NERVOUS SYSTEM PHYSIOLOGY Fifteen Aprila Fajrin BAGIAN FKK FFUJ
Outlines…
① Learn the basic structures of the nerves. ② Follow the pathways of nerve impulses. ③ Discover how neurons communicate with one another. ④ Learn the role of neurotransmitters in this communicati on.
Remember This!
Remember This! Sensoric (Affector) vs Motoric (Effector)
Neuron à important part
• Neuron sel yang berfungsi untuk menghantarkan impuls saraf • Bagian neuron :
Who is Neuron?
– Badan sel (soma) : nukleus – Dendrit & akson bagian yang memanjang yang berfungsi dalam penghantaran impuls saraf
- Neurons à Cells speciali zed to transmit messages - Major region of neuron: - Cell body (nucleus, nucle olus) 29
axon
Cell body dendrites
- Processes – fibers that extend from the cell bo dy (dendrites and axons)
Dendrites or Axons? DENDRITES
- Dendrites à conduct impulses toward the cell body
- Axons à conduct im pulses away from the cell body (only 1!)
Axons? - Axons end in axonal terminals (buttons) - This is where the electrical impul se triggers synaptic transmission (release of neurotransmitters) to the dendrites of a receiving neuron. - Neurotransmitters are chemi cals that enable neurons to “talk” to one another
- Axonal terminals are separated from the next neuron by a gap - Synapse – junction between nerves - Synaptic cleft – gap between adjacent ne urons
Intermezzo?
Neuron’s Job? Am I important? How am I working? ① Irritability – ability to respond to stimuli ② Conductivity – ability to transmit an im pulse ③ The plasma membrane at rest is polari zed à Fewer positive ions are inside the cell than outside the cell
Neural Communication? Information must be trans mitted
à within each neuron à between neurons
-‐-‐ Neuron’s Communica0on -‐-‐ Thus, neurons need to be able to conduct information in 2 ways:
• From one end of a neuron to the other end. • Across the minute space separating one neuron from another. (What is this called?) • The 1st is accomplished electrically via APs. • The 2nd is accomplished chemically via neurotransmitters.
Action Potential
Basic Principles Outside
à more Na+ dan Cl-‐
Inside
à more K+
ion! !inside! + Na ) ))!12!mM K+ ) )140)mM 6 Cl ) !!!!!4!mM 4 HCO3! !!! !!!12!mM proteín)6 )140)mM
! ! ))))) ! ! ))
!outside)(e.g.!plasma)! )145)mM) )4!mM! !115)mM) !30!mM! )10!mM!
Resting Membrane Potensial - When the cell is not firingà resting phase - High concentration of potassium ions (K+) in side the neuron and sodium ions (Na+) outsi de the neuron à electrical charges differen ces - The resting potential is a 60-‐80mV differen ce between the inside and the outside - Inside à -‐60 until -‐80 mV - Outside à 0 mV
- K+ ions can move more freely through the membrane (more permeable) à some K+ ions “slip” out through the membrane à outside more positive - Na/K ATPase pump à actively transpor ts K+ (2/cycle) in and Na+ (3/cycle) out à maintain imbalance
ActionPotensial
① Depolarization ② Repolarization ③ Hyperpolarization
- An electrical event that passes down an excitable cell membrane by ionic fluxes and fro m one neuron to the next via chemical transmission and finally to an end organ via che mical transmission, such as a group of muscle fibers. - The action potential is “all-‐or-‐none”.
Terjadi dalam dua tahap depolarisasi dan epolarisasi ActionPotensial Akan diikuti hiperpolarisasi dan sel akan kembali ke ahap potensial istirahat (resting potential) ① Depolarization - Sodium (Na) Influx - (> –70 mV) ① Repolarization - Potassium (K) Efflux - Potential membran decrease ① Hyperpolarization - Leakage of excess Potassium (K) ions thro ugh the slow closing K channels - inside of cell becomes more negative relati 38 ve to outside (< –70 mV)
Neurotransmitter o Synapse o Release NT o Pre and post-‐synaptic o IPSPs and EPSPs
Synapse? - SYNAPSE à the site of impulse tra ns mission between two neurons. - An action potential travels to a presy
naptic axon terminal where it causes synaptic vesicles on the terminal to re lease neurotransmitters into the sy naptic cleft (gap). - The neurotransmitters bind to postsy
naptic receptors on an adjacent neu ron, usually on the dendrites (80-‐95%).
Anatomy of a Synapse
Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings.
Figure 8.2a
Neural Synapses Neurotransmitters released by pre-‐synaptic neuron bind to the post-‐synaptic neuron
Depolarization à EPSP (excitatory post-‐synaptic potential
Hyperpolarization à IPSP (excitatory post-‐synaptic potential
The binding of neurotransmi tter to postsynaptic receptor s open gated channels that a llow Na+ to diffuse into and K + to diffuse out of the cell.
The binding of neurotransmitt er to postsynaptic receptors op en gated channels that allow K + to diffuse out of the cell and/ or Cl-‐ to diffuse into the cell.
Komunikasi melalui celah synaps Communication Across a Synapse
42
Neurotransmitter - Chemical messengers released by terminal buttons through the synapse. - We should know at least 6 types and what they do.
How Neurons Communicate
Receptor A protein molecule usually found inside or on the surface of cell that ligands bind to Endogenous ligand à neurotransmitter Exogenous ligands à drug or poison
Respon
Receptor as Drug Target
Campbell and Cohall, 2017. Pharmacodynamics: A Pharmacognosy Perspective. Pharmacognosy, 513-526