Biological Science

TOPIC

Biological science

BIOLOGY  Biology

is one of the natural sciences that deals with organism and different phenomena of life.

 Biological

sciences, is the study of structure, function, growth, origin, evolution, and distribution of living things.

BIOLOGY  Word

Biology is coming from Greek language which mean: βίος, bio, “life"; and λόγος, logos, “knowledge”.

BRANCHES OF BIOLOGY  Nearly

one and half million species of plants ans animals are known to the world so all these species are divided in to two main branches.  Botany  Zoology

BOTANY Define by Webster 1913 

The science which treats of the structure of plants, the functions of their parts, their places of growth, and their classification.

ZOOLOGY    

Zoology is the study of animal life. The origin of animal diversity. How animals perform basic life processes. The basic function of animals.

The other branches 

Morphology

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Anatomy

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Physiology

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Cytology

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Taxonomy

Cont…..

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Ecology

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Genetics

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Bacteriology

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Entomology

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Molecular biology

Types of kingdoms  Kingdom

Monera  Kingdom Protoctista  Kingdom Fungi  Kingdom Plantae  Kingdom Animalia

Divion of kingdom 

Own the basis of their character the kingdom are further diveded ….

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Phylum Sub phylum Class Order Family Genus Species

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KINGDOM : MONERA

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These are the oldest, simplest and most numerous microorganisms. They are distinguished by the following characters:

Characters •

They are prokaryotes. Prokaryotes do not have a nucleus enclosed by a membrane.

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They are mostly single celled, but may be in the form of colonies or filaments of independent cells.

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Their mode of nutrition is mainly a but some are photosynthetic or chemosynthetic.

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They are usually no motile, but some may have flagella and gliding movements. Cilia are absent.

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Their reproduction is primarily by fission.

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They are either autotrophic or heterotrophic.

Cell structure They have a cell wall. Their cytoplasm is does not contain endoplasmic reticulum, mitochondria, Golgi complex and true plastids but does contain ribosome's. Their chlorophyll spread on a membrane rather than in a plastid.

Kingdom : Protista  (Eukaryotic

single celled organisms)

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Some Protista

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They are first eukaryotes, having a well organized nucleus and complex membranous organelles. They are autotrophic or heterotrophic showing varieties of metabolic systems. These 'primitive' eukaryotes have been divided into the 18 phyla They show mitosis, meiosis. Common examples are Ameba, Paramecium, Euglena, diatoms.

They are generally motile. Locomotion is carried out by flagella, cilia or pseudopodia.

Kingdom Fungi      

They are non chlorophyllous eukaryotes . They are heterotrophic like animals. The digestion take outside the body and nutrients are absorbed directly. They having cell wall and coenocytes type body structure. Previously they were placed in plant kingdom as a sub group of Thallophyta. The study of fungi is called mycology.

Kingdom Plantae 

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Plants are different from animals in that animals in that have spores or seeds for reproduction. They make their own food using sunlight carbon dioxide and chlorophyll in their leaves in a process called photosynthesis. Plants are also divide into two part Flowering plants No flowering plants

Kingdom Animalia 

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Animal are broadly divided into vertebrates and invertebrates. vertebrates are those which have back bone. There are about 47000 different kind of vertebrates on earth. Vertebrates are divide into five group fish , birds, reptiles, amphibians and mammals.

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Invertebrates are those animals which without backbones. There are more than 1200000 different kind of invertebrates.