Energy Conservation

ENERGY CONSERVATION

Dr. B. B. Ale Department of Mechanical Engineering Pulchowk Campus, Institute of Engineering Tribhuvan University December 2008

ENERGY CONSERVATION • Energy conservation is any behavior that results in the use of less energy. • Energy efficiency is the use of technology that requires less energy to perform the same function. – A compact fluorescent light bulb that uses less energy than an incandescent bulb to produce the same amount of light is an example of energy efficiency. – The decision to replace an incandescent 2

WHY ENERGY CONSERVATION IS IMPORTANT? • Limited amount of nonrenewable energy sources on Earth • Consumption of nonrenewable energy sources impact the environment. For example; – Fossil fuels contribute to air and water pollution, – CO2 contributes to global warming (GHG) – SO2 reacts with water and oxygen in the 3 clouds to form precipitation (acid rain)

IMPACT ON ENVIRONMENT • Air – indoor/outdoor air pollution, ground level ozone formation, • Water – water pollution, scarcity of clean water, reduction of recharge capacity, flooding, • Global climate change – GHG emissions, temperature rise, seal level rise, glacier melting, draught, death due to heat wave and cold wave, • Ecosystem and biodiversity – deforestation, disappearing of wetland, acid rain, extinction of plants, species, destroying of aquatic habitats, 4

ENERGY CONSERVATION - METHODS • Energy conservation through controls – reducing driving speed, telecommuting and staggering work hours, better insulation for homes and commercial buildings, modifying the consumer behavior and avoiding unnecessary energy consumption, awareness programme, population control, low-cost mass transportation system, • Energy auditing – energy book keeping, improvement in energy efficiency, replacement of old and inefficient equipment by new equipment, • Process heat and steam management cogeneration, • Waste heat recovery – cogeneration, use of heat exchanger, • Electrical energy conservation in buildings and industries – substituting incandescent

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ENVIRONMENT FRIENDLY ENERGY DEMAND • Improvement in energy efficiency – Cogeneration, hybrid vehicles, mass transport

• Conservation of fuel – Reduce driving speed, low-cost mass transportation system, better insulation for homes and commercial buildings, efficient inter-city rail system – Telecommuting and staggering work hours – Population control to reduce future energy demand

• Fuel switching from fossil fuel to renewable energy sources – Fuel wood to biogas, fossil fuel to renewable energy sources (i.e., access to clean fuel and ventilation) 6

BENEFITS OF IMPROVING ENERGY EFFICIENCY • Lower energy costs • Reduced carbon emissions • Improved working conditions • Better control • Ensures legislative compliance • Aids ISO 14001 accreditation • Demonstrates corporate & social responsibility 7

Energy Conversion Device

Energy Conversion

Efficiency (%)

Electric heater Electricity/Thermal 100 Electric generator Mechanical/Electrical 95 Electric motor (large) Electricity/Mechanical 90 Battery (dry cell) Chemical/Electrical 90 Steam boiler (power plant) Chemical/Thermal 85 Home gas furnace Chemical/Thermal 85 Home oil furnace Chemical/Thermal 65 Electric motor (small) Electrical/Mechanical 65 Natural gas combined cycle Chemical/Mechanical 60 Home coal furnace Chemical/Thermal 55 Steam turbine Thermal/Mechanical 45 Diesel engine80 Chemical/Mechanical 43 Gas turbine (aircraft) Chemical/Mechanical 35 Gas turbine (industrial) Chemical/Mechanical 30 Automobile engine Chemical/Mechanical 25 Fluorescent lamp Electrical/Light 20 Human81 Chemical/Mechanical 18 Silicon solar cell Solar/Electrical 15 Steam locomotive Chemical/Mechanical 10 Horse82 Chemical/Mechanical 10 Incandescent light (light bulb) Electrical/Light 5 Source: Pennsylvania State University’s Earth and Mineral Sciences web site: www.ems.psu.edu/ ~radovic/fundamentals4.html, unless otherwise noted.

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GREEN ENERGY • Green energy refers to renewable and non-polluting energy sources; such as – – – – – – – –

Anaerobic digestion Geothermal power Wind power Solar power Hydropower Biomass power Tidal power Wave power

• Nuclear energy is not sustainable nor renewable. Nuclear waste is a pollutant if released into the biosphere. 9

RENEWABLE ENERGY • Issues – Deforestation, landslide, soil erosion, battery disposal – Noise, killing of migratory birds (Wind) • Challenges – Utilization of renewable energy resource for the replacement of fuel wood is a challenge. – Intervention of renewable energy technology in rural areas as Clean Development Mechanism (CDM) program is a challenge in itself. 10 • Emissions

CARBON NEUTRAL It can refer to the practice of balancing carbon dioxide released into the atmosphere from burning fossil fuels, with renewable energy that creates a similar amount of useful energy, so 11 that the net carbon

ZERO EMISSION VEHICLES • A zero-emissions vehicle, or ZEV will produce no emissions or pollution from the vehicle when stationary or operating. Emissions of concern include particulates (soot), hydrocarbons, carbon monoxide and various oxides of nitrogen. • Examples of ZEV: 12 electric vehicles

HYDROGEN HYBRID VEHICLE: BMW HYDROGEN 7

1. 2. 3. 4.

Fuel tank, holds approx 8kg of liquid hydrogen at -253C Petrol tank, with 74 litre capacity Pressure control valve Internal combustion engine, uses petrol or liquid hydrogen

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STOVE EFFICIENCY AND COST

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TIPS TO SAVE ON ENERGY COSTS WHEN COOKING • Remember that you can't save much energy by changing your cooking methods. Cooking uses a fraction of total household energy compared to things like heating, cooling, and lighting. The tips below do work, but the savings is minimal. • Use a crockpot and a microwave oven for baking. These are the cheapest ways to bake. • Open the oven door only when necessary. Oven temperature drops 25-30 degrees every time you open the door. Getting an oven with an oven light and a glass window in the door will let you check on your food without opening the door. • Don't put aluminum foil on the bottom of a gas oven to catch drippings. The foil blocks the heat that the oven is trying to produce. (It's fine to put foil in an electric oven, as long as you leave the heating elements on the side exposed.) • Use glass and ceramic pans when baking. They retain heat better than metal pans and allow you to lower the baking temperature by 25 degrees. • Isolate the kitchen. If the oven is on for an hour or more,

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SAVING ENERGY AT WORK • Turn off all unnecessary lights, especially in unused offices and conference rooms and turn down remaining lighting levels where possible. • Set computers, monitors, printers, copiers and other business equipment to their energy saving feature and turn them off at the end of the day. • Minimize energy usage during peak demand hours from 5:00 a.m. to 10:00 a.m. and 5:00 p.m. to 9:00 p.m. • Buy Energy Star appliances (USA), products, and lights.

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EMPLOYMENT INVOLVEMENT • Employees are encouraged to – Turn off lights when leaving work areas; – Report leaking faucets, lavatory fixtures, piping etc. – Keep windows and outside doors closed; – Turn off all tools and portable appliances when not in use; – Leave thermostats at a constant

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SAVING ENERGY AT HOME • Turn off non-essential lights and appliances. The electricity generated by fossil fuels for a single home puts more carbon dioxide into the air than two average cars! • Avoid running large appliances such as washers, dryers, and electric ovens during peak energy demand hours from 5:00 a.m. to 9:00 a.m. and 5:00 p.m. to 9:00 p.m. • Close shades and blinds at night to reduce the amount of heat lost through windows. This also applies during the day for warm climates. • Buy Energy Star appliances, products and 18

ENERGY STAR

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HOW TO GO FOR CARBON NEUTRAL ? • Home appliances – Use compact florescent lamp and turn off when leaving the room – Use lights as needed (e.g. bright kitchen) – Use clean fuel for cooking (LPG, biogas, electricity) – Use solar water heater system to heat water – Use SODIS method to treat drinking water

• Transport – Reduce the consumption of fossil fuel as much as you can – Use bicycle, electrical vehicles or mass transport

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CFL PENETRATION AT BAU The following are the major assumptions of this scenario: – GDP growth rate according to BAU case, i.e. average GDP growth rate at 3.89%. – Incandescent bulbs replaced by CFLs at the rate of 50% in 2015 and then linearly to 100% in 2030

Note: Compact fluorescent light bulbs use less energy and last 10 times 21 longer than incandescent light bulbs.

POWER PLANT CAPACITY & CFL PENETRATION

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INTRODUCTION OF ICS 50% AND 100% BY 2015 AND 2030 RESPECTIVELY IN THE RURAL AREAS

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BIOMASS CONSERVATION • Replace traditional stoves by more efficient improved cook stoves (ICS with chimney, induced air metal stoves, biobriquette stoves, rice husk stoves, gasifiers etc.) • Fuel switching: use biobriquettes, fuel wood in small sizes, agri-residues, electricity if possible etc.

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BIOMASS CONSERVATION • Use solar cooker/solar dryer for drying agri-products • Carry out plantation of trees • Use hollow bricks instead of bricks • Replace incandescent lamps by CFL or replace kerosene lamp or Diyalo by solar lamps • Aware people to use these devices 25

BIOMASS CONSERVATION • Promote energy saving devices • Provide soft loan to buy these devices through micro-financing agencies or VDC • Establish service center to maintain and repair these devices by providing necessary training to artisans (capacity

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Below is a list of common household appliances. Rank the appliances from 1 (lowest) to 10 (highest) according to the amount of energy you think they use. For example, if you think the refrigerator uses the most energy, rank it 10. Rankin What am How do I use energy? g

I?

Television

A. I use energy to spin and keep you cool.

Stereo

B. Even though I was always plugged into an outlet, energy is consumed only when I am tuned on to heat food.

Refrigerator

C. I use energy to produce picture on a screen.

Washing machine

D. I use energy to rinse and spin.

Water heater

E. I use energy when I am plugged in and tuned to a certain temperature.

Stove

F. I use a large amount of energy derived from electricity or gas to cook food.

Ceiling fan

G. I use energy to receive radio wave in your home.

Toaster

H. I use a lot of energy because I am always cooling or freezing.

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Answer to Quiz: energy consumption by common household appliances. Rankin What am How do I use energy? g

I?

Television

3

C

A. I use energy to spin and keep you cool.

Stereo

1

G

B. Even though I was always plugged into an outlet, energy is consumed only when I am tuned on to heat food.

Refrigerator

8

H

C. I use energy to produce picture on a screen.

Washing machine

4

D

D. I use energy to rinse and spin.

10

I

E. I use energy when I am plugged in and tuned to a certain temperature.

Stove

9

F

F. I use a large amount of energy derived from electricity or gas to cook food.

Ceiling fan

2

A

G. I use energy to receive radio wave in your home.

Toaster

7

J

H. I use a lot of energy because I am always cooling or freezing.

Iron

5

E

I. I use a large amount of energy so that you can take warm showers and have hot water.

Microwave

6

B

J. I use energy to heat coils that cook your food.

Water heater

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CO2 PRODUCED BY TRANSPORT USED IN IOE • Ground vehicles:

– Fossil fuels consumption to produce X amount of CO2. ( 2.34 kg of CO2 per liter)

• Air travel (Total length of airplane flights): – Fossil fuels consumption to produce Y amount of CO2. (0.18 kg of CO2 per km traveled)

• Total carbon emissions: X + Y • Carbon offset: – Reforestation: ? – Afforestation: ?

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CONCLUSIONS • Don’t use unnecessary energy (try to conserve energy as far as possible) • Plan your daily activities to minimize the use of fossil fuels • Use energy efficient devices as far as possible • Promote the uses of renewable energy technology 30

TERMINOLOGIES • Energy audit – this is an investigation of energy use in an organization to identify major areas of energy use and opportunities for achieving energy savings. • Energy conservation – this is the employment of energy saving measures which involve reducing waste and improving the efficiency of energy use. • Active energy conservation – this means incorporating mechanical devices such as solar hot water units, solar operated curtains and blinds, solar fans etc into a building. 31

TERMINOLOGIES • Passive energy conservation – this refers to materials, colors, orientations, eaves overhang and insulation incorporated into the building i.e.; non mechanical inclusions. • Peak demand – this is the highest kilowatt load obtained during any demand interval of 30 minutes within the billing period of one month. • Demand limit control – the turning off selected load off, at least for a short time, when total building demand approaches a target limit.

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