Energy Conservation And Demand Side Management

ENERGY CONSERVATION AND DEMAND SIDE MANAGEMENT Dr. B. B. Ale Department of Mechanical Engineering Pulchowk Campus, Institute of Engineering Tribhuvan University November 2009

Energy conservation and demand side management • Energy conservation: – thermodynamic of energy conservation, – energy conservation through controls, – energy auditing, – process heat and steam management, – waste heat recovery, – electrical energy conservation in buildings and industries, – economics of energy conservation

Energy conservation • Thermodynamic of energy conservation – 1st law of thermodynamics • Energy conservation through controls – reducing driving speed, telecommuting and staggering work hours, better insulation for homes and commercial buildings, modifying the consumer behavior and avoiding unnecessary energy consumption, awareness programme, population control, low-cost mass transportation system, • Energy auditing – energy book keeping, improvement in energy efficiency, replacement of old and inefficient equipment by new equipment, • Process heat and steam management - cogeneration, • Waste heat recovery – cogeneration, use of heat exchanger, • Electrical energy conservation in buildings and industries – substituting incandescent lighting by compact florescent (energy efficient lighting), • Economics of energy conservation – zero energy building, reduce carbon emissions,

Energy conservation and demand side management (cont)

• Demand side management

– techniques for measuring energy use, – approaches to optimizing and monitoring energy use, – design principles to minimize energy use in buildings and devices, analysis of systems, – satellite solar power system, PV cathodic protection, and – other related relative costs of energy conservation and energy production in various appliances

Demand side management • Techniques for measuring energy use – historical data keeping using data logger manually as well as automatic, • Approaches to optimizing and monitoring energy use – awareness information, automatic meter monitoring, monitoring and targeting, • Design principles to minimize energy use in buildings and devices – application of active and passive energy conservation principles in design, • Analysis of systems – a detail analysis of energy use based on historical data, • Satellite solar power system – A solar power satellite, or SPS or Powersat, as originally proposed would be a satellite built in high Earth orbit that uses microwave power transmission to beam solar power to a very large antenna on Earth. Advantages of placing the solar collectors in space include the unobstructed view of the Sun, unaffected by the day/night cycle, weather, or seasons. It is a renewable energy source, zero emission, and generates no waste. • PV cathodic protection, and other related relative costs of energy conservation and energy production in various appliances

Demand Side Management • Demand Side Management, or "DSM" is the process of managing the consumption of energy, generally to optimize available and planned generation resources. • Demand Side Management refers to "actions taken on the customer's side of the meter to change the amount or timing of energy consumption. Utility DSM programs offer a variety of measures that can reduce energy consumption and consumer energy expenses. Electricity DSM strategies have the goal of maximizing end-use efficiency to avoid or postpone the construction of new generating plants."

A Demand Side Management Program will include measures that promotes the following: • • • • • • • • • •

Reduced customer peak and overall energy demand Improves the electric grid's reliability Balances the electric grid through increased efficiency Energy efficiency Manages electricity costs Conservation through both behavioral and operational changes Load management Fuel switching Distributed energy And provide systems that encourage load shifting or load shedding during times when the electric grid is near its capacity or electric power prices are high

Technologies Used in Demand Side Management: • Load Leveling: These technologies are used to smooth out the peaks and dips in energy demand — by reducing consumption at peak times ("peak shaving"), increasing it during off-peak times ("valley filling"), or shifting the load from peak to off-peak periods — to maximize use of efficient baseload generation and reduce the need for spinning reserves.  Load control: Energy management control systems (EMCSs) can be used to switch electrical equipment on or off for load leveling purposes. Some EMCSs enable direct off-site control (by the utility) of user equipment. Typically applied to heating, cooling, ventilation, and lighting loads, EMCSs can also be used to invoke on-site generators, thereby reducing peak demand for grid electricity. Energy storage devices located on the customer's side of the meter can be used to shift the timing of energy consumption. 

Issues Involving the Implementation Demand Side Management Solutions Include: • Public Benefits Programs, – Prior to electricity industry restructuring, utilities were responsible for a variety of programs (including DSM) that meet social objectives. Under restructuring, funding for these programs is typically through a small surcharge ("wires charge" or "system benefits charge") on utility bills.

• Rate Schedules – Utilities can structure their rates to encourage customers to modify their pattern of energy use. 

• Time-of-Use Rates, – Time-of-use rates involve charging higher prices for peak electricity as a way to shift demand to off-peak periods. Interruptible rates offer discounts in exchange for a user commitment to reduce demand when requested by the utility.

Issues Involving the Implementation Demand Side Management Solutions Include: • Power Factor Charges – Power factor charges can be implemented to discourage commercial and industrial utility customers from partially loading their electrical equipment, as this requires the utility to generate extra current to cover the resulting system losses. 

• Real-Time-Pricing – Real-time pricing is where the electricity price varies continuously (or hour by hour) based on the utility's load and the different types of power plants that have to be operated to satisfy that demand. 

How to control Price Volatility and Supply Shortages • These can be controlled either by Supply-Side Management by having sufficient supply availability to meet with rising demand or by Demand-Side Management (DSM) by curtailing electricity demand during supply shortages. • For short term measures the supply-side management is not effective as it takes long time for units to start up (if these are available) and meet the rising demand immediately, rather it is demand side management which can be implemented immediately and in more economic ways to keep the balance.