Analisa Jurnal Kelompok 9 (the History Of Evidence-based Practice In Nursing Education And Practice).docx

“THE HISTORY OF EVIDENCE-BASED PRACTICE IN NURSING EDUCATION AND PRACTICE”

ARTICLE ANALYSIS .

Aranged by: Group 9 / Class D

NURSING SCIENCE STUDI PROGRAM FACULTY OF NURSING UNIVERSITY OF JEMBER 2018

“THE HISTORY OF EVIDENCE-BASED PRACTICE IN NURSING EDUCATION AND PRACTICE”

ARTICLE ANALYSIS Compiled to fulfill the group assigment of the Nursing English Language course .

Aranged by: Group 9 / Class D Yulia Aisyah N Daniela Andrena Viola Alvionita Muhammad Alfin Maulana

SID 152310101033 SID 172310101145 SID 172310101146 SID 172310101147

NURSING SCIENCE STUDI PROGRAM FACULTY OF NURSING UNIVERSITY OF JEMBER 2018

Journal Writer: April Mackey, BScN and Sandra Bassendowski, EdD

Journal Title: The History of Evidence-Based Practice In Nursing Education and Practice

Journal Name: Journal of Professional Nursing, Vol. 33, Numb. 1 2017

Research Purpose: This article discusses the concept of evidence-based practice from a historical perspective as it relates to nursing in the educational and practice domains. First, this article will discuss evidence-based medicine and how this movement led to research utilization and evidence-based practice within nursing. The term evidence-based practice will be defined, and the similarities and differences to evidence-based medicine will be discussed. Finally, the authors will discuss the implications for the nursing discipline from the perspective of research, best practice guidelines, evidence-informed practice, and mobile technology.

Discussion: 1)

Evidence-Based Practice—An Emerging Concept a) Florence Nightingale and Evidence-Based Nursing Florence Nightingale was widely known for his work in military hospitals during the Crimean War, which began in 1853 and lasted for 3 years. After his experience in the Crimean war, Nightingale was asked to oversee the management of the barracks hospital in Scutari, Turkey, which is known for very unhealthy conditions (BBC History, n.d.). In his book Notes on Nursing, first published in 1859, Nightingale (1970) spoke to "steaming and rubbing the skin" (p. 53) and personal hygiene when dealing with direct patient care. Shewrites, "Compare the dirtiness of the water where you have washed when cold without soap, cool with

soap, heat with soap. You will find the first one almost does not remove dirt at all, the second is a little more, and the third is even more ”(p. 53). The term evidence-based practice is unknown at the time, but Nightingale uses evidence that has been determined through experiments and critical examinations to positively influence patient outcomes. His book notes on Nursing can be considered as best practice guidelines for nurses at the time. In the Notes on Nursing, shewrites, "In comparing the death of one hospital to another, any statistic is fairly deemed to be truly worthless which gives no age, gender and disease in all cases" (p. 55). Without a knowledge research body to talk about at the time, Nightingale instilled nursing practice with evidence with the aim of improving patient health outcomes. He is a pioneer of evidencebased practice in the discipline of nursing. b) Evidence-Based Medicine While Nightingale develops a few followers in the literature who maintain their work in military hospitals is an indication of evidencebased practice, they trace the initial traces of evidence-based practice, originally known as evidence-based medicine. Randomized controlled trials and other research bodies were developed, and it was found that decisions made by doctors are often based on unfounded assumptions and that there are various kinds of practices used by doctors for the same patient's disease. While the term evidence-based medicine was not created until 1992, Cochrane believes that limited resources will always be a problem in the health care system, and doctors must strive to only use procedures that have proven most effective. Cochrane argues that randomized controlled trials provide the most reliable form of evidence, and its promotion of randomized controlled trials provides a basis for health care decision making that has evolved into an evidence-based drug movement. In the early 1990s, the term evidence-based medicine was finally created in the literature and clearly defined by David Sackett, a definition that remains the most widely used among the

literature even today. Sackett, Rosenberg, Muir, Haynes, and Richardson (1996) define this phrase as "the use of the best evidence at present consciously, explicitly and wisely in making decisions about individual patient care". 2)

Evidence-Based Practice Within the Nursing Discipline a) Research Utilization Versus Evidence-Based Practice In particular, for nursing, one of the ways in which evidence-based practice was first conceptualized was through the use of research. While evidence-based practice includes a patient-centered approach, the use of research is only a careful use of research steps to critically assess research evidence and implement that evidence into practice. The use of research is a categorical process that does not include some of the holistic qualities inherent in nursing. This process has a place in developing the nursing knowledge base, however, it is important to understand how evidence-based practices influence patient care and minimize theory to practice gaps in nursing. Evidence-based nursing is a broad concept that aims to improve patient safety, reduce health care costs and, ultimately, provide a framework that supports decision making in patient-specific situations. b) Best Practice Guidelines In the 21st century, many nursing organizations have taken the initiative and created various best practice guidelines as a way for RNs to more easily utilize the principles of evidence-based practice in patient care decision making. In Canada, the Ontario Registered Nurses Association has taken the lead in creating and distributing more than 50 best practice guidelines on various patient care topics such as pain management, end of life care, and collaboration between RNs. This comprehensive guide connects original ideas behind evidence-based medicine with a key fundamental perspective that makes nursing a caring profession. Evidence-based practice, because it has evolved from evidence-based medicine, has limitations in its application to nursing and other health

care professions. Evidence-based practice relies heavily on a positivist perspective and that findings from clinical trials often replace aspects of other nursing research that are equally relevant. The opinions and experiences of individual nurses and patient preferences and values are equally relevant in shaping this guideline. The inherent qualities of RN, such as affection, sharp perception, and knowledge gained through the experience learned, cannot always be quantified but also require a place among best practice guidelines as a means to improve patient outcomes. However, it is important to recognize that evidence-based practices cannot be present with only one part of research evidence. 3)

Evidence-Based Practice and Technology One aspect of providing safe and evidence-based patient care is being able to access large amounts of information through cellular technology. The use of this technology is taught by nursing educators in an effort to prepare nursing students for evidence-based thinking in the clinical area. Barriers to the use of evidence-based practices in the clinical field, by RNs and students alike, are lack of wireless access and lack of knowledge about relevant and current research findings. Through the use of cellular technology, current research can be brought directly to the point of care. The use of cellular technology increases the accessibility of evidence-based practice resources. In cases where a nurse does not feel qualified to access this technological resource, a very appropriate strategy from the Canadian Nurses Association (CNA) includes an evidence-based practice training program (n.d.). The American Association of Colleges of Nursing also provides a variety of undergraduate science-to-science support provided by nursing in relation to nursing research, nursing education, and evidence-based practice. The Evidence-Based Practice document supports RN with a step-by-step guide to implementing evidence-based practice but also provides strategies that can be used in practice settings. With this program and support, RN can be educated and guided in using technology that provides research evidence that supports their practice.

Conclusion: Evidence-based practice is rooted in the premise that patient care should be informed by sound evidence. Nursing professionals utilize and synthesize the best evidence in order to inform their clinical practice and decision-making. According to the CNA, “decision making in nursing practice is influenced by evidence and also by individual values, client choice, theories, clinical judgment, ethics, legislation and practice environments” (2002, p.1). Beginning with Florence Nightingale in the 1800s and evolving from within the medical community in the 1970s, evidence-based practice continues to advance and change along with the nursing discipline. Utilizing nursing best practice guidelines, reviewing and implementing applicable research evidence, and taking advantage of technological advances are all ways in which nursing can move forward as a well-informed discipline.

Benefits Taken From Journals: The benefits taken from this journal are: 1)

The existence of evidence-based practicums for undergraduate and postgraduate nursing education is a way for the nursing discipline and it is very important that nurses be proactive in research, so the gap between theory and practice continues to be closed.

2)

Nurses understand that patient nurses must be informed by strong evidence. Nursing professionals utilize and synthesize the best evidence to inform clinical practice and return to nursing decisions. according to CNA, "decision-making in nursing practice is influenced by evidence and also individual values, client choice, theory, clinical judgment, ethics, law, and practice environment."

3)

Being able to know the extent of evidence-based practice in nursing is defined as "a problem-solving approach to clinical decision making that combines disbursement of the best and latest evidence, clinical expertise and assessment, and patient professional values in a caring context", according to the International Council of Nurses.

Implications for the Nursing Profession: It is imperative that RNs be proactive in their quest for research knowledge so that the gap between theory and practice continues to close. A study by Stokke, Olsen, Espehaug, and Nortvedt (2015) explored the positive feelings and practice of evidence-based practice with 356 nurses. They found that the majority of nurses believe using evidence-based practice contributes to more positive outcomes for patients; however, many also said that they did not use evidence consistently and were not confident about how it should be implemented in practice. According to the International Council of Nurses (2012), the use of evidence-based practice challenges the current approach to nursing practice and patient care and, in doing so, holds RNs accountable for that practice. At the heart of nursing is patientcentered care, patient safety, and improved patient outcomes. With this in mind, RNs should strive to understand the broader concept that is evidence-based practice and work within their organization and educational institution to ensure that the most complete and sound evidence is being used and that the guidelines being implemented encompass all aspects of nursing care.

REFERENCE

Mackey, A. and S. Bassendowski. 2017. The History of Evidence-Based Practice in Nursing Education and Practice. Journal of Professional Nursing. 33(1): 51-55.