Arsitek N Energi

Arsitektur Atap Respon Terhadap Iklim Tropis

Dr. Henry Feriadi Department of Architecture Duta Wacana Christian University

Harmony with Nature and Culture

Posisi matahari terhadap bumi menentukan iklim

Konteks Tropis: Lebih dari 70 negara Multi etnik, budaya, agama

Sinar matahari berlimpah, langit berawan curah hujan, kelembaban udara tinggi angin kencang

36

Monthly  Temperature

34

Jogjakarta Indonesia 1988 ­ 1998

30 28 26

Minimum

24

Maximum

22

Average December

November

October

September

August

July

June

May

April

February

18

March

20 January

Temperature (C)

32

Months  of the year

Rata-rata Suhu Udara Bulanan

City

Population (millions)

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21

Tokyo Dhaka Mumbai Sao Paulo Delhi Mexico City New York Jakarta Calcutta Karachi Lagos Los Angeles Shanghai Buenos Aires Metro Manila Beijing Rio de Janeiro Cairo Istanbul Osaka Tianjin

27.2 22.8 22.6 21.2 20.9 20.4 17.9 17.3 16.7 16.2 16.0 14.5 13.6 13.2 12.6 11.7 11.5 11.5 11.4 11.0 10.3

Fenomena Megacities dan Metacities Perkiraan di tahun 2015

“Megacities” is a term the United Nations uses to designate an urban agglomeration with a population of 10 million or more; “metacities” have populations of 20 million or more (UN-Habitat 2006: 6-7). Asia is predicted to host 12 megacities and at least four metacities by 2015.

Kowloon - Hongkong

Chinatown - Singapore

Respon desain pada iklim tropis Design considerations

Design with climate Insensitive

Tropical responsive

Others influences

Hot-humid Climate influenced

Building orientation

Relatively unimportant

Crucial

Façade and windows

Others influences

Climate responsive

Dependent

Less dependent / natural

Relatively unimportant

Crucial

Environmental control

Electro-mechanical

Electro-mech / manual

Artificial

Artificial / natural

Comfort level

Strict control

Variable / consistent

Electro-mechanical

Passive / electro-mech

Generally high energy

Low energy

Built form configuration

Energy Source Energy Loss

Low-energy response Energy Consumption

Traditional Architecture (local wisdom)

Local wisdom : Traditional Lio Flores Architecture wooden structure

Local wisdom : Istana Pagaruyung Padang

Local wisdom : Batak Toba

Lesson from Aceh Architecture

Colonial Architecture (Western Encounter)

Western encounter

Colonial style Indische style -Elaborated Roof -High ceiling -Corridor / Verandah

Western encounter Bungalow (Singapore) Hotel Du Pavillion (Semarang)  Terrace space for semi outdoor activities.

Chinatown (shophouses) + western thinking

Contemporary Architecture (Re-interpretation)

Tay Kheng Soon Vihara at Choa Chu Kang

Tay Kheng Soon Bishan Institute of Technical Education - Singapore

Principle Based Line, edge, and shade

Kenneth Yeang (malaysia)

Roof-roof House: - Building orientation - Shading devices - Double roof

Kenneth Yeang (malaysia)

Interpretation : Local Material Bamboo Architecture

Community Centre di Botokenceng,Bantul

Transfer of “values” to our future architects and engineers ….

Built Environment impacts on its environment (Yeang 1995) Exhaust heat

Climatic changes Smoke, dust. Noise, smell

Energy fuel

Solid waste

Material waste

Ground water contamination

Paving

Stored waste

Sewerage

Interference with Vegetation and Wildlife habitats Erosion

Earthworks

Idea Design  Build  Operate Building Life Cycle

Demolish  Refurbish  Maintain

Building System: Roofing System and materials

Building Utility Systems: -Water supply - Power Generation - Waste treatment - etc

Wall System and materials

Foundation System and materials

Perhatikan karakteristik bahan dalam menghantarkan panas b k R= U= b k U=

1 R

R = Hambatan panas (Thermal Resistance)  unit: m2 K/Watt U = Hantaran panas (Thermal Conductance)  unit: Watt / m2 K k = Nilai konduktifitas panas (Thermal Conductivity)  unit: W/m 0K b = Ketebalan material (Thickness)  unit: m

R = ΣR T i R =R + R + R + ..... + R + R T out 1 2 n in

Material

Konduktifitas panas(k) W/m 0K

Aluminium

236

Tembaga (copper)

384

Seng (zinc)

112

Besi baja

47

Stainless steel

24

Gypsum

0.170

Kayu

0.159

Kaca

1.053

Keramik (genting)

1.298

Beton

1.442

Bitumen (Onduline)

0,099

Fiberglass

0.040

EPS (polystyrene)

0,035

Overall Thermal Transfer Value (OTTV)

where Aw, Af = wall and window area (m2); Ai = Aw + Af Uw, Uf = U-values of wall and window (W/m2.K) TDeq

= equivalent temperature difference (oC)

DT SC SF

= delta temperature (oC) = shading coefficienct of window glass = solar factor (W/m2)

Test

U.S. Building Impacts:

12%

30%

65%

70%

Water Use

Greenhouse

Waste Output

Electricity Consumption

Gas Emissions

Test

Average Savings of Green Buildings

CARBON SAVINGS

35% ENERGY SAVINGS

30%

Source: Capital E

Test

WATER USE SAVINGS

30-50%

WASTE COST SAVINGS

50-90%

Occupants and tenants perceive value of working in a green building to be:

REDUCED ENERGY CONSUMPTION

LOWER OPERATING COSTS

INCREASED PRODUCTIVITY

HEALTH BENEFIT POSITIVE MARKETING AND PROMOTION

OVERALL ENVIRONMENTAL BENEFIT Test

What is the LEED System?

LEADERSHIP in ENERGY and ENVIRONMENTAL DESIGN A leading-edge system for certifying DESIGN, CONSTRUCTION, & OPERATIONS of the greenest buildings in the world

Scores are tallied for different aspects of efficiency and design in appropriate categories. For instance, LEED assesses in detail: 1. Site Planning 2. Water Management 3. Energy Management 4. Material Use 5. Indoor Environmental Air Quality 6. Innovation & Design Process Test

Levels of LEED Ratings

Green Buildings worldwide are certified with a voluntary, consensus-based rating system. USGBC has four levels of LEED. Test

Australia

Singapore The BCA Green Mark was launched in January 2005 to promote environmental awareness in the construction and real estate sectors. It is used to rate the environmental friendliness of a building ('green building'). It encourages the adoption of various Green Building Technologies (GBTs) to achieve a sustainable built environment by improving :

• Energy efficiency • Water efficiency • Indoor environment quality and environmental management

UIA Charter for Architectural Education (UIA 2005): a decent quality of life for all the inhabitants of human settlements. a technological application which respects the social, cultural and aesthetic needs of people and is aware of the appropriate use of materials in architecture and their initial and future maintenance costs. an ecologically balanced and sustainable development of the built and natural environment including the rational utilisation of available resources. an architecture which is valued as the property and responsibility of everyone.

thank you

good design = future investment