51. Dove 42 2

bmomjyefu¾

tifrvD rmzD (1868-1933)

ysK;d “orD ; rd e f ; uav; w a,mufvdk aexdkifwwfzdk@oif& r,faemf”qdw k phJ um;udk tifrvD zm *lqeft&G,af &muf vmcsed rf mS olr rdcifqu D ae@wikd ;f =um;cJ&h ay r,hf olruawmh vdu k ef mzd@k róud; pm;cJh ygb;l ? trsK;d orD;jzpf&jcif;&Jh t"dy`g,fu ausmuf±kyfw±kyfvdk wdwf wdwq f w d q f w d af v;xdik af e zd@k q&kd if tifrvDu 'guv kd ufcrH mS r [kwyf gb;l ? b,fvkd ðyrlaexdik &f r,fqw kd hJ pum;awGukd olru odyf rke;f ygw,f? 'ga=umifh olr,H=k unf wJhtwdkif; }uD;;us,fjrifhjrwfwJh trsKd;orD;wa,mufjzpf&r,fvdk@ olru qH;k jzwfcyhJ gw,f? tifrvDukd 1868 rwfv 14&ufae@rmS arG;zGm;cJ+h yD; tpfukd av; a,mufe@J nrD wa,muf±ydS g

w,f? olw@kd armifErS awG[m odyf taqmhoef=uygw,f? olw@kd [m òr@d xrJ mS jrif;&xm;udk t±Sed jf yif;jyif; eJ@ armif;wwfavh±w dS ,f? 'ga=umifh ol w d k @ awG u “raumif ; qd k ; 0g; av;” awGv@kd ac:a0:=uw,f? tif rvD[m pEN,m;wD;zd@k b,fcgurS pdwfr0ifpm;cJhygbl;? cHkay:uae u|r;f ypfcsv@kd / tdref ;D csi;f awGqu D aeyef;oD;cd;k vd@k t+rJwrf; tqlc&H wwfygw,f? wa,mufwnf;±Sw d hJ tcg rSeaf ±SŒrSm&yf+y;D emrnf}u;D ±kyf ±Sirf if;orD;a&cs,&f hJ [efyefawGukd twkc;kd vdu k v f yk w f wfygw,f? uav;awGqdk;w,fqdk wmu rdbawGjzpfwhJ tpfqwfe@J trvDw@kd u pnf;urf;ody}f u;D wm a=umifv h nf; jzpfEikd yf gw,f? olw@kd u ta&;ygwhJ {nfo h nfawGvm&if

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‘'DOya'u trsK;d orD;awGukd vly~k Kd vaf wG (Persons) tjzpf owfrw S rf xm;bl;?

w&m;ol}u;D [m vly~k Kd vt f jzpf owfrw S o f o l m jzpfEikd w f ,fvq @kd ykd gw,f?’

vufzuf&nfudk cGufvSvSav; awGeJ@ {nfhcHwwf=uw,f? tpf qwfu atmifjrifwJhpD;yGm;a&; orm;wa,mufjzpf+yD; ol@&o hJ m; awGukd a±SŒaewd@k Edik if aH &;orm;wd@k vdk tqifjh rifw h yhJ *k Kd~ vaf wGjzpfz@kd &nf rSe;f xm;w,f? tifrvDuv kd nf;ol@ tpfuakd wGvykd q J ufqw H ,f? olr [m xif;±Sm&w,f? aemuf tdrt f vkyaf wGvyk &f w,f? 'gayr,hf tifr vDukd tdraf xmifcsay;+yD; uav; awG arG;zdk@yJar#mfvifhxm;w,f? trsK;d orD;awGtwGuf Oya'eJ@Eikd if H a&;e,fy,frmS ae&mr±Syd gb;l ? tifrvDudk toufarG; 0rf;ausmif;ynmoifay;zd@k r&nf &G,af yr,fh tazu olrudk ynm aumif;aumif; oifay;cJyh gw,f? trvD[m olrarG;&yfajr tdw k m&D ,du k uGwpf af wmif;òr@d rmS ausmif;p aew,f? aemufw&kd efwu kd bke;f awmf}uD; px&efcsef;&Jh yk*~vdu ausmif;udk ajymif;wufcw hJ ,f? t apmydik ;f vawGrmS awmh tifrvDu tdru f v kd rG ;f wma=umifh nwdik ;f idck hJ

w,f? aemufawmh ausmif;rSm ae om;usvmw,f? olrtpfuakd wG jzpfwhJ wGref @J *0kd rfw@kd u pae/ we*F awGqkd tjyifukd ac:vnf=uw,f? tifrvDu tpfuakd wGukd wif;epf upm;zd@k e@J tyifpu kd zf @kd avhvmcsif a=umif;ajymw,f? aemuf q&mr u ol r ud k rS w f O m%f a umif ; a=umif;/ uAsmwyk'v f ;kH udk tvGwf ±GwfEdkifvdk@ csD;usL;a=umif;ajymjy w,f? c&pf,mefbek ;f awmf}uD; jzpfz@kd &nfreS ;f csux f m;wJh tmom rmzDqo kd u l tifrvDukd pdw0f ifpm; w,f? olw@kd awG[m tjyifukd w &ufc&D; twlomG ;=uw,f? tif rvDu ol@qpD ma&;wJt h cgwikd ;f yHk ESyd x f m;wJh yef;yGiahf v;t+rJygwwf w,f? tpfujkd zpfoal wGu olw@kd t a=umif;udk v#Kd@0Sufay;=uw,f? tmomu tifrvDxuf 11ESp}f u;D wma=umifh rdbawGu oabmr wl=ubl;? “eif jrefjreft±G,af &muf vmatmifvyk ?f 'grS igeifu h kd vuf xyfv@dk &rSm” vd@k tmomu&,fp

&mtjzpfajymwwfygw,f? tifr vDtouf 19 ESpjf ynf+h yD; 5 vt =um 1887 ckEpS f =o*kwv f 23&uf ae@rSm wu,fyJvufxyfjzpf=u w,f? ausmif;olb0uae c&pf ,mefbek ;f awmf}u;D &Jh ZeD;jzpf&wm uawmh odyrf vG,v f yS gb;l ? olr&Jh tcef;u¾ topfrmS vlawGu twk,lp&mjzpfatmif tifrvD [m t&m&mudk tav;teuf xm;+y;D vl}u;D wa,mufvkd aexdik f cJ&h w,f? olr[m taumif;qH;k óu;d pm;aqmif&u G cf yhJ gw,f? orRmusr;f pmudk avhvmw,f/ bk&m;ausmif; rSm atmf*ifw;D w,f? trsK;d orD;t oif;ud0k ifcw hJ ,f? 'gayr,fh tifr vDu ud, k u hf , kd u f kd t+rJwrf;pnf; }uD;urf;}uD;jzpfatmif rvkycf b hJ ;l ? olr [m &,farm&wmudk ESpo f uf +yD; ta=umif;t&mao;ao;av; awG up olrudk &,farmaysm&f i$ af p cJw h ,f? wcgrmS awmh tmomu w&m;a[m aecsed rf mS &,fp&m[m owck awG;rdwma=umifh tifrvD [m rxde;f Edik b f J &,fcrhJ w d ,f? rmzDro d m;pkrmS orD;oH;k a,muf±+dS y;D aysm&f i$ cf sr;f ajryh gw,f? tifrvD[m tvkyaf wGrsm;aeay r,fh ae@pOf 'dik , f m&D a&;avh±w dS ,f? tmom&Jh tvkyaf =umihf rdom;pk [m wae&muaewae&m t+rJ wrf;ajymif;a±$Œ&+y;D 'Dvpkd ma&;om; r_u +idrf;at;r_udk jzpfapw,f? ajymif;a±$ŒwJt h cgwikd ;f rSmvnf; tp uaejyefjyef+y;D p=u&w,f? 1898 ck ESpf olw@kd t*Fvefukd ajymif;wJt h cg rSm tifrvD[m olr&Jh yxrqH;k pm

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tkyfjzpfwJh jynfya&muf *saeu ewf&hJ xifjrifcsuf qdw k phJ mtkyu f kd a&;cJyh gw,f? 'Dpmtkyu f +Adwo d # vl@tzJ@G tpnf;udk oa&mf+y;D [mo qefqefa&;xm;wmyg? aemufwESpft=um ol wd@k ro d m;pk wd&k efwu kd kd jyefvm=u awmh tifrvD[m pma&;q&mrt jzpf aZmufcsvyk cf yhJ gw,f? olr[m trsK;d orD;a&;eJ@ywfoufwhJ pmtkyf awG r*~Zif;aqmif;yg;awGudkoHk; oyfa0zefygw,f? *saeuewfpm tkyfudk 1901ckrSm xkwfa0jzpf w,f? tmomu wdu k zf KGd ufjzpf+yD; zsm;aewJt h cgrmS tifrvDu pma&; +y;D rdom;pkukd axmufyyHh gw,f? ol r&Jh ti,fq;kH orD; a'g&pf qHq k @kd em jzpf+y;D uG,v f eG o f mG ;wJt h cg pma&; om;wmu olr&hJ a=uuJrG u _ u kd k pm;ay;ygw,f? a'g&pfa=umifh 0rf;enf;yl aqG;ae&wmuae rdom;pk[m ±ke;f xGuzf @kd vdv k mygw,f? 'ge@J ol wdk@rdom;pku qGrf;jrpftaemuf zuf&dS reDwdkbmudk ajymif;cJh=u w,f? wd&k efwrkd mS ae+y;D aemuf tJ'D òrd@av; b,favmuf ao;w,fqkd wmudk olw@kd r,HEk ikd af tmifjzpfc=hJ u w,f? tJ'rD mS aq;±Hak wmifr±Sb d ;l ? tifrvD[m t}u;D tus,f a'go jzpfcw hJ ,f? 'DqrG ;f jrpfurf;tdrrf mS olw@kd zsm;em&if b,fvv kd yk =f ur vJ? r=umcifuyJ olra,mufsm; t onf;toefzsm;wmeJ@ uav;w a,mufq;kH yg;cJw h mudk jrifc&hJ +yD? 'g a=umifh olr[m 'Dtwdik ;f qufr aeEdik cf b hJ ;l ? tpd;k &qDukd pmawG w apmif+yD;wapmifa&;awmh aq;±Hk

aqmufzdk@jzpfvmw,f? aemuf aq;±Hak qmufwt hJ cgrmS tifrvD [m aq;±Hk}uD;=uyfa&;tzJG@rSm OuUXjzpfvmw,f? wvtwGif; olr[m 0ifeyD uf*rf *~Zif;t wGuf pmtky2f 0 ausmu f kd oH;k oyfcsuaf &; cJw h ,f? taemufyikd ;f a&muf*sae uewftrnfe@J aemuf pmtkyw f tkyx f yfa&;w,f? aemuf ol‹rdom;pk[m tuf'frGefwefudk xyfajymif;=u w,f? *saeuewf&hJ pGe@f pm;cef;pm tkyaf wGa=umifh tJ'òD rd@rmS tifrvD [m vlord sm;xif±mS ;ae+yD? tifr vDukd ygwyD aGJ wG/ aevnfpmpm;yJG awG wufa&mufzdk@ zdwf=um;=u w,f? 'gayr,fh tifrvDtESpo f uf qHk;t&mu v,fawmawGxJu trsKd;orD;awGqDudk oGm;a&muf vnfywf&jcif;ygy?J olw@kd &hJ b0t pdwf tydik ;f wdik ;f udk olw@kd a,mufsm; awGu xde;f csKyx f m;w,f? aiGa=u; ydkifqdkifcGifhuae w&m;0ifuav; xde;f odr;f apmifah ±SmufciG t hf qH;k yg? tJ'D trsK;d orD;awGe@J pum;vufqkH uscw hJ ma=umifh awmydik ;f a'ou trsK;d orD;awG&hJ rnDr#wb hJ 0awG udk tifrvDem;vnfvmcJw h ,f? tifrvDu Oya'a&;&m udk okawoevkyf+yD; tpdk;&u b,fvkd vkyEf ikd rf vJqw kd mudk avh vmcJw h ,f? aemuf Oya'ðyaumif pDtpnf;ta0;awGukd apmif=h unfh avhvm+yD; 'Dta&;udk b,fvdk aqmif&Guf&rvJqkdwm jyifqifchJ w,f? vrf;rSm Edik if aH &;orm;awG udw k m;+yD; tdraf xmif±iS rf ed ;f rawG udk ulnED ikd rf ,hf Oya'rl=urf;jzpf

vmatmif b,fvdkvkyf&rvJqdk wm aqG;aEG;w,f? 1910 rSmtifrvD[m atmufvw $ af wmfrmS yxrqH;k p um;ajymcG i f h & cJ h a yr,f h ol r &J h awmif;qdrk [ _ m y,fcsccH &hJ w,f? 'g ayr,fh 'Dowif;u ysHŒESH@oGm;+yD; olr&Jrh w d af qG pma&;q&mawGe@J pm e,f Z if ; orm;awG u ol r ud k axmufcw H hJ aqmif;yg;awGa&;=u w,f? 'Dta&;u owif;}uD; wck jzpfvm+yD; 1911 ckEpS rf mS 'd0k gOya' ac:wJh Oya'opfw&yf jyXmef;cJ=h u w,f? 'DOya't& tdraf xmif±iS f trsK;d orD;wa,muf[m ol@cifyeG ;f ydik q f ikd rf &_ hJ oH;k yHw k yHu k kd cHpm;ydik cf iG &hf cJh w,f? 'DOya'u trsK;d orD;tcGihf ta&;ud k pwif w uf v S r f ; apcJ h w,f? tJ'aD emufrmS trsK;d om;Edik f iHa&;orm;awGu tifrvDvmwm jrif&if jy\emaumifvm+yDvdk@ ajymavh±w dS ,f? olw@kd u tifrvD udk qef@usiaf wmfveS &f o J t l jzpfod vm=uw,f? atmifjrifrw _ ck&+yD; wJh aemufrmS trsK;d orD;awG aqmif ±GuEf ikd w f hJ udpaP wGukd odjrifvm+yD; wjcm;udpP&yfawGtwGufvnf; vkyu f ikd cf w hJ ,f? olu trsK;d orD;eJ@ uav;awG u d k umuG , f a pmif h a±Smufz@dk vv kd m;cJw h ,f? aemuft usOf;om;awGeJ@ pdwfa&m*gonf awGuv kd nf; odumQ ±S±d dS qufqaH p csicf yJh gw,f? aemuf olr&Jh pmay [m ta&;ygvmwma=umihf pm tkyfESpftkyfxyfxkwfjzpfygw,f? 1912 ckEpS rf mS vGwv f yfaom w &m;pD&ifre_ @J 1914 rS xif;±l;aphrsm; qkw d hJ pmtkyaf wG xkwaf 0cJyh gw,f?

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tifrvD[m trsK;d orD; tzJ@G awGe@J qufo, G +f y;D ajymif;vJr_ awGukd zefw;D vd=k uwJo h al wGe@J awG@ qHck w hJ ,f? tJ'o D al wGxrJ mS emrnf }u;D pma&;q&mreJ@ trsK;d orD;rsm;rJ ay;cGi&hf ±Sad &;v_y±f mS ;ol eD;vfvrD uf uvefvnf;yg0ifcJhw,f? olwdk@ [m t,fbmwmtrsK;d orD;rsm; rJ ay;cGi&hf ±Sad &;twGuf tjyif;txef aqmif±u G cf =hJ uw,f? awmif;qdpk m awG wifoiG ;f cJ=h u+y;D tjyif;txef óud;pm;cJ=h uw,f? 1916 ckEpS f az azmf0g&v D 24 &ufae@rmS t,fbm wmtrsKd ;orD;awG[m w&m;0ifrJ ay;cGiehf @J jynfaxmifpak ±G;aumufyGJ rSm yg0ifciG &hf cJ=h uw,f? aemufcufcw hJ t hJ a=umif; &yfwcku trsKd;orD;orD;awGudk jynfw h efqmtjzpf oHo, jzpf+yD; ±Hk;wifppfaq;wJhtcg qufqHwJh enf;vrf;yg? a±SŒaeawG/ w&m;ol }u;D awG/ *sL&Dv}l u;D awG[m tm;vH;k trsK;d om;csn;f jzpf+yD; olw@kd awGu tr_ygtcsuftvuf tm;vHk;udk trsK;d orD;awGem;axmifz@kd roihf bl;vd@k pOf;pm;=uw,f? wcgw&H a±SŒaeawGu ta&;}uD;wJh udp&P yf awGukd rde;f rawGyg wJh vltyk af ±SŒrSm rppfaq;csifbl;qdk+yD;tr_ppfaq; wmudk apmifq h ikd ;f em;axmifaewJh trsK;d orD;awGukd armif;xkww f wf ygw,f? a'ocHtrsK;d orD;aumifpD tzJ@G u tifrvDukd b,fvakd qmif ±Guf=u&ifaumif;rvJvdk@ ar;=u w,f ? tif r vD r S m b,f v d k t aumif;qH;k udik w f , G rf vJqw kd hJ enf; vrf;awG±adS ew,f? 'gu trsK;d orD; awGtwGuf bmvd@k o;D oef@ w&m;

±H;k rxm;Edik &f wmvJ qdw k myg? tJ'D up+yD; w&m;pD&ifa&; pepf[m t }u;D tus,af jymif;vJvmw,f? tJ 'Dtcgu w&m;ol}u;D tm;vH;k [m trsK;d om;awGcsn;f jzpfygw,f? +Ad wdo#tifyg,mwckvHk;rSm trsKd; orD;w&m;ol}uD;qkdwmvHk;0r±SdcJh ygb;l ? 'g[m tcsdeftrsm;}uD; ay;+y;D v_y&f mS ;&r,hf wdu k yf w GJ ckjzpf vdrrhf ,fqw kd m odo}d u;D eJ@ tifrvD u t,fbmwmu w&m;ol}uD; csKyfcsm;vfca&mhpq f rD mS olrt,l tqudk ±Si;f jycJw h ,f? olrajymwm qH;k oGm;wJt h cg csm;pfca&mvfu 'D tpDtpOfukd b,fawmhavmufp Edik rf vJv@kd jyefar;vdu k af wmh olr [m tHtm;oifh oGm;cJw h ,f? tJ'D tcsdefu w&m;ol}uD;wa,muf [m tckacwfrmS vdk wuUov kd b f @GJ &jzpfz@kd e@J tawG@tóuH&zSd @kd rvdt k yf ygb;l ? tifrvD[m Oya'a&;&mrSm E@EHS @HS pyfpyfox d m;wma=umifh 1916 ckEpS rf mS tifrvD[m +Aw d o d #tifyg ,mtwGi;f rSm yxrqH;k trsK;d orD; w&m;ol}u;D tjzpf usr;f opPmused f qdck yhJ gw,f? 'Dtvkyu f pdeaf c:r_awGe@J jynfhaeayr,fh tifrvD[mbm vrf;n$erf r_ rS ygbJ tjrefq;kH pwif aqmif±Gufygw,f? trsKd;orD;w &m;ol}uD;udk b,fvdkac:&rvJqdk wm b,forl S rod=ubl;? wcsKŒd vl awGu rif;}uD; 'grrS [m q&mvd@k ac:=uw,f? vlawGtm;vH;k rSm avh vmp&mawG trsm;}u;D ±Scd yhJ gw,f? wae@ olrtr_ppfaq;r_ =um;emcgeD;rSm w&m;cHa±SŒaeu

olrudk uef@uGufygw,f? olu ajrmuftar&du wdu k q f ikd &f m +Aw d d o#Oya't& tifrvD[m w&m;ol }uD;tjzpfaqmif&u G zf @kd tcGit hf m %mr±Sb d ;l ? 'DOya'u trsK;d orD; awGukd vly*k Kd~ vfawG(Persons) t jzpfowfrSwfrxm;bl;? w&m;ol }uD;[m vly*k Kd~ vftjzpf owfrw S f olom jzpfEikd w f ,fv@kd qdyk gw,f? t&ifu tifrvD[m 'gukd r=um;zl; cJb h ;l ? 'ga=umifh olr[m tJ't D vkyf qufvyk &f if a±SŒae&Jw h ifjyr_ukd pHk prf;zd@k qH;k jzwfcw Jh ,f? r=umcif 'Da±SŒae&Jh uef@ uGurf [ _ m vkyx f ;kH vkyef nf;udk t ajccHxm;w,fqkdwmudk odcJh& w,f? ajrmuftar&duwdu k q f ikd f &m +Aw d o d #Oya'rSm jynfoal wGukd vly*k Kd~ vt f jzpf &nfne$ ;f xm;w,f? vltrsm;pkuawmh ol (He) qkw d hJ pum;[m trsK;d om;udak &m trsK;d orD;udkyg &nfn$ef;xm;a=umif; em;vnf=uw,f? 'gayr,fh wcsKŒd u pmpum;twd k i f ; t"d y ` g ,f aumuf,v l =kd uw,f? 'D a r;cG e f ; u t,f b m wm A[dw k &m;±H;k txd a&mufomG ; w,f? 1917 ckrS tjyKoabm aqmifwhJ w&m;±H;k csKyf&hJ aemufq;kH qH;k jzwfcsuu f kd trsK;d orD;awG óud qdck =hJ uw,f? Oya'[mvnf; vl@ tzJ@G tpnf;w&yfvkd ajymif;vJaeyg w,f? wu,fv@kd trsK;d orD;awG [m trsK;d om;awG&hJ tcGit hf a&; twdik ;f wjznf;jznf;&vm&if Oy a't& olw@kd [mvnf; vly*k Kd~ vf awGyJ trSew f u,f jzpfvmrSmjzpf ygw,f? 'g[m aumif;rGew f t hJ p

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4/28/2007, 11:17 AM