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trsK;d orD;rsm;twGuf cGJ wrf;jzifh ud, k pf m;ðyonfph epf (Quo -ta) onf ‚if;wd@k ukd Eki d if aH &;tcef; u¾twGi;f wd;k aygu0f ifa&muf Edkifapa&;twGuf ausmaxmuf aemufcHay;rnfh a'gufwdkifwck (enf;pepfwck) jzpfonft h jyif t rsK;d orD;rsm;udk Edik if aH &;avmuwGif oauFwwcktjzpf Aef;jyoabm om toHk;cscH&onfhtjzpfrsKd; r oufa&mufap&eftwGuf aocsm atmif vkyaf y;xm;onfh pepf[k vnf; qdEk ikd yf gonf? trsK;d orD;rsm;twGuf cGJ wrf;jzifh ud, k pf m;ðyonfph eH pf (Quo -ta) udk ydi k ;f jcm;=unfv h #if tqifh oH;k qifjh zifh awG@Eikd o f nf? 1? Constitutional Quota zG@J pnf; tkycf sKyfykH tajccHOya'wGif trsK;d orD;rsm;tm; &mcdik Ef e_ ;f jzifh yg0ifEikd f cGifhtwGuf jyXmef;jcif;jzifh v$wf awmfwiG f trsK;d orD;rsm; cGw J rf;jzifh yg0ifEikd &f ef óu;d pm;jcif;? 2? Election Law Quota a±G ; aumuf wifajrmufrq _ ikd &f mOya' Y cGw J rf;jzifh trsK;d orD;rsm;udk 0if a&mufa±G;cs,cf cH iG &hf Edik rf nfh Oya' rsm;udk jyXmef;ay;jcif;? 3? Political Party Quota Edik if aH &; ygwDrsm;wGif ‚if;wdk@. udk,fpm;
vS,af vmif;pm&if;rsm;wGif trsK;d orD;rsm;udk cGw J rf;jzifh owfrw S af y; jcif;[lI awG@&onf? urBmay:±Sd Edik if aH ygi;f 92 EdkifiHwGif trsKd;orD;rsm; EdkifiHa&; wGiyf g0ifrE_ e_ ;f jrifrh m;vmap&ef cGJ wrf;jzifh ud, k pf m;ðypHepf (Quota) udk usio hf ;kH aeonfukd awG@&onf? awmiftar&du Edik if rH sm;jzpfonfh tm*siw f ;D em; (Argentina)/ aumh pfwm&Dum(Costa Rica)/ *ef,m em (Guyana) ESiOhf a&mywGif =op a=w;vsm; (Austria)/ *smreD (Germ a ny)/ tdi k pf vef (Iceland)/ e,f omvef (Netherlands)/ tm±SwiG f xdik 0f rf (Taiwan) ESihf tmz&duwGif rdZk rfbpfcf (Mozambique) ESihf &0rf 'g (Rwanda) ponfh Edik if rH sm;jzpf onf? vuf±dS 13 Edik if rH mS (Quota) pepfukd jyXmef;Edik &f ef óud;yrf;aeqJ jzpfonf? ‚if;wd@k rmS ta±SŒ'Darm (East Timore) ESihf qD;&D;,m;vD,kd (Sierra Leone) ponfh Edik if rH sm;jzpf onf? ‚if;wd@k xw J iG f tcsK@d Eikd if H rsm;rSm trsKd;orD;rsm;twGuf cGJ wrf;t&ud, k pf m;ðyonfph epf t qifo h ;kH qifph vH;k udk usio hf ;kH aeonf udk avhvmawG@±&dS onf? tqdyk gEikd f iHrsm;rSm jyifopf (France)/ zdvpfyikd f
(The Philippines) wdk@jzpfonf? od@k aomf &0rf'g (Rwanda)/ qD'G if (Sweden)/ aumhpw f m&Dum (Cost -a Rica)/ awmiftmz&du (South Africa) EdkifiHrsm;wGif cGJwrf;jzifh ud, k pf m;ðypepf (Quota) udk usio hf ;kH onfqakd omfvnf; tqifh 3 qifh vH;k wGif usio hf ;kH onfukd rawG@&ay? tqdyk gEikd if rH sm;. cGw J rf; jzifh ud, k pf m;ðypHepf (Quota) usihf oH;k yHu k kd wzufpmrsuEf mS yg Z,m; wGif avhvm=unfEh ikd o f nf? trsK;d orD;rsm;twGuf cJG wrf;pepf (Quota) onf tm;vH;k t wGuf wlnaD om tcGit hf vrf;rsm; qdo k nfph Of;rsO;f udk qef@usio f nf[k vnf; tcsKŒd ujrifEikd o f nf? tcsKŒd u vnf; Tpepfonf t&nftcsi;f a=umifrh [kwyf J “trsK;d orD;” qdw k hJ vdiv f uQ%ma=umifo h m Edik if aH &; orm;jzpfvmrnf/ xd@k jyif wu,f t&nftcsi;f ±So d nfh Ekid if aH &;orm; rsm;udrk l ab;z,fweG ;f xkwv f u kd o f vdjk zpfomG ;rnf[v k nf; tjiif;yGm; =uonf? tcsK@d trsK;d orD;rsm;ud, k f wdik u f vnf; ‚if;wd@k twGuf “t rsK;d orD;jzpfI” qdo k nfh *k%yf 'k w f ckwnf;a=umifah wmh a±G;aumufr cHv[ kd k qd=k uonf? xd@k jyif &mcdik f
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E_e;f jzifh cGw J rf;csowfrw S v f u kd jf cif; onf trsK;d orD;rsm;udk wqifch sErdS hf csvu kd o f vdk jzpfomG ;Edik o f nf od@k r [kwf uef@owfra_ bmiftwGi;f od@k wGe;f yd@k vu kd o f vdk jzpfomG ;Edik o f nf? trSefwu,fwGif trsKd;orD;rsm; onf t&nftcsi;f jynf0h v#if xdk owfrw S x f m;onfh &mcdik Ef e_ ;f u t rsK;d orD;rsm;. Edik if aH &;wGiyf g0ifru _ kd uef@owfvdkufrnfvm;[kvnf; tjiif;yGm;=uonf? wbufu pOf; pm;v#if trsKd;orD;rsm; vwfw avm ta±G;cs,cf cH iG &hf &ef zefw;D ay; zdk@u yxrtqifhjzpf+yD; jyXmef; xm;onfh &mcdik Ef e_ ;f §cGw J rf;xufykd aom t&nftcsi;f ±So d nfh trsK;d o rD;rsm; ay:xGuv f monft h csed w f iG f
,cifuxm;±Scd o hJ nfh &mcdik Ef e_ ;f §cGJ wrf;pepfukd qufxm;oifrh xm; oifh jyefvnfpOf;pm;&efrmS 'kw, d tqifjh zpfonf? xd@k a=umifh tcsKŒd aom zG@J pnf;tkycf sKyyf kH tajccHOya' udk a&;qGaJ eolrsm;taejzifh aemif vmrnfu h pd u P kd ylyefaernft h pm; vufawG@usonfh trsK;d orD;rsm; twGuf cGw J rf;pepfut kd &if jyXmef; Edik af &;twGuf pOf;pm;oifo h nf? t rSew f iG f trsK;d orD;rsm;twGuf cGJ wrf;pepfonf jrefrmhEikd if aH &; tzG@J tpnf;rsm;wGirf u Edik if w H umu yg ±_yaf xG;eufeo J nfh ta=umif;t &mwcktjzpf vufcx H m;onf? od@k aomfvnf; trsK;d orD;rsm;. Edik if H a&;tcef;u¾udk jr‡ifhwif&eft
wGuf vdt k yfonfh pepfjzpfonft h jyif Edik if w H umudk avhvm=unfh v#if Tpepfukd toH;k ðyae=uonf udk xifxif±mS ;±Sm; awG@jrif&ayvdrhf rnf? jrefrmEkdifiHwGif 1990 a±G; aumufyw JG iG f trwf 485 ae&m wGif trsK;d orD; 15 OD;om a±G;cs,cf H cJh&onfudk=unfhv#if cGJwrf;pepf onf jrefrmhtrsK;d orD;rsm;twGuf zefw;D ay;&ef trSew f u,fvt kd yf aeayonf?vuf±EdS ikd if t H csKŒd wGif t rsKd;orD;rsm;twGuf cGJwrf;pepf (Quota) udk jyXmef;usio hf ;kH onfh & v'ftaejzifh trsK;d orD;rsm;Edik if aH &; wGif yg0ifrE_ e_ ;f udk avhvmazmfjy xm;ygonf?
ed*Hk;csKyftaejzifh jrefrm Edik if t H aejzifh tem*wfwiG f Edik if H awmfopfudk wnfaqmuf&eft wGuf EdkifiHwumrS tawG@tóuH rsm;udak vhvmI oifcef;pm,l&m wGif tqdyk gEikd if rH sm;rS trsK;d orD; rsm;. Edik if aH &; tcef;u¾udk jr‡ihf wifatmif rnfuJhodk@vkyfaqmif cJo h nfqo kd nfh tawG@tóuHrsm;
udkvnf; xnfhoGif;avhvm&ef vdt k yfonf[k jrifro d nf? 'Dru kd a& pDa&;yxr/ trsK;d orD; tcGit hf a&; u 'kw, d [k ajymaeol trsK;d om; acgi;f aqmifrsm; ±Sad e onft h wGuf ,ckuJhodk@ axmufjy&jcif;jzpfyg onf? trsK;d orD;rsm;ta&;udk csef vSyfrxm;oifhyg? 'Drdkua&pDa&;/ vl@tcGit hf a&;/ trsK;d orD;tcGit hf
a&;udk wòyid w f nf;pOf;pm; jcif;onf rSm;,Gi;f onf[k rnfou l rSrqdk xm;yg? tem*wfjrefrmEdkifiH t wGuf zG@J pnf;yHt k ajccHOya'a&;qGJ &mwGif trsKd;orD;rsm;. tcef; u¾udk txl;pOf;pm;csuf wckt aejzifh xnfo h iG ;f oGm;rnf[k ar#mf vifyh gonf? Õ
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