34. Dove 37 2

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awGtay: tajccHxm;ovdk trsK;d orD;xk rJay;cGi&hf ±Sad &;udk awmif;qdk cJjh cif;ygb?J 'Dvekd @J pwefweG ef @J Zlpef bDtefawmfew D @kd acgi;f aqmifwhJ Edik f iHv;kH qdik &f m trsK;d orD;xk rJay;cGihf tpnf;t±H;k udk 1869 ckEpS rf mS wnf axmifEikd cf +hJ y;D aemufyikd ;f rSmawmh ydk +yD;tajccHuswhJ tar&duef trsK;d orD; rJay;cGit hf pnf;t±H;k 1890 rSm ay:aygufvmcJhjcif; jzpfygw,f? acwfòydiq f o kd vdk tjcm;taemuf Edik if aH wGrmS vnf; tvm;wl v_yf ±Sm;r_awG jzpfxeG ;f vmygw,f? t*F vefrmS awmh 1867 ckEpS rf mS atmuf v$waf wmfrmS yxrqH;k trsK;d orD; xk r J a y;cG i f h & ±S d a &;ud k wif o G i f ; awmif;qdkcJh=uayr,fh y,fcsjcif; cHc&hJ ygw,f? 'kw, d jyifqifcsuOf ya' Second Reform Act vd@k ac:+y;D *|epf wl;twfar;vfu wifoiG ;f cJh jcif;jzpfygw,f? +Aw d o d # trsK;d orD; xk&hJ rJay;cGiv hf y_ ±f mS ;r_awGrmS 'Dae &mrSm wGef;wGef;wdkufwdkuf tif tm;oH;k enf;AsL[mawGukd usio hf ;kH cJ&h ygw,f? 1903 ckEpS rf mS trsK;d o rD;rsm; vlra_ &;/ Edik if aH &;or*~ukd tDrJ vif;yef;uwfpefe@J ol@orD; c&pfp w,fbv J w f @kd u OD;aqmifc=hJ u+yD; olw@kd [m yg&òD rdŒrSm tajcpdu k &f if; ajratmufypkH eH @J v_y±f mS ;r_awGukd aqmif±u G cf =hJ u&jcif;jzpfygw,f? aemufq;kH rSm trsK;d orD; wef;wla&;v_y±f mS ;r_&hJ yxrv_id ;f [m trsK;d orD;xkw&yfv;kH udk trsK;d om;awGeJ@ wef;wlrJay;cGifh&±Sdzdk@ atmifjrifra_ wGukd qGwcf ;l ay;Edik cf hJ ygawmhw,f? e,l;ZDvefrmS 1893/ tar&duefrmS 1920 eJ@ t*FvefrmS

1928 pojzifh Oya't& w&m;0if cGiðhf yvdu k =f u&ygw,f? wdus±iS ;f vif;wJh &nfreS ;f csuef @J tiftm;aumif;wJh pkz@JG vy_ f ±Sm;r_awG±SdcJhvdk@vnf; trsKd;orD; v_y±f mS ;r_awGukd pnf;vH;k nD!w G rf _ eJ@pw d yf ikd ;f qdik &f m Ed;k =um;wufºuGr_ awG jzpfay:apcJyh gw,f? 'gayr,fv h nf; v_y±f mS ; wufºuo G l trsm;pk}u;D ud, k w f ikd u f rJay;cGihf &±Scd =hJ uvd@k atmifjrifr[ _ m txGwt f xdyaf &muf+yv D @kd rSw, f cl hJ =uwm/ rJay;cGi&hf ±dv S u kd v f @kd tvH;k pHk vGwaf jrmufra_ wG&±S+d yDv@kd cyf±;kd ±d;k pOf;pm;cJ[ h m wzufrmS ud;k ±d;k um; &m;Edik v f eG ;f wJh tcsujf zpfygowJ?h 'g [m wjznf;jznf; trsK;d orD;v_yf ±Sm;r_awGukd tm;enf;oGm;atmif t±Sed o f wfvu kd o f vdk jzpfapcJw h ,f vd@k qykd gw,f? trsK;d orD;wef;wla&; v_y±f mS ;r_0g' . 'kw, d v_id ;f 'gayr,fhvnf; 1960 ausmrf mS awmh trsK;d orD;v_y±f mS ;r_ awG[m jyefvnftm;aumif;vm cJ+h y;D trsK;d orD;wef;wla&;v_y±f mS ;r_ 0g'&Jh 'kw, d v_id ;f Second Wave udk jzpfay:vmapygawmhw,f? 'Dw }udrfrSmawmh bufwDz±dkuf'ef&Jh 1963 ckEpS rf mS xkwaf 0wJh trsK;d orD; rsm;&Jh wefcdk;=oZmqdkwJh pmtkyf (The Feminie Mystique) [m t rsK;d orD;tcGit hf a&;v_y±f mS ;olawG&hJ tawG;awGukd wzefjyefvnfE;d_ qG ay;vdu k yf gw,f? trnfwwfv@kdr& wJjh y\emvd@k z±dik 'f efu wifpm;cJh wJh trsK;d orD;rsm; &ifqikd af e=u&wJh rdom;pkxu J ZeD;onfb0/ rdcifb

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0qdw k hJ owfrw S cf suaf wGaemufu pdwu f sO;f usyrf a_ wG/ 0rf;enf;p&m tawG@tóuHawGukd azmfxw k af y; vdu k yf gw,f? 'ga=umifh trsK;d orD; wef;wla&; v_y±f mS ;r_0g'&Jh 'kw, d v_id ;f v_y±f mS ;r_u Edik if aH &;eJ@ Oya't cGit hf a&;awG&±Sad yr,fh trsK;d orD; xk}uD;&ifqdkifae=u&wJh jy\em awGukd ajz±Sif;ray;Edkifao;bl;qdk wmudk w&m;0ifaºuG;a=umfvu kd f jcif;jzpfygw,f? trsK;d orD;a&;v_yf ±Sm;olawG&hJ t,ltqawG/ tjyef tvSeaf r;cGe;f xkwrf a_ wG[m tajc cHuaep+y;D ajymif;vJz@kd wmqlvmyg awmhw,f? awmfveS af &;yHpk H jzpf vmygw,f? 1970 rSm udwrf ;D vuf&hJ vdifydkif;tajccH EdkifiHa&; Sexual Politics eJ@ *smrde* f &D&m&Jh oif;uGwf cHxm;&wJh trsK;d orD; The Female Eunuch pwJh pmtkyaf wG[m trsK;d orD;xk&hJ wOD;csi;f qdik &f mudprP sm;/ pdwfydkif;qdkif&meJ@ vdifydkif;qdkif&m owfrw S cf suaf wGtay: t"durD; armif;xd;k jyEdik cf +hJ y;D yk*v ~ u d ydik ;f qdik f &mudpaP wGuykd g Edik if aH &;qdik yf ikd ;f &m tjrife@J xnfo h iG ;f pOf;pm;zd@k awmif; qdv k m=uygawmhw,f? 'ga=umifh trsK;d orD;wef; wla&;v_y±f mS ;r_0g'&Jh 'kw, d v_id ;f &Jh yef;wdkif[m EdkifiHa&;zufqdkif&m vGwaf jrmufa&;wckwnf; r[kwf awmhbJ trsK;d orD;xk vGwaf jrmuf a&; “ Women’s Liberation ” “Women Lib” qdk+yD; jzpfvmyg w,f? trsK;d orD;xkwckv;kH vGwf ajrmufa&;v_y±f mS ;r_ atmifjrifa&; qdw k m Edik if aH &;qdik &f m ðyjyifajymif;

vJr_ (od@k r[kw)f Oya'ydik ;f qdik &f m jyifqifra_ wGe@J wif rvHak vmufyg bl;? wu,fv h rl t _ odik ;f t0dik ;f w ckv;kH rSm eufeuf±i_d ;f ±di_ ;f ±Sad ewJh t ajccHuswhJ wOD;csi;f qdik &f m tcsuf awGtxd xnfo h iG ;f pOf;pm;=u&/ ðy jyifz@kd óu;d pm;=u&wmrd@k vlrt _ odik ;f t0dik ;f wckv;kH ajymif;vJa&;/ wenf; tm;jzifh awmfveS af &;enf;us t qifhqifh jzpfay:&r,fhjzpfpOfvdk@ acwfopf trsK;d orD;v_y±f mS ;olawG u t"dym` ,fziG =hf uygw,f? acwfveG f trsK;d orD; wef;wla&; v_y±f mS ;r_0g' 1980 eJ@ 1990 umv awGuakd wmh acwfveG t f rsK;d orD; wef;wla&; v_y±f mS ;r_0g' Post Feminism umvvd@k qy kd gw,f? trsK;d orD;vGwfajrmufa&; v_yf±Sm;r_&Jh &nf±, G cf suaf wG xajrmufatmif jrifco hJ vm;/ ratmifjrifcb hJ ;l vm;/ Edik if aH &;OD;wnfcsuaf wG aysmufq;kH oGm;+yDvm;/ ta&;}uD;qH;k csrw S &f r,fh vkyif ef;pOfawGu bmvJ po jzifh ar;cGe;f xkwpf &mawG jzpfvm ygw,f? trsK;d orD;v_y±f mS ;r_[mvJ wu,fu h kd ajymif;vJomG ;cJ+h y;D tm; enf;roGm;wJhtjyif ydkrdkus,fjyef@ vmovdk t±Sed w f jznf;jznf; jrifah e qJjzpfygowJ?h zGifhòzd;+yD;/ zGifhòzd;qJ EdkifiH wdik ;f vdv k rkd mS trsK;d orD;v_y±f mS ;r_ t zG@J tpnf;awG ay:aygucf +hJ yD; rufpD udu k eG zf &ifu h kd ac:,l&if; 1975 ckEpS f udk Edik if w H um trsK;d orD;rsm;ESpv f @kd owfrw S cf iG &hf cJ=h u+yD; tusK;d quf uawmh trsKd;orD;rsm;twGuf q,fpEk pS t f jzpf urBmu h v k or*~u

txl;tpDtpOfrsm; csrSwfcJh=uyg w,f? 1960 eJ@ 1970 tapmydik ;f umvupwifcw hJ hJ trsK;d orD;xk&hJ tajccHb0 vGwfajrmufa&;t awG;tac: wenf;tm;jzifh trsK;d o rD;wef;wla&; v_y±f mS ;r_0g'[m tck csed rf mS awmh wu,ft h xift±Sm; tqifah e&m wckxd a&muf±cdS +hJ yD; Edik if aH &;t,ltq tdik 'f , D v kd *kd sw D ck vdk todrw S ðf y=u/ owfrw S v f ufcH vmcJ=h uygw,f? trsK;d orD;wef;wl a&;v_y±f mS ;r_0g'[m or±d;k us Edik if H a&;,lqcsuaf wG/ tajccHowfrw S f csuaf wGukd ajymifajymifwif;wif; pdeaf c:avh±ydS gw,f? 'gayr,fv h nf; wjcm;t awG;tac:awGv/kd t,ltq/ 0g' awGvykd gbJ trsK;d orD;wef;wla&; v_y±f mS ;r_0g'xJrmS rwlnw D hJ pHEe_ ;f owfrSwfcsufawG[m tifrwef us,u f s,jf yef@jyef@e@J jzpfxeG ;f vm aeqJjzpfygw,f? wcgw&HrmS 'Drwl nDwhJ pHEe_ ;f owfrw S cf suaf wG=um; rSm yÉdyuQawGawmif jzpfavh±ydS go wJ?h tJ'v D jkd zpfaevd@k trsK;d orD;wef; wla&;v_y±f mS ;r_[m a&&mr_ r±Sb d ;l / tiftm;r±Sb d ;l / wu,ft h a±SŒt aemufrnDb;l qd+k y;D taoaumuf csuq f v JG @kd vnf; r&Edik yf gb;l ? 'g[m acwfopf trsKd;orD;wef;wla&; v_y±f mS ;r_&hJ us,jf yef@re_ @J rwlujJG ym; r_awGukd a&mifjyef[wfaewmom jzpfw,fvkd trsK;d orD;a&;v_y±f mS ; olawGu vSvyS y aumufcsuaf y; avh±w dS wfyga=umif; wifjyvdu k yf g w,f?Õ (2006 ckEpS f rwfv 11 &uf)

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