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NERVOUS SYSTEM PHYSIOLOGY Fifteen Aprila Fajrin BAGIAN FKK FFUJ

Outlines…

①  Learn  the  basic  structures  of  the  nerves.   ②  Follow  the  pathways  of  nerve  impulses.   ③  Discover  how  neurons  communicate  with  one  another.   ④  Learn  the  role  of  neurotransmitters  in  this  communicati on.  

Remember This!

Remember This! Sensoric  (Affector)     vs     Motoric  (Effector)  

Neuron à important part

• Neuron sel yang berfungsi untuk menghantarkan impuls saraf • Bagian neuron :

Who is Neuron?

– Badan sel (soma) : nukleus – Dendrit & akson bagian yang memanjang yang berfungsi dalam penghantaran impuls saraf

-  Neurons  à  Cells  speciali         zed  to  transmit  messages   -   Major  region  of  neuron:   -  Cell  body  (nucleus,  nucle olus)   29

axon  

Cell  body   dendrites  

-  Processes  –  fibers  that         extend  from  the  cell  bo     dy  (dendrites  and  axons)  

Dendrites or Axons? DENDRITES  

-  Dendrites  à  conduct  impulses  toward  the  cell  body

-  Axons  à  conduct  im     pulses  away  from  the             cell  body  (only  1!)  

Axons? -   Axons  end  in  axonal  terminals          (buttons)   -   This  is  where  the  electrical  impul     se  triggers  synaptic  transmission       (release  of  neurotransmitters)  to       the  dendrites  of  a  receiving                           neuron.   -  Neurotransmitters  are  chemi           cals    that  enable  neurons  to  “talk” to      one  another  

-  Axonal  terminals  are  separated  from  the  next   neuron  by  a  gap   -  Synapse  –  junction  between  nerves   -  Synaptic  cleft  –  gap  between  adjacent  ne urons  

Intermezzo?

Neuron’s Job? Am  I  important?   How  am  I  working?   ①  Irritability  –  ability  to  respond  to  stimuli   ②  Conductivity  –  ability  to  transmit  an  im   pulse   ③  The  plasma  membrane  at  rest  is  polari     zed  à  Fewer  positive  ions  are  inside  the  cell  than  outside  the  cell  

Neural Communication? Information  must  be  trans mitted  

à  within  each  neuron   à  between  neurons  

-­‐-­‐  Neuron’s  Communica0on  -­‐-­‐   Thus,  neurons  need  to  be  able  to   conduct  information  in  2  ways:  

•  From  one  end  of  a  neuron  to  the  other  end.   •  Across  the  minute  space  separating  one  neuron  from   another.    (What  is  this  called?)   •  The  1st  is  accomplished  electrically  via  APs.   •  The  2nd  is  accomplished  chemically  via  neurotransmitters.  

Action Potential

Basic Principles Outside    

à  more  Na+  dan  Cl-­‐    

Inside    

à  more  K+  

ion! !inside! + Na ) ))!12!mM K+ ) )140)mM 6 Cl ) !!!!!4!mM 4 HCO3! !!! !!!12!mM proteín)6 )140)mM

! ! ))))) ! ! ))

!outside)(e.g.!plasma)! )145)mM) )4!mM! !115)mM) !30!mM! )10!mM!

Resting Membrane Potensial -  When  the  cell  is  not  firingà  resting  phase   -  High  concentration  of  potassium  ions  (K+)  in side  the  neuron  and  sodium  ions  (Na+)  outsi   de  the  neuron  à  electrical  charges  differen     ces   -  The  resting  potential  is  a  60-­‐80mV  differen   ce  between  the  inside  and  the  outside   -  Inside  à  -­‐60  until  -­‐80  mV   -  Outside  à  0  mV  

-  K+  ions  can  move  more  freely  through  the  membrane  (more  permeable)  à  some  K+  ions  “slip”  out  through  the  membrane  à outside  more  positive   -  Na/K  ATPase  pump  à  actively  transpor ts  K+  (2/cycle)  in  and  Na+  (3/cycle)  out  à   maintain  imbalance  

ActionPotensial

①  Depolarization   ②  Repolarization   ③  Hyperpolarization  

-  An  electrical  event  that  passes  down  an  excitable  cell  membrane  by  ionic  fluxes  and  fro m  one  neuron  to  the  next  via  chemical  transmission  and  finally  to  an  end  organ  via  che mical  transmission,  such  as  a  group  of  muscle  fibers.   -  The  action  potential  is  “all-­‐or-­‐none”.  

Terjadi dalam dua tahap depolarisasi dan epolarisasi ActionPotensial Akan diikuti hiperpolarisasi dan sel akan kembali ke ahap potensial istirahat (resting potential) ①  Depolarization   -  Sodium  (Na)  Influx   -  (>  –70  mV)   ①  Repolarization   -  Potassium  (K)  Efflux   -  Potential  membran  decrease   ①  Hyperpolarization   -  Leakage  of  excess  Potassium  (K)  ions  thro ugh  the  slow  closing  K  channels   -  inside  of  cell  becomes  more   negative  relati 38 ve  to  outside  (<  –70  mV)  

Neurotransmitter o  Synapse   o  Release  NT   o  Pre  and  post-­‐synaptic   o  IPSPs  and  EPSPs  

Synapse? -  SYNAPSE  à  the  site  of  impulse  tra ns  mission  between  two  neurons.   -  An  action  potential  travels  to  a  presy    

naptic  axon  terminal  where  it  causes   synaptic  vesicles  on  the  terminal  to  re     lease  neurotransmitters  into  the  sy     naptic  cleft  (gap).   -  The  neurotransmitters  bind  to  postsy    

naptic  receptors  on  an  adjacent  neu       ron,  usually  on  the  dendrites  (80-­‐95%).  

Anatomy of a Synapse

Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings.

Figure 8.2a

Neural Synapses Neurotransmitters  released  by  pre-­‐synaptic           neuron  bind  to  the  post-­‐synaptic  neuron  

Depolarization  à  EPSP       (excitatory  post-­‐synaptic   potential  

Hyperpolarization  à  IPSP     (excitatory  post-­‐synaptic       potential  

The  binding  of  neurotransmi tter  to  postsynaptic  receptor s  open  gated  channels  that  a llow  Na+  to  diffuse  into  and  K +  to  diffuse  out  of  the  cell.  

The  binding  of  neurotransmitt er  to  postsynaptic  receptors  op en  gated  channels  that  allow  K +  to  diffuse  out  of  the  cell  and/ or  Cl-­‐  to  diffuse  into  the  cell.  

Komunikasi melalui celah synaps Communication Across a Synapse

42

Neurotransmitter -  Chemical  messengers  released  by  terminal  buttons  through  the  synapse.   -  We  should  know  at  least  6  types  and  what  they  do.  

How Neurons Communicate

Receptor A  protein  molecule  usually  found  inside  or  on  the  surface  of  cell  that  ligands  bind  to   Endogenous  ligand  à  neurotransmitter   Exogenous  ligands  à  drug  or  poison  

Respon

Receptor as Drug Target

Campbell and Cohall, 2017. Pharmacodynamics: A Pharmacognosy Perspective. Pharmacognosy, 513-526

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