Egyptian Medicine Worksheet Booklet

Year 10 Medicine Through Time Resources

Egyptian Medicine Booklet Starter Activity

D F X R J C L U Q P H B U S F

E G C E W V A W I T L M R J K

BLOCKAGES CHANGE CONTINUITY MUMMIFICATION PAPYRUSEBERS RELIGION RIVERNILE SEKHMET SUPERNATURAL THOTH

T J A L V L R A O O R E A G L

Y H O I T Y U H C M B G C A P

N W B G X Z T K N E C V B N Y

W N O I L F A I S K B J K C D

I C X O T G N U U K A G N B U

F W H N E E R O M N O O A D H

Y D E S A Y E K S Q I M I Z T

B B S N P T P H S E B T S O A

N P F A B D U K R C K E N H F

Q B P G E P S V B M L H P O Y

E L I N R E V I R O E Z M O C

M U M M I F I C A T I O N E M

C H A N G E L Q J O L G Y L T

These words will be found in this word search. They will be important later on through this lesson.

You will keep this resource with you as you will need it to help you plan out your homework.

Homework **due in for next lesson** Plan out an essay for the question – Was Egyptian Medicine an important step forward? – 1 page of A4 with references to knowledge and examples you’ll use with detail of your analysis. Created by NMC

Year 10 Medicine Through Time Resources

Egyptian Medicine

Who were the Egyptians? The Egyptians dominated much of the early civilisations. They were around from roughly 3000BC to 400BC. They did not roam the area they lived in due to the presence of the River Nile. Whilst much of the area was desert, the fact that the river flooded provided Egypt with fertile land to farm. How did this affect their society? The land made staying put possible and therefore an organisation was created due to a large population being present. All organisations have a hierarchy and so it was the same for the Egyptians. Egyptian Religion Egyptian society was based on numerous gods. Each god had a key area that the god was responsible for – a bit like a government. Some gods had more than one responsibility for example, the goddess of war Sekhmet was also the goddess to pray to in case of an epidemic (she also caused them as well! The importance of Thoth Thoth was the god thought to be the god who gave the physicians in Egypt the power to heal and cure. Such was the influence of religion that the early medical texts were called the Books of Thoth. The power of the written word The act of writing something down means that it can be referred to. This was an important feature for Egyptian society. This is definitely a sign of the Egyptian progression from Prehistoric man. Cause and Cure In the Egyptian medical texts the notes included what was believed to have caused and cured the illness. But how accurate were they? Not very! Many illnesses were down to evil spirits entering the body. People often wore charms to keep these spirits away! So had they progressed all that much? Treatment If a person managed to get ill despite the power of a charm then, he or she turned to the healing power of the gods and doctors. The use of medical texts (The Papyrus Ebers) could be said to have helped or hindered the progress of medicine in Egypt though. The medical texts were supposed to be followed exactly – like fixing a kitchen cabinet! The exact words had to be spoken and the right amount of herbs or any other kind of treatment. If the patient died despite this the doctor was not blamed, however if the doctor deviated from the procedure then he or she could be executed! Is this going to lead to experimentation? The use of herbs, minerals and drugs was probably part of the belief in religion/magic and not as an alternative. Think if you gave someone who was ill a drug and combined that with their belief in religion – would they assume it was the drug or their god? The use of herbs and drugs was quite complex. They were often dried, boiled and made into a powder. The medicine was often put into other foods perhaps to make it taste better. Some treatments were actually quite effective. Created by NMC

Year 10 Medicine Through Time Resources

Wounds These were often treated with ointments. Chest diseases These were treated with steam inhalation – we still use this to aid breathing when someone has a cold. Effective Medicine How did they know what was effective? The answer was it was probably trial and error. Treatments that worked were used again and again. Those that did not would be discarded. However the important thing to remember was the fact that religion played such an intensive part of their medicine.

The impact of religion on anatomy. What is anatomy? Basically it is the study of the human body. Why do we think this is important to the development of medicine? Egyptian Religion and the Human Body The manner in which Egyptian society held reverence to their religion made knowledge of the human body possible but also very limited! Egyptians believed that when a person died the soul they had left the body, but after a time it would return and then the person would have an afterlife. The consequence of this was the need to develop a system that allowed bodies to be in a good condition for their afterlife. Such a situation meant that much time was devoted to the task of preserving the bodies The practice of Mummification The bodies were soaked in numerous liquids including bitumen and salt. (Salt was known to preserve meat even in the 19th century). The body was then wrapped in oil and bandages (Embalming). How does this help with knowledge of the body? They Egyptians knew that vital organs would rot inside the body and all the embalming would be for nothing. Therefore they removed the organs and placed them in jars. The consequence of this was that they grew to understand where the vital organs (heart, lungs, liver, spleen and brain) were but because this was a religious ceremony, no further dissection could be made as it would be needed in the afterlife.

Tasks – answer these questions fully 1. How important has the role of religion been in Egyptian medicine? (Use an example from treatments and anatomy and also illustrate a positive and negative effect). 2. What links do the Egyptians have to prehistoric man? What evidence is there to suggest this? 3. List two Egyptian Gods – what did they do – how important were they to Medicine? 4. The Egyptians used herbs and other medical treatments. Did that mean they had abandoned spiritual medicine? Explain your answer fully. 5. What evidence is there that the Egyptians had a reasonable knowledge of the anatomy – why was this not developed? Created by NMC

Year 10 Medicine Through Time Resources

Egyptian Surgery & Public Health Surgery Surgery in Egyptian times was based along the same principles of most other craft professions, i.e. passed down the family generations. Medicine in these terms was not a father son domain but also had the opportunity to be passed on to the daughters. Types of surgical treatment • • •

Treating dislocations Removal of cysts and tumours Other minor operations.

The reasoning could be found in the lack of overall physiological information of the body and that these types of operations would have had good success rates compared to more complicated surgery. The reason for the recovery successes not only lies in the types of surgery but also the use of willow in protecting the wounds (willow is actually an antiseptic but it highly unlikely they knew that). 1. What do you notice about the level of surgery being performed? 2. What do you think the limitations were on the standard of surgery? Public Health • • • •

Egyptians believed in being clean and keeping clean. Men and women shaved their heads regularly. They developed primitive mosquito nets. Clothes changed regularly.

The reason for the hygiene was not to do with knowledge of disease but rather the impact of religion on their society (Shaven heads and being clean) and comfort (see Mosquito nets). However they were not clean in every respect. Their use of the River Nile’s waters was highly developed in terms of agriculture and irrigation but non-existent in the use sanitation (toilets). Bathrooms Rich – Shallow troughs with drainage pipes. Poor – Unknown but most likely the use of the river.

Toilets Seats over jars that could be removed – perhaps used as manure.

Some historians suggest that water was such a valuable resource it could be squandered in sanitation. 3. Give an example of the Egyptians being hygienic without knowing it. 4. Give an example that highlights the lack of knowledge about sanitation?

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Year 10 Medicine Through Time Resources

Ancient Egyptian Medicine Now a bit of a finishing activity! These clues are based on work that should have been done this lesson.

Across 2. A medical book (7,5) 4. The process of preserving a body 5. The God though to give doctors the power to cure Down 1. Doctors believed in the natural and ________________ theories. 3. The Goddess of war, she was also though to cause and cure epidemics.

Extension Activity: (To be completed if all other work is done). 1. Why do you think the Egyptians still followed a very supernatural view of medicine?

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