Bahasa Inggris

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CHAPTER I

PRELIMINARY A.Background The food digestive system is related to receiving food and preparing it for processing by the body. Food is any substance or material that can be used in metabolism to obtain materials to obtain energy or energy. During the digestive process food is destroyed into simple substances and can be absorbed by the intestine, then used by body tissues.The main function of food for the body is to grow and keep the body healthy. Foods that enter our body will be processed through the digestive process. The digestive process is the process of destruction of food into food substances that can be absorbed by the body. Tools that function to destroy these foods are called digestive devices. In order for the digested food to be absorbed by the body properly, the digestive device must be in a healthy state. It is through the digestive system that the food substances are processed first, then absorbed by the body. And in the body there is also a digestive gland, and in the process of digestion of food is not as smooth as we imagine, in digesting food digestive tract food works very extreme in digesting food. With that sometimes we feel the effects of the digestive system of food that is not good, namely there is a disruption in the digestive system, as a result arises various kinds of diseases with all causes. or things that can cause a person to become fat or thin. B. Problem Formulation 1. What is the understanding of the digestive system? 2. What organs are involved in the digestive system? 3. What is the mechanism of digestion that occurs in the human body? 4. What are the abnormalities in the digestive system? C. Purpose 1. To find out the meaning of the digestive system 2. To find out which organs are involved in the digestive system 3. To find out the digestive mechanism that occurs in the human body. 4. To find out abnormalities in the digestive system.

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CHAPTER II DISCUSSION A. Understanding the Digestive System Every human needs food for its growth and development. These foods will be processed and converted into energy through the digestive process. The digestive process in humans is divided into two, namely mechanical digestion and chemical digestion. Mechanical digestion occurs in the oral cavity. In this process requires the help of the tongue and teeth. While in chemical digestion occurs in the oral cavity, stomach, and intestines. This process requires the help of chemicals called enzymes. The digestive process is the process of destruction of food into food substances that can be absorbed by the body. Tools that function to destroy these foods are called digestive devices. In order for the digested food to be absorbed by the body properly, the digestive device must be in a healthy state. It is through the digestive system that the food substances are processed first, then absorbed by the body. B. Digestive Organs The organs involved in the digestive process 1.Mouth cavity

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Food enters the body by mouth. Inside the oral cavity there are teeth, tongue, and saliva (saliva). These three components play a role in digesting food in the mouth. Teeth and tongue digest food mechanically. Saliva digests food chemically. Mechanical digestion is the digestion of food by chewing by the teeth and assisted by the tongue. Meanwhile, chemical digestion is food digestion carried out by enzymes. The mouth is the first channel that food goes through. In the oral cavity, equipped with digestive devices and digestive glands to help digestion of food. In the mouth there are a. Tooth It has the function of cutting, tearing and grinding food into small particles. Perhatikangambardisamping. Teeth function to destroy food that enters the oral cavity. Based on the shape and function, the teeth are divided into three. The three teeth are incisors, canines and molars. b.Tongue The tongue has several functions such as adjusting the location of food when chewed, helping to swallow food, and tasting the taste of food. The tongue is sensitive to heat, cold, and pressure. Tongue can taste food because on its surface there are nodules of the tongue. In the nodules of the tongue there is a taste nerve. Each tongue surface has a different taste sensitivity function. The bitter taste is felt at the base of the tongue, the sweet taste is felt at the tip of the tongue, the sour taste is felt on the left and right edges of the tongue, and the saltiness is felt at the tip and inside the tongue. Has a role to regulate the food in the mouth and taste the taste of food. c. Salivary gland When food is chewed in the mouth, food is moistened with saliva. Food becomes slippery and easy to swallow. In addition, saliva contains the enzyme ptialine or amylase. This enzyme serves to digest starch (starch) chemically into sugar. That is why, when you chew rice for a long time we will feel sweet. Digestion

like

this

is

an

example

of

chemical

digestion.

There are 3 salivary glands in the oral cavity, namely the Parotid gland, the

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Submandibular gland, and the sublingual gland. The three salivary glands produce saliva every day for about 1 to 2.5 liters of saliva. The saliva content in humans is: water, mucus, amylase enzyme, antibacterial substances, etc. The function of saliva is to lubricate the oral cavity and digest carbohydrates to be disaccharide. 2. Esophagus (esophagus)

Is a channel that connects the oral cavity with the stomach. At the end of the esophagus after the mouth there is an area called the pharynx. In the pharynx there is a valve, the epiglottis which regulates food so it does not enter the trachea (throat). The function of the esophagus is to channel food to the stomach. In order for food to travel along the esophagus, there is a peristaltic movement so that food can travel to the stomach. At the base of the neck, there are two channels, the trunk of the throat and esophagus. The trunk of the throat is the respiratory tract, while the esophagus is the connecting channel between the oral cavity and the stomach. These two channels are separated by a valve. The valve will close while eating, and will open when breathing. That is why it is recommended not to talk while eating because it can cause choking. The length of the esophagus is approximately 20 cm. The esophagus consists of flexible muscles. Food that is in the esophagus will be pushed by the wall of the esophagus to the stomach. Such movements are called peristalsis. Peristaltic motion is carried out by the esophagus wall muscles.

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3. Stomach

Stomach is a continuation of the esophagus, shaped like a pouch. In the stomach, food is digested chemically with the help of an enzyme called pepsin. Pepsin has the role of converting protein to peptone. Inside the stomach there is hydrochloric acid which causes the stomach to become acidic. Hydrochloric acid is produced by the stomach wall. Hydrochloric acid functions to kill germs and activate pepsin. When the digestive process occurs in the stomach, the muscles of the stomach wall contract. This causes food to be mixed and mixed with enzymes and hydrochloric acid. Gradually, the food will become mush. Then, food that has undergone digestion will move gradually into the small intestine. The stomach can accommodate 1 liter of food to reach 2 liters. The stomach wall is arranged by smooth muscles which function to grind food mechanically through the contraction of the muscles. There are 3 types of smooth muscles that make up the stomach, namely elongated muscles, circular muscles, and muscle pulling. In addition to mechanical digestion, the gastric digestion occurs chemically with the help of chemical compounds produced by the stomach. The chemical compounds produced by the stomach are: • HCl acid, activates pepsinogen to be pepsin. As a disinfectant, and stimulates the secretion of secretin and cholecystokinin in the small intestine

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• Lipase, breaks down fat into fatty acids and glycerol. However, the lipase produced is very small • Renin, precipitate protein in milk (casein) from milk (ASI). Only owned by babies. • Mukus, Protects the stomach wall from damage due to HCl acid. The results of grinding the food in the stomach mechanically and chemically will

make

the

food

into

porridge

called

the

Kim

porridge.

Hull HCI Function: 1. Stimulate the secretion 2. Activating Pepsinogen into Pepsin to break down protein. 3. Disinfectant 4. Stimulating the release of the cholecystokinin hormone which functions to stimulate the bud to release the sap. Gastric Gland • Karida Gland Located closest to the hole that is next to the usophagus, the gland here is tubular, both simple and branching and secretes an alkaline mucous secret. • The glands from the previous fundus work: tubular glands and contain various types of cells, some cells, namely acid cells or oxintic cells, produce acids found in gastric sap. • Piloric gland The gland in the piloric duct is also tubular, mainly producing alkaline mucus.

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4. Small intestine

After digestion in the stomach, food enters the small intestine. The small intestine is actually very long, but folds in our stomach. The small intestine consists of three parts, namely the duodenum, the empty intestine, and the absorbing intestine. In the duodenum, food is digested chemically. Digestion is carried out by bile and pancreatic sap. Bile sap is produced by the liver. Bile sap functions to digest fat. Some of the enzymes produced by pancreatic sap are as follows. •

Amylase

enzyme,

functions

to

convert

starch

to

sugar.

• The trypsin enzyme, functions to convert proteins into amino acids. • Lipase enzyme, functions to convert fat into fatty acids. The small intestine is a continuation of the stomach. The small intestine has a length of about 6-8 meters. The small intestine is divided into 3 parts namely duodenum (± 25 cm), jejunum (± 2.5 m), and ileum (± 3.6 m). In the small intestine only chemical digestion only occurs, with the help of chemical compounds produced by the small intestine and chemical compounds from the pancreas gland released into the small intestine. The

compounds

produced

by

the

small

• Disaccharide Describes disaccharide to monosaccharide

intestine

are:

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• Erepsinogen Erepsin that is not yet active will be converted into erepsin. Erepsin turns pepton into amino acid. • Secretin Hormone Stimulates the pancreatic gland to release chemical compounds produced into the small intestine • CCK hormone (cholecystokinin) Stimulates the liver to expel bile into the small intestine. In addition, the chemical compounds produced by the pancreatic gland are Bicarbonate Neutralizing the acidic atmosphere of food originating from the stomach • Enterokinase Activates eepsinogen to erepsin and activates trypsinogen to trypsin. Trypsin converts peptone into amino acids. • Amylase Changing starch to disaccharide • Lipase Digests fat into fatty acids and glycerol • Trypsinogen Tripsin that has not been active. • Kimotripsin Turns peptone into amino acids • Nuclease Decomposes nucleotides into nucleosides and phosphate groups • Insulin hormone Reduces blood sugar levels to normal levels • Glucagon hormone Increases blood sugar levels to normal levels Name

character

position

function

klipliberkum

Simple tubuler

Throughout the

Perhaps removig

gland

mucous

the intestinal

membrane of teh

sapsukussentrikus

small intestine Brunner gland

Gland are small

Coated sub

Secretion of alkine

in order

mocosa of the

protective

intestine

substances or the

especially in the

duodenm

duodenum Soliter gland

Follicle group of

Throughout the

Bowel protection

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lymph node

mocous

nodules

membrane of the

a gainst bacterial attacks

small intenstine Peyer’s glang

Found in the mucosa

The digestive tract there is appendicitis. The appendix is at the beginning of the large intestine and borders the small intestine. Under the appendix there is an appendix (worm tuft). After passing through the duodenum, food reaches the empty intestine. Furthermore, the protein will be broken down by the enzyme erepsin. Meanwhile, the carbohydrates contained in these foods will be decomposed by maltase, sucrose, and lactose enzymes. After being crushed and pulverized, the food goes to the absorbent intestine. The inside of the absorbent intestinal wall is jots. Inside the bumps is the tip of the blood vessel. It is through these blood vessels that absorption of food is carried out. Sari-sari food enters the bloodstream and is circulated throughout the body.

5. Colon (Colon)

The large intestine is a continuation of the small intestine. The large intestine consists of the large intestine rises, the large intestine crosses, and the large intestine drops. In the large intestine there is absorption of water and mineral salts. Furthermore, the remaining food is spoiled by decomposing bacteria in the large

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intestine. The results of decay are solid, liquid and gas. It has a length of 1.5 meters, and is shaped like an inverted U letter. The large intestine is divided into 3 regions, namely: ascending colon, transverse colon, and descending colon. The function of the colon is: a. Absorbs water during the digestive process. b. The place for the production of vitamin K, and vitamin H (Biotin) as a result of symbiosis with intestinal bacteria, such as E. coli. c. Forms stool mass d. Encourage digestion (feces) from the body. Removal of faeces from the body is defecated. 6. Rectum and Anus The final part of the digestive tract is an exit hole called the anus. Remaining digestion from the large intestine is released through the anus. Solid materials from decay are released as feces and gas. Gas is released in the form of fart. The remaining digestion in the form of liquid is channeled and filtered in the kidneys. Useless liquid is released through the urinary hole in the form of urine. Anus Is a hole where the feces are removed from the body. Before being discharged through the anus, faeces are accommodated first in the rectum. When the stool is ready to be removed, the rectum spinkter muscle regulates the opening and closing of the anus. There are 2 muscle spinkers that make up the rectum, namely smooth muscle and striated muscle C. Abnormalities in the digestive system The disturbances caused by the digestive system are as follows: 1. Diarrhea: watery stool due to disruption of water absorption 2. Constipation (constipation) stools become denser and difficult to get out, causing pain in the stomach. 3. Peritonitis: pain in the digestive tract due to inflammation of the lining of the stomach (peritonium). 4. Appendix: the occurrence of inflammation of the appendix (worm tufts)

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5. Colic: a feeling of pain due to indigestion 6. Ulcers: wound of the stomach wall due to excessive production of HCL so that when subjected to friction creates a feeling

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CHAPTER III COVER A. Conclusion Every human needs food for its growth and development. These foods will be processed and converted into energy through the digestive process. The digestive process in humans is divided into two, namely mechanical digestion and chemical digestion. Mechanical digestion occurs in the oral cavity. In this process requires the help of the tongue and teeth. While in chemical digestion occurs in the oral cavity, stomach, and intestines. This process requires the help of chemicals called enzymes. The digestive process is the process of destruction of food into food substances that can be absorbed by the body. Tools that function to destroy these foods are called digestive devices. In order for the digested food to be absorbed by the body properly, the digestive device must be in a healthy state. It is through the digestive system that the food substances are processed first, then absorbed by the body. The organs involved in the digestive process 1.Mouth cavity 2. Esophagus (esophagus) 3. Stomach 4. Small intestine 5. Colon (Colon) 6. Rectum and Anus B. Sugegestion hepefully this paper can be utized as well as posibble and if there is an error please forgive.

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BIBLIOGRAPHY Campbell, Reece, Mitchell. 2004. Biologi Jilid 2 (terjemahan). Jakarta: Erlangga. Kimball, Jhon W. 1983. Biologi Jilid 3 (terjemahan). Jakarta: Erlangga.