Bio Fuels

Quick Facts on Biofuels What are biofuels? Biofuels are liquid transportation fuels made from plants and other forms of biomass. Ethanol is a gasoline type fuel made by fermenting sugars into alcohol. Biodiesel is a diesel type fuel made by separating glycerin from vegetable oil to create methyl esters. Biofuels can reduce costly petroleum imports, cut greenhouse gas emissions, increase farm income and boost rural development. What materials can be used to make biofuels? Conventional ethanol is made from sugar cane, corn and sweet sorghum. Soybean and rapeseed are often used to make biodiesel, but coconut, palm, cannola and jatropha nut oil are also being used throughout the world.

Introduction Need of Alternative Fuel



  

World total energy consumption scenario: - 85% supplied from oil, natural gas and coal - 8% from nuclear energy - 7% from Agricultural sources, hydro, solar and wind energy (Source: Bartlett, R. G., Solar Today March/April 2006 )

Energy Crisis Crude oil peaking the highest in record, US $ 65/barrel in 2005 Never ending increase in demand of oil

Introduction

An estimate shows:  4% sustained shortfall in global oil supply would raise the price of oil above US $ 160 per barrel  Global peak oil in 2037? or in 2012 or may take even several years to occur?  But it will definitely occur and its occurrence is imminent. (Source: Bartlett, R. G., Solar Today March/April 2006 )

Introduction Share of Energy Consumption

oil 32%

hydro 6%

nuclear 6% biofuels 14%

solid fuel 23%

natural gas 19%

World

hy dro 6% oil 37%

solid f uel 24%

nuclear 6% biof uels 3%

natural gas 24%

Industrialized world

oil 23%

hydro 6%

nuclear 1% biofuels 35%

solid fuel 28%

natural gas 7%

Developing countries Source: Godfrey, B., 1996

Introduction Recognition of bioliquid fuel as an potential alternative to fossil fuel by many developing countries

     

Possible to produce locally, environment friendly, less polluting, equivalent performance as compare to petroleum fuel, non-requirement of additional maintenance and repair facilities, and even improvement in the vehicle performance.

Introduction Jatrapha Curcas L. (Sajiwan)

Bioliquid Fuel Production Ethanol Biodiesel

1200 billion 22 billion

31 billion 18 billion

33 billion

very little

(3%) Bioliquid fuel

Petroleum fuel

1991

Year 2004 in liters Source: Renewables 2005 Global Status Report

2003

Ethanol production Brazil Brazil alone is producing 15 billion liters of ethanol (50% of the world's production and major exporter) o has mandatory selling of Gasoline blended with ethanol only. o Around half of Brazil's sugar cane production is consumed for ethanol production o a farm support program, providing employment for a large rural workforce that could otherwise be unemployed.

   

By law in Brazil, ethanol can be mixed with petrol in the range of 22%-24%. Up to 40% blending with traditional gasoline is already there. Huge fleet of buses is there for running on 100% ethanol (E100). Because of increasing price of ethanol caused by heavy demand of sugar cane, Fuelflex vehicles are getting popular.

Bioliquid fuel production in USA



In United States, the ethanol production has reached more than 13 billion liters • E85 sells cheaper than gasoline



USA has 80 million liters biodiesel production capacity.

• Soya bean main source of biodiesel Source: IEA, 2004

Ethanol production 

In Europe the ethanol production is in the range of 2.2 billion liters. • 3-15% blended petrol • Rapeseed main source of bio diesel Rapeseed Oil 84%

Others 1% Palm oil 1%

Soyabean oil 1%

Sunflower oil 13%

Raw material for biodiesel in Europe

Ethanol production



In India, 0.55 billion liters of ethanol is being produced annually. • Sugarcane • Molasses • Agricultural waste Source: IEA, 2004

Bioliquid Fuel Production

1.6

1.504

1.4 1.2 1 0.715

0.8 0.6 0.4

0.357

0.273

Source: REW, Nov-Dec, 2005, p102

5 lE U

-2

y To

m er G

ta

an

ce an Fr

ly

C

ze

ch

D

R

Ita

ub ep

m en

0.07

l ic

k ar

a tr i

U

0.041

0.032

0.009 K

0.006

Au s

Sw

ed

en

d

0

0.001

in

0

Sp a

0.2

Po la n

Biodiesel produced (million tonnes)

Biodiesel production in EU countries

Bioliquid Fuel Production

Source: Projections based on IEA review of recent policy initiatives around the world

Biodiesel production





Europe is well ahead than other regions. Europe - 1650 million liters (91% of world production capacity). Germany - 1100 million liters of biodiesel.

Biodiesel production  

 

In Malaysia 13.98 million tons of palm oil is produced in year 2004. (80% of the world's palm oil production) Malaysia is the largest exporter of palm oil in the world. The blending of 2% to 5% of palm oil in diesel is being considered (Ngan, 2005).

India - 0.6 million tons of biodiesel. In India, 450 varieties of oil bearing plants are already identified. To name a few are Jatropha curcas, Pongamia pinnata, Calophyllum inophyllum, Hevea brasiliensis, Calotropis gigantia, Euphorbia tirucalli etc. (Parikh, J., 2006).

Biodiesel Fuel Vehicle

Blending Mandates Ethanol and Biodiesel fuel blend mandates

Countries India ( 9 states and 7 federal territories ) EU (some countries) USA (Some states) Canada Brazil

Ethanol 5%

Biodiesel ---

voluntary 5% - 10% 5% by 2007 22% - 25%

voluntary 2% by 2005 5% by 2013

Price Incentives Price incentives for bioliquid fuel Countries Details India Purchase Price of biodiesel @ USD 0.55/L inclusive of all taxes and transportation cost. France USD 0.31/L EU VAT and Tax free from 95% to 100% USA Federal tax credit of 51 cents/gallon for ethanol and 1 cent point of biodiesel blended (2 cents/gallon for B2) Italy Free of tax for B100 Germany USD 0.30/L, complete exemption of Excise Duty

Quality Standards Standards developed for bioliquid fuel Countries India EU

USA

Brazil

Details Draft standard inline with world standard Commonwealth Fuel Quality Standards Act (2000) DIN EN 228 15% ETBE or 5% ethanol by volume EN 14214 - Automotive Fuel Fatty methyl esters (FAME) for diesel engines, 2004 EN 590 Automotive Fuel, 2004 - blending diesel up to 5% of FAME EN 14214 standard. ASTM D 4806-98 for Denatured Fuel Ethanol ASTM D 5798-98a for Denatured Fuel Ethanol suitable for E85 blends. (75 to 85% v/v ethanol) ASTM D 6751 BQ - 9000 voluntary standard DNC - Standard 01, 1991

Future Policy Future policy for the development and promotion of bioliquid fuel Countries India ( 9 states and 7 federal territories )

EU

USA (Some states) Brazil

Policy • Blend 20% biodiesel by 2011 -12 • Phase I: Demonstration of Project by 2006/07, Plantation of Jatropha in 400,000 hectares of land • Phase II: After revision of Phase I Recommended by Committee on Bi oliquid fuel Development for Ministry of Petroleum and Natural Gas. • 2% of transport fuel by 2005 • 5.75% of transport fuel by 2010. • 20% substitution of traditional fuels by alternate fuels in the road transport by 2020. • 7.5 billion gal lons production of ethanol and biodiesel by 2012 • Blend of 2% biodiesel by 2005

Estimated prices for bioethanol produced from different crops Crop Sugar beet (15 Euros/ton) Sugar beet (15 Euros/ton) Sugar Cane Sweet Sorghum Potatoes Corn (120$/ton)

Price of bioethanol (US $/m3) 300-400

Energy ratio (Out/input bioethanol only) 1.76

690

1.76

260 200-300 990 300-420

2.42 2.23 (only ethanol) 1.3 1.3

Source: Renewable Energy World, May-June, 2000

Fuel Properties Fuel Properties Density (kg/m 3) Kinematic Viscosity (cst) at 40 °C Cloud Point ( °C) Pour Point ( Flash Point ( Fire Point (

°C) °C) °C)

Calorific Value (MJ/kg)

Ethanol 782

Diesel 846

Biodiesel 899.5

1.108

2.68

5.58

-

-1

14

-

-6

8

17

58

167

22

66

173

26. 9

42.5

36.72

Source: Kumar, C. and Jain, D., 2006

Jatropha and Its Applications: RECAST Experience Dr. K.R.Shrestha Dr.Sushil Lal Bajracharya

RECAST, Tribhuvan University, Kirtipur

JATROPHA CURCAS L. • • • • • •

Oil-bearing perennial tree. Propagate from seed or cutting Long life and drought resistant Tolerant of soil quality Climatic conditions favorable in 30% of the nation’s area Yields a Carbon Dioxide neutral fuel and stores atmospheric carbon

• • • • • • •

s'g s'g jg:kltdf t]n -jfof]l8h]n_ kfOG5 <

;+lhjg -Jatropha curcas_ s]/ËL - Pongamia pinnata_ gLd -Azadirachta indica_ ;'o{d'vL -Helianthus annus_ cfFs -Calotropis gigantia_ Rf]K6] l;pF3] - Euphorbia tirucalli_ ;nfO{ - Baswellia ovalifolia_

;+lhjgsf] kl/ro • k'j{ g]kfn M sbd , ;?jf , au|]8f , hËnL c/08L , cl/g , a3/08L , cd/jf]6 , ;+lhjg • dWo g]kfn M gLdt]n , gLdsf7 , ;+lhjg , ;}hg , gL/s'g] , xlQsfg], lgu'0fL • klZrd g]kfn M /tgHj/ , Og , /tgHo]fnL , /tg Hof]lt , s'sf7

;+lhjg kfOg] tyf v]tL • pi0f tyf pkf]i0f - Tropical and Subtropical_ • g]kfnsf] &) lhNnfdf ;+lgjg kfOG5 . • ;d'l4 ;txsf] %)) b]lv !$)) dL6/sf] prfO{df kfOG5 . • hfxFfsf] cf}zt tfks|d @) – @* ;]= • kfgLsf] dfqf sd eP k'Ug • v]/ uO{/fv]sf] hdLg , 6f/ , eL/ cfbLdf nfpg ;lsg] • a:t'x?n gvfg] . glaufg]{ • xfFufsf] sndLaf6 v]tL • jLpaf6 v]tL

RESOURCE AND RESOURCE ENHANCEMENT • • • • • •

Traditional fencing practice. Improves agricultural output by protecting crops from browsing livestock. Productive output from degraded or marginal land and improves soil quality and stability. 150.000 Jatropha curcas L. trees established on marginal land at Khairenitar and 40,000 at Musetunda Establishment and testing of oil-fuelled expeller, agro-processing machinery, and lamps and cooking stoves. Each tree expected to yield at least 0.25 liters of oil after 3-4 years

JATROPHA CURCAS L. SEEDS Yield 20-35% oil by mass use directly • Diesel engines • Cooking stoves • Illumination • Soap production Yield oil cake and fruit hulls as a processing by-product • Manures

OIL EXPELLER FOR (JATROPHA) SAJIWAN SEED • • • •

No modification Simple adjustment, can be done by the layman Easily availability and cheaper O & M cab be done by women

OIL FUELLED DIESEL ENGINE • • • • • • • •

the high ignition point of plant oils pre-heated in order to be vaporized viscosity of plant oils higher than the viscosity of kerosene and diesel oil clogging of tubes and nozzle the viscosity of plant oils has to be decreased by pre-heating of plant oil viscous nature of Sajiwan oil, the diesel machine needs to be operated with diesel five minutes before operating with the natural oil crude Sajiwan oil has been successfully run in diesel engine for more than 800 hours without any serious complications With the help of generator, electricity amounting to about 3 KWatt has also been produced in the lab.

OIL FUELLED PRESSURE STOVE •

Imported and subsidized, kerosene supply is a serious burden to the economy. • Plant oils have similar calorific value, higher viscosity and flash point. • Thermal cracking of oil molecules promotes the formation of solid partially-combusted products. • Dual fuel system.

OIL FUELLED LAMP (FLOATING TUKI). •

Kerosene is used in the Tuki for illumination in millions of households. • Kerosene Tukis are marked for the indoor environment and nasal passageways with black soot. • Demonstrably cleaner and consumes around 20% less fuel by mass. • Provides 3 hours illumination per day for 3 months on one liter of oil.

PLANT OIL IN SOAP PRODUCTION • unrefined Sajiwan oil for bath soap • sedimentation of the oil cake can be used for making the laundry soap. • processes are simple

DE-HULLED RICE YIELDS FROM JATROPHA CURCAS L. OIL CAKE. • About 4.2 Mt. rice produced annually and consumption of chemical fertilizers amounts to around 23.6 kt. • Oil cake returns higher productivity than chemical alternatives with a given mass yielding an equal mass of dehulled rice. • Processing by-products can influence commercial returns and reduce environmental stress in agriculture.

GENDER AND HEALTH DEVELOPMENT • Traditional biomass consumed predominantly for domestic use. Collection and use for the most part managed by women • Clean fuel improves respiratory and eye health and reduces drudgery of solid fuel collection and utensil cleaning • Plantation established in co-operation with local Women Development Groups under an action training programme • Provides women a sustainable income through ownership of processing technology and 50% of the yield as well as employment in cultivation, seed collection and site maintenance.

TRAINING TO THE FOCUSED GROUPS • Skill transfer training programmes to women groups • Training programme included seed and seedlings propagation and the collection , preparation, establishment and planting • Operation, simple maintenance and repair of the machines • Soap production and use of its byproducts

TENTATIVE ECONOMIC ANALYSIS • • •

• • • • • • • • • •

1 hactre = 100 m x 100 m ie 10,000 sq m In 1.5 m spacing plants can be planted in one hactre. The 4,440 seed will cost ( in present rate Rs. 15/- per kg which will contain 1200 seeds) around Rs.60/-. If we germinate the seeds in poly bags before plantation, the cost will come around 4440 X 30 paisa (for polybag) = Rs. 1332 + 60 = Rs. 1392. For fertilizer = Rs. 1200/-x 3 years = 3600/Labour Charge for 16 man months = 2000 x 16 = Rs. 32,000/- ( 4 mm for 1 year) Total Expenditure = 1392 + 3600 + 32,000 /-= 36,992/Overhead 10% of 36,992/- = 3700/Final expenditure = 36,992/- + 3,700/- = 40,692/Seed production after 3 -4 years = 1 kg x 4,440 = 4,440 kg Oil production from the seed 4,440 /4 = 1,110 litres x Rs. 30 = 33,300/Oil Cake production = 3330 kg x Rs. 12 = 39960/Total in come = 33300 + 39960 = 79920/Total Benefit : 79920 – 40,692/- = 39,228/- (around 100% of the investment)

INFORMATION DISSEMINATION • • • •

•

• •

A vigorous campaign of awareness creation both in layman level and expert level have been launched. Some of them are as follows: News items highlighting the importance of Sajiwan Oil have been published in national news papers and magazines. Several technical papers were prepared at National and International level to share the ideas with other expertise in the field Workshops such as “Interaction Programme on Jatropha Plantation” involving Women’s Groups along with representatives from Pokhara University, RECAST and the Institute of Forestry has been conducted. Special classes on Jatropha and other oil bearing plants, on its benefits and use as a source of renewable energy have been conducted and introduced in Rural Development Courses of Tribhuvan University . Some Master level dissertation on Jatropha has been completed and some will go very soon in near future A home page has been established. www.himal.org.uk

TECHNOLOGY TRANSFER • Technology package - training, machines, mill house etc • Demonstration site - RECAST • Mill houses at Khairenitar and Khundi (Musetunda) handed over to the Institute of Forestry, and Pokhara University • Agro processing machines along with expeller machines and diesel engines handed women’s group involved in the area

SUMMARY

• With limited labour a rural household with 250 trees can produce clean fuel and fertiliser economically for household use and can run village scale commercial oil seed processing enterprises. • It avoids fuel subsidies amounting to 13 crore NRs annually. It provides a net annual energy yield that makes up for about 4.5% of kerosene, 10% of electricity consumption and about 7% nitrogen imports realized from oil cake. • Impacts positively on 6% of the population, revitalises unproductive land and generates carbon credits and other significant revenues by offsetting the social costs of fossil fuels. • Rural enterprise can help to mitigate conflict with opportunity for individuals, farmers, entrepreneurs and manufacturers.

Conclusion   

 

Bioliquid fuel market is growing rapidly in developed countries and in few developing countries. The market is growing in a faster pace. The key market driver will be the price but governments may regulate and provide financial incentives to encourage bioliquid fuels. With continued growth of price of transport fuels, bioliquid fuel development may stride further creating a niche opportunity in the market of transport fuels. Another key factor that will develop bioliquid fuel market is the bulkk employment. The wasted land if could be utilized for biodiesel seed plantation, it would have positive result in every aspect.