥>Ëdm{XamË_Z:, H$aUËd{_pÝÐ`mUm_²Ÿ&2/29Ÿ& Ðï¥>Ëd Am{X ì`mnma nwéf Ho$ h¢Ÿ& H$maUËd BpÝÐ`m| H$m h¡Ÿ& Ì`mUm§ ñdmbjÊ`_²Ÿ&2/30Ÿ& ~w{Õ, Ah‘>ma, _Z-H$s AgmYmaU d¥{Îm`m§ AbJ-AbJ h¢Ÿ& ~w{Õ H$m AÜ`dgm`, Ah‘>ma H$m A{^_mZ, _Z H$m g‘>ën-{dH$ën& `o d¥{Îm`m§ BZHo$ bjU ^r h¢Ÿ& gm_mÝ` H$aU d¥{Îm: àUmÚm dm`d: nÄMŸ&2/31Ÿ& àmU, AnmZ, g_mZ, CXmZ Am¡a ì`mZ- `o 5 dm`w (dm`w Ho$ g_mZ gÄMaUerb) h¢, AÝV:H$aU H$s gmYmaU d¥{Îm (n[aUm_ ^oX) h¢Ÿ& H«$_emo@H«$_eíMopÝÐ`d¥{Îm:Ÿ&2/32Ÿ& BpÝÐ`m| H$s d¥{Îm`m§ H«$_e: ^r hmoVr h¢, EH$ gmW ^rŸ& d¥Îm`: nÄMVæ`: pŠbï>mpŠbï>m (íM)Ÿ&2/33Ÿ& `o d¥{Îm`m§ 5 àH$ma H$s h¢, àË`oH$ d¥{Îm Xmo àH$ma H$s h¢-pŠbï> Am¡a ApŠbï>Ÿ& pŠbï> go Šbof ~‹T>Vm h¡, ApŠbï>=AmË_»`m{V-àYmZ go Šbof Am{X jrU hmoVo h¢)Ÿ& `o 5 h¢-à_mU, {dn`©`, {dH$ën, {ZÐm, ñ_¥{V(`moJgyÌ 1/2)Ÿ& V{Þd¥ÎmmdwnemÝVmonamJ: ñdñW:Ÿ&2/34Ÿ& d¥{Îm`m| H$m {ZamoY hmoZo na AmË_m ñdÀN> AWm©V² ñdê$nmdpñWV hmoVm h¡, Š`m|{H$ Bg H$mb _| CnamJ(d¥{Îmà{V{~å~) emÝV hmo OmVm h¡Ÿ& Hw$gw_dÀM _{U:Ÿ&2/35Ÿ& AmË_m _| Om o AdmñV{dH$ ñdñWVm Am{X XrIVr h¡, dh _{U Ho$ g_mZ h¡Ÿ& {Og àH$ma Onmnwîn Ho$ gmW ahZo na _{U aº$dU© hmo OmVm h¡ VWm CgHo$ Z ahZo na {~Zm a§J H$m hmoVm h¡, Cgr àH$ma {MÎmd¥{Îm ì`º$ hmoZo na AmË_m d¥{Îmdmbm XrIVm h¡, {MÎm brZ hmoZo na AnZo ê$n _| XrIVm h¡Ÿ& nwé fmW© H$maUmo X² ^dmo @ß`Ñ ï>mëo bm gmV²Ÿ&2/36Ÿ& {Og àH$ma àYmZ H$s àd¥{Îm nwéf Ho$ {b`o h¡, Cgr àH$ma HmaUm| H$s àd¥{Îm ^r nwéfmW© h¡Ÿ& nwéf Ho$ AÑï> Ho$ AZwgma `h H$aU-àd¥{Îm àd{V©V hmoVr h¡Ÿ& YoZdw X² dËgm`Ÿ&2/37Ÿ& {Og àH$ma dËg Ho$ {b`o YoZw (Jm`) H$m Xw½Y ñd`§ {ZH$bZo bJVm h¡, Cgr àH$ma AMoVZ àH¥${V Ho$ H$aUm| H$s àd¥{Îm ^r nwéf Ho$ {b`o ñdV: hmoVr h¡Ÿ&

6.gm§»`-gyÌ 261 H$aU§ Ì`moXe{dY _dmÝVa ^oXmV²Ÿ&2/38Ÿ& AdmÝVa ^oXm| H$s JUZm H$aZo na H$aU 13 hmoVo h¢ - (5 kmZopÝÐ` + 5 H$_} pÝÐ`+ _Z+ Ah‘>ma+~w{Õ)Ÿ& BpÝÐ`ofw gmYH$V_Ëd JwU`moJmV² Hw$R>madV²Ÿ&2/39Ÿ& ~w{Õ H$m nwéfmW©-gmYZ ê$n JwU AÝ` BpÝÐ`m| _| naånam go _mZm OmVm h¡Ÿ& O¡go d¥j Vmo àhma go H$Q>Vm h¡ , na Hw$R>ma H$mo ^r H$aU H$hm OmVm h¡Ÿ& Û`mo: àYmZ§ _Zmo bmoH$dV² ^¥Ë`dJ}fŸw &2/40Ÿ& {Og àH$ma bmoH$ ì`dhma _| AZoH$ ^¥Ë`m| _| EH$ àYmZ hmoVm h¡ , Cgr àH$ma ~mø (kmZ-H$_©) Am¡a ^rVar BpÝÐ`m| _| _Z àYmZ h¡Ÿ& Aì`{^MmamV²Ÿ&2/41Ÿ& Aì`{^Mma hmoZo Ho$ H$maU ~w{Õ àYmZ h¡Ÿ& ~w{Õ H$m AÜ`dgm` Y_© g^r H$maUm| _| em{_b h¡Ÿ& {H$gr ^r H$aU H$m ì`mnma ~w{Õ H$mo N>mS‹o >H$a Zht hmo gH$VmŸ& VWm @ eof g§ñH$mamYmaËdmV²Ÿ&2/42Ÿ& ~w{Õ _| hr g^r g§ñH$ma nyUV© : AmY¥V h¢, ~mø H$aU `m Ah‘>ma-_Z _| Zht, AV: ~w{Õ gd© àYmZ h¡Ÿ& ñ_¥Ë`m @ Zw _mZm ÀMŸ&2/43Ÿ& gd©d¥{Îm loð> {MÝVZê$n ñ_¥{V (Ü`mZ H$s àW_ AdñWm) ~w{Õ _| à{V{ð>V h¡Ÿ& Bggo ^r ~w{Õ H$m gd© àYmZ hmoZo H$m AZw_mZ hmoVm h¡Ÿ& gå^doÞ ñdV:Ÿ&2/44Ÿ& ñ_¥{V nwéf H$m Y_© Zht hmo gH$Vm Š`m|{H$ AmË_m {ZJwU © , {ZY©_H© $ h¡Ÿ& AÝ` AW©-ê$n Am{X Ho$ Xe©Z Am{X _| ~w{Õ ñdV: H$aU Zht hmo gH$VrŸ& Amno{jH$mo JwUàYmZ ñd^md: {H«$`m {deofmV²Ÿ&2/45Ÿ& H$aUm| _| Omo Jm¡U _w»` ^md hmoVm h¡, dh Amno{jH$ h¡, {H«$`m {deof na {Z^©a h¡Ÿ& VËH$_m© {O©VËdm ÎmXW© _{^Moï>m bmoH$dV²Ÿ&2/46Ÿ& o H$aU {Og nwéf H$o H$_© go CËnÞ hmoVm h¡, CgH$s Moï>m Cgr nwéf Ho$ {b`o hmoVr h¡Ÿ& nwéf Hy$Q>ñW h¡, na CgHo$ ñdm_r hmoZo Ho$ H$maU nwéf H$m H$_© H$hm J`m h¡Ÿ& g_mZH$_© `mo Jo ~wÕ:o àmYmÝ`§ bmo H$dëbmo H$dV²Ÿ&2/47Ÿ& H$aUm| H$s Ñ{ï> _| g^r g_mZ hmoZo na ^r CZ_| ~w{Õ àYmZ h¡Ÿ& O¡go g^r amOm Ho$ H$_©Mmar hmoZo na ^r CZ_| _ÝÌr àYmZ hmoVm h¡Ÿ&

262

gm§»`-Xe©Z H$m d¡km{ZH$ AmYma

AÜ`m` 3 A{deofm{Ûeofmaå^:Ÿ&3/1Ÿ& A{deof (emÝV-Mmoa-_yT‹ >Ëdm{X ê$n go eyÝ`) VÝ_mÌ go nÄM^yV ê$n {deof H$s CËn{Îm hmoVr h¡Ÿ& Vñ_mÀN>arañ`Ÿ&3/2Ÿ& nyd©d{U©V 23 VÎdm| go ñWyb Am¡a gyú_ earam| H$s CËn{Îm hmoVr h¡Ÿ& VX² ~r OmV² g§g{¥ V:Ÿ&3/3Ÿ& VÎdmË_H$ gyú_ eara-~rO go nwéf H$s g§g{¥ V(_¥Ë`w Ho$ ~mX J{V) hmoVr h¡Ÿ& Am {ddoH$mÀM àdÎm©Z_{deofmUm_²Ÿ&3/4Ÿ& g^r àH$ma Ho$ àm{U`m|(~«÷m go H$sQ> Am{X n`©ÝV) H$m V~ VH$ Adí` hr g§gaU hmoVm ahoJm O~ VH$ CZ_| {ddoH (Ðï>m-Ñí` H$m nmW©Š` kmZ) CËnÞ Z hmoŸ& Cn^moJm{XVañdŸ&3/5Ÿ& Omo A{ddoH$s h¡, CgHo$ {b`o ñdr` H$_m] H$m \$b^moJ H$aZm Adí`å^mdr h¡Ÿ& gm à{V n[a_wº$mo Ûmä`m_²Ÿ&3/6Ÿ& g§g¥{VH$mb _| nwéf erVmoîU, gwI-Xw:I Am{X ÛÝÛm| go _wº$ hr ahVm h¡Ÿ& _mVm {nV¥O§ ñWyb§ àm`e BVaÞ VWmŸ&3/7Ÿ& ñWyb eara àm`: _mVm-{nVm go CËnÞ hmoVo h¢Ÿ(H$^r -H$^r A`mo{ZO ñWyb eara ^r hmoVo h¢)Ÿ& gyú_ eara _mVm-{nVm go CËnÞ Zht hmoVm, dh gJm©{X H$mb _| CËnÞ hmoVm h¡Ÿ& nydm}ËnÎmo ñVËH$m`© Ëd§ ^mo JmXoH$ñ` ZoVañ`Ÿ&3/8Ÿ& gJm©m{X _| CËnÞ {b“ eara H$m hr gwI-Xw:I hmoVm h¡, Š`m|{H$ Bg eara _| hr ^moJ hmoVm h¡, ñWyb eara _| ZhtŸ& gáXe¡H$§ {b“_²Ÿ&3/9Ÿ& gyú_eara ({b“eara) gJm©{X _| EH$ hr hmoVm h¡(g_{ï>ê$n go) {Og_| 17 nXmW© hmoVo h¢-11 BpÝÐ`m§, 5 VÝ_mÌ, 1 ~w{ÕŸ&(Bg {b“ eara _| ^moJ hmoVm h¡, `hr _w»` eara h¡)Ÿ& ì`{º$ ^oX: H$_© {deofmV²Ÿ&3/10Ÿ& gJ©m{X _| ([haÊ`J^© Cnm{Y ê$n) {b“ eara EH$ hmoZo na ^r H$_© {deof Ho$ AZwgma CgHo$ A§e^oX hmoVo h¢Ÿ&

6.gm§»`-gyÌ 263 VX{Yð>mZml`o Xoho (VÛmXmV²) VÛmX:Ÿ&3/11Ÿ& H$m`©O{ZV ^moJ {b“ eara _| hmoVm h¡, `hr VÎdV: ^moJm`VZ h¡Ÿ& Cg {b“ H$m A{Yð>mZ ^yVnÄMH$ H$m Aml` fmQ²>H$m¡{eH$ ñWybXoh h¡Ÿ& Bg Aml`-gå~ÝY go hr ñWyb eara H$mo ^moJm`VZ H$hm OmVm h¡Ÿ&`hm§ {dkmZ {^jw 3 Xoh _mZVo h¢(1) {b“ eara,(2) CgH$m A{Yð>mZ nÄM^yV H$m gyú_ Xoh, (3) ñWyb XohŸ& Z ñdmVÝÍ`mV² VÑVo N>m `m dpÀMÌ dÀMŸ&3/12Ÿ& {b“ eara Am¡a fmQ²>H$m¡{eH$ ñWyb eara Ho$ ~rM _| Omo {b“ H$m A{Yð>mZ eara _mZm J`m h¡, CgHo$ {~Zm {b“ eara H$m`© Zht H$a gH$Vm h¡Ÿ& `>hm§ 3 Xoh H$ho J`o h¢- ñWybXoh, {b“Xoh H$m AmYma ^yV Xoh VWm {b“XohŸ& _yVË© do@{n Z g”mV`moJmV² Va{UdV²Ÿ&3/13Ÿ& {b“ eara H$m Aml` gyú_eara h¡, A_yV© AmH$me Zht, Š`m|{H$ O¡go gy`© Am{X H$m VoO nm{W©d Ðì` _wº$ hmoH$a hr pñWV ahVm h¡, Cgr àH$ma VÎdàH$me_` {b“eara ^r gyú_ ^yV_` eara na hr à{V{ð>V hmoH$a H$m`© H$aVm h¡Ÿ& AUw n[a_mU§ VV² H¥${V lwV:o Ÿ&3/14Ÿ& {b“ eara AUw n[a_mU (n[apÀN>Þ n[a_mU, AWm©V² Ad`d`wº$) h¡, Š`m|{H$ CgH$s (J_Z Am{X) {H«$`m H$m CëboI lw{V _| h¡Ÿ& VXÞ_`ËdlwVío MŸ&3/15Ÿ& {b“eara n[a{ÀN>Þ n[a_mU_mÌ h¡, {d^w Zht h¡, Š`m|{H$ dh _Z àYmZ h¡ Am¡a _Z AÞ_` h¡Ÿ(AÞ_` _Z H$m àmYmÝ` {Og_| h¡, dh {d^w Z hmoH$a n[apÀN>Þ hr hmoJmŸ& AÞ J«hUm{X go _Z _o| JwU àYmZ hmoVm h¡)Ÿ& nwéfmW© g§g{¥ V {b“mZm§ gynH$madÐmk:Ÿ&3/16Ÿ& {b“ earam| H$m g§gaU nwéf Ho$(^moJ H$o) {b`o hmoVm h¡Ÿ& {Og àH$ma gynH$ma (agmoB`m) amOm Ho$ {b`o agmoB© _| OmVm h¡, Cgr àH$ma g§hV {b“Ymar Ag§hV ñdn¥WH²$ nwéf Ho$ {b`o àd¥Îm hmoVm h¡Ÿ& nmÄ M ^m¡{VH$mo Xoh:Ÿ&3/17Ÿ& Xoh (ñWyb eara) 5 ^yVm| Ho$ {_lU H$m n[aUm_ h¡Ÿ& MmVw^m£{VH${_-Ë`oH$o Ÿ(Ë`Ý`o)&3/18Ÿ& Hw$N> (Mmdm©H$) Ho$ _V go ñWyb eara 4 ^yVm| go ~Zm h¡(Cg_| AmH$me Zht h¡) EoH$^m¡{VH${_Ë`naoŸ&3/19Ÿ&

264 gm§»`-Xe©Z H$m d¡km{ZH$ AmYma EH$ AÝ` _V h¡ {H$ ñWyb eara Ho$db EH$ ^yV (n¥{Wdr) go hr {Z{_©V h¡Ÿ (AÝ` ^yV Cnï>å^H$ `m bwá ahVo h¢)& AÝ` AW© h¡ {H$ EH$ àH$ma H$m eara EH$ hr ^yV go {Z{_©V hmoVm h¡, O¡go gy`©bmoH$ _| V¡Og eara Am{XŸ& Z gm§{g{ÕH§$ M¡VÝ`§ àË`oH$mÑï>:o Ÿ&3/20Ÿ& M¡VÝ` (AmË_m, nwéf) gm§{g{ÕH (^yVm| go ñd^mdV: {gÕ ) Zht h¡, Eogm hmoZo na n¥{Wdr Am[X _| ^r M¡VÝ` XrIVmŸ& ànÄ M_aUmÚ ^mdÀMŸ&3/21Ÿ& `{X eara ñd^mdV: M¡VÝ` hmoVm, Vmo {H$gr àmUr H$m _aU(gwf{w á Am{X ^r) Zht hmoVmŸ& _aZo na Xoh AMoVZ hmo OmVm h¡Ÿ& _Xe{º$dÀMoV² àË`oH $n[aÑîQ>o (gm¡úå`mV²) gm§hË`o VXwX^ ² d:Ÿ&3/22Ÿ& `h H$hZm R>rH$ Zht h¡ {H$ àË`oH$ ^yV _| M¡VÝ` Zht h¡, dh CZHo$ g§KmV ê$n Xoh _| Am OmVm h¡Ÿ, O¡go _Ú Ho$ àË`oH$ CnmXmZ _| _Xe{º$ Zht ahVr na CZHo$ g_yh _| ahVr h¡Ÿ& àË`oH$ CnmXmZ Ðì` _| Omo VÎd gyú_ ê$n go ahVm h¡ dhr g_yh _| ñ\w$Q> ê$n _| ì`º$ hmo gH$Vm h¡Ÿ& ^yV _| gyú_ ê$n _| M¡VÝ` ahZm à_mU {gÕ Zht h¡, AV: ^yV g_{ï> ê$n Xoh _| ^r M¡VÝ` Zht Am gH$VmŸ& kmZmÝ_w{º$:Ÿ&3/23Ÿ& kmZ go hr _w{º$ hmo gH$Vr h¡Ÿ& ~ÝYmo {dn`©`mV²Ÿ&3/24Ÿ& {dn`©` (A{dÚm={dnarV kmZ) hr (gwI-Xw:I ê$n) ~ÝY H$m H$maU h¡Ÿ& {Z`V H$maUËdmÞ g_wÀM` {dH$ënm¡Ÿ&3/25Ÿ& kmZ hr _w{º$ H$m {Z`V hoVw (AZÝ` H$maU) h¡, AV: g_wÀM` (kmZ H$_© g_wÀM` go _w{º$) `m {dH$ën(kmZ go `m H$_© go _w{º$-`h _V) dmX H$s gå^mdZm Zht h¡Ÿ& ñdßZOmJamä`m{_d _m{`H$m@_m{`H$mä`m§ Zmo^`mo_{©w º$: nwéfñ`Ÿ&3/26Ÿ& {Og àH$ma _m{`H$(AgË`, ApñWa) ñdßZ nXmW© Am¡a A_m{`H$ (gË`) OmJ«V H$mbrZ nXmW© H$s nañna ghm`Vm go H$moB© nwéfmW© {gÕ Zht hmoVm, Cgr àH$ma H$_© Am¡a kmZ Ho$ g_wÀM` go _w{º$ Zht hmoVrŸ& BVañ`m{n ZmË`pÝVH$_²Ÿ&3/27Ÿ& AmË_monmgZmê$n kmZ Ho$ gmW VÎd kmZ H$m g_wÀM` (Am¡a {dH$ën) hmo gH$Vm

6.gm§»`-gyÌ 265 h¡-`h Zht_mZ gH$VoŸ& Cnmñ` gJwU ~«÷ ^r nyUV© `m A_m{`H$ Zht h¡, Cg_| ^r AÜ`ñV nXmW© h¢Ÿ& g‘>pënVo@ß`od_²Ÿ&3/28Ÿ& _Z Ho$ g‘>pënV Ü`o` _| _m{`H$Ëd h¡Ÿ& gd©ì`mnr Cnmñ` ~«÷ gJwU h¡, AV: dh _m`m ê$n {ÌJwU go gå~Õ h¡Ÿ& AV: CnmgZm Am¡a VÎdkmZ EH$ gmW Zhr§ ah gH$VoŸ& ^mdZmonM`mÀNw>Õñ` gd© àH¥$[VdV²Ÿ&3/29Ÿ& CnmgZm H$m \$b Š`m h¡Ÿ? O~ ^mdZm ê$n CnmgZm _| {MÎm ewÕ hmo OmVm h¡ V~ Cg_| gd©kVm, gd©e{º$_Îmm Am{X JwU AmVo h¢Ÿ& {Og àH$ma àH¥${V Cn`moJr {Z{_Îm Ûmam g¥{ï>-g§hma Am{X H$m`© H$aVr h¡, Cgr àH$ma CnmgH$ H$m ~w{ÕgÎd ^r g¥{ï> Am[X _| g_W© hmo OmVm h¡ (CnmgZm ~b Ho$ AZwgma) amJmonh{VÜ`m©Z_²Ÿ&3/30Ÿ& Ü`mZ Ho$ Aä`mg go {MÎm H$m {df`monamJ emÝV hmoVm h¢Ÿ& d¥{Îm{ZamoYmV² VpËg{Õ:Ÿ&3/31Ÿ& Ü`o` Ho$ A{V[aº$ d¥{Îm{ZamoY go kmZ \$bH$ Ü`mZ H$s {Zîn{Îm hmoVr h¡Ÿ& YmaUm@@ gZ ñdH$_©Um VpËg{Õ:Ÿ&3/32Ÿ& YmaUm, Ü`mZ Am¡a ñdH$_© Ho$ Aä`mg go Ü`mZ H$s {g{Õ hmoVr h¡Ÿ& {ZamoYíN>{X© {dYmaUmä`m_²Ÿ&3/33Ÿ& à«mU H$m {ZamoY N>X© (ny[aV dm`w H$m Ë`mJ) Am¡a {dYmaU (H$moð> _| dm`w H$m YmaU) go hmoVm h¡ (N>X©+{dYmaU=àUm`m_)Ÿ& pñWagwI_mgZ_²Ÿ&3/34Ÿ& eara H$s Omo pñW{V gwI Am¡a pñWaVm XoVr h¡, Cgo AmgZ H$hVo h¢Ÿ& ñdH$_© ñdml_ {d{hV H$_m©Zðw >mZ_²Ÿ&3/35Ÿ& ñdH$_© (23 d| gyÌ _| Cº$) H$m AW© h¡-Aml_ Ho$ AZwê$n `_-{Z`_ ê$n H$_m] H$m AZwð>mZŸ& d¡am½`mXä`mgmÀMŸ&3/36Ÿ& d¡am½` g{hV Ü`mZ Ho$ Aä`mg go kmZ VWm CgH$m gmYZ `moJ {gÕ hmoVm h¡Ÿ&({^jw Ho$ AZwgma `o XmoZm| EH$ hr Cnm` h¢)Ÿ& {dn`©`^oXm: nÄMŸ&3/37Ÿ&

266 gm§»`-Xe©Z H$m d¡km{ZH$ AmYma ~ÝY H$m H$maU {dn`©` h¡, {OgHo$ 5 ^oX h¢-A{dÚm (V_), Apñ_Vm (_moh),amJ (_hm_moh), Ûof (Vm{_ò), Am¡a A{^{Zdoe (AÝYVm{_ò)-`moJgyÌ,2/3-9 Ae{º$ a ï>mqde{VYm (Vw )Ÿ&3/38Ÿ& Ae{º$ (BpÝÐ` d¡H$ë`) 28 àH$ma H$s h¢-11 BpÝÐ`m| H$mdY({dH$bVm) VWm 17 ~w{ÕdYŸ(9 Vw{ï>`m| VWm 8 {g{Õ`m| Ho$ ~mYH$ nXmW©)& Vw{ï> Z© dYmŸ&3/39Ÿ& Vw{w ï> 9 àH$ma H$s h¢-4 AmÜ`mpË_H$ Vw{ï>-1.àH¥${VVw{ï>-àH¥${V ñd`§ hr _moj H$m gånmXZ H$aoJr, _¢ Vmo Hy$Q>ñW hÿ,§ `h _mZH$a gÝVmof H$aZmŸ& 2.CnmXmZ Vw{ï>-àd«Á`m Am{X boZo go _moj hmoJm, `h ^mdŸ& 3.H$mbVw{ï>-~hþV H$mb VH$ g_m[Y Ho$ AZwð>mZ go Vw{ï>Ÿ& 4.^m½` Vw{ï>-Y_©_Ko g_m{Y H$s Vw{ï>Ÿ& 5-9-~mø {df`m| Ho$ AO©Z-ajU-j`->gJ§ -qhgm{X _| Xw:I H$s Ame§H$m go d¡am½`Ÿ, AO©Z Am{X N>mS‹o > XoZmŸ& {g{Õaï>YmŸ&3/40Ÿ& {g{Õ (gmYZm nW _| dr`© Xm`H$) AmR> àH$ma H$s h¢1.D$h {g{Õ-CnXoe Am{X Ho$ {~Zm ñd`§ hr VÎdkmZ nmZo(D$hZ) _| g_W©Ÿ& 2.eãX-AÝ`m| Ho$ dmŠ` gwZH$a kmZ àm{á H$s ñ\y${Îm©Ÿ& 3.AÜ``Z-Jwé-{eî` naånam go kmZ àm{áŸ& 4.gwhV² àm{á-Eogo gwöV² H$m AmJ_Z {Oggo kmZ àmá hmoŸ& 5.XmZ-{H$gr H$mo YZ, XmZ Am{X Ûmam gÝVwï> H$a kmZ nmZmŸ& 6-8-{Ì{dY Xw:Im| H$m {dKmVŸ& AdmÝVa ^oXm: nydd© V²Ÿ&3/41Ÿ& nyd© AmMm`m] Ho$ AZwgma 5 {dn`©`m| Ho$ AdmÝVa ^oX h¢-V_ Ho$ 8 ^oX,_moh Ho$ 8 ^oX, _hm_moh Ho$ 10, Vm{_ò Ho$ 18 VWm AÝYVm{_ò Ho$ 18-Hw$b 62 ^oX h¢Ÿ&(gm§»` H$m.48) Ed{_Vañ`m:Ÿ&3/42Ÿ& Bgr àH$ma (nyd© AmMm`m] Ho$ _V go) Ae{º$ Ho$ AdmÝVa ^oX 18 h¢Ÿ& AmÜ`mpË_H$m{X^oXmÞdYm Vw{ï>:Ÿ&3/43Ÿ& AmÜ`mpË_H$ Am{X ^oX go Vw{ï> 9 àH$ma H$s h¡(g§»` H$m.50,gy.3/39)Ÿ&

6.gm§»`-gyÌ 267 D$hm{X{^: {g{Õ:Ÿ&3/44Ÿ& D$h Am{X ^oX go {g{Õ`m§ 8 h¢ (gm§.gy.3/40)Ÿ& ZoVam{XVahmZoZ {dZmŸ&3/45Ÿ& D$h, eãX Am{X Cn`wº © $(gm§.gy.3/44) {g{Õ`m| Ho$ A{V[aº$ Vn Am{X go VmpÎdH$ (H¡$dë` `wº$) {g{Õ àmá Zht hmoVrŸ, Š`m|{H$ Vn Am{X go CËnÞ {g{Õ`m§ {dn`©` H$m Zme [H `o {~Zm ^r CËnÞ hmoVr h¢Ÿ&`h dñVwV: {g{Õ H$m Am^mg _mÌ h¡Ÿ& X¡dm{X à^oXmŸ&3/46Ÿ& g¥{ï> Ho$ (AWm©V² g¥{ï> Ho$ XohYmar àm{U`m| Ho$) Xod Am{X AdmÝVa ^oX h¢-Xod, {V`©J², _Zwî` `mo{Z`m§Ÿ& Am~«÷ñVå~n`©ÝV§ VËH¥$Vo g¥{ï>am{ddoH$mV²Ÿ&3/47Ÿ& ~«÷ go ñVå~ n`©ÝV g¥{ï> nwéfmW© h¡Ÿ& O~ VH$ {ddoH$ kmZ CËnÞ Zht hmoVm V~ VH$ Ordm| H$m g§gaU hmoVm ahoJmŸ& D$Üdª gÎd{dembmŸ&3/48Ÿ& gÎd~hþb g¥{ï> D$Û©bmoH$ _| h¡Ÿ& V_mo {dembm _ybV:Ÿ&3/49Ÿ& V_mo ~hþb g¥{ï> ^ybm}H$ Ho$ AYmoXoe _| h¡Ÿ& _Ü`o aOmo{dembmŸ&3/50Ÿ& aOmo~hþb g¥{ï> _Ü` (^ybmoH$) _| h¡Ÿ& H$_© d¡{MÍ`mV² àYmZMoï>m J^©XmgdV²Ÿ&3/51Ÿ& àYmZ H$s H$m`©d{¡ MÍ`-ê$n Moï>m H$_© H$s {d{MÌVm go hmoVr h¡Ÿ& OÝ_OmV Xmg H$s Vah àH¥${V H$s Moï>m ^r H$_© Ho$ {b`o hr hmoVr h¡Ÿ& Amd¥{ÎmñVÌmË`wÎmamoÎma`mo{Z`moJmX² ho`:Ÿ&3/52Ÿ& gÎd àYmZ D$Üd©bmoH$ _| J{V hmoZo na dhm§ go Amd¥{Îm hmoVr h¡ VWm nwZ: ZmZm `mo{Z`m| _| OÝ_ boZm n‹S>Vm h¡, AV: D$Üd©bmoH$ ^r ho` h¡Ÿ& g_mZ§ Oam_aUm{XO§ Xw:I_²Ÿ&3/53Ÿ& g^r àH$ma Ho$ bmoH$m| _| Ord H mo Oam _aU Am{X Ûmam Xw:I {_bVm h¡Ÿ& Z H$maUb `mV² H¥$VH¥$Ë`Vm _¾dXwËWmZmV²Ÿ&3/54Ÿ& Aì`º$ àH${V _| {MÎm H$m (A{ddoH$nydH© $) b` H$aZo_mÌ go H¥$VH$¥Ë`Vm Zht hmoVr, Š`m|{H$ Ob_¾ ì`{º$ H$s Vah nwZ: Cg {MÎm H$m CËWmZ hmoVm h¡Ÿ&

268 gm§»`-Xe©Z H$m d¡km{ZH$ AmYma AH$m`©Ëdo@{n VÚmoJ: nmadí`mV²Ÿ&3/55Ÿ& àH¥${V ñd`§ à{V{ð>V h¡, AV: àH¥${V brZ {MÎm H$m nwZéËWmZ Zht hmoZm Mm{h`o -Eogm Zht H$hm Om gH$Vm, Š`m|{H$ brZ {MÎm _| nadeVm ahZo Ho$ H$maU Cg {MÎm H$m nwZ: g§gma ~ÝYZ hmoVm h¡Ÿ& g {h gd© {dV² gd©H$Îmm©Ÿ&3/56Ÿ& nyd© gJ© _| Bg àH$ma H$m brZ {MÎm nwéf O~ AÝ` gJ© _| (B©ídaVm`wº$ hmoH$a) ì`º$ hmoVm h¡, V~ dh gd©{dV² Am¡a gd©H$Îmm© hmoVm h¡Ÿ& B©Ñeoída {g{Õ: {gÕmŸ&3/57Ÿ& B©Ñe B©ída (AWm©V² OÝ` B©ída) H$s {g{Õ lw{V Am¡a `w{º$ go hmoVr h¡Ÿ& àYmZ g¥{ï>: namWª ñdVmo@ß`^moº$¥ Ëdm Xw ï´> Hw$‘x> _ dh ZdV²Ÿ&3/58Ÿ& O‹S> àH¥${V H$s g¥{ï> namW© hmoVr h¡Ÿ& {Og àH$ma D§$Q> Xygam| Ho$ {b`o Hw$‘x>_ Am{X H$m dhZ H$aVm h¡, CgH$m ^moJ Zht H$aVmŸ& AMoVZËdo@{n jradÀMo{ï>V§ àYmZñ`Ÿ&3/59Ÿ& {Og àH$ma AMoVZ jra {H$gr nwéf H$s Anojm Z H$a ^r X{Yê$n _| n[aUV hmoVm h¡, Cgr àH$ma AMoVZ àH¥${V na-à`ËZ Ho$ {~Zm ^r _hV² Am{X ê$n _| n[aUV hmoVr h¡Ÿ& H$_©dX² Ñï>o dm© H$mbmXo:Ÿ&3/60Ÿ& {Og àH$ma H$mb Am{X H$m H$_© ñd`§ MbVm h¡, Cgr àH$ma àYmZ H$s n[aUm_ {H«$`m ^r ñdV: hmoVr h¡Ÿ& ñd^mdm ÀMo{ï>V _Z{^gÝYmZmX² ^¥Ë`dV²Ÿ&3/61Ÿ& {Og àH$ma EH$ ^¥Ë` ñdm^m{dH$ g§ñH$ma go à^w Ho$ H$m`© _| àd¥Îm hmoVm h¡, Cgr àH$ma àH¥${V AnZo g§ñH$ma go hr n[aUm_m| H$mo CËnÞ H$aVr h¡Ÿ& H$_m© H¥ $ï>o dm© @ (ß`) Zm{XV:Ÿ&3/62Ÿ& AWdm AZm{X H$_© Ûmam AmH¥$ï> hmoH$a ^r àH¥${V H$m `Wm`W n[aUm_ hmoVm h¡Ÿ& {d{dº$ ~moYmV² g¥{ï> {Zd¥{Îm: àYmZñ` gyXdV² nmHo$Ÿ&3/63Ÿ& O~ O‹S> àH¥${V go AbJ nwéf H$m ~moY {MÎm _| hmoVm h¡, V~ àYmZ g¥{ï> go {Zd¥Îm hmo OmVm h¡, O¡go nmMH$ ^moOZ ~ZmZo Ho$ ~mX {Zd¥Îm hmoVm h¡Ÿ& BVa BVadV² VÔmofmV²Ÿ&3/64Ÿ& {OZ_| {ddoH$ kmZ CËnÞ Zht hþAm h¡, do ~Õ ahVo h¢, Š`m|{H$ CZ_| nwéfmW© A^r

6.gm§»`-gyÌ

269

g_má Zht hþAm h¡Ÿ& Û`moaHo $Vañ` dm¡XmgrÝ`_ndJ©:Ÿ&3/65Ÿ& nwéf Am¡a àH¥${V H$m nañna Am¡XmgrÝ` ({d`moJ) hr AndJ© (Xw:I) go _w{º$ h¡Ÿ& AWdm nwéf H$m Am¡XmgrÝ` hmoZm hr H¡$dë` h¡Ÿ& AÝ`g¥îQ>çnw amJo@{n Z {daÁ`Vo à~wÕaÁOwVÎdñ`odmoaJ:Ÿ&3/66Ÿ& ^moJ AndJ© go _wº$ nwéf go {Zd¥Îm hmoZo na ^r dh AÝ` nwéfm| go {Zd¥Îm Zht hmoVmŸ& O¡go Omo ì`{º$ añgr H$mo gm§n Zht g_PVm dhr Cggo Zht S>aVm, ~mH$s Cggo S>aVo h¢Ÿ& H$_© {Z{_Îmm `mo JmÀMŸ&3/67Ÿ& ~Õ nwéf H$o gmW H$_© OwS‹ >m ahVm h¡, AV: H$_© g§ñH$ma Ho$ H$maU CgH$m g§gaU MbVm ahVm h¡Ÿ& Z¡anoú`o@{n àH¥$Ë`wnH$mao@{ddoH$mo {Z{_Îm_²Ÿ&3/68Ÿ& nwéf (Ðï>m) VWm àH¥${V (Ñí`) nañna {Zanoj h¢Ÿ& àH¥${V Ho$ CnH$ma (Cggo _hV² Am{X H$s g¥{ï>) A{ddoH$ Ho$ H$maU hr hmoVm h¡Ÿ& ZÎm©H$sdV² àd¥Îmñ`m{n {Zd¥{ÎmíMm[aVm Ï`m©VŸ² &3/69Ÿ& àYmZ H$s àd¥{Îm nwéf Ho$ {b`o h¡, CgH$m H$m`© H$aZo na àH¥${V ñdV: {Zd¥Îm hmo OmVr h¡, O¡go ZÎm©H$s Z¥Ë` H$aZo Ho$ ~mX ñdV: ~ÝX H$aVr h¡Ÿ& Xmof~moY@o {n Zmongn©U§ àYmZñ` Hw$bdYydV²Ÿ&3/70Ÿ& Hw$bdYy `h OmZZo na {H$ ñdm_r Zo CgHo$ Xmofm| H$mo OmZ b`m h¡, Cggo ñdV: {Zd¥Îm hmo OmVr h¡Ÿ& Cgr àH$ma O~ àH¥${V Ho$ Xmofm| H$m kmZ nwéf H$mo hmo OmVm h¡, V~ àH¥${V CgH$s Va\$ àd¥Îm Zht hmoVrŸ& Z¡H$mÝVVmo ~ÝY_mojm¡ nwéfñ`m{ddoH$mÑVoŸ&3/71Ÿ& nwéf H$m dmñV{dH$ ~ÝY `m _moj Zht hmoVm, A{ddoH$ Ho$ H$maU Eogm bJVm h¡Ÿ& àH¥$VoamÄOñ`mV² gg“ËdmV² newdV²Ÿ&3/72Ÿ& VÎdV: ~ÝY Am¡a _moj àH$¥{V Ho$ hr h¢, Š`m|{H$ dh Xw:I gmYZm| go {bá h¡Ÿ& {Og àH$ma añgr g§J go new ~ÝY OmVm h¡, Cgr àH$ma Xw:I gmYZ ^yV Y_© Am{X go {bá hmoH$a àH¥${V ~Õ hmoVr h¡Ÿ& ê$n¡: gá{^amË_mZ§ ~ÜZm{V àYmZ§ H$mo eH$mad{Û_moM`Ë`oH$oZê$noUŸ&3/73Ÿ& {Og àH$ma H$moeH$ma (H$s‹S>m) AnZo hr ~Zm`o Ka Ûmam ~ÝY OmVm h¡, Cgr n«H$ma

270 gm§»`-Xe©Z H$m d¡km{ZH$ AmYma àH¥${V AnZo {Z{_©V Y_©, {damJ, Eoíd`©, AY_©, AkmZ, Ad¡am½`, AZ¡íd`©BZ 7 ê$nm| go AnZo H$mo ~mÝYVr h¡Ÿ& kmZ Zm_H$ EH$ ê$n Ûmam AnZo H$mo _wº$ ^r H$aVr h¡Ÿ& {Z{_ÎmËd_{ddoH$ñ` Z Ñï>hm{Z:Ÿ&3/74Ÿ& ~ÝY-_moj _| A{ddoH$ H$m hmoZm `m Zht hmoZm {Z{_Îm h¡Ÿ& A{ddoH$ Ûmam àH$¥{Vnwéf g§`moJ go CËnÞ Xw:I àH¥${V _o§ hmoVm h¡, nwéf _| CgH$m à{V{~å~ ê$n Xw:I^moJ hmoVm h¡Ÿ& VÎdmä`mgmÞo{V ZoVr{V Ë`mJm{ÛdoH${g{Õ:Ÿ&3/75Ÿ& àH¥${V Am¡a àmH¥$V nXmW© _| Zo{V-Zo{V ê$n go A{^_mZ Ë`mJ H$a VÎd H$m Aä`mg H$aZo go {ddoH$ hmoVm h¡Ÿ& A{YH$m[aà^oXmÞ {Z`_:Ÿ&3/76Ÿ& A{YH$mar -à^oX ahZo Ho$ H$maU EH$ OÝ_ Ho$ Aä`mg go (`m EH$ {Z{íMV H$mb _|) hr _w{º$ hmoJr, Eogm H$moB© {Z`_ Zht h¡Ÿ& ~m{YVmZwd¥ -Î`m(Îmo:) _Ü`{ddoH$Vmo@ß`wn^moJ:Ÿ&3/77Ÿ& ~m{YVm-AZwd¥{Îm (àmaãYde Zï> AkmZ H$m nwZ: CX` hmoZm) Ho$ H$maU _Ü`{ddoH$s ({OgH$m {ddoH$ AnyU© h¡) gmYH$ _| ^r Cn^moJ hmoVm h¡ (à{V{~å~ê$n go nwéf _| AZwd¥{Îm hmoZm hr ^moJ h¡)Ÿ& OrdÝ_wº$íMŸ&3/78Ÿ& _Ü`{ddoH$s OrdÝ_wº$ H$hbmVm h¡Ÿ& CnXoí`monXoï>¥ ËdmV² VpËg{Õ:Ÿ&3/79Ÿ& _moj{dÚm H$m à{VnmXZ A{ddoH$s g§gmar Ûmam gå^d Zht h¡, AV: BgHo$ CnXoeH$ hmoZo H$m AW© h¡ Or dÝ_wº$ nwéf ^r h¢Ÿ& lw{VíMŸ&3/80Ÿ& lw{V go ^r Omo OrdZ_wº$ hm| CZHo$ H$m`© {gÕ hmoVo h¢Ÿ& BVaWm@ÝYnaånamŸ&3/81Ÿ& `{X OrdÝ_wº$ nwéf H$m ApñVÎd Z _mZ|, Vmo AmË_kmZ H$m CnXoe ^«mÝV hmoJm O¡go EH$ AÝY Xygao AÝY H$mo _mJ© {XIm`oŸ& MH«$^«_UdX² Y¥Veara:Ÿ&3/82Ÿ& {Og àH$ma Hw$å^H$ma H$m MH«$ AnZo doJ Ûmam Hw$N> H$mb VH$ Ky_Vm ahVm h¡, Cgr

6.gm§»`-gyÌ 271 àH$ma OrdÝ_wº$ H$m eara ^r nyd© g§ñH$ma go Hw$N> H$mb VH$ Or{dV ahVm h¡Ÿ& g§ñH$maboeVñVpËg{Õ:Ÿ&3/83Ÿ& Cg g_` {df`-g§ñH$ma ahZo Ho$ H$maU eara YmaU ê$n {H«$`m MbVr ahVr h¡, A{dÚm-g§ñH$ma H$m boe Zht ahVmŸ& {ddoH$m{Þ:eof Xw:I {Zd¥Îmm¡ H¥$VH¥$Ë`Vm ZoVamÞoVamV²Ÿ&3/84Ÿ& {ddoH$ kmZ H$s nyUV© m hmoZo na Xw:ImYma {MÎmd¥{Îm`m| Ho$ {ZamoY hmoZo Ho$ H$maU Xw:I H$s AË`ÝV {Zd¥{Îm hmo OmVr h¡, `hr na_ nwéfmW© ê$n H¥$VH¥$Ë`Vm h¡Ÿ& `h H$¥VH¥$Ë`Vm OrdÝ_w{º$ Xem _| Zht hmoVrŸ&

AÜ`m` 4 amOnwÌdV² VÎdmonXoemV²Ÿ&4/1Ÿ& VÎd gå~ÝYr CnXoe go {ddoH$ H$s CËn{Îm hmoVr h¡Ÿ& Bg {df` _| `h Am»`m{`H$m h¡ {H$ H$moB© amOnwÌ dZ _| ahZo Ho$ H$maU AnZm àH¥$V ê$n Z OmZH$a e~a ê$n _| ahVm WmŸ& na ~mX _| {H$gr A_mË` Ho$ CnXoe go AnZo ê$n H$mo nhMmZm Am¡a ñdamÁ` _| à{V{ð>V hþAmŸ& {nemMdXÝ`mWm}nXoe@o {nŸ&4/2Ÿ& EH$ Ho$ {b`o H$hm J`m CnXoe AÝ` Ho$ {b`o ^r CnH$mar hmoVm h¡, {Og àH$ma lrH¥$îU Zo AOwZ© Ho$ {b`o CnXoe {H$`m, na Cg CnXoe H$mo g_rnñW {H$gr {nemM Zo gwZ {b`m {Oggo CgHo$ öX` _| CËH¥$ï> kmZ CËnÞ hþAmŸ& Amd¥{ÎmagH¥$XwnXoemV²Ÿ&4/3Ÿ& kmZ Ho$ Ñ‹T>Vm gånmXZ Ho$ {b`o CnXoe H$s Amd¥{Îm (~ma-~ma gwZZm) H$aZr Mm{h`o, O¡go ídoVHo$Vw Am{X Ho$ à{V Amé{U Am{X F${f`m| Zo ~ma-~ma CnXoe {X`m WmŸ& {nVmnwÌ dXw^`moÑ© ï>ËdmV²Ÿ&4/4Ÿ& {Og àH$ma H$moB© ì`{º$ {nVm H$m _aU VWm nwÌ H$m OÝ_ XoI nmVm h¡, Cgr àH$ma AnZr CËn{Îm Am¡a _aU H$mo ^r g^r AZw_mZ go OmZ gH$Vo h¢Ÿ&Bg kmZ go d¡am½` CËnÞ hmoVm h¡ Omo {ddoH$ H$mo {ZînÞ H$aVm h¡Ÿ& í`oZdV² gwIXw:Ir Ë`mJ{d`moJmä`m_²Ÿ&4/5Ÿ& n[aJ«h (AZmdí`H$ gÄM`) Zht H$aZm Mm{h`o, Š`m|{H$ Cggo Xw:I H$s d¥{Õ hmoVr h¡Ÿ& í`oZ Ho$ nmg `{X _m§g hmo Vmo _m§g^jr àUr Ûmam _mam OmVm h¡Ÿ& na

272 gm§»`-Xe©Z H$m d¡km{ZH$ AmYma `{X dh _m§g H$mo N>mo‹S> XoVm h¡ Vmo gwIr hmo OmVm h¡Ÿ& A{h{Zëd©`ZrdV²Ÿ&4/6Ÿ& {Og àH$ma gm§n AnZm H|$Mwb __ËdeyÝ` ~w{Õ go N>mS‹o >Vm h¡, Cgr àH$ma AZmË_^yV àmH¥$V Cnm{Y H$mo ^r ho` ~w{Õ go N>mS‹o >Zo H$s Moï>m H$aZr Mm{h`oŸ& {N>ÞmhñVdÛmŸ&4/7Ÿ& {Og àH$ma {N>Þ hñV H$mo J«hU H$aZo H$s BÀN>m {H$gr H$mo Zht hmoVr, Cgr àH$ma ho` ~w{Õ go N>mS‹o >r MrOm| H$mo J«hU H$aZo H$s BÀN>m Zht H$aZr Mm{h`oŸ& AgmY ZmZw {MÝVZ§ ~ÝYm` ^aVdV²Ÿ&4/8Ÿ& Omo {ddoH$ H$m gmYZ Zht h¡, CgH$m AZw{MÝVZ H$aZo go (Mmho dh gm_mÝ` Ñ{ï> go gXmMma hr Š`m| Z hmo) ~ÝYZ hmoZo H$s gå^mdZm ahVr h¡, O¡go amO{f©$ ^aV H$m hþAm WmŸ& (CÝhm|Zo AZmW h[aU {eew H$m nmbZ ê$n X`m nyU© H$_© {H$`m Wm, {Oggo CZH$mo g§gma J{V {_br WrŸ)& ~hþ{^`m}Jo {damoYmo amJm{X{^: Hw$_mare’dV²Ÿ&4/9Ÿ& AZoH$ bmoJm| H$m g§J H$aZo go amJ Ûof Am{X H$m àdmh ~‹T>Vm h¡, {Oggo nañna H$bh H$s gå^mdZm ahVr h¡Ÿ({Oggo `moJgmYZ H$m ^«§e hmo OmVmh¡),{Og àH$ma Hw$_mar Ho$ hmW _| H$B© My{‹S>`m§ ahZo na CZHo$ g§Kf© go eãX hmoVm ahVm h¡Ÿ& Ûmä`m_{n VW¡dŸ&4/10Ÿ& Ho$db Xmo Ho$ g§`moJ go ^r {damoY hmo gH$Vm h¡Ÿ& {Zame: gwIr {n“bmdV²Ÿ&4/11Ÿ& Amem H$m Ë`mJ H$aZo na hr H$moB© gwIr hmo gH$Vm h¡, {Og àH$ma {n“bm doí`m AnZo ào_r H$mo MmhZo Ho$ H$maU CgH$s Anojm _| pŠbï> hþ`r Wr Am¡a `h Amem N>mo‹S>Zo na gwIr hþ`r WrŸ& AZmaå^o@{n naJ¥ho gwIr ^doVŸ² & 4/12Ÿ& ^moJ Ho$ {b`o {H$gr Z`o H$m`© H$m Amaå^ gmYH$ H$mo Zht H$aZm Mm{h`oŸ& gm§n {Og àH$ma AÝ` {Z{_©V {~b _| hr ah H$a gwIr ahVm h¡, Cgr àH$ma `moJr H$mo ahZm Mm{h`oŸ& ~hþemóJwê$nmgZo@{n gmamXmZ§ fQ²>nXdV²Ÿ&4/13Ÿ& ~hþg»§ `H$ emóm| H$m AÜ``Z Ed§ JwéAm| H$s CnmgZm H$aZo na ^r gmaJ«hU H$s _Zmod{¥ Îm aIZr Mm{h`oŸ& ^«_a {Og àH$ma nwînm| go _Yw_mÌ H$m gÄM` H$aVm h¡,

6.gm§»`-gyÌ 273 Cgr àH$ma ~hþV AW© dmbo emóm| H$m _w»` VÎd hr boZm Mm{h`oŸ& BfwH$madÞ¡H${MÎmñ` g_m{Yhm{ŸZ:&4/14Ÿ& gmYH$ H$mo EH$mbå~Znam`UVm (Omo EH$mJ«-^y{_H$m H$m _w»` gmYZ h¡) `{X hmo Vmo gm_mÝ` ~mYm Ho$ CnpñWV hmoZo na `m pŠbï> d¥{Îm Ho$ CX` hmoZo na g_m{Y H$s hm{Z (bú` go {dÀ`w{V ) Zht hmoVrŸ& {Og àH$ma EH$ EH$mJ« BfwH$ma (~mU ~ZmZo dmbm) H$s EH$mJ«Vm amOm Ho$ AmJ_Z go ^r Zht Qy>Q>VrŸ& H¥$(d«)V{Z`_b”ZmXmZW©Š`§ bmoH$dV²Ÿ&4/15Ÿ& _mojemó {gÕ {Z`_m| Ho$ b”Z go na_mW© H$s {g{Õ Zht hmoVr (kmZmä`mg H$m CËH$f© Zï> hmo OmVm h¡Ÿ)& bmoH$ _| ^r XoIm OmVm h¡ {H$ Am¡fYm{X O{ZV \$bàm{á V^r hmoVr h¡ O~ {d{hV nÏ` H$m Cëb§KZ Z {H$`m Om`Ÿ& V{Ûñ_aUo@{n ^oH$sdV²Ÿ&4/16Ÿ& emór` {Z`_ Ho$ {dñ_aU go ^r hm{Z hmoVr h¡Ÿ& EH$ gwÝXar H$Ý`m go {H$gr amOm Zo EH$ eÎm© na {ddmh {H$`mŸ& ~mX _| amOm dh eÎm© ^yb J`o {Oggo H$Ý`m AnZo nyd©ê$n (^oH$s) H$mo àmá hþ`r {Oggo amOm Xw:Ir hþ`oŸ& ZmonXoeldUo@{n H¥$VH¥$Ë`Vm nam_em©ÑVo {damoMZdV²Ÿ&4/17Ÿ& Ho$db CnXoe-ldU go H¥$VH¥$Ë`Vm Zht hmoVr, ~pëH$ g_mMma AWm©V² CnXoe H$m VmËn`© {ZU©` H$a _ZZ H$aZm Mm{h`oŸ& {damoMZ Zm_H$ Agwa Am¡a BÝÐXod Zo àOmn{V go g_mZ CnXoe àmá {H$`m, na `WmdV² {dMmam{X Z H$aZo Ho$ H$maU {damoMZ ^«mÝV hþ`oŸ& Ñï>ñV`mo[aÝÐñ`Ÿ&4/18Ÿ& Cn`w©º$ lm¡V Am»`m{`H$m _| ñnï> h¡ {H$ àOmn{V go àmá CnXoe H$m {dMmanyd©H$ _ZZ BÝÐ Zo {H$`m AV: CÝh| hr àH¥$V kmZ àmá hþAmŸ& àU{V~«÷M`m}ngn©Um{Z H¥$Ëdm {g{Õ~© hþ H$mbmV²Ÿ&4/19Ÿ& BÝÐ H$s Vah `{X H$moB© Jwé _| àUV ^md aIo Am¡a ~«÷M`© H$m Cngn©U (lÕm go Jwé Ho$ nmg OmH$a godm H$aZm) H$ao Vmo XrK©H$mb VH$ Eogm H$aZo go Cgo {g{Õbm^ (VÎdkmZ -àm{á) hmoVm h¡Ÿ& Z H$mb {Z`_mo dm_XoddV²Ÿ&4/20Ÿ& kmZ Ho$ CX` _| H$moB© H$mb {Z`_ Zht h¡Ÿ, O¡go dm_Xod H$mo J^© _| hr kmZmoX` hþAm Wm (EoVao` Cn.2/4/5, ~¥hXmaÊ`H$ Cn.1/4/10)Ÿ&

274 gm§»`-Xe©Z H$m d¡km{ZH$ AmYma AÜ`ñVê $nmo nm gZmV² nmaån`}U `kmo nm gH$m Zm{_dŸ&4/21Ÿ& gJwU CnmgZm go ^r kmZ {_b gH$Vm h¡, AV: XwîH$a AÜ`mË_`moJ H$m AZwerbZ ì`W© h¡-`h _mZZm R>rH$ Zht h¡Ÿ, Š`m|{H$ AÜ`ñV ê$nm| (~«÷m, {dîUw, {ed Am{X) H$s CnmgZm go ~«÷bmoH$ H$s àm{á hmoVr h¡ Am¡a gÎdew{Õ Ho$ H«${_H$ CËH$f© Ho$ AZwgma kmZ H$s {Zoîn{Îm hmoVr h¡Ÿ& Bggo Ma_ {g{Õ gmjmV² ê$n go Zht hmoVrŸ& `kH$_©H$mar H$o {b`o ^r `hr ~mV h¡Ÿ& H$_© go {MÎm ewÕ hmoVm h¡ VWm gÎdew{Õ Ho$ H«${_H$ CËH$f© go {ddoH$nydH© $ {MÎm {ZamoY H$aZo go na_mW© H$s {g{Õ hmoVr h¡Ÿ& BVabm^o@ß`md¥{Îm: nÄMm{¾`moJVmo OÝ_lwV:o Ÿ&4/22Ÿ& Aì`º$ ê$nm| H$s CnmgZm go ~«÷bmoH$ H$s àm{á hmoZo na ^r g§gma _| nwZamd¥{Îm hmoVr h¡, Š`m|{H$ Xod`mZ nW go ~«÷bmoH$ _| J_ZH$mar H$m nwZO©Ý_ nÄMm{¾ `moJ (Úw-nO©Ý`-n¥{Wdr-nwéf-`mo{fV² ê$ngo) hmoVm h¡Ÿ-Eogm lm¡V dMZ h¡Ÿ& {daº$ ho `hm Z_w nm Xo `mo nmXmZ§ h§ gjr adV²Ÿ&4/23Ÿ& {Og àH$ma h§g Ob{_{lV Xw½Y go XyY AbJ H$a gH$Vm h¡, Cgr àH$ma d¡am½`gånÞ gmYH$ ho` H$m hmZ(Ë`mJ) Ed§ CnmXo` H$m CnmXmZ (J«hU) H$aZo _| Xj hmoVm h¡Ÿ& bãYm{Ve``moJmÛm VÛV²Ÿ&4/24Ÿ& {OgH$m kmZ Ma_ CËH$f© na nhþM§ J`m h¡, Eogo _hmnwéf Ho$ g§J go ^r H$moB© kmZ nm gH$Vm h¡, O¡go amOm AbH©$ H$mo _hm`moJr XÎmmÌo` Ho$ g§J go {ddoH$ {_bm WmŸ& Z H$m_Mm[aËd§ amJmonhVo ewH$dV²Ÿ&4/26Ÿ& amJr (gH$m_) nwéfm| H$m g§J H$aZo go CgHo$ amJm{X Xmofm| H$m à^md g§JH$mar na ^r n‹S>Vm h¡, {Og àH$ma gwÝXa ewH$ njr H$m ~ÝYZ ì`mY Ho$ JwUm| (añgr) go hmoVm h¡Ÿ& Z ^mo JmÐm JempÝV_w© {ZdV²Ÿ&4/27Ÿ& ^moJ H$aVo ahZo go {df`mZwamJ H$s CnempÝV (d¡am½` ^md) Zht hmoVr, O¡go gm¡^[a _w{Z H$m {MÎm àMwa ^moJ {dbmg go ^r emÝV Zht hþAm WmŸ& Xmofm Xe©ZmXw^`mo:Ÿ&4/28Ÿ& àH¥${V Am¡a CgHo$ H$m`© _| XmofXe©Z H$aZo H$s e{º$ O~ hmoVr h¡ V^r amJ H$m Cne_ hmoVm h¡Ÿ& àH¥${V Am¡a CgHo$ H$m`© n[aUm_r h¢, Xw:IX h¢, BË`m{X ~moY

6.gm§»`-gyÌ 275 hmoZo na hr CZ na Xmof Xe©Z hmoVm h¡Ÿ& Z _{bZMoVñ`wnXoe~rOàamohmo@OdV²Ÿ&4/29Ÿ& _{bZ {MÎm _| CnXoe ê$n ~rO H$m àamoh (A‘x>a Ho$ ê$n _| CX²J_) Zht hmoVm (amJ Ûof `wº$ {MÎm CnXoe gwZH$a ^r gmYZ-_mJ© _| AJ«ga Zht hmoVm), {Og àH$ma AO (Zm_H$ amOm) O~ ^m`m© {d`moJ go Xw:{IV hmo J`o Vmo d{gð> H$m CnXoe ^r CZH$m {MÎm emÝV Zht H$a nm`mŸ& Zm^mg_mÌ_{n _{bZXn©UdV²Ÿ&4/30Ÿ& {Og àH$ma _¡bo Xn©U _| à{V{~å~ Zht hmoVm, Cgr àH$ma _{bZ {MÎm _| CnXoe hoVw kmZ H$m Am^mg _mÌ ^r CËnÞ Zht hmoVmŸ& ZVÁOñ`m{n VÐÿnVm n‘>OdV²Ÿ&4/31Ÿ& _{bZ {MÎm _| CnXoe go `{X g_mYmZ ^r hmo Vmo dh CnXoe Ho$ AZwê$n Zht hmoVmŸ&{Og àH$ma n§H$ Xmof Ho$ H$maU ~rO Ho$ ewÕ ahZo na ^r nÙ ~rO Ho$ O¡gm Zht hmoVmŸ& Z ^y{V`moJ(o @{n) H¥$VH¥$Ë`Vmonmñ`{ÕdXwnmñ`{g{ÕdV²Ÿ&4/32Ÿ& {d^y{V H$s àm{á hmoZo na ^r H¥$VH¥$Ë`Vm (na_ nwéfmW©=Xw:I H$r nyU© {Zd¥{Îm) Zht hmoVr, Š`m|{H$ Eoíd`© H$s {ÌJwUmË_H$Vm Ho$ H$maU Cg_| j` Am{X Xmof Adí` hmoVo h¢Ÿ& Cnmñ` ~«÷m, {dîUw Am{X Xodm| H$s {g{Õ hmoZo na ^r CZH$s H¥$VH¥$Ë`Vm Zht hmoVrŸ&

AÜ`m` 5 _“bmMaU§ {eï>mMmamV² \$bXe©ZmV² lw{VVíMo{VŸ&5/1Ÿ& emómaå^ _| _“bmMaU Ho$ 3 hoVw h¢-{eï>mMma, \$bXe©Z (_“bmMaU go J«ÝWg_m{á ê$n \$b `m {d¿Z-Üd§gê$n \$b) VWm lw{V H$m AmXoeŸ& Zoídam{Y{Vð>Vo \$b{Zîn{Îm: H$_©Um VpËgÕo:Ÿ&5/2Ÿ& H$_© \$b H$s {Zîn{Îm B©ída Ho$ A{Yð>mZ ê$n hoVw go Zht hmoVr, H$_© Ûmam hr H$_©\$b àmá hmoVm h¡Ÿ& ñdmonH$mamX{Yð>mZ§ bmoH$dV²Ÿ&5/3Ÿ& B©ída Ho$ A{Yð>mZ go \$b {_bVm h¡, Eogm _mZZo go `h ^r _mZZm n‹S>Jo m {H$ CZ_| ñdmonH$ma (AnZo Ho$ {b`o Hw$N> H$aZo H$s BÀN>m) H$s _Zmod{¥ Îm h¡Ÿ& bmoH$ _| ^r AnZr ^bmB© Ho$ {b`o hr H$moB© {H$gr H$m gÄMmbZ, {Z`_Z Am{X H$aVm h¡Ÿ&

276 gm§»`-Xe©Z H$m d¡km{ZH$ AmYma bm¡{H$Ho$ídad{XVaWmŸ&5/4Ÿ& B©ída H$m CnH$ma _mZZo na do bm¡{H$Ho$ída (e{º$_mZ² g§gmar ì`{º$) Ho$ O¡go hr {gÕ hm|Jo (B©ída _| {Z:g‘>ënVm, AmáH$m_Vm Am{X JwUm| H$s A{g{Õ hmoJr)Ÿ& nm[a^m{fH$mo dmŸ&5/5Ÿ& `{X bm¡{H$Ho$ída O¡gm hr B©ída H$mo _mZm Om`, Vmo dh ‘B©ída’ à{VdmXr H$m EH$ nm[a^m{fH$ nXmW© hmoJmŸ& Z amJmÑVo VpËg{Õ: à{V{Z`VH$maUËdmV²Ÿ&5/6Ÿ& \$b {g{Õ _| A{Yð>mZ ê$n go gmjmV² hoVw dhr MoVZ Ord hmo gH$Vm h¡, {OgH$mo VXZwê$n amJ hmo (Š`m|{H$ amJ hr àd¥{Îm H$m hoVw h¡)Ÿ& B©ída _| H$moB© amJ Zht h¡Ÿ& VÚmoJ@o {n Z {ZË`_wº$:Ÿ&5/7Ÿ& B©ída _| amJ hmoZo na dh {ZË`_wº$ Zht hmo gH$VmŸ& àYmZe{º$`moJmÀMoV² g“mn{Îm:Ÿ&5/8Ÿ& `{X àYmZ H$s BÀN>m Am{X e{º$`m| H$mo hr B©ída H$s B©ídaVm _mZ| Vmo B©ída _| g§J _mZZm n‹S>oJmŸ& gÎmm_mÌmÀMoV² gd£íd`©_Ÿ² &5/9Ÿ& `{X àH¥${V Ho$ g{ÞYmZ _mÌ go MoVZ H$m Eoíd`© _mZ|, Vmo g^r AmË_m Eoíd`©dmZ² hmo Om`|Jo Š`m|{H$ g^r ^moº$mAm| Ho$ gmW g§`moJ H$o H$maU hr àH¥${V go _hV² Am{X CËnÞ hmoVo h¢Ÿ& à_mUm^mdmÞ VpËg{Õ:Ÿ&5/10Ÿ& dñVwV: {ZË` B©ída H$s gÎmm _| H$moB© à_mU Zht h¡Ÿ& gå~ÝY^mdmÞmZw _mZ_²Ÿ&5/11Ÿ& g¥{ï>{H«$`m Ho$ gmW {ZË`_wº$ B©ída H$m H$moB© Eogm gå~ÝY Zht h¡ {Oggo OJV² H$s CËn{Îm go B©ída H$s gÎmm H$m AZw_mZ {H$`m Om`Ÿ& lw{Va{n àYmZH$m`©Ëdñ`Ÿ&5/12Ÿ& àYmZ (3 JwU) hr Bg ànÄM (OJV²) H$m CnmXmZ h¡-Eogr lw{V h¡Ÿ& Zm{dÚme{º$`moJmo {Z:g“ñ`Ÿ&5/13Ÿ& {ZJw©U MoVZ nwéf ñd^mdV: Ag§J h¡, AV: A{dÚmê$n e{º$ Ho$ gmW nwéf H$m gmjmV² `moJ Zht hmoVmŸ&(gyÌ 1/20Ÿ)& VÚmoJo VpËgÕmdÝ`mo@Ý`ml`Ëd_²Ÿ&5/14Ÿ&

6.gm§»`-gyÌ 277 A{dÚm H$m `moJ ^r A{dÚmde hmoVm h¡,Eogm H$hZo go AÝ`moÝ`ml` Xmof hmoVm h¡Ÿ& Z ~rOm‘x>adV² gm{Xg§gmalwV:o Ÿ&5/15Ÿ& ~rOm‘x>a-Ý`m` Zo Bg Xmof H$m g_mYmZ Zht hmo gH$Vm, Š`m|{H$ A{dÚm Am{X ê$n g§gma H$m Amaå^ h¡Ÿ& àb` Am¡a gwfw{á _| My§{H$ BZH$m A^md hmoVm h¡, AV: BZ g~H$s nwZ: ZyVZ g¥{ï> _mZZr n‹S>Vr h¡Ÿ& {dÚmVmo@Ý`Ëdo ~« ÷~mY àgºo$:Ÿ&5/16Ÿ& `{X A{dÚm H$m AW© {dÚm go AÝ` h¡ Vmo ~«÷-~mY (~«÷ A{gÕ ) hmoJmŸ& A{dÚm H$m {Og àH$ma kmZ go Zme hmoVm h¡, Cgr àH$ma {dÚm{^Þ ~«÷ H$m Zme `m ~mY ^r hmoJmŸ& A~mYo Z¡î\$ë`_²Ÿ&5/17Ÿ& `{X {dÚm go A{dÚm H$m Zme Zht _mZm Om` Vmo ~«÷{dÚm H$s {d\$bVm hmoJrŸ& {dÚm~mÜ`Ëdo OJVmo@ß`od_²Ÿ&5/18Ÿ& `{X MoVZ _| Omo ~m{YV hmoVm h¡ Cgr H$mo A{dÚm _mZm Om`, Vmo OJV² ^r A{dÚmê$n hr hmoJm VWm EH$ ì`{º$ H$o A{dÚm H$m Zme hmoZo na gånyU© ànÄM hr AÑí` hmo Om`JmŸ& VÐÿnËdo gm{XËd_²Ÿ&5/19Ÿ& `{X {dÚm H$m ~mY hr A{dÚm _mZm Om` Vmo {dÚm H$m Am{XËd _mZZm n‹S>Jo mŸ& àb` _| nwéf {MÝ_mÌ ê$n ahVm h¡, AV: {MÎmJV A{dÚm Zht ahVrŸ& nwZ: gJ© Amaå^ hmoZo na Ag§gmar nwéf H$m ñdVÝÌ {ZË` àYm ZHo$ gmW `moJ hmoZo na ~ÝY hmoVm h¡Ÿ& Bg àYmZ g§`moJ H$m {Z{_Îm h¡-àmJ²^d A{ddoH$Ÿ& Z Y_m©nbmn: àH¥${V H$m`© d¡{MÍ`mV²Ÿ&5/20Ÿ& àH¥${V Ho$ H$m`m] H$s Omo {d{MÌVm h¡, Cg_| AàË`j Y_© H$m AZw_mZ hmoVm h¡Ÿ&(AÑï> ê$n Y_© Ho$ H$maU hr `h {d{MÌVm hmoVr h¡Ÿ)& lw{V{b“m{X{^ñVpËg{Õ:Ÿ&5/21Ÿ& lw{V, {d{Yê$n {b“ VWm `mo{JàË`j Am{X go Y_© H$s {g{Õ hmoVr h¡Ÿ& Z {Z`_: à_mUmÝVamdH$memV²Ÿ&5/22Ÿ& àË`j à_mU Z ahZo go hr Y_© H$m ApñVËd{gÕ Zht hmoVm, `h H$hZm R>rH$ Zht h¡Ÿ& AÝ` à_mU(AZw_mZ Am{X) go ^r AàË`j Y_© H$s {g{Õ hmoVr h¡Ÿ& C^`Ìmß`od_²Ÿ&5/23Ÿ&

278 gm§»`-Xe©Z H$m d¡km{ZH$ AmYma {Og àH$ma Ho$ à_mU go Y_© H$s {g{Õ hmoVr h¡, Cgr àH$ma Ho$ à_mU go AY_© H$s {g{Õ hmoVr h¡Ÿ& AWm©V² {g{ÕíMoV² g_mZ_w^`mo:Ÿ&5/24Ÿ& {d{YdmŠ` H$mo XoIH$a AWm©n{Îm à_mU go Y_© H$s {g{Õ hmoVr h¡, na AY_© H$s {g{Õ Zht hmoVr-`h H$hZm R>rH$ Zht h¡, Š`m|{H$ emó Ho$ {ZfoY dmŠ`m| go AY_© H$s {g{Õ hmoVr h¡Ÿ(Cgo _Zm [H$`m J`m h¡)& AÝV:H$aUY_©Ëd§ Y_m©XrZm_²Ÿ&5/25Ÿ& Y_©, AY_© Am{X AÝV:H$aU Ho$ Y_© h¢ (d¡e{o fH$Xe©Z _| BÝh| AmË_m H$m {deof JwU _mZm OmVm h¡)Ÿ& àb` _| ^r Bg AÝV:H$aU H$m nyU© Zme Zht hmoVmŸ& H$maUmdñW AÝV:H$aU _| Y_© Am{X H$m g§ñH$ma ahVm h¡Ÿ& JwUmXrZm§ (M) ZmË`ÝV ~mY:Ÿ&5/26Ÿ& gÎd Am{X VrZ JwU Am¡a CZHo$ Y_©^Vy gwI-Xw:I-_moh ñd`§ ~mY Zht hmoV,o `Ú{n MoVZ _| BgH$m ~mY hmoVm h¡Ÿ& nÄMmd`d`moJmV² gwIg§{d{Îm:Ÿ&5/27Ÿ& (Ý`m` emó H$o) 5 Ad`dm| go gwI H$m g§dXo Z {gÕ {H$`m Om gH$Vm h¡, `Wm AW© {H«$`m H$mar nXmW© gV² hmoVm h¡, gwI, nwbH$ Am{X ê$n ^r AW© {H«$`m H$mar h¢, AV: dh gV² h¡Ÿ& Z gH¥$X² J«hUmV² gå~ÝY {g{Õ:Ÿ&5/28Ÿ& EH$ ~ma gmW XrIZo go {H$Ýht Xmo nXmWm] H$m gå~ÝY {gÕ Zht hmoVmŸ& {Z`VY_©gm{hË`_w^`moaHo $Vañ` dm ì`m{á:Ÿ&5/29Ÿ& EH$ nXmW© AÝ` Ho$ gmW `m C^` H$m C^` Ho$ gmW {ZË` ahZm ì`m{á H$hbmVm h¡Ÿ& gmÜ` Ho$ gmW gmYZ H$m gå~ÝY ì`m{á h¡Ÿ& C^` H$m gmW hmoZm g_ ì`m{á _| hmoVm h¡, O¡go OÝ`Vm Am¡a A{ZË`Vm _|Ÿ& Z VÎdmÝVa§ dñVwH$ënZmàgºo$:Ÿ&5/30Ÿ& dh Aì`{^M[aV$gå~ÝY ê$n ì`m{á H$moB© AbJ VÎd Zht h¡, gmW ahZm CZH$m {Z`V Y_© h¡Ÿ& Eogm Zht _mZZo na CgHm$ AmYmaê$n AÝ` VÎd _mZZm hmoJmŸ& {ZOeŠË`wX^ ² d{_Ë`Mm`m©:Ÿ&5/31Ÿ& Hw$N> AmMm`m} Ho$ _V go ì`mßV dñVw H$s e{º$ go ì`m{á hmoVr h¡Ÿ& AmYo` e{º$ `moJ B{V nÄ M{eI:Ÿ&5/32Ÿ&

6.gm§»`-gyÌ 279 nÄM{eI Ho$ _V go AmYo` e{º$ H$m Zm_ ì`m{á h¡Ÿ& AmYo` e{º$`moJ H$m AW© h¡ì`má hmoZo H$m {ZíM`-O¡go Yy_ ñd^md go hr A{¾ H$m ghMa h¡Ÿ& AmYo`=AmYma _| ahZo dmbm, `hm§ Yy_Ÿ& Z ñdê$ne{º${Z`_: nwZdm©Xàgºo$:Ÿ&5/33Ÿ& ì`má H$s ñdê$n e{º$ hr {Z`_ (ì`m{á) h¡-Eogm H$hZm nwZé{º$ _mÌ h¡Ÿ& {deofUmZW©Š`àgºo$:Ÿ&5/34Ÿ& (nyd© gyÌ H$m) nwZé{º$ {deofU H$s ì`W©Vm ê$n h¡Ÿ& nëbdm{dîdZwnnÎmo:(M)Ÿ&5/35Ÿ& ñdê$n e{º$dmX _mZZm R>rH$ Zht h¡, Š`m|{H$ nëbd (d¥j emIm) _| d¥j ì`má h¡Ÿ& AV: Qy>Q>o nëbd _| ^r d¥j H$m ~moY hmoZm Mm{h`o, na Eogm Zht hmoVmŸ& AmYo`e{º${gÕm¡ {ZOe{º$`moJ: g_mZÝ`m`mV²Ÿ&5/36Ÿ& 32d| gyÌ _| AmYo`e{º$`moJ H$mo hr ì`m{ßV H$hm J`m h¡Ÿ& Bggo AnZr e{º$ Ho CX²^d H$m ì`m{áËd ^r {gÕ hmoVm h¡, Š`m|{H$ XmoZm| njm| H$m EH$ hr VH©$ h¡Ÿ& {Og `w{º$ go AmYo`e{º$ {gÕ hmoVr h¡, Cgr go AnZr e{º$ H$m CX²^d ^r {gÕ h¡Ÿ& dmÀ`mdmMH$(^md:) gå~ÝY: eãXmW©`mo:Ÿ&5/37Ÿ& eãX Am¡a AW© H$m dmÀ`-dmMH$ gå~ÝY h¡, eãX _| dmMH$Vm e{º$ h¡, AW© _| dmÀ`Vm e{º$ h¡Ÿ& {Ì{^: gå~ÝY{g{Õ:Ÿ(Õo:)&5/38Ÿ& Bg gå~ÝY H$m kmZ VrZ àH$ma go {gÕ hmoVm h¡-(1) AmámonXoe, (2) d¥Õì`dhmanaånam, (3) à{gÕ nX H$m g_mZm{YH$aUŸ& Z H$m`} {Z`_ C^`Wm Xe©ZmV²Ÿ&5/39Ÿ& e{º$J«h H$m`© (gmÜ`) AW© _| hr hmoVm h¡, Eogr ~mV ZhtŸ& gmÜ` Am¡a {g{Õ BZ XmoZm| _| e{º$ {gÕ h¡Ÿ& Bg Ñ{ï> go {gÕmW© ~moYH$ doXdmŠ` H$m àm_mÊ` _mZm OmVm h¡Ÿ& bmoH$o ì`wËnÞñ` doXmW©àVr{V:Ÿ&5/40Ÿ& bm¡{H$H$ eãX _| Omo ì`wËnÞ h¡, CgH$mo doXmW© H$s àVr{V hmoVr h¡, Š`m|{H$ Omo bm¡{H$H$ eãX h¡, dhr d¡{XH$ eãX h¡Ÿ& Z {Ì{^anm¡éfo`ËdÛoXñ` VXW©ñ`mVrpÝÐ`ËdmV²Ÿ&5/41Ÿ& (e§H$m) doX Anm¡éfo` h¡ (doX H$m H$moB© àW_ aM{`Vm Zht h¡) VWm doXmW© AVrpÝÐ`

280 gm§»`-Xe©Z H$m d¡km{ZH$ AmYma h¡, AV: 3/38 gyÌmoº$ VrZ Cnm`m| go e{º$J«h moZo H$s gå^mdZm Zht h¡Ÿ& Z `kmXo: ñdê$nVmo Y_©Ëd§ d¡{eîQ>çmV²Ÿ&5/42Ÿ& (CÎma) doX _| Cº$ Ðì`Ë`mJ Am{X `k AVrpÝÐ` Zht h¢Ÿ& do \$bOZH$ hmoZo Ho$ H$maU H$_© h¢Ÿ& `k go CËnÞ Anyd© Y_© Zht h¡, Y_© go AbJ h¡Ÿ& `mJ Am{X BÀN>m go hmoVo h¢, AV: do Abm¡{H$H$, Anm¡éfo`, AVrpÝÐ` Zht h¢Ÿ& {ZOe{º$ì`wË© nÎ`m ì`dpÀN>ÚVoŸ&5/43Ÿ& doX Ho$ Anm¡éfo` hmoZo na ^r doX Ho$ eãXm| H$m AW© d¥Õnaånam Ûmam {eî` H$mo ñnï> kmV hmoVr h¡, AV: Anm¡éfo` doX Ho$ AW©kmZ _| H$moB© ~mYm Zht h¡Ÿ& `mo½`m`mo½`ofw àVr{VOZH$ËdmV² VpËg{ÕŸ&5/4Ÿ4& gm_mÝ` Y_© H$o AZw^d go CgH$m àË`j VWm namoj AW© kmV hmoVo h¢Ÿ& `Wm Jmo eãX go Jm` `m Jmo Om{V XmoZm| AW© hmo gH$Vo h¢Ÿ& Z {ZË`Ëd§ doXmZm§ H$m`©ËdlwV:o Ÿ&5/45Ÿ& My[§ {H$ doX _| hr H$hm J`m h¡ {H$ doX H$m {Z_m©U àOmn{V Ûmam {H$`m J`m h¡, Bg{b`o doX {ZË` Zht h¢Ÿ& Z nm¡éfo`Ëd§ VËH$Îmw:© nwéfñ`m^mdmV²Ÿ&5/46Ÿ& {ZË` Z hmoZo na ^r doX nm¡éfo` Zht h¢, Š`m|{H$ doXH$Îmm© nwéf H$m à^md h¡(H$Îmm© H$m ñ_aU naånam _| Z ahZo Ho$ H$maU)Ÿ& B©ída à{V{gÕ h¡, AV: B©ída H$mo doXH$Îmm© Zht _mZ gH$VoŸ& _wº$m_wº$`moa`mo½`ËdmV²Ÿ&5/47Ÿ& _wº$ nwéf gd©Wm drVamJ hmoZo Ho$ H$maU doX H$m àUoVm Zht hmo gH$VmŸ& ~Õ nwéf ^r H$Îmm© Zht hmo gH$Vm Š`m|{H$ Cgo doX Ho$ gyú_ {df`m| H$m kmZ Zht hmo gH$VmŸ& Zmnm¡éfo`Ëdm{ÞË`Ëd_‘x>am{XdV²Ÿ&5/48Ÿ& {Og àHma A‘x>a Am{X Anm¡éfo` hmoZo na ^r {ZË` Zht h¢, Cgr àH$ma doX Anm¡éfo` hmoZo na ^r {ZË` Zht h¢Ÿ& Vofm_{n VÚmoJo Ñï>~mYm{X àg{º$:Ÿ&5/49Ÿ& A‘x>a My{§ H$ H$m`© h¡, AV: CgH$mo nm¡éfo` hr _mZZm Mm{h`oŸ-Eogm H$hZm R>rH$ Zht h¡Ÿ& Š`m|{H$ A‘x>a Ho$ gmW H$m`©Ëd H$m `moJ ~m{YV hr h¡Ÿ& A‘x>a Anm¡éfo` hmoZo na ^r A{ZË` h¡Ÿ& `pñ_ÞÑï>@o {n H¥$V~w{Õé nOm`Vo VËnm¡é fo`_²Ÿ& 5/50Ÿ&

6.gm§»`-gyÌ 281 nm¡éfo` dñVw Cgo H$hVo h¢, {OgHo$ H$Îmm© Ho$ AÑï> hmoZo na ^r dh ~w{Õ nydH© $ a{MV h¡, Eogm bJVm h¡Ÿ& doX ~w{Õnyd©H$ Zht h¡, AV: dh Anm¡éfo` h¡Ÿ& {ZOeŠË`{^ì`ºo$: ñdV: à_mU_²Ÿ&5/51Ÿ& doX H$s AnZr ñdm^m{dH$ kmZ XoZo H$s e{º$ go CgH$m ñdV: àm_mÊ` {gÕ hmoVm h¡Ÿ& doX H$m àm_mÊ` dº$m H$mo `WmW© kmZ XoVm h¡Ÿ& ZmgV: »`mZ§ Z¥ûm¥“dV²Ÿ&5/52Ÿ& AgV² (A{dÚ_mZ) dñVw H$m kmZ Zht hmoVm, {Og àH$ma Zaûm¥“ H$m kmZ Zht hmoVmŸ& grnr H$mo aOV g_PZm ^r nyU©V: AgV² Zht h¡,dh _Z H$m n[aUm_ h¡Ÿ& Z gVmo ~mYXe©ZmV²Ÿ&5/53Ÿ& {ÌJwU ê$n nam gV² nXmW© ^r à{VjU n[aUm_r h¡, AV: BgHo$ EH$ Y_© go AÝ` Y_© H$m ~moY hmoVm h¡Ÿ& M¡VÝ` _| {ÌJwU H$m ~mY XoIm OmVm h¡Ÿ& Zm{Zd©MZr`ñ` VX^mdmV²Ÿ&5/54Ÿ& kmV nXmW© `m Vmo {dÚ_mZ (gV²) hmoJm `m A{dÚ_mZ (AgV²) hmoJmŸ& kmV dñVw Hmo A{Zd©MZr` Zht H$h gH$VoŸ& Zm@Ý`Wm»`m{V: ñddMmoì`mKmVmV²Ÿ&5/55Ÿ& AÝ`Wm»`m{V (EH$ dñVw H$m AÝ` ê$n _| kmZ) g§JV Zht h¡, Š`m|{H$ Eogm _mZZo go AnZm hr _V IpÊS>V hmoVm h¡Ÿ& EH$ dñVw AÝ` dñVw Zht hmo gH$Vr, AV; A{gÕ dñVw H$m ^r Am^mg Zht hmo gH$VmŸ& gXgV² »`m{V~m©Ym~mYmV²Ÿ&5/46Ÿ& gXgV² »`m{VdmX (EH$ Ñ{ï> go gV² VWm AÝ` Ñ{ï> go AgV²) hr `wº$ h¡-Š`m|{H$ Bg Ñ{ï> H$m H$moB© ~mYH$ hoVw Zht h¡Ÿ& XyH$mZ _| aOV² gV² VWm CgHo$ O¡gm XrIVm grnr AgV² h¡Ÿ& Bgr àH$ma A`ñH$ ^oX go gÎd AgÎd H$m {ZU©` hmo gH$Vm h¡Ÿ& àVrË`àVr{Vä`m§ Z ñ\$moQ>mË_H$: eãX:Ÿ&5/57Ÿ& dmMH$ nX (eãX) ñ\$moQ> ({Oggo AW© ñnï> hmo) ê$n h¡, Üd{Z ê$n Zht h¡-Eogm H$hZm Ag§JV h¡, Š`m|{H$ Üd{Z H$s hr àVr{V hmoVr h¡, ñ\$moQ>ê$n Üd{Z Ûmam ì`pÄOV nXmW© H$s àVr{V Zht hmoVrŸ& Z eãX{ZË`Ëd§ H$m`©VmàVrVo:Ÿ&5/58Ÿ& dU©(H$ÊR> Vmbw Am{X go CËnÞ Üd{Z) {ZË` Zht h¡, Š`m|{H$ dh H$m`© h¡- CgH$s CËn{Îm hmoVr h¡Ÿ&

282 gm§»`-Xe©Z H$m d¡km{ZH$ AmYma nyd{© gÕgÎdñ`m{^ì`{º$Xu noZdo KQ>ñ`Ÿ&5/59Ÿ& (e‘>$m) `{X H$hm Om` {H$ {ZË` {Zad`d àmH²${gÕ ñ\$moQ> (eãX) hr Üd{Z go A{^ì`º$ hmoVm h¡, {Og àH$ma nyd{© gÕ AÝYH$ma Amd¥Îm KQ> Xrn go àH$Q> hmoVm h¡, Z`m Zht ~ZVmŸ& gËH$m`© {gÕmÝVíMoV² {gÕgmYZ_²Ÿ&5/60Ÿ& (g_mYmZ) gËH$m`©dmX H$s Ñ{ï> go Eogm Zht hmo gH$Vm, Š`m|{H$ Bg_| nhbo go {gÕ Ho$ gmYZ H$m Xmof h¡Ÿ& ZmÛ¡V_mË_Zmo {b“mV² VX²^Xo àVrVo:Ÿ&5/61Ÿ& H$moB© AmË_m ~Õ h¡, H$moB© _wº$ h¡, AV: AmË_m EH$ Zht hmo gH$VmŸ& lw{VdmŠ` _| Eogm {b“(~mø ê$n) h¡, {Oggo AË_mAm| _| nañna ^oX kmV hmoVm h¡Ÿ& Zm@ZmË_Zm{n àË`j~mYmV²Ÿ&5/62Ÿ& AmË_m H$m Û¡V AZmË_dñVw (^moJ {df`) Ho$ H$maU Zht h¡Ÿ& ^mo½` Am¡a ^moº$m AmË_m EH$ Zht hmo gH$VoŸ& Zmo^mä`m§ VoZd¡ Ÿ&5/63Ÿ& AmË_m Am¡a AZmË_ dñVw {~bH$wb {^Þ Zht hmo gH$Vo (nydm}º$ `w{º$ Ho$ H$maU)Ÿ& AÝ` naËd_{ddoH$mZm§ VÌŸ&5/64Ÿ& AÝ` àg§J _| emó _| AmË_Û¡V H$hmJ`m h¡Ÿ& A{ddoH$s ì`{º$ _| CnmgZm ~w{Õ H$aZo Ho$ {b`o Bg àH$ma H$m AmË_Û¡V ~Vm`m J`m h¡Ÿ& eara-eara _| A{ddoH$ go A^oX~w{Õ hmoVr h¡, Cg ~w{Õ H$mo _mZH$a lw{V _| AmË_m^oX nydH© $ CnmgZm H$m dU©Z h¡Ÿ& ZmË_m@{dÚm Zmo^` OJXwnmXmZH$maU§ {Z:g“ËdmV²Ÿ&5/65Ÿ& Ho$db AmË_m `m Ho$db A{dÚm `m BZ XmoZm| Ho$ {_lU Ûmam OJV² Zht ~ZVm, Š`m|{H$ Ho$db AmË_m {Z:g“-{ZJwU © -{ZY©_H© $ h¡Ÿ& (Ag“Vm Ho$ H$maU XmoZm| H$m ñdm^m{dH$ `moJ Zht hmo gH$VmŸ& {ZJwU © Ëd Ho$ H$maU AmË_m CnmXmZ ^r Zht hmo gH$Vm)Ÿ& Z¡H$ñ`mZÝX{MÐÿnËdo Û`mo^X} mV²Ÿ&5/66Ÿ& EH$ (AIÊS> AmË_m) Y_u H$m AmZÝX Am¡a {MV²-XmoZm| ê$n gå^d Zht h¡ Š`m|{H$ XmoZm| _| ^oX h¡Ÿ& Xw:I{Zd¥ÎmoJm£U:Ÿ&5/67Ÿ&

6.gm§»`-gyÌ 283 {d_w{º$àe§gm _ÝXmZm_²Ÿ&5/68Ÿ& Xw:I{Zd¥{Îm ê$n _| AmË_m H$s àe§gm H$aZo go A“mo§ H$s àd¥{Îm AmË_Ü`mZ H$s Amoa hmoVr h¡, AV: Eogm Jm¡U à`moJ {H$`m J`m h¡Ÿ& Z ì`mnH$Ëd§ _Zg: H$aUËdm{XpÝÐ`ËdmÛm,dmñ`m{XdÀMjwam{XdÀMŸ&5/69Ÿ& gm_mÝ` AÝV:H$aU Ho$ ê$n _| _Z ì`mnH$ Zht h¡, Š`m|{H$ dh H$aU Am¡a BpÝÐ` h¡Ÿ& V¥Vr` AÝV:H$aU ê$n Omo _Z h¡, dh {d^w Zht h¡Ÿ& dmñ` (Ka) EH$ hr ñWmZ na h¡, O¡go eara _| pñWV _ZŸ&_Z H$s Vah Mjw ^r EH$ BpÝÐ` h¡ Omo EH$ hr h¡Ÿ& g{H«$`ËdmX² J{VlwV:o Ÿ&5/70Ÿ& AmË_m Ho$ AÝ` bmoH$ _| OmZo H$m AW© Cnm{Y^yV AÝV:H$aU H$s J{V h¡Ÿ& J{V {H«$`m h¡, AV: AÝV:H$aU {d^w Zht hmo gH$VmŸ& Z {Z^m©JËd§ VÚmoJmX² KQ> (Am{X) dV²Ÿ&5/71Ÿ& _Z {Z^m©J (Ad`dhrZ) Zht h¡, Š`m|{H$ EH$ H$mb _| hr AZoH$ BpÝÐ`m| go CgH$m `moJ ahVm h¡Ÿ& KQ> {Og àH$ma gr{_V n[a_mU H$m VWm Ad`d `wº$ h¡, d¡gm hr _Z ^r h¡Ÿ& àH¥${Vnwéf`moaÝ`V² gd©_{ZË`_²Ÿ&5/72Ÿ& àH¥${V, nwéf Ho$ A{V[aº$ g^r ì`º$ nXmW© A{ZË` h¢Ÿ& Z ^mJ bm^mo ^m{JZmo {Z^m©JËdlwV:o Ÿ&5/73Ÿ& àH¥${V nwéf H$m H$moB© Ad`d Zht h¡, Š`m|{H$ lw{V _§o BÝh| {Zad`d H$hm J`m h¡Ÿ& ZmZÝXm{^ì`{º$_w© {º${Z©Y_© (© H$) ËdmV²Ÿ&5/74Ÿ& nwéf H$m H$moB© Y_© (bjU) Zht h¡, AV: AmZÝXê$n Y_© H$s A{^ì`{º$ H$mo _w{º$ Zht H$h $gH$VoŸ& Z {deofJwUmopÀN>{ÎmñVÛV²Ÿ&5/75Ÿ& AmË_m Ho$ AgmYmaU JwUm| H$m CÀN>Xo ^r _w{º$ Zht H$h gH$Vo, Š`m|{H$ AmË_m _| ñdê$nJV H$moB© JwU(Y_©) Zht h¡Ÿ& Z {deofJ{V{Z©pîH«$`ñ`Ÿ&5/76Ÿ& {deof J{V (~«÷ Am{X bmoH$m| _| J{V `m àH¥${Vb`) ^r _moj Zht h¡, Š`m|{H$ J{V O‹S> àH¥${V H$r hmoVr h¡, {ZpîH«$` AmË_m H$s ZhtŸ& ZmH$mamonamJmopÀN>{Îm: j{UH$Ëdm{XXmofmV²Ÿ&5/77Ÿ& j{UH$ {dkmZ ê$n AmË_m Ho$ {df` g§ñH$ma H$m Zme _mÌ _moj Zht h¡, Š`m|{H$

284 gm§»`-Xe©Z H$m d¡km{ZH$ AmYma Bg _V _| j{UH$Ëd Am{X Xmof hmoVo h¢Ÿ& Z gdm}pÀN>{ÎmanwéfmW©Ëdm{XXmofmV²Ÿ&5/78Ÿ& kmZê$n AmË_m H$m nyU© CÀN>Xo _moj Zht h¡, Š`m|{H$ Bg _| AnwéfmW©Ëd Xmof h¡Ÿ& Ed§ eyÝ`_{nŸ&5/79Ÿ& (nyd© `w{º$ go) A^mdê$nr eyÝ` AdñWm ^r _moj Zht h¡Ÿ (AmË_Zmeê$n A^md na_ nwéfmW© Zht hmo gH$VmŸ)& g§`moJmíM {d`moJmÝVm B{V Z Xoem{Xbm^mo@{nŸ&5/80Ÿ& g§`moJ hmoZo g o{d`moJ ^r hmoVm h¡, AV Xoe Am{X H$s àm{á {deof h¡, {ZË` _moj Zht hmo gH$VmŸ& Z ^m{J`moJmo @^mJñ`Ÿ&5/81Ÿ& Ord A§e h¡Ÿ& dh A§er B©ída _| brZ hmo OmVm h¡Ÿ& AnZm b` nwéfmW© Zht hmo gH$Vm VWm `h g§`moJ h¡, AV: {d`moJ ^r hmoJmŸ& Zm@{U_m{X`moJmo@ß`dí`å^m{dËdmV² VXwpÀN>Îmo[aVa{d`moJdV²Ÿ&5/82Ÿ& A{U_m, _{h_m Am{X {d^y{V H$s àm{á ^r _moj Zht h¡Ÿ& {d^y{V {ÌJwU go CËnÞ hmoZo Ho$ H$maU CgH$m CÀN>Xo hmoZm Adí`å^mdr h¡Ÿ& AÝ` àH$ma H$m g§`moJ O¡go Zï> hmo OmVm h¡, {d^y{V g§`moJ ^r d¡go hr Zï> hmo OmVm h¡Ÿ& ZoÝÐm{XnX`moJmo@{n VÛV²Ÿ&5/83Ÿ& BÝÐm{X nXm| H$s àm{á ^r _moj Zht h¡, `o Eoíd`© _mÌ h¢, AV: Zída h¢Ÿ& Z ^yVàH¥${VËd{_pÝÐ`mUm_mh‘>m[aH$ËdlwV:o Ÿ&5/84Ÿ& B{ÝÐ`m| H$s àH¥${V (CnmXmZ H$maU$) nÄM^yV Zht hmo gH$Vr Š`m|{H$ lw{V _| H$hm J`m h¡ {H$ BpÝÐ`m| H$m CnmXmZ Ah‘>ma h¡Ÿ& Z fQ²> nXmW©{Z`_ñVX²~moYmÝ_w{º$:Ÿ&5/85Ÿ& d¡e{o fH$ gå_V Ðì`, JwU, H$_© Am{X 6 nXmW© h¢Ÿ& na BZHo$ ~moY go _w{º$ Zht hmoVrŸ& fmoS>em{Xîdß`od_²Ÿ&5/86Ÿ& Ý`m` emó Ho$ 16 nXmWm] (à_mU, à_o` Am{X) Ho$ kmZ go ^r _w{º$ Zht hmoVrŸ& nmewnV emó H$m ^r _w{º$-gå~ÝYr _V ^r Bgr àH$ma IpÊS>V hmoVm h¡Ÿ& ZmUw{ZË`Vm VËH$m`©ËdlwV:o Ÿ&5/87Ÿ& Ý`m`-d¡e{o fH$ gå_V AUw {ZË` Zht h¡, Š`m|{H$ lw{V _| Cgo H$m`© H$hm h¡Ÿ&

6.gm§»`-gyÌ 285 Z (VX²){Z^m©JËd§ H$m`©ËdmV²Ÿ&5/88Ÿ& AUw (na_mUw) H$mo {Zad`d _mZm OmVm h¡, na dh H$m`© hmoZo H$o H$maU Cg_| Ad`d Adí` hmoJmŸ& Z ê$n {Z~ÝYZmV² àË`j(Ëd) {Z`_:Ÿ&5/89Ÿ& Eogm H$moB© {Z`_ Zht h¡ {H$ ê$n Ûmam hr àË`j hmo, CgH$m ~mhar Y_© Am{X Ûmam ^r gmjmËH$ma hmoVm h¡Ÿ& Z n[a_mUMmVw{d©Ü`§ Ûmä`m§ VÚmoJmV²Ÿ&5/90Ÿ& AUw, _hV², õñd, XrK©-BZ 4 H$mo hr n[a_mU H$hZm AZmdí`H$ h¡Ÿ& AUw Am¡a _hV²-BZ Xmo _| ^r ~mH$s Xmo H$mo ^r {JZm Om gH$Vm h¡Ÿ& A{ZË`Ëdo@{n pñWaVm`moJmV² àË`{^kmZ§ gm_mÝ`ñ`Ÿ&5/91Ÿ& ì`{º$$ ApñWa hmoZo na ^r CgH$m Omo Am^mg (àË`{^km) hmoVm h¡, dh gm_mÝ` H$s gÎmm Ho$ H$maU hmoVm h¡Ÿ& Z VXnbmnñVñ_mV²Ÿ&5/92Ÿ& àË`{^km hmoZo Ho$ H$maU gm_mÝ` H$m Anbmn Zht {H$`m Om gH$VmŸ& AZoH$ dñVwAm| _| EH$ JwU hmoZo Ho$ H$maU Omo EH$Vm XrIVr h¡, Cgo gm_mÝ` H$hVo h¢Ÿ& ZmÝ`{Zd¥{Îmê$nËd§ ^mdàVrVo:Ÿ&5/93Ÿ& gm_mÝ` AÝ`-{Zd¥{Îm ê$n Zht h¡, Š`m|{H$ ^mdê$n _| CgH$m ~moY hmoVm h¡Ÿ& `hr H$maU h¡ {H$ -`h AKQ> Zht h¡- Eogm ~moY Zht hmoVmŸ& Z VÎdmÝVa§ gmÑí`§ àË`jmonbãYo:Ÿ&5/94Ÿ& AZoH$ Ad`dm| _| Omo g_mZVm àË`j XrIVr h¡, Cgo gmÑí` H$hVo h¢Ÿ& dh H$moB© AbJ VÎd Zht h¡, Ad`dm| H$s g_mZVm _mÌ h¡Ÿ& {ZOeŠË`m{^ì`{º$dm© d¡{eîQ>çmV² VXwnbãYo:Ÿ&5/95Ÿ& AnZr e{º$ àH$Q> H$aZm ^r gmÑí` Zht h¡, gmÑí` Cggo {dbjU h¡Ÿ& Z g§kmg§{kgå~ÝYmo@{nŸ&5/96Ÿ& g§km (Zm_) Am¡a g§kr (Zm_ dmÀ` AW©) H$m gå~ÝY ^r gmÑí` Zht h¡Ÿ& Omo g§km-g§{k-gå~ÝY H$mo Zht OmZVm h¡, Cgo ^r gmÑí` H$m kmZ hmoVm h¡Ÿ& Z gå~ÝY{ZË`Vmo^`m{ZË`ËdmV²Ÿ&5/97Ÿ& eãX Am¡a AW© H$m gå~ÝY {ZË` Zht h¡, Š`m|{H$ g§km-g§kr XmoZm| A{ZË` h¢Ÿ& ZmV:(O:) gå~ÝYmo Y{_©Jm« hH$ _mZ(à_mU) ~mYmV²Ÿ&5/98Ÿ&

286 gm§»`-Xe©Z H$m d¡km{ZH$ AmYma gå~ÝY-J«mhH$ à_mU Ho$ {damoY Ho$ H$maU gå~ÝY H$mo {ZË` Zht _mZ gH$VoŸ& Z g_dm`mo@pñV à_mUm^mdmV²Ÿ&5/99Ÿ& Ý`m`-d¡e{o fH$ _| Ad`d-Ad`dr, JwU-JwUr Am{X _| {ZË` gå~ÝY H$mo g_dm` gå~ÝY H$hVo h¢Ÿ& BgH$s gÎmm H$m à_mU Zht hmoZo Ho$ H$maU g_dm` ^r {ZË` gå~ÝY Zht h¡Ÿ& C^`Ìmß`Ý`Wm{gÕoZ© àË`j_Zw_mZo (Z§) dmŸ&5/100Ÿ& {d{eï> JwU XrIZo `m AZw_mZ go g_dm` {gÕ Zht hmoVmŸ& ñdê$n gå~ÝY go hr Bgo {gÕ {H$`m Om gH$Vm h¡Ÿ& ZmZw_`o Ëd_od {H«$`m`m Zo{XîR>>ñ` VÎmÛVmoado mnamojàVrVo:Ÿ&5/101Ÿ& {H«$`m {g\©$ AZw_o` Zht hmoVr, CgH$m àË`j ^r hmoVm h¡Ÿ& {H«$`m VWm CgH$m AmYma-XmoZm| {ZH$Q> Ho$ ì`{º$ H$mo àË`j kmV hmoVo h¢Ÿ& Z nmÄM^m¡{VH$ eara§ ~hy Zm_wnmXmZm`moJmV²Ÿ&5/102Ÿ& ñWyb eara nÄM^yV {Z{_©V Zht hmo gH$Vm, Š`m|{H$ AZoH$ {dOmVr` Ðì` EH$ dñVw H$m CnmXmZ Zht hmo gH$VoŸ& AV: n¥{Wdr H$mo hr ñWyb eara H$m CnmXmZ _mZ gH$Vo h¢, ~mH$s An² Am{X ^yV Cnï>å^H$(ghm`H$) ê$n _| ahVo h¢Ÿ& Z ñWyb{_{V {Z`_ Am{Vdm{hH$ñ`m{n {dÚ_mZËdmV²Ÿ&5/103Ÿ& ñWyb eara Ho$ A{V[aº$ AÝ` eara ^r lw{V VWm `w{º$ go {gÕ h¢, O¡go A{Vdm{hH$ earaŸ& ZmàmáàH$meH$Ëd{_pÝÐ`mUm_àmáo: gd©àmáodm©Ÿ&5/104Ÿ& {df` go gå~Õ hmoZo na hr BpÝÐ`m§ Cgo àH$m{eV H$aVr h¢, do Aàmá H$mo àH$m{eV Zht H$a gH$VtŸ& `{X dh Aàmá H$mo àH$m{eV H$aVt Vmo gXm Xya VWm ì`d{hV dñVw H$mo àH$Q> H$aVtŸ& BpÝÐ`m§ JmobH$ Ho$ A{V[aº$ h¢Ÿ& àH$meH$Ëd H$m AW© h¡ nwéf _| AW© g_n©U `m {df`m| H$m à{V{~å~ J«hUŸ& Z VoOmo@ngn©UmV² V¡Og§ Mjwd©¥ {ÎmVñVpËgÕo:Ÿ&5/105Ÿ& VoO nXmW© Ho$ Angn©U H$mo XoIH$a Mjw BpÝÐ` H$mo V¡Og Zht g_PZm Mm{h`oŸ& àmU Hr$ gÄMaUerb d¥{Îm H$s Vah Mjw Xoh _| ahH$a ^r XyañW gy`© Am{X Ho$ à{V AngaU(AZw^d) H$a gH$Vm h¡Ÿ& àmámW©àH$me{b“mX² d¥{Îm {g{Õ:Ÿ&5/106Ÿ& àmá (gå~Õ) dñVw H$mo àH$m{eV H$aZo go Mjw Hr$ nydm}º$ d¥{Îm {gÕ hmoVr h¡Ÿ&

6.gm§»`-gyÌ 287 ^mJJwUmä`m§ VÎdmÝVa§ d¥{Îm: gå~ÝYmWª gn©Vr{VŸ&5/107Ÿ& d¥{Îm Z BpÝÐ`m| H$m A§e h¡ Z »`{V H$s Vah JwU h¡Ÿ& d¥{Îm BpÝÐ` H$m n[aUm_ h¡, AV: Cgr _| pñWV h¡Ÿ& dh gå~Õ {df` H$s Va\$ OmVm h¡ Am¡a {df` _| {bá hmoVm h¡Ÿ& d¥{Îm àgn©U-{H«$`m-`mo{JZr h¡ VWm dh Ðì`ê$n h¡Ÿ& Z Ðì`(ì`o) {Z`_ñVÚmoJmV²Ÿ&5/108Ÿ& d¥{Îm H$m AW© {g\©$ Ðì` Zht hmoVmŸ& AmOr{dH$m H$_© ^r d¥{Îm h¢ & d¥{Îm`m| go {MÎm ì`º$ hmoVm h¡, AV: dh d¥{Îm H$hbmVm h¡Ÿ& Z Xoe^oX@o ß`Ý`monmXmZVm@ñ_Xm{Xd{Þ`_:Ÿ&5/109Ÿ& `Ú{nbmoH$ VWm àmUr(VWm CZH$s BpÝÐ`m§){dbjU àH$ma Ho$h¢,VWm{n CZ g^r H$m CnmXmZ EH$ Apñ_Vm hr h¡, n¥{Wdr Am{X ^yV BpÝÐ`m| Ho$ CnmXmZ Zht h¢Ÿ& {Z{_Îm ì`nXoemÎmX² ì`nXoe:Ÿ&5/110Ÿ& Mjw Am{X BpÝÐ`m§ Ah‘>ma go hr hmoVr h¢,(VoO Am{X)^yV CgHo$ {Z{_Îm_mÌ h¢Ÿ& D$î_OmÊS>OOam`wOmo{X²^ÁOgm‘>pënH$gm§{g{ÕH§$ Mo{V Z {Z`_:Ÿ&5/111Ÿ& D$î_O (XÝXeyH$ Am{X), AÊS>O (njr-gn© Am{X), Oam`wO (_Zwî` Am{X), C{X²^ÁO(d¥j Am{X), g‘>ënO (gZH$ Am{X) Am¡a gm§{g{ÕH$ (_ÝÌ, Vn, Am{X {g{Õ OmV) eara A{gÕ h¢, BZHo$ {dbjU eara ^r hmo gH$Vo h¢Ÿ& gd}fw n¥{Wì`wnmXmZ_gmYmaÊ`mV² VX²>ì`nXoe: nydd© V²Ÿ&5/112Ÿ& g^r àH$ma Ho$ earam| _| n¥{Wdr hr CnmXmZ h¡ Š`m|{H$ dhr AgmYmaU ê$n go Cg_| ahVr h¡Ÿ& AÝ` ^yVm| H$m g_mdoe Cnï>å^ ê$n go h¡Ÿ& Z Xohmaå^H$ñ` àmUËd{_pÝÐ`e{º$VñVpËgÕo:Ÿ&5/113Ÿ& Xoh Ho$ Amaå^H$ VÎd H$U©d¥{Îmê$n àmU Zht h¢Ÿ& àmU BpÝÐ` e{º$ go CËnÞ h¡Ÿ& ^moº$w a{Yð>mZmX²^moJm`VZ{Z_m©U_Ý`Wm ny{V^mdàg“mV²Ÿ(àgºo$:)5/114Ÿ& àmUr ê$n ^moº$m nwéf Ho$ A{Yð>mZ go ^moJm`VZ (gwI-Xw:I ê$n ^moJ {OgHo$ ahZo go hmoVm h¡-eara) H$m {Z_m©U hmoVm h¡Ÿ& àmUr H$m A{Yð>mZ `{X Z hmo Vmo J^© _| ewH«$-emo{UV Am{X g‹S> OmVo h¡§ (ny{V^md)Ÿ& ^¥Ë`Ûmam ñdmå`{Y{ð>[VZ£ H$mÝVmV²Ÿ&5/115Ÿ& Xoh {Z_m©U _| ñdm_r nwéf ê$n {ZJw©U MoVZ H$mo H$moB© `moJ Zht h¡Ÿ& dh àmU H$m _w»` H$m`© h¡Ÿ& nwéf àmU-gh`moJ Ûmam hr A{Yð>mVm h¡Ÿ& g_m{Y gwf{w á_mojfo w ~«÷ê$nVmŸ&5/116Ÿ&

288 gm§»`-Xe©Z H$m d¡km{ZH$ AmYma gwfwpßV, g_m{Y (AgåàkmV) Ed§ _moj-BZ VrZ AdñWmAm| _| nwéf nyar Vah AnZo _yb ê$n _| ahVm h¡Ÿ& Eogr pñW{V ~«÷ê$nVm H$hbmVr h¡Ÿ& Û`mo: g~rO_Ý`-Ì (ñ`) VÕ{V:Ÿ&5/117Ÿ& g_m{Y Am¡a gwf{w á AdñWm _| ~«÷ê$n nwéf gOrd AWm©V² ~ÝY-OrdZ g{hV ahVm h¡, na _mojmdñWm _| Cg ~rO H$m A^md hmo OmVm h¡Ÿ& gwf{w á-g_m{Y _| ~ÝY~rO ê$n H$_© Am{X Cnm{Y _| hr ahVo h¢Ÿ& Û`moa{n Ì`ñ`m{n ÑîQËdmÞ Vw Ûm¡Ÿ&5/118Ÿ& {Og àH$ma g_m{Y Am¡a gwf{w áê$n Xmo AdñWm`o§ h¢, Cgr àH$ma _mojê$n V¥Vr` ^r h¡Ÿ& `w{º$ Am¡a emó go _moj à_m{UV hmoVm h¡Ÿ& dmgZ`m Z ñdmW© »`mnZ§ Xmof `moJ@o {n, Z {Z{_Îmñ` àYmZ ~mYH$Ëd_²Ÿ&5/ 119Ÿ& gwfw{áH$mb _| g§gma H$s à~b dmgZm ahVr h¡, na dh V_ go {N>nr ahVr h¡, AV: dh dmgZm {df` H$m ñ_aU Zht {XbmVrŸ& àm`: ~br AdñWm _| {df`dmgZm Hw$pÊR>V ahVr h¡Ÿ& EH$: g§ñH$ma: {H«$`m {Zd©VH© $mo Z Vw à{V{H«$`§ g§ñH$ma ^oXm ~hþ H$ënZm àgºo$:Ÿ& 5/120Ÿ& {Og g§ñH$ma go eara ^moJ Amaå^ hþAm h¡, Cgr go àmaãY ^moJ g_má ^r hmoVm h¡Ÿ& ^moJ g_m{á go g§ñH$ma H$m Zme hmoVm h¡Ÿ& àË`oH$ ^moJ{H«$`m go g§ñH$ma H$m ZmZmËd Zht hmoVmŸ& Hw$bmbMH«$ ^«_U _| EH$ hr doJê$n g§ñH$ma g_m{á n`©ÝV ñWm`r ahVm h¡Ÿ& Z ~mø~w{Õ{Z`_mo({dH$ën go n¥WH²$ gyÌ 5/121) d¥j Jwë_ bVm¡f{Y dZñn{V V¥U dréYmXrZm_{n ^moº$¥ ^moJm`VZËd§ nydd© V²Ÿ&5/121Ÿ&(122) g^r Ordm| _| ~mø{df`H$ kmZ Zht hmoVm, O¡go d¥j, Jwë_, bVm, Am¡f{Y, dZñn{V, V¥U Am¡a bVm Ho$ Xoh ^r ^moJm`VZ h¢ , na do AÝV:g§kH$ h¢Ÿ& ñ_¥Vío MŸ&5/122Ÿ&(123) ñ_¥{V go ^r kmV hmoVm h¡ {H$ d¥j Am{X ^r ^moº$m àmUr Ho$ ^moJm`VZ ê$n h¢Ÿ& Z Xoh_mÌV: H$_m©{YH$m[aËd§ d¡{eîQ>çlwV:o Ÿ&5/123Ÿ&(124) Ord Ho$ Xoh_mÌ Ho$ H$maU CgH$m Y_m©{YH$ma Zht _mZ gH$Vo, Š`m|{H$ emó _| {d{eï> Xoh H$m hr H$_m©{YH$ma(A_wH$ H$m_ Ho$ {b`o A_wH$ dU© Aml_ H$m _mZd

6.gm§»`-gyÌ

289

A{YH¥$V h¡) _mZm J`m h¡Ÿ& {ÌYm Ì`mUm§ ì`dñWm H$_©Xho mon^moJXohmo^`Xohm:Ÿ&5/124Ÿ&(125) Xoh VrZ àH$ma Ho$ h¢- CÎm_, _Ü`_, AY_Ÿ& `Wm H$_©Xho na_{f©`m| H$m, Cn^moJ Xoh BÝÐ Am{X Xodm| H$m, C^` àH$ma H$m Xoh amO{f©`m| H$mŸ& Z {H$pÄMXß`Zwe{`Z:Ÿ&5/125Ÿ&(126) AZwe`r (Vrd« d¡am½`dmZ²) H$m Xoh BZ VrZ àH$mam| _| Zht AmVmŸ& Z ~wÕçm{X{ZË`Ëd_ml`{deof@o {n d{•dV²Ÿ&5/126Ÿ&(127) (d¥{Îm _V) _Zwî` H$s ~w{Õ A{ZË` h¡, na _hm gÎdembr B©ída H$s ~w{Õ H$mo ^r {ZË` Zht H$hm Om gH$Vm, Š`m|{H$ O¡go MÝXZ H$s AmJ ^r J_© hr hmoVr h¡, C>gr àH$ma B©ída Am{lV kmZ ^r {ÌJwU Ho$ H$maU A{ZË` hr hmoJmŸ& Aml`m{gÕoíMŸ&5/127Ÿ&(128) {ZË`kmZ H$m Aml`^yV B©ída Cnm{Y à_mU go Zht {gÕ hmoVmŸ& `moJ{gÕ`mo@ß`m¡fYm{X{g{ÕdÞmnbnZr`m:Ÿ&5/128&(129) {Og àH$ma Amof{Y Am{X {gÕ`m| H$m Anbmn({ZÝXm) Zht {H$`m Om gH$Vm,Cgr àH$ma `moJO {g{Õ`m| H$m ^r Anbmn Zht {H$`m Om gH$VmŸ& Z ^yVM¡VÝ`§ àË`oH$mÑï>:o gm§hË`o@{n M gm§hË`o@{n MŸ&5/129Ÿ&(130) My§{H$ àË`oH$ ^yV _| M¡VÝ` Zht h¡, AV:^yVm| Ho$ g§KmV _| ^r M¡VÝ` Zht h¡Ÿ&

AÜ`m` 6 AñË`mË_m ZmpñVËdgmYZm^mdmV²Ÿ&6/1Ÿ& kmV¥Ëd Ho$ H$maU ê$n _| AmË_m H$m ApñVËd gm_mÝ`V: {gÕ hmoVm h¡Ÿ& kmVm H$mo AmË_m Zht {gÕ H$a gH$Vo, Š`m|{H$ {g{Õ H$aZo dmbm ñd`§ EH$ kmVm h¡Ÿ& Xohm{Xì`{V[aº$mo@gm¡ d¡{MÍ`mV²Ÿ&6/2Ÿ& kmVmê$nr AmË_m Xoh Am{X nXmWm] go AbJ h¡,Š`m|{H $Xoh,_Z,~w{Õ Am{X n[aUm_r, naàH$mí` Am¡a O‹S> h¡,VWm AmË_m An[aUm_r, ñdàH$me Ed MoVZ h¡Ÿ& fð>rì`nXoem{nŸ&6/3Ÿ& {~bHw$b A^oX ahZo na fð>r {d^{º$ H$m à`moJ Zht hmoVmŸ& _oam eara, _oar ~w{Õ Am[X _| Omo fð>r {d^{º$ H$m à`moJ hmoVm h¡ Cggo ^r Xoh Am{X go {dbjU AmË_m H$s {g{Õ hmoVr h¡Ÿ& Z {ebmnwÌdÕ{_©Jm« hH$_mZ~mYmV²Ÿ&6/4Ÿ&

290 gm§»`-Xe©Z H$m d¡km{ZH$ AmYma {ebmnwÌ (bmoT‹ >m) H$m Xoh (AmH¥${V)-Bg à`moJ _| EH$ hr nXmW© _| fð>r {d^{º$ H$m à`moJ hmoVm h¡, Cgr àH$ma _oam _Z, _oam eara Am{X H$hZo go ^r _¢(AmË_m) Am¡a Xoh Am{X H$m EH$Ëd _mZm Om gH$Vm h¡Ÿ& Bg e§H$m H$m CÎma h¡ {H ${ebmnwÌ _| ^r XmoZm| H$s EH$Vm ^r ^oXnydH© $ hr H$hr J`r h¡Ÿ& AË`ÝVXw:I{Zd¥Î`m H¥$VH¥$Ë`VmŸ&6/5Ÿ& Xw:I H$s AË`ÝV {Zd¥{Îm hmoZo na hr H¥$VH¥$Ë`Vm hmoVr h¡Ÿ& `Wm Xw:ImV² Šboe: nwéfñ` Z VWm gwImX{^bmf:Ÿ&6/6Ÿ& Xw:H$ Ho$ à{V bmoJm| H$m O¡gm Vrd« Ûof hmoVm h¡, gwI Ho$ {b`o d¡gr CËH$Q> A{^bmfm Zht hmoVrŸ& Xw:I {Zd¥{Îm H$s BÀN>m, gwI àm{á H$s BÀN>m go ~bdVr h¡Ÿ& Hw$Ìm@{n H$mo@{n gwIr{VŸ&6/7Ÿ& àm{U`m| _| em`X hr H$ht H$moB© gwIr {XIm`r n‹S>Vm h¡Ÿ& VX{n Xw:Ie~b{_{V Xw:Injo {Z:{jnÝVo {ddoMH$m:6/8Ÿ& d¡f{`H$ gwI ^r Xw:I go {_bm ahVm h¡, AV: {ddoH$s ì`{º$ Cg gwI H$mo ^r Xw:I nj _| hr _mZVo h¢Ÿ& gwIbm^m^mdmXnwéfmW©Ëd{_{V MoÞ (Ed§) Û¡{dÜ`mV²Ÿ&6/9Ÿ& `h H$hZm R>rH$ Zht h¡ {H$ Ho$db Xw:I {ZdmaU hr nwéfmW© Zht h¡, Š`m|{H$ Cg_| gwI H$s àm{á Zht hmoVrŸ& Xmo nwafmW© _mZo OmVo h¢-gwIr hmoZm, Xw:Ir Z hmoZmŸ& {ZJwU © Ëd_mË_Zmo@g“Ëdm{XlwV:o Ÿ&6/10& lw{V _| AmË_m H$mo Ag“ H$hm J`m h¡, AV: AmË_m {ZJw©U h¡& naY_©Ëdo@{n VpËg{Õa{ddoH$mV²Ÿ&6/11Ÿ& gwI-Xw:I Am{X JwU {MÎm Ho$ Y_© h¢, na AmË_m _|CZH$m AdñWmZ (à{V{~å~ ê$n _|) _mZm OmVm h¡Ÿ& A{ddoH$ Ho$ H$maU `h {dn`©` kmZ hmoVm h¡Ÿ& AZm{Xa{ddoH$mo@Ý`Wm XmofÛ` àgº$o:Ÿ&6/12Ÿ& g§`moJ {Og A{ddoH$ Ho$ H$maU h¡, CgH$m AZm{X àdmh h¡Ÿ& `{X A{ddoH$ H$m Amaå^ _mZm Om` Vmo CgH$s ñdV: CËn[Îm _mZZr hmoJr, {Oggo _wº$ H$m ^r ~ÝYZ hmoJmŸ& `{X A{ddoH$ H$mo H$_© Ûmam CËnÞ _mZm Om` Vmo H$_© Am{X H$m H$maU A{ddoH$ Ho$ A{V[aº$ Hw$N> Am¡a _mZZm hmoJmŸ& Z {ZË`: ñ`mXmË_dXÝ`WmZwpÀN>{V:Ÿ&6/13Ÿ& A{ddoH$ AZ{X hmoZo na ^r AmË_m H$s Vah {ZË` Zht h¡, AÝ`Wm CgH$m CÀN>Xo

6.gm§»`-gyÌ 291 Zht hmoVmŸ& A{ddoH$ àdmh ê$n _| AZm{X h¡Ÿ& à{V{Z`VH$maUZmí`Ëd_ñ` ÜdmÝVdV²Ÿ&6/14Ÿ& ~ÝY H$m H$maU A{ddoH$ {ZpíMV hoVw ({ddoH$) Ûmam Zï> hmoVm h¡, O¡go AÝYH$ma AmbmoH$ Ûmam {ZpíMV ê$n go Zï> hmoVm h¡Ÿ& AÌm{n à{V{Z`_mo@Ýd`ì`{VaoH$mV²Ÿ&6/15Ÿ& AÝd` ì`{VaoH$ Ûmam `h kmV hmoVm h¡ {H$ {ddoH$ Ho$ ^r {ZpíMV H$maU h¢ldU-_ZZ-{Z{XÜ`mgZ Am{XŸ& àH$mamÝVmgå^dmX{ddoH$ Ed ~ÝY:Ÿ&6/16Ÿ& ~ÝY H$m hoVw A{ddoH$ hr h¡, AÝ` Hw$N> Zht hmo gH$VmŸ& Z _wº$ñ` nwZ~©ÝY`moJmo@ß`Zmd¥{ÎmlwV:o Ÿ&6/17Ÿ& _wº$ nwéf H$m nwZ: ~ÝY Zht hmo gH$Vm, Š`m|{H$ lw{V _| _wº$ nwéf H$s AZmd¥{Îm H$hr J`r h¡Ÿ& AnwéfmW©Ëd_Ý`WmŸ&6/18Ÿ& `{X _wº$ nwéf H$m ^r ~ÝYZ _mZm Om` Vmo _w{º$ H$mo nwéfmW© _mZZm ì`W© hmoJmŸ&{Og àH$ma àb` _| Ord Xw:IeyÝ` hmoZo na ^r CgH$m g§gaU hmoZo Ho$ H$maU Cgo nwéfmW© Zht _mZVo, Cgr àH$ma _moj H$r ^r `{X nwZamd¥{Îm hmo Vmo Cgo nwéfmW© Zht _mZ gH$VoŸ& A{deofmn{Îmé^`mo:Ÿ&6/19Ÿ& nwZamd¥{Îm _mZZo na AmJm_r H$mb _| ~ÝYZ hmo Om`Jm- Bg H$maU ~Õ Am¡a _wº$ AdñWm`| g_mZ hmo Om`|JrŸ& _w{º$aÝVam`ÜdñVoZ© na:Ÿ&6/20Ÿ& _w{º$ dñVwV: {H$gr Aàmá AdñWm Hr CnbpãY Zht h¡, AÝVam`m| H$m Zme hmoZm hr _w{º$ h¡Ÿ&(~Õ AdñWm _|) AmË_m H$m Xw:I à{V{~å~ AmdaH$ ê$n {d¿Z h¡Ÿ& ~w{Õê$n Cnm{Y Ho$ Z ahZo na AmË_m AnZo ê$n _| AmVr h¡Ÿ& VÌmß`{damoY:Ÿ&6/21Ÿ& nwéf H$s Ñ{ï> _| ~ÝYZ Am¡a _moj dmñV{dH$ Zht h¢, AV: AÝVam`-Üd§g ê$n _w{º$ nwéfmW© Zht h¡-Eogm Zht _mZm Om gH$VmŸ& à{V{~å~ ê$n _| Xw:I-^moJ ^r dmñV{dH$ h¡, AV: Xw:I-{Zd¥{Îm gM_wM nwéfmW© h¡Ÿ& A{YH$m[aÌ¡{dÜ`mÞ {Z`_:Ÿ&6/22Ÿ&

292 gm§»`-Xe©Z H$m d¡km{ZH$ AmYma _w{º$ `Ú{n ~ÝYZ-Üd§g _mÌ h¡, na ldU _mÌ go _moj Am{X H$s {g{Õ Zht hmoVr, Š`m|{H$ _mojm{YH$mar Ho$ AbJ AbJ àH$ma h¢-CÎm_,_Ü`_, AY_Ÿ& XmTç©mW©_Îw maofm_²Ÿ&6/23Ÿ& AmË_kmZ gå~ÝYr ldU Ho$ ~mX _ZZ-Ü`mZ ^r H$aZm n‹S>Vm h¡, Š`m|{H$ Bg H«$_ Ûmam hr AÝVam` H$m Üd§g Ñ‹T> hmoVm h¡Ÿ& pñWagwI_mgZ{_{V Z {Z`_:Ÿ&6/24Ÿ& nÙ Am{X AmgZm| _| hr ~¡R>Zm Oê$ar Zht h¡Ÿ& {Og AmgZ _| ~¡R>Zo go gmpÎdH$ àgÞVm Am¡a pñWaVm H$m ~moY hmo dhr AmgZ g_PZm Mm{h`oŸ& Ü`mZ§ {Z{d©f`§ _Z:Ÿ&6/25Ÿ& AÝV:H$aU (_Z) H$m {df`eyÝ` hmoZm Ü`mZ ({MÎmd¥{Îm {ZamoY ê$n `moJ) H$hm OmVm h¡Ÿ& C^`Wmß`{deofíMoÞd¡ _wnamJ{ZamoYm{Ûeof:Ÿ&6/26Ÿ& `Ú{n `moJ Am¡a g§gma-BZ XmoZm| AdñWmAm| _| nwéf H$m ê$n EH$ hr h¡, VWm{n `moJ AdñWm _| d¥{Îm à{V{~å~ Xya hmoVm h¡, Omo AÝ` AdñWm _| Zht hmoVmŸ& {Z:g“o@ß`wnamJmo@{ddoH$mV²Ÿ&6/267& na_mW©V: {Z:g“ nwéf CnamJ-eyÝ` h¡, na A{ddoH$ go Cg_| CnamJ XrIVm h¡& Onm-ñ\${Q>H$`mo[ad ZmonamJ: {H$ÝËd{^_mZ:Ÿ&6/28Ÿ& `h CnamJ (nwéf _| ~w{Õ Y_© H$m Amamon) dmñV{dH$ Zht h¡Ÿ& {Og àH$ma ñ\${Q>H$ Ho$ nmg Onm nwîn ahZo na Cg_| a§J à{V{~på~V hmoVm h¡ Ÿ& {~Zm a§J Ho$ ^r CgH$m a§J hmoZm XrIVm h¡Ÿ& Cgr àH$ma nwéf _| ~w{Õ H$m à{V{~å~ hmoZo Ho$ H$maU ^«_ go nwéf H$mo ~w{Õ dmbm g_Pm OmVm h¡Ÿ& Ü`mZYmaUmä`mgd¡am½`m{X{^ñV{ÞamoY:Ÿ&6/29Ÿ& Bg CnamJ H$m {ZamoY Ü`mZ, YmaUm, Aä`mg Am¡a d¡am½` Am{X go hmoVm h¡Ÿ& b`{djon`moì`m©dÎ¥ `oË`mMm`m©:Ÿ&6/30Ÿ& AmMm`© H$hVo h¢ {H$ Ü`mZ Am{X go b` ({ZÐmd¥{Îm) Am¡a {djon (à_mU Am{X d¥{Îm`m|) H$m {ZamoY H$aZm Mm{h`oŸ& Bggo d¥{Îm`m| H$m CnamJ hmoVm h¡Ÿ& `h AgåàkmV g_m{Y h¡, {Og_| _moj Ho$ AÝVam`m| H$m Üd§g hmoVm h¡Ÿ& Z ñWmZ{Z`_píMÎmàgmXmV²Ÿ&6/31Ÿ& Ü`mZ Ho$ {b`o Jwhm Am{X ñWmZ Oê$ar Zht h¡Ÿ& Ohm§ ^r {MÎm àgÞ Am¡a pñWa aho

6.gm§»`-gyÌ

293

dht Ü`mZ H$m Aä`mg hmo gH$Vm h¡Ÿ& àH¥$VoamÚmonmXmZVm@Ý`ofm§ H$m`©Ëd lwV:o Ÿ&6/32Ÿ& lw{V _§o H$hm J`m h¡ {H$ _hV², Ah‘>ma, VÝ_mÌ Am{X g^r H$m`© h¢, AV: àH¥${V hr _yb CnmXmZ h¡Ÿ& AÝ` emóm| _| AUw Am{X H$s H$m`©Vm ^r _mZr J`r h¡Ÿ& {ZË`Ëdo@{n ZmË_Zmo `mo½`Ëdm^mdmV²Ÿ&6/33Ÿ& nwéf (AmË_m) {ZË` Am¡a An[aUm_r h¡; AV: CnmXmZ H$maU Zht hmo gH$VmŸ& gJwU Am¡a g“ `mo½` dñVw hr CnmXmZ hmo gH$V$s h¡Ÿ& lw{V{damoYmÞ Hw$VH$m©ngXñ`mË_bm^:Ÿ&6/34Ÿ& Hw$VH©$ Ûmam `h _mZZm {H$ {ZJwU © Ag§J, An[aUm_r nwéf OJV² H$m CnmXmZ h¡, lw{V _V (OJV² H$m CnmXmZ àH¥${V h¡) H$m {damoY H$aVm h¡Ÿ& nmaån`}@{n àYmZmZwd{¥ ÎmaUwdV²Ÿ&6/35Ÿ& ^m¡{VH$, ^yV Am{X g^r nXmWm] H$m CnmXmZ H$maU àH¥${V (àYmZ) h¡, na dh gmjmV² H$maU Zht h¡(^m¡{VH$ H$m H$maU ^yV, ^yV H$m VÝ_mÌ, VÝ_mÌ H$m Apñ_Vm, Apñ_Vm H$m ~w{ÕVÎd `m _hV² , Am¡a _hV² H$m H$maU àH¥${V h¡) na_mUwdmXr H$s Ñ{ï> _| na_mUw {Og àH$ma naånam-H«$_ go ApÝV_ H$maU h¡, Cgr àH$ma `hm§ ^r àH¥${V A[ÝV_ H$maU h¡Ÿ& gd©Ì H$m`©Xe©Zm{Û^wËd_²Ÿ&6/36Ÿ& g^r Xoe Am¡a H$mb _| àH¥${V hr H$m`©ê$n _| {dÚ_mZ h¡, AV: àH¥${V gd©ì`m{nZr Am¡a nyU© h¡Ÿ& J{V`moJ@o ß`mÚH$maUVmhm{ZaUwdV²Ÿ&6/37Ÿ& àH¥${V _| jmo^ê$n {H«$`m hmoVr h¡ (J{V`moJ)Ÿ& Bg {H«$`m Ho$ ahZo na ^r CgH$s AmÚH$maUVm (Ma_ CnmXmZ H$maU) g_má Zht hmoVrŸ& {Og àH$ma AUw _| {H«$`m hmoZo na ^r d¡eo{fH$ CgH$s Ma_ H$maUVm _mZVo h¢Ÿ, d¡go hr `hm§ h¡& à{gÕm[YŠ`¨ àYmZñ` Z {Z`_:&6/38Ÿ& bmoH$ _| gw{d»`mV nXmWm] (`Wm d¡eo{fH$ gå_V Ðì`m{X nXmW©) _o§ àYmZ H$m AÝV^m©d Zht§ h¡, AV: Cgo AZwnpñWV Zhr§Ÿ _mZ gH$VoŸ& nXmW© ì`m»`m gå~ÝYr {d{^Þ gåàXm`m| Ho$ _V AIÊS>Zr` Zht h¢Ÿ& gÎdmXrZm_VÕ_©Ëd§ VÐÿnËdmV²Ÿ&6/39Ÿ& gÎd, aO,V_$ ê$n 3 JwU(aÁOw, `o Ðì` h¢),àH¥${V Ho$ Y_© Zht,CgHo$ ñdê$n h¢Ÿ&

294 gm§»`-Xe©Z H$m d¡km{ZH$ AmYma AZwn^moJ@o {n nw_W©: g¥{ï>: à Ym Zñ`mo ï´> Hw$‘x>_dhZdV²Ÿ&6/40Ÿ& àH¥${V H$s g¥{ï> AnZo ^moJ Ho$ {b`o Zht, ~pëH$ nwéf Ho$ {b`o(^moJ Am¡a AndJ©) h¡, O¡go Cï´> {H$gr AÝ` Ho$ {b`o Hw$‘x>_ H$m dhZ H$aVm h¡Ÿ& H$_© d¡{MÍ`mV² g¥{ï>d{¡ MÍ`_²Ÿ&6/41Ÿ& H$_© (Y_©-AY_©) Ho$ d¡{MÍ` Ho$ AZwgma g¥{ï> H$m d¡{MÍ` hmoVm h¡Ÿ& gmå` d¡få`mä`m§ H$m`© Û`_²Ÿ&6/42Ÿ& àH¥${V H$s gmå`mdñWm hmoZo na àb` Am¡a d¡få`mdñWm(JwUm| H$m H$_-Á`mXm ^md _| pñW{V) hmoZo na g¥{ï> hmoVr h¡Ÿ& g¥{ï> àb` H$s _Ü` AdñWm ^r g¥{ï> _| hr {JZr Om`JrŸ & {d_wº$~moYmÞ g¥{ï>: àYmZñ` bmoH$dV²Ÿ&6/43Ÿ& nwéf Ho$ {b`o VÎd{Z_m©U Ho$ ~mX àYmZ g¥{ï> ~ÝX H$a XoVm h¡, O¡go A_mË` Am{X amOm H$m H$m_ g_má hmoZo na H$m_ ~ÝX H$a XoVo h¢Ÿ& ZmÝ`mo ngn©U@o {n _wº$mo n^moJmo {Z{_Îmm ^mdmV²Ÿ&6/44Ÿ& ~Õ nwéfm| Ho$ à{V àYmZ H$s àd¥{Îm ahZo na ^r _wº$ Ho$ à{V àYmZ Aàd¥Îm hr ahVm h¡, Š`m|{H$ àd¥{Îm Ho$ gmYZ (A{ddoH$ Am{X) H$m A^md hmo OmVm h¡Ÿ& nwéf ~hþ Ëd§ ì`dñWmV:Ÿ&6/45Ÿ& ~ÝY-_moj H$s ì`dñWm Ho$ {b`o nwéf H$mo ~hþg»§ `H$ _mZZm n‹S>Vm h¡Ÿ& Cnm{YíMoV² VpËgÕm¡ nwZÛ£V_²Ÿ& 6/46Ÿ& nwéf EH$ h¡ Am¡a Cnm{Y`m| H$s AZoH$Vm Ho$ H$maU ~hþOrdê$n _| XrIVm h¡-Bg ê$n go nwéf H$m EH$Ëd Zht {gÕ hmo gH$Vm, Š`m|{H$ Cnm{Y H$s ^r gÎmm _mZZr n‹S>oJr, {Oggo Û¡Vmn{Îm hmoJrŸ& Ûmä`m_{n à_mU{damoY:Ÿ&6/47Ÿ& Cnm{Y H$mo A{dÚm_` _mZZo na ^r nwéf Am¡a A{dÚm ê$n Xmo gV² nXmWm] H$mo _mZZm n‹S>oJm, AV: AÛ¡V ^md Ho$ à{VnmXH$ lw{V dMZ go {damoY hmoJmŸ& Ûmä`m_ß`{damoYmÞ nyd_© Îw ma§ M gmY H$m ^mdmV²Ÿ&6/48Ÿ& AmË_m Am¡a A{dÚm H$s gÎmm _mZZo na EH$mË_dmXr H$m nj H$Q> OmVm h¡Ÿ& AÛ¡VdmXr H$mo EH$ AmË_m Ho$ A{V[aº$ AmË_gmYH$ ñdVÝÌ à_mU H$s gÎmm _mZZr n‹S>Vr h¡Ÿ& Bg à_mU H$s gÎmm Zht _mZZo na EH$mË_dmX à_m{UV Zht hmoJmŸ& àH$meVpËgÕm¡ H$_©H$Îm¥© {damoY:Ÿ&6/49Ÿ&

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